5 2 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
LIUDMILA MOCKIENĖ
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y
SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y
KEYWORDS: e minology, e m- o ma ion, ways o e m o ma ion, means o e m o ma-
ion, sou ces o e ms, con as i e analysis
INTRODUCTION
The a icle p esen s a con as i e esea ch o app oaches o he analysis
o ways and means o e m o ma ion as discussed in Li huanian, Russian
and English e minology wo ks. The esea ch ocuses on an o e iew o
a ious classi ica ions o ypical linguis ic means o e m o ma ion p es-
en ed in e minology wo ks in Li huanian (Keinys 1980, 2005a; Gai e nis
2002, 2014), Russian (Даниленко 1977; Лейчик 2009; Суперанская,
Подольская, Васильева 2005, 2012; Гринев-Гриневич 2008) and English
(Sage 1990, 1997, 2004; ISO 704:2009 (E)).
Te m o ma ion as a p ocess is usually consis en wi h he p ocesses o
wo d o ma ion used in a pa icula language. None heless, e m o ma-
ion di e s om wo d o ma ion in he sense ha , as a ule, i is a de-
libe a e and conscious ac i i y a he han a spon aneous p ocess. Mo e-
o e , e m o ma ion is a b oade no ion as i encompasses o ma ion o
bo h wo ds and ph ases. The esul o he o me p ocess is one-wo d
e ms, while he la e esul s in mul i-wo d e ms.
The Li huanian e minologis S asys Keinys claims ha e ms a e c e-
a ed and s anda dised consciously (Keinys 1980: 60). Acco ding o S . Kei-
nys, e minology is a pa o he s anda d language, howe e , i is in some
aspec s dis inc and independen o i . On he one hand, e minology is
consis en wi h he gene al ends in he language de elopmen ; on he
o he hand, i is cha ac e ised by speci ic ea u es, ce ain equi emen s
and de elopmen (Keinys 2005g: 231).
5 3Te minologija | 2016 | 23
The idea ha e m o ma ion is a egula ed, con olled and conscious
ac i i y is also discussed by Russian linguis s, such as Vale ija Danilenko
(Даниленко 1977: 91, 93), Vladimi Lei chik (Лейчик 2009: 62), Alek-
sand a Supe anskaja, Na alija Podolskaja, and Na alija Vasilje a (Суперан-
ская e al. 2012: 194). Acco ding o V. Danilenko, e m o ma ion in he
domain o he language o science elies on he sys em o wo d-building
o he Russian s anda d language. Ne e heless, he e is a numbe o ea u es
ha dis inguish e m o ma ion in he language o science and wo d-build-
ing in he s anda d language and he ac ha e ms a e c ea ed pu pose-
ully and consciously is one o hose ea u es (Даниленко 1977: 90–97).
Juan C. Sage also sha es he iew ha e m o ma ion is a “conscious
human ac i i y and di e s om he a bi a iness o gene al wo d o ma ion
p ocesses by i s g ea e awa eness o p e-exis ing pa e ns and models <…>”
(Sage 1997: 25). This p ocess no only elies on he exis ing lexical ele-
men s and combines hem in pa icula ways, bu can also be desc ibed
in e ms o pa e ns acco ding o which hese elemen s a e combined,
which in u n can be used o subsequen e m o ma ion (ibid).
Since e m o ma ion is a delibe a e, conscious, con olled and egula ed
p ocess, i is necessa y o be awa e o he ypical pa e ns and models o
o ma ion o new wo ds in a pa icula language o be able o c ea e new
e ms and e alua e hei sys ema ici y and co ec ness. Thus he aim o he
esea ch is o e iew he majo app oaches o he analysis o ways and means
o e m o ma ion in Li huanian, Russian and English and o conduc a
con as i e analysis he eo . By he e m ways o e m o ma ion we mean
he use o modi ica ion o in e nal/ex e nal sou ces o e m o ma ion while
he e m means o e m o ma ion in he a icle e e s o speci ic ypes o
e m o ma ion, e.g., e minologiza ion, ans e minologiza ion, a ixa ion,
compounding, con e sion, di ec bo owing, loan ansla ion, e c. The a -
icle analyses and compa es he main c i e ia applied by e minologis s o
classi ica ion o e m o ma ion pa e ns wi h he aim o e eal simila i ies
and di e ences o e m o ma ion analysis in di e en languages.
CLASSIFICATION OF WAYS AND MEANS OF TERM FORMATION
IN SOME WORKS OF LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGISTS
This sec ion p esen s analysis o he wo ks o wo mos p ominen
Li huanian e minologis s S asys Keinys and Kazimie as Gai enis who
ounded he basis o mode n Li huanian e minology. I also p esen s
5 4 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
some ideas om he wo ks by Al ydas Umb asas who in es iga ed he
Li huanian legal e minology and i s his o ical de elopmen .
The Li huanian e minologis s dis inguish h ee ways o e m o ma ion:
1) using he exis ing ocabula y o s anda d language and dialec s, 2) c e-
a ing new wo ds (neologisms), and 3) bo owing e ms om o he lan-
guages (Gai enis 2002, 2014; Keinys 2005a). I is no ewo hy ha he i s
wo ways o e m o ma ion a e based on in e nal sou ces, meanwhile he
hi d one elies on he use o ex e nal sou ces.
Using he exis ing ocabula y o s anda d language and dialec s as a
way o e m o ma ion is based on he use o ocabula y o na i e o igin.
I means ha ei he a wo d which has al eady exis ed in he language o
i s dialec is e minologized, o a e m which has al eady exis ed in an-
o he e minological ield is ans e minologized (Keinys 2005g: 231).
Te minologiza ion o a wo d om he gene al language o i s dialec can
be achie ed in wo ways: i s lexical meaning is ei he ex ended o na -
owed (Gai enis 2002: 52–53). In his case he con en , use and alency
o e minologized wo ds is usually changed. When wo ds o he gene al
language o i s dialec a e used as e ms, hey usually acqui e new ele-
men s o meaning, which hey do no ha e in he gene al language (ibid),
e.g. banga ‘wa e’ (‘wa es o a sea/a lake’ → ‘ adio wa es’).
The majo i y o e ms which consis o a single wo d and a e simple in
s uc u e, in ac ha e been e minologized wo ds o he gene al language
o i s dialec . Mo eo e , he me e ac ha a e m is complex in s uc u e
does no mean i has been c ea ed as such by means o wo d-building.
As K. Gai enis claims, he e a e cases when e ms wi h a complex s uc-
u e (i.e. hey a e o ma ions) canno be a ibu ed o he ca ego y o
e ms c ea ed by means o wo d-building, because in ac hey we e e -
minologized, i.e. he wo d as such was o med in gene al language (o i s
dialec ) and hen i was used as a e m (Gai enis 2002: 56). Thus i migh
be qui e di icul o es ablish whe he a e m has been o med as a esul
o he p ocess o wo d o ma ion o is a e minologized o ans e mi-
nologized wo d. One o he c i e ia which could help he e is aking in o
conside a ion he ield o science and he his o y o de elopmen o e -
minology o ha pa icula ield. None heless his c i e ion o ‘newness’
o a e m is no qui e eliable, because he same means can be used o
c ea e a new wo d in di e en loca ions whe e he language is spoken and
a di e en pe iods. E en he ac ha a wo d exis ed in he pas and was
5 5Te minologija | 2016 | 23
used in some his o ic documen does no signi y ha he wo d was aken
om ha old sou ce and no c ea ed as a new en i y (Keinys 2005d).
S . Keinys sugges s ha all e ms ha can be synch onically iewed as
o ma ions should be ea ed as a esul o wo d o ma ion a he han
e minologiza ion (Keinys 2005d: 22). He gi es wo a gumen s o his
posi ion: 1) in many cases i is impossible o es ablish whe he a e m was
c ea ed as a neologism, o was aken om he gene al language; 2) e ms
which we e o med on he basis o o dina y wo ds ne e heless e lec
ce ain wo d o ma ion ypes, hus i would be inaccu a e no o con-
side hem as ep esen a i es o hose ypes o wo d o ma ion (Keinys
2005d: 22; Keinys 2005e: 113). Al ydas Umb asas, who analysed Li hua-
nian legal e minology used in he pe iod om 1918 o 1940, also sha es
his iew and does no dis inguish be ween e ms o complex s uc u e
as e minologized wo ds and e ms o complex s uc u e o med o spe-
ci ic pu poses; his app oach is o mal and he a ibu es all e ms o com-
plex s uc u e (de i a i es and compounds) o he same ca ego y (Umb-
asas 2010: 67-68). The e o e, in he wo ks o S . Keinys and K. Gai e nis
wo ds o complex s uc u e a e mos o en asc ibed o he second ca ego y
o e m o ma ion – c ea ing new wo ds (neologisms).
C ea ing new wo ds (neologisms) on he basis o he exis ing wo ds in
acco dance wi h all main ypes o wo d o ma ion is ano he p oduc i e
way o c ea ing new e ms in Li huanian. The e a e ou main means o
e m o ma ion in Li huanian: p e ixa ion, su ixa ion, lexional de i a ion
and wo d compounding (Gai enis 2002: 54; Keinys 2005g: 232; EC 2006).
Acco ding o S . Keinys, who conduc ed an ex ensi e analysis o e m
o ma ion means in di e en ields o science, he majo i y o e ms a e
o med by means o su ixa ion, mos o which a e de e bal. The e a e se -
e al cha ac e is ic ea u es o e ms o med by means o su ixa ion, namely,
hey a e usually abs ac nouns, hey lack emo ional conno a ion, and qui e
a lo o hem a e hyb ids (Keinys 2005d). Hyb ids, which a e e ms ha
consis o a o eign base and na i e su ix, a e analysed as de i a i es and
a ibu ed o he same g oup as o ma ions o na i e o igin (Keinys 2005d:
75). Howe e , A. Umb asas, who applies he e ymological c i e ion as a
s a ing poin , dis inguishes hyb ids as a sepa a e ca ego y, which a e dis inc
om e ms o na i e o igin o med by means o su ixa ion (e.g. kon aban-
dininkas ‘smuggle ’ (← kon abanda ‘smuggling’ + a na i e su ix -ininkas),
and discusses such means o e m o ma ion as a sub ype o e m o ma ion
based on elemen s o o eign o igin (Umb asas 2010: 132-133).
5 6 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
One mo e means o o ma ion which is e y o en used o c ea e new
e ms in Li huanian is compounding. S . Keinys claims ha compounding
is he second mos p oduc i e means o e m o ma ion a e su ixa ion and
is qui e popula in ce ain a eas o p o essional language (Keinys 2005c: 129).
The ac ha compounding is so p oduc i e in e m o ma ion can be ac-
coun ed o by he necessi y o e e o a complex concep . Mo eo e , com-
pounds comply wi h such i ally impo an equi emen s o e ms as ac-
cu acy, cla i y and conciseness. Al hough hese equi emen s o e ms can
be me by using a mul i-wo d e m, one-wo d e ms a e mo e con enien
o use and can be c ea ed as ela i ely sho gene ic names wi hou using
a ibu i es. The mos usual pa s o speech used o c ea e compounds in
e minology a e a combina ion o wo nouns, a combina ion o a noun and
a e b, and a combina ion o an adjec i e and a noun (Gai e nis 2002; Keinys
2005c), e.g. meds aig is ‘sc ewnail’ (medis ‘wood’ + s aig as ‘sc ew’), anden-
iekis ‘wa e -supply line’ ( anduo ‘wa e ’ + iek i ‘ o supply’).
Ano he qui e p oduc i e means o e m o ma ion, which is peculia
o Li huanian, is lexional de i a ion. In con as o English, whe e lex-
ion se es only as a unc ional a ix, in Li huanian i can be used o
de i a ion. As a means o wo d o ma ion, lexional de i a ion is e y
simila o su ixa ion in na u e, de i a ional meaning and o m (Keinys
2005b). Te ms o med by means o lexional de i a ion a e e y con-
enien o use because o hei simple s uc u e. Thus lexional de i a ion
could be used mo e ex ensi ely as a means o e m o ma ion (Keinys
2005b). The majo i y o e ms o med by lexional de i a ion a e de e -
bal and deadjec i al, whe eas nouns, p onouns and nume als a e e y
a ely used as he de i a ion basis, e.g. sąnaudos ‘consump ion, expend-
i u e’ (← sunaudojo ‘used’).
A ela i ely less p oduc i e means o e m o ma ion in Li huanian is
p e ixa ion, because i is used o o m denominal nouns only (Keinys
2005e); in con as , su ixa ion and lexional de i a ion a e used o o m
de e bal, deadjec i al and denominal nouns. None heless, he ole o
p e ixa ion in e m o ma ion is a he signi ican (Keinys 2005e), e.g.
į ė is ‘adop i e a he ’ (← į + ė as ‘ a he ’), neda bas ‘unemploymen ’
(← ne ‘no’ + da bas ‘wo k’).
The las way o e m o ma ion discussed in he wo ks o he Li hua-
nian e minologis s is bo owing o e ms om o he languages. The p o-
cess o bo owing o a concep oge he wi h he e m which signi ies ha
concep is qui e usual in language in gene al and in e minology science

5 7Te minologija | 2016 | 23
speci ically (Keinys 2005g). As K. Gai enis claims, i is a he ha d o a oid
bo owings in e minology, besides i is no always necessa y o do ha
(Gai enis 2002: 57). Wha is necessa y is o p e en o e use o bo owings
in cases when hey may supe sede he exis ing e ms o na i e o igin, and,
in addi ion, bo owings should con o m o he ules o phonology, mo -
phology and spelling o he Li huanian language. Bo owed e ms can be
classi ied acco ding o he deg ee o hei assimila ion in o h ee g oups:
1) old bo owings; 2) in e na ional wo ds; and 3) ba ba isms. Old bo ow-
ings ha e been absolu ely assimila ed and adap ed o he language sys em,
e.g. s iklas ‘glass’ (Gai enis 2002: 58). In e minology hey a e no consi-
de ed as eal bo owings, in ac hey a e e minologized wo ds o gene al
ocabula y. Ano he ca ego y, in e na ional wo ds, se e as e ms o di -
e en ields o science. They ha e been bo owed in o Li huanian mainly
om classical languages, such as G eek and La in, ei he di ec ly o h ough
in e media y languages, e.g. hipo eka ‘mo gage’ ( om G eek), espublika
‘ epublic’ ( om La in). The las ca ego y, ba ba isms, a e wo ds which do
no comply wi h he no ms o he language (Gai enis 2002: 57). Ba ba isms
ne e become pa o s anda dized lexis. I was also obse ed ha he dis-
ibu ion o bo owings in di e en ields o e minology is une en. I is
a gued ha he amoun o bo owings in he la es scien i ic and echnical
b anches o e minology is highe han in ields which ha e long adi ions
and ely la gely on he indigenous ocabula y (Keinys 2005 ).
S . Keinys also discusses loan ansla ions/calques (Keinys 1980: 92-96).
Mos o such e ms do no comply wi h he no ms o he Li huanian
language and a e no ecommended o usage. Those which con o m o
he no ms o he language and a e o med on he basis o a p oduc i e
model o wo d- o ma ion a e also o en p oblema ic as i is o en di icul
o de e mine whe he a e m is a loan ansla ion o a na i e o ma ion.
Simila i y o he s uc u e o a wo d in se e al languages does no neces-
sa ily indica e an ins ance o loan ansla ion. Mos o en such e ms a e
pe cei ed as na i e o ma ions (Umb asas 2010: 134).
The Li huanian e minologis s classi y e ms acco ding o hei o mal
s uc u e in o one-wo d e ms and mul i-wo d e ms. One-wo d e ms
may be u he classi ied acco ding o hei s uc u e in o simple and
o ma ions, whe eas mul i-wo d e ms a e g ouped acco ding o he num-
be o cons i uen wo ds (Keinys 1980: 16-17; Gai enis 2002: 17) and a e
analysed acco ding o hei o igin and he syn ac ic ela ion o wo ds
wi hin he e m (Umb asas 2010).
5 8 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
Bo h one-wo d e ms and cons i uen s o mul i-wo d e ms a e o med
acco ding o he same p inciples (using in e nal o ex e nal sou ces and
a ious means o e m o ma ion) which a e summa ized in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1. Classi ica ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in Li huanian
(based on wo ks o K. Gai enis and S . Keinys)
Te m o ma ion in Li huanian
(based on wo ks o K. Gai enis and S . Keinys)
In e nal sou ces Ex e nal sou ces
Using exis ing C ea ing Bo owings Loan
sou ces o s anda d new wo ds ansla ions/
language and dialec s (neologisms) calques
Te minologiza ion De i a ion Bo owing o e ms
T ans e minologiza ion Compounding Te minologiza ion
o bo owed wo ds
To sum up, Li huanian schola s, such as K. Gai enis and S . Keinys,
suppo he iew ha he main sou ce o e ms should be in e nal: ei he
he na i e language, i.e. he gene al ocabula y o i s dialec s, o he na-
i e means o wo d-building. Thus he basis o e m o ma ion in Li hua-
nian is seman ic means ( e minologiza ion o wo ds o he na i e language
and old bo owings), mo phological means (wo d- o ma ion) and syn ac-
ic means (mul i-wo d e ms).
CLASSIFICATION OF WAYS AND MEANS OF TERM FORMATION
IN SOME WORKS OF RUSSIAN TERMINOLOGISTS
This sec ion p esen s analysis o he wo ks o he Russian e minologis s
V. Danilenko, М. Lei chik, A. Supe anskaja, N. Podolskaja, N. Vasilje a,
and Sie giej G ine -G iniewicz.
Russian e minologis s, like he Li huanian e minologis s, usually dis-
inguish h ee main ways o e m o ma ion. The i s wo ely on he use
o in e nal sou ces, namely, he use o an exis ing wo d o he language
(i.e. ei he e minologiza ion o a wo d o he gene al ocabula y o ans-
5 9Te minologija | 2016 | 23
e minologiza ion o a eady-made e m om one ield o ano he ) and
e m o ma ion by wo d-building means and syn ac ic means; whe eas he
las one is based on he use o ex e nal sou ces, namely, bo owing a e m
om ano he language by adap ing i phone ically and mo phologically
o he no ms o he language (Лейчик 2009: 81–84; Суперанская e al.
2012: 194, 203).
A. Supe anskaja, N. Podolskaja and N. Vasilje a claim ha al hough
he e is a mo e ex ensi e use o e minologiza ion o wo ds o he gen-
e al language in ce ain ields, he dominan means o e m o ma ion is
wo d-building (Суперанская e al. 2012: 201). They sugges o combine
wo pa ame e s when designing a classi ica ion o ways e ms a e o med,
namely, he sou ce language (na i e s. o eign) and he lexical p inciple
which is used as he basis o o m a e m (a eady-made wo d s. an
in en ionally c ea ed wo d) (Суперанская e al. 2012: 196). This would
esul in a scheme o ways o e m o ma ion, which, as he au ho s
claim, is o a e y gene al cha ac e , as i does no include ans e mi-
nologiza ion (see Scheme 2).
Scheme 2. Classi ica ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in Russian
(based on wo ks o A. Supe anskaja e al.)
Te m o ma ion in Russian
(based on wo ks o A. Supe anskaja e al.)
Resou ces o na i e language Resou ces o o he
(s anda d language and dialec s) languages
Te minologiza ion Wo d-building Bo owing Te m o ma ion
o eady-made on he basis
e ms o bo owed elemen s
Simila ly, V. Lei chik also dis inguishes h ee ways o e m o ma ion,
namely, o ma ion o e ms on he basis o esou ces o he na i e language
by wo d-building and syn ac ic means; e minologiza ion o wo ds o
non-special (s anda d language and dialec s) and special ocabula y; and
bo owing o e ms om o he languages whe e hey we e c ea ed as e ms
o bo owing wo ds and e minologizing hem (Лейчик 2009: 81–84).
6 0 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
As V. Lei chik no es, al hough he models o e m o ma ion a e he same
as he means o wo d-building o he gene al language, some o hem a e
mo e p oduc i e, whe eas o he s a e less. When classi ying e ms, i s , he
dis inguishes one-wo d and mul i-wo d e ms. Al hough p oduc i i y o
composi ion as a means o wo d-building is no ha high in Russian, V. Lei -
chik obse es a gene al end o using wo-wo d and h ee-wo d e m ph as-
es (especially in he domain o in o ma ics) and e en ou - o i e-wo d
e ms (especially in he domain o philosophy). The cons i uen s o he
majo i y o mul i-wo d e ms in Russian a e nouns and adjec i es. A com-
bina ion o se e al nouns can be used wi h o wi hou p eposi ions, hus
nouns can be dependen on o he nouns (Лейчик 2009: 48–62).
Scheme 3. Classi ica ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in Russian
(based on wo ks o V. Lei chik)
Te m o ma ion in Russian
(based on wo ks o V. Lei chik)
Resou ces o he na i e language Resou ces o o he
(s anda d language and dialec s) languages
Te mino- Wo d- Syn ac ic Bo owing Te minologiza ion
logiza ion building means o e ms o bo owed wo ds
The wo p e iously discussed classi ica ions di e in he app oach o
bo owings. Alongside he p ocess o bo owing eady-made wo ds, A. Su-
pe anskaja e al. also dis inguish e m o ma ion on he basis o bo owed
elemen s. The posi ion o he la e is no clea in V. Lei chik’s classi ica-
ion. Howe e , alongside he p ocess o bo owing e ms he dis inguish-
es he p ocess o e minologiza ion o bo owed wo ds o o eign gene al
ocabula y, which means, ha hose bo owed wo ds we e no used as
e ms in he sou ce language and became such only in he a ge language.
Ano he dis inguished Russian linguis , V. Danilenko a gues ha in es-
sence e ms a e o med on he basis o wo ds o gene al and special o-
cabula y in acco dance wi h all s uc u al ypes o wo ds ha a e cha ac-
e is ic o a pa icula na ional language (simple wo ds, de i a i es and
compound wo ds). She dis inguishes he same means o naming concep s
6 7Te minologija | 2016 | 23
new en i ies, because new e ms ha e o e lec he ela ionships o new
concep s wi h he exis ing ones, ha is he p ocess o c ea ion o new
e ms has o be sys ema ic, which can be easily achie ed by means o
a ixa ion and compounding. A his poin J. C. Sage no es ha in Eng-
lish i is o en p oblema ic o make a dis inc ion be ween he c ea ion o
genuine neologisms by means o de i a ion using La in o G eek wo d
elemen s and bo owing o e ms as eady-made wo ds om La in, G eek
and F ench. Mo eo e , i is no always possible o de e mine he sou ce
o bo owings, because English has had “such a long adi ion o bo ow-
ing om all h ee languages ha i is e y o en impossible o say whe he
a wo d has come in o English ia F ench o whe he i has been aken
di ec ly om one o he classical languages” (Sage 1990: 38).
In con as , in mode n English bo owing om o he languages is qui e
a e. I is usually mode n English which becomes he sou ce o bo ow-
ing o new e minology in o o he languages. Alongside di ec bo owing,
J. C. Sage discusses loan ansla ion, o calque, which is he esul o
li e al ansla ion, wo d- o -wo d subs i u ion o he lexical componen s
o compounds. J. C. Sage claims ha ‘loan ansla ion is p e e ed o
di ec bo owing, bu nei he o m o e m c ea ion is accep able i i
iola es he na u al wo d o ma ion echniques o a linguis ic communi y’
(Sage 1990: 87). This means ha bo h di ec bo owings and loan ans-
la ions ha e o con o m o he equi emen s o he a ge language.
The Scheme 6 summa izes he ways and means o e m o ma ion de-
sc ibed by J. C. Sage in his wo ks in 1990, 1997 and 2004:
Scheme 6. Classi ica ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in English (based on wo ks o J. C. Sage )
Te m o ma ion in English (based on wo ks o J. C. Sage )
Use o exis ing Modi ica ion C ea ion o new
sou ces o exis ing sou ces linguis ic en i ies
(neologisms)
Ex ension o meaning De i a ion To ally new c ea ions
Simile Compounding In e lingual bo owing
Me apho C ea ing ph asal e ms Loan ansla ion/calques
Te minologiza ion Con e sion
In e disciplina y bo owing Comp ession

6 8 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
Ano he uni e sal classi ica ion o ways and means o e m o ma ion
is p esen ed in he In e na ional S anda d ISO 704 (Te minology wo k –
P inciples and me hods) o he In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza-
ion (ISO 704:2009 (E)). The main ways o e m o ma ion p esen ed in
ISO 704, which apply o he English language, a e:
• c ea ing new o ms,
• using exis ing o ms,
• anslingual bo owing (see Scheme 7).
C ea ing new o ms co e s such means o e m o ma ion as de i a ion
(adding one o mo e mo phological elemen s, o a ixes, o a oo o a
wo d), compounding ( esul ing in complex e ms, ph ases o blends) and
abb e ia ed o ms (sho o ms, clipped e ms, abb e ia ions, ini ialisms,
and ac onyms).
Using exis ing o ms includes such means o e m o ma ion as con e -
sion (i.e. change in pa -o -speech), e minologiza ion (assigning new,
equen ly analogous o me apho ic meanings o exis ing e ms in ela ed
ields o gene al language wo ds), seman ic ans e wi hin a special lan-
guage, and ans-disciplina y bo owing (me apho s).
Finally, anslingual bo owing is o wo ypes: di ec loans and loan
ansla ions.
Scheme 7. Classi ica ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in English (based on ISO 704:2009 (E))
Te m o ma ion in English
(based on In e na ional S anda d ISO 704)
C ea ing new o ms Using T anslingual
(Neo e ms) exis ing o ms bo owing
De i a ion Con e sion Di ec loan
Compounding Te minologiza ion Loan ansla ion
Abb e ia ion Seman ic ans e
wi hin a special language
T ansdisciplina y bo owing
The compa ison o he wo classi ica ions abo e shows ha ca ego isa-
ion o he main ways and means o e m o ma ion in English is qui e
6 9Te minologija | 2016 | 23
simila . The classi ica ions ely on he ollowing opposi ion: he use o
modi ica ion o exis ing (in e nal) sou ces o c ea e new e ms is opposed
o he use o ex e nal sou ces ( anslingual bo owing).
S ill, he classi ica ions ha e some di e ences. Fi s , he s a us o such
means o e m o ma ion as con e sion is di e en . J. C. Sage a ibu es
con e sion o modi ica ion o exis ing sou ces, alongside a ixa ion and
compounding; meanwhile, in ISO 704:2009 (E) s anda d con e sion is
a ibu ed o he use o exis ing o ms, alongside e minologiza ion and
ans e minologiza ion. The di e en app oach o he posi ion o con e -
sion in hese classi ica ions is qui e cong uous wi h he di e en concep-
ions o con e sion in he heo y o wo d-building. Con e sion is iewed
by some linguis s as a sub ype o de i a ion (Plag 2003: 17); o he linguis s
discuss i as a sepa a e ca ego y dis inc om de i a ion and compound-
ing (Jackson & Zé Am ela 2012: 100; Šeškauskienė 2013: 123).
One mo e di e ence lies in he in e p e a ion o neologisms and hei
place in he classi ica ion. J. C. Sage ea s bo owings om o he lan-
guages as neologisms (Sage 1997: 38), meanwhile, he new de ini ion o
he e m neologism by ISO/TC37 [1087-1:2009] s a es ha only newly
coined e ms, ei he simple o complex, which appea in a language o he
i s ime and ha e been c ea ed by means o linguis ic mechanisms such as
de i a ion, compounding o blending, can be conside ed neologisms (Vale-
on is, Man za i 2006). Thus, bo owing om o eign languages should no
be a ibu ed o he means o c ea ing neologisms. In his ein, he dis inc-
ion be ween na i e and o eign sou ces used o e m o ma ion is c ucial.
I should be no ed ha he abo e classi ica ions o he Li huanian, Rus-
sian and English ways and means o e m o ma ion a e applicable o
special languages in gene al, i.e. hey p esen ways and means o e m
o ma ion o be ollowed when o ming e ms in any domain o science
and echnology. Unequi ocally, hey may di e depending on he domain
and he s uc u e o a pa icula language.
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis o he desc ip ions and classi ica ions o ways and means
o e m o ma ion in he wo ks on e minology in Li huanian, Russian
and English allows o d aw he ollowing conclusions:
1. In he wo ks o he Li huanian e minologis s (S . Keinys, K. Gai e nis),
he main c i e ion o classi ica ion o ways and means o e m o ma ion
7 0 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
is he opposi ion o in e nal and ex e nal sou ces: he use o exis ing
ocabula y o s anda d language o dialec s and c ea ing new ocabula y
using na i e wo d-building means (in e nal sou ces) as opposed o he
use o bo owings (ex e nal sou ces).
2. The app oaches o he Russian e minologis s may be di ided in o
wo g oups. One g oup (A. Supe anskaja, N. Podolskaja, N. Vasilje a,
V. Lei chik) use he opposi ion o in e nal and ex e nal sou ces o e ms
as he main c i e ion o classi ica ion o ways and means o e m o ma-
ion. Ano he g oup (V. Danilenko, S. G ine -G iniewicz) has a di e en
s a ing poin and base hei classi ica ion on he ype o means o e m
o ma ion: seman ic, mo phological, syn ac ic and mo phological-syn ac ic.
3. In he wo ks on he English e minology (J. C. Sage , ISO 704:2009 (E)),
se e al c i e ia a e used in he classi ica ion o pa e ns o e m o ma ion:
opposi ion o exis ing o ms and bo owings as well as a ious means o
e m o ma ion. Howe e , hey in e p e di e en ly he p ocess o con e -
sion and o ma ion o neologisms and, he e o e, he ca ego ies o e m
o ma ion in hei classi ica ions do no coincide.
The esul s o he analysis e eal ha he wo ks on Li huanian, Russian
and English e minology p o ide simila app oaches o he analysis o e m
o ma ion, howe e , hei s a ing poin s migh be di e en : based on e y-
mological c i e ion o he ype o e m o ma ion p ocess (mo phological,
syn ac ic, seman ic). The choice o p inciples o e m classi ica ion depends
on he p e ailing e minology adi ions and he language s uc u e. Clas-
si ica ion o e minology o one language migh be unsui able o pa ially
sui able o classi ica ion o e minology o ano he language. The e o e,
con as i e analysis o e m o ma ion o se e al languages equi es de el-
opmen o a speci ic classi ica ion which would co e all e m o ma ion
ways and means in he languages unde in es iga ion and se e as a basis
o hei compa ison.
REFERENCES
EC 2006: Te minologijos ado ėlis Eu opos komisijos e imo aš u gene alinio di ek o a o lie u ių kalbos
depa amen o e ėjams, Liuksembu gas: EC DGT LT.
Gai enis K. 2002: Lie u ių e minologija: eo ijos i a kybos me menys, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
Gai enis K. 2014: Rink iniai aš ai, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
ISO 704:2009 (E) 2009: Te minology wo k — P inciples and me hods (3d ed.), ISO.
Jackson H. & Zé Am ela E. 2012: Wo ds, Meaning and Vocabula y: An In oduc ion o Mode n English
Lexicology. 2nd ed., London, New Yo k: Con inuum.
Keinys S . 1980: Te minologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Keinys S . 2005a: Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla.
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Keinys S . 2005b: Galūninė lie u iškų e minų da yba. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 77-112.
Keinys S . 2005c: Lie u iškų sudu inių e minų da yba. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 129-182.
Keinys S . 2005d: P iesaginė lie u iškų e minų da yba. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 21-76.
Keinys S . 2005e: P iešdėlinė lie u iškų e minų da yba. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 113-128.
Keinys S . 2005 : Ta p au iniai elemen ai lie u ių e minologijoje. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 193-201.
Keinys S . 2005g: Te minologijos kū imo šal iniai. – Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u o leidykla, 231-233.
Keinys S . 2012: Lie u ių e minologijos aida, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla.
Plag I. 2003: Wo d- o ma ion in English, Camb idge, New Yo k: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Sage J. C. 1990: A P ac ical Cou se in Te minology P ocessing, Ams e dam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Sage J. C. 1997: Te m o ma ion. – G. Budin & S. E. W igh (Eds.). Handbook o e minology managemen ,
Ams e dam: J. Benjamins, 25-41.
Sage J. C. 2004: Te minology in Special Languages. – W. Kesselheim, S. Skope eas, J. Mugdan, G. E. Booij
& C. Lehmann (Eds.). Mo phologie: Ein In e na ionales Handbuch zu Flexion und Wo bildung [Mo phology:
An In e na ional Handbook on In lec ion and Wo d-Fo ma ion], Be lin: De G uy e Mou on, 1924-1928.
Šeškauskienė I. 2013: Ways wi h Wo ds: Insigh s in o he English Lexicon and Some C oss-Linguis ic Aspec s o
S udy, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y Publishing House.
Umb asas A. 2010: Lie u ių eisės e minija 1918-1940 me ais: Pag indinių kodeksų e minai, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u as.
Valeon is K., Man za i E. 2006: The Linguis ic Dimensions o Te minology: P inciples and Me hods o
Te m Fo ma ion. – 1s A hens In e na ional Con e ence on T ansla ion and In e p e a ion T ansla ion:
Be ween A and Social Science, 13 -14 Oc obe 2006, A hens, G eece, 1-20.
Гринев-Гриневич С. В. 2008: Терминоведение, Москва: Академия.
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Лейчик В. М. 2009: Терминоведение: Предмет, методы, структура. 4 h ed., Москва: Либроком.
Суперанская А. В., Подольская Н. В., Васильева Н. В. 2005: Общая терминология: Терминологическая
деятельность, Москва: УРСС Эдиториал.
Суперанская А. В., Подольская Н. В., Васильева Н. В. 2012: Общая терминология. вопросы теории.
6 h ed., Москва: Либроком.
TERMINŲ KŪRIMO ANALIZĖ LIETUVIŲ, RUSŲ IR ANGLŲ TERMINOLOGIJOS DARBUOSE
S aipsnyje analizuojamos i g e inamos žymiausių lie u ių e minologų S . Keinio
i K. Gai enio, usų e minologų A. Supe anskajos, N. Podolskajos, N. Vasilje os,
V. Lei chiko, V. Danilenko i S. G ine -G iniewicziaus, e minologo J. C. Sage io, y-
inėjusio anglų kalbos e miniją, bei Ta p au inės s anda izacijos o ganizacijos pa eik-
os e minų kū imo būdų klasi ikacijos. A lik a e minologų da bų analizė leidžia da-
y i okias iš adas:
1. Lie u ių e minologų (S . Keinio i K. Gai enio) da buose pag indinis e minų
kū imo būdų klasi ika imo k i e ijus y a opozicija a p idinių i išo inių šal inių: e -
minai ski s omi į da omus, panaudojan sa ąją leksiką ( e minologizuojan ga a us žo-
džius bei ku ian naujada us, pasi elkus sa osios kalbos žodžių da ybos in en o ių), i
į pasiskolinamus iš ki ų kalbų. Pagal o maliąją sanda ą e minai ski s omi į ien isi-
nius ( ienažodžius) i sudė inius (keliažodžius).
2. Rusų e minologai A. Supe anskaja, N. Podolskaja, N. Vasilje a, V. Lei chikas i-
dinių i išo inių šal inių p iešp iešą aip pa laiko pag indiniu e minų kū imo būdų
7 2 Liudmila Mockienė Analysis o Te m Fo ma ion in Li huanian,
Sigi a Racke ičienė Russian and English Te minology Wo ks
klasi ika imo k i e ijumi. Tuo a pu ki i usų e minologai V. Danilenko, S. G ine -
G iniewiczius klasi ika imo pag indu enkasi e minų da ybos p iemones, ski s ydami
jas į seman ines, mo ologines, sin aksines i mo ologines-sin aksines.
3. J. C. Sage is, ku is y inėjo anglų kalbos e miniją, bei a p au inio s anda o ISO
704 engėjai, klasi ikuodami e minų kū imo būdus, sujungia kele ą k i e ijų: e minų
šal inius bei e minų da ybos p iemones. Tačiau jie ski ingai in e p e uoja kon e siją
bei neologizmus, odėl e minų kū imo modeliai jų klasi ikacijose nesu ampa.
Analizės ezul a ai odo, kad e minologijos da buose, ski uose lie u ių, usų i an-
glų e minijai, laikomasi panašių k i e ijų, klasi ikuojan e minų kū imo būdus: e-
miamasi idinių i išo inių šal inių p iešp ieša bei e minų da ybos p iemonių ipolo-
gija. Tačiau e minologai dažnai enkasi ski ingus klasi ika imo išei ies aškus, akcen-
uodami a ba e minų kilmę, a ba jų da ybą. Ne e ai jie ski ingai in e p e uoja i uos
pačius e minų da ybos p ocesus. Te minų klasi ika imo p incipų pasi inkimą lemia
iek y aujančios e minų kū imo adicijos, iek kalbos, ku ios e minai klasi ikuoja-
mi, s uk ū a. Vienos kalbos e minų kū imo būdų klasi ikacija gali isai ne ik i a ba
ik iš dalies ik i ki os kalbos e minų kū imo būdų klasi ikacijai. Todėl, a liekan g e-
inamąją kelių kalbų e minų analizę, eikia suda y i i iamoms kalboms inkamą kla-
si ika imo sis emą, ku i apim ų isus i iamų kalbų e minų kū imo būdus i suda y ų
pag indą jų sug e inimui.
Gau a 2016-08-22
Liudmila Mockienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as liudmila@m uni.eu
Sigi a Racke ičienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as sig[email p o ec ed]