Ma ia-C ina He țeg168 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-09
The Impo ance o Business
Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions
Ve slo e minijos s a ba specializuo ame e ime
MARIA-CRINA HERȚEG
1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba-Iulia, Romania
ORCID id: h ps://oecid.o g/0000-0002-3929-0055
ABSTRACT
This pape p esen s an analysis o he impo ance o business e minology in spe-
cialised ansla ions wi h a ocus on wo di e en scena ios ha we e iden i ied
based on he co po a ha we e analysed, namely business con ac s and business
jou nalese, which equi e di e en app oaches, ins umen s and s a egies. The
aspec s ha a e analysed in his pape include he ansla ion o colloca ions, he
ansla ion o igu a i e language and he ansla ion o polysemous lexical uni s.
The pape highligh s he impo ance o empowe ing business ansla o s by ensu-
ing ha hey ha e he e minological esea ch compe ence ha will enable hem
o a oid and esol e ambigui ies, o iden i y e minological equi alences and o
enhance he quali y o hei ansla ions.
KEYWORDS: specialised ansla ion, e minology, business, e minological skills.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje analizuojama e slo e minijos s a ba specializuo ame e ime. Dė-
mesys su elkiamas į du ski ingus scena ijus, nus a y us emian is nag inė ais
eks ynais: e slo su a is i e slo žu nalus. Šie du scena ijai eikalauja ski ingų
požiū ių, p iemonių, s a egijų. S aipsnyje analizuojami šie aspek ai: kolokacijų
e imas, pe kel inės kalbos e imas, daugia eikšmių leksinių iene ų e imas.
Pab ėžiama, kaip s a bu e slo kalbos e ėjams įgy i e minologinių y imų
kompe enciją, ku i leis ų iš eng i d ip asmybių i jas pašalin i, nus a y i e minų
a i ikimą i page in i e imo kokybę.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: specializuo as e imas, e minologija, e slas, e minologiniai
įgūdžiai.
169Te minologija | 2024 | 31
1. INTRODUCTION
The esea ch ques ion ha is add essed in his pape s ems om he need
o use specialised e minology accu a ely in specialised business ansla i-
ons. Acco dingly, he pape add esses he impo ance o embedding speci-
alised e minology in ansla ions o business ex s in he English-Roma-
nian language pai . In his pape , we p esen a hands-on, p ac ical guide
o ansla ion-o ien ed e minology and call o he in eg a ion o busi-
ness e minology in o specialised business ansla ions. We also discuss
he impo ance o empowe ing ansla ion s uden s by p o iding hem
wi h adequa e e minological skills ha will enable hem o ansla e busi-
ness ex s and will enhance he quali y o hei ansla ions. The esea ch
compe ence ha is necessa y in he ansla ion o business ex s is o he
u mos impo ance in his pape .
The a ionale o he pape is a esponse o he in e nalisa ion and glo-
balisa ion o business, which necessi a es an inc easing numbe o docu-
men s pe aining o business and economics being ansla ed as in e -
na ional businesses se up subsidia ies ab oad and anchiso s sell hei
businesses o anchisees who ope a e in Romania. The esul is a wide
ange o business, banking and inancial documen s, including anchise
con ac s, in oices and balance shee s, which need o be ansla ed. In
addi ion, he mobili y o indi iduals ac oss Eu ope en ails d awing up and
ansla ing documen s such as insu ance con ac s and lending and lease
con ac s, which c ea es a ma ke o ansla o s o business and economi-
cs documen s; hese ansla o s mus be commi ed o quali y in o de o
mee hei clien s’ expec a ions and o ul il hei equi emen s.
The p oblems ha a e in es iga ed in his pape we e d awn om a lis
o he di icul ies ha a e encoun e ed in he p ocess o ansla ing busi-
ness ex s. Due o he limi ed numbe o esea ch pape s ha add ess he
p oblem o business e minology in ansla ions, he aims o his a icle a e
o ill he gap in he heo y pe aining o he ansla ion o business ex s,
o p o ide solu ions and o iden i y s a egies.
One o he i s aspec s ha needs o be conside ed is ha specialised
ex s a e w i en by specialis s in a pa icula ield and a e add essed o
o he specialis s in he same domain. The ole o he ansla o is o medi-
a e communica ion amongs hese specialis s. In o de o a ain his goal,
he ansla o needs o ende he ex om he sou ce language (hence-
o h SL) in o he a ge language (hence o h TL) accu a ely. The quali y
Ma ia-C ina He țeg170 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
o he ansla ion depends on many ac o s, including he quali y o he
e minological wo k ca ied ou by he ansla o , which en ails o he ac-
cu a e use o e minology, he g aphical ep esen a ion o he ex , and he
ansla o ’s abili y o in eg a e specialised so wa e, e m bases (hence o h
TBs) and co po a in o hei wo k. All hese ac o s impac on he quali y
o he ansla ion, bo h as a p oduc and as a p ocess.
Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012: 79) highligh ed ha specialised ans-
la o s mus bea he ex sende , he ex ecei e and he pu pose o he
ex in mind; in he ansla ion o specialised business ex s, ansla o s
mus pay heed o he ac ha bo h he ex sende s and he ex ecei e s
a e amilia wi h business e minology. Consequen ly, he ansla o s mus
use business e minology app op ia ely and accu a ely, and mus be ami-
lia wi h he layou o business and inancial documen s.
In b ie , he ansla ion o specialised ex s equi es e minology ma-
nagemen , he good use o ansla ion esou ces and amilia i y wi h he
empla e o he ex .
The wo ks ha a e ci ed in he li e a u e e iew sec ion poin owa ds
he impo ance o achie ing ‘sameness’ be ween he SL and he TL. A he
same ime, all hese wo ks con o m o he change om he gene al heo y
o e minology (GTT) o ame-based e minology (FBT), which en ails a
di e en pe cep ion o ansla ion p ocesses and p oduc s. FBT is close o
cogni i e linguis ics in ha he emphasis is on he impo ance o con ex
in e minological esea ch; i admi s polysemy, synonymy and igu a i e
language, acknowledges he mul idimensionali y o e ms, and a ou s he
use o co po a in he p ocess o e m ex ac ion. GTT is mo e es ic i e
compa ed o he communica i e heo y o e minology (CTT), FBT and
he socio-cogni i e heo y o e minology. The socio-cogni i e heo y
o e minology is hea ily in luenced by insigh s de i ed om cogni i e
seman ics and unc ional linguis ics; i sheds new ligh on he ole and
unc ion o language, acknowledges he igu a i e laye o language and
conside s he impo ance o con ex in cap u ing he meaning o a e m.
The new di ec ions in e minology do no a oid he use o me apho s
and igu a i e language; acco dingly, me apho s ha e ecei ed mo e a en-
ion. Te minology is in luenced by cogni i e linguis ics, which add esses
he men al ep esen a ions o linguis ic s uc u es. The econs uc ion o
ames in he ansla ion o concep ual me apho s highligh s he closeness
be ween cogni i e linguis ics and e minology; his iew was sha ed by
171Te minologija | 2024 | 31
Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012), who acknowledged he exis ence o igu-
a i e language in Language o Speci ic Pu poses (hence o h LSP). Te -
minology is also in luenced by co pus linguis ics, as e minologis s mus
know how o compile co po a and how o analyse pa allel co po a when
sea ching o app op ia e e minology.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) add essed he issue o he impo ance o
e minology in ansla ions and emphasised he oles ha ansla o s mus
play and he knowledge ha hey mus ha e when hey ansla e special-
ised ex s. Thus, in he app oach o e minological uni s, ansla o s mus
pay a en ion o he ela ionships, s uc u es and co espondences ha a e
es ablished amongs e minological uni s. As Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez
(2012) obse ed, nei he he knowledge o e minological co espondences
no linguis ic knowledge is su icien o p oduce an accep able ex in a
specialised knowledge ield. The au ho s conside ed e minology o be a
discipline ha has mo e in common wi h linguis ics, pa icula ly cogni i e
linguis ics, and desc ibed he e olu ion and his o y o e minology om
i s incep ion o he p esen ; hey also discussed di e en heo ies o e -
minology and enume a ed he heo ies wi h which e minology has been
associa ed, such as he socio-cogni i e heo y o e minology p oposed
by Temme man and FBT p oposed by Fabe (2011), which p omo es he
s udy o he beha iou o e minological uni s in ex s a he han iden i-
ying he di e ences be ween wo ds and e ms.
Fabe and Cabezas-Ga cia (2019) highligh ed he impo ance o achie -
ing sameness o meaning in ansla ions, and obse ed ha he quali-
y o specialised ansla ions depended on how well he co espondences
be ween he TL and he SL we e ende ed, as well as on he ansla o ’s
abili y o success ully cons uc a men al ep esen a ion o he aspec s o
he specialised knowledge ield. As he au ho s showed, he ansla o mus
iden i y he seman ic ela ionships amongs he concep s ha a e encoun-
e ed in he ex and mus es ablish he co espondences be ween he SL
and TL. The au ho s adop ed FBT and linked specialised knowledge ep-
esen a ion o cogni i e linguis ics and cogni i e seman ics; hey also e-
e ed o mul i-wo d e ms (hence o h MWTs) and iden i ied he compo-
si ion and componen s o MWTs in English. As he au ho s obse ed, he
p ocess o unde s anding e minological meaning begins wi h he concep
Ma ia-C ina He țeg172 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
designa ed by he e m i sel and is concei ed o as a p og essi e expansion
o con ex s (Fabe and Cabezas-Ga cia 2019: 200). The au ho s di ided
ames in o concep ames ha a e ealised linguis ically ia nouns and
noun g oups, and p edica i e ames ha a e ealised linguis ically ia
e bs. The au ho s highligh ed he idea ha p edica i e ames we e a ely
conside ed o be e ms; consequen ly, hey we e no included in special-
ised e minological esou ces. The au ho s p o ided he example o he
EcoLexicon co pus in which only 10 e bs a e iden i ied as ha ing a spe-
cialised meaning, despi e he co pus con aining 54 million wo ds.
L’Homme e al. (2018) analysed colloca ions in e minological esou -
ces, and p o ided an in en o y o he e minological esou ces ha con ai-
ned colloca ions; he au ho s concluded ha he collec ion and ex ac ion
o colloca ions om co po a was ime consuming, and s a ed ha he me-
hods ha ha e been de eloped o ex ac colloca ions need o be alida-
ed by lexicog aphe s and e minologis s. L’Homme e al. (2018) discussed
he easons ha led o he imbalance o colloca ions, including he deg ee
o polysemy in di e en languages, which migh a ec he co esponding
colloca ions, he expe ience o he e minologis s who ex ac colloca ions,
and he con en o he co po a om which he colloca ions a e ex ac ed.
L’Homme e al. (2018) p oposed a me hod ha consis ed o en s ages and
ha iden i ied and alida ed equi alen colloca ions in a TL. The au ho s
alida ed he me hod manually o he English-F ench language pai by
selec ing a lis o keywo ds om a lis o gene al English en i onmen al
e ms and ex ac ing all he lexical ela ionships ha we e encoded as
colloca ions om he English e sion o he da abase, oge he wi h he
lexical unc ions o each e m in he lis . L’Homme e al. (2018) concluded
ha he me hod p oduced a su icien numbe o alid ansla ions o hei
English colloca ions and could be used wi h some adap a ions o comple e
o he missing ansla ions o colloca ions.
In he in oduc ion sec ion, L’Homme (2023) d ew a en ion o he is-
sue o polysemy in specialised e minology and iden i ied wo app oaches:
One app oach ad oca es ways o p e en ing polysemy, as i can lead o
ambigui y in communica ion. Acco ding o L’Homme (2023), e minolo-
gis s add ess polysemy in wo si ua ions, namely du ing he iden i ica ion
o e ms and when he e m is desc ibed in he esou ces. The au ho su-
gges ed me hods ha e minologis s could adop when hey encoun e ed
polysemy in specialised esou ces. L’Homme also iden i ied cases in which
173Te minologija | 2024 | 31
a lexical i em could be conside ed o be si ua ed in mo e han one lexical
pa adigm; she analysed wo examples o polysemy pe aining o he spe-
cialised e minology used o discuss he en i onmen , and iden i ied he
causes o polysemy in specialised e minology as being meaning ex ensi-
on, me apho ical ex ension, and change in meaning o e ime. L’Homme
(2023) di e en ia ed amongs h ee ypes o polysemy in specialised e -
minology, namely egula polysemy, al e na ions and mic osenses. The
au ho also discussed ways in which e minology has been app oached du-
ing a ious pe iods by desc ibing he di e en di ec ions in e minology;
she obse ed ha many e ms we e coined on he basis o o he es ablished
meanings, and ha new meanings we e added o he exis ing meaning o
a lexical i em, esul ing in he c ea ion o new e ms. L’Homme no ed ha
he subdi ision o e minology in o subdomains esul ed in a educ ion
in he likelihood o polysemy and iden i ied he ac o s ha accoun ed
o he educed polysemy in e minological esou ces. L’Homme (2023)
explained ha e minologis s compiled domain-speci ic co po a in which
lexical i ems con eyed a educed numbe o meanings, and obse ed ha
e minological esou ces ha e a endency o include nouns and noun ph a-
ses o he de imen o o he pa s o speech. She p o ided he example
o EcoLexicon, which does no con ain e bs o e b ph ases; e bs a e
ea ed as colloca ions, while adjec i es appea in MWTs.
Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) iden i ied wo ways in which cogni i e
linguis ics, pa icula ly concep ual me apho heo y (hence o h CMT),
and e minology in e ac . Fi s ly, one domain is mapped on o ano he , and
he same concep may simul aneously be pa o di e en domains as a
esul ; ha is, concep s used in one domain may mig a e o o he domains.
The ole o me apho s is hen o gi e cohe ence o concep ual s uc u es.
The second way in which cogni i e linguis ics and e minology in e ac
is h ough me apho ical ex ension. The au ho s signalled he p esence o
me apho s and me onymies in specialised e minology, analysed p e ious
esea ch in he ield o me apho s being conside ed as a means o concep-
ualising eali y and obse ed ha me onymy had been igno ed. Te cedo
Sánchez e al. (2012) sha ed he iew ha bo h me apho s and me onymies
helped o s uc u e he human concep ual sys em and di e en ia ed he
mechanisms on which me onymy and me apho elied: me apho s exploi
simila i y, while me onymies exploi con inui y. Te cedo Sánchez e al.
(2012) analysed CMT and CBT, es ablished he ela ionships ha de elop
Ma ia-C ina He țeg174 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
be ween hese heo ies and e minology, and p o ided examples o e ymo-
logical blending om he specialised domains o medicine, en i onmen al
science and sociology.
Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) connec ed he idea o mul idimension-
ali y in e minology o he ac ha a concep can belong o di e en
domains simul aneously. The au ho s also showed ha me apho s did no
ep esen an isola ed phenomenon, bu we e ep esen ed as a ne wo k o
me apho ical pa e ns in specialised domains ha gi e cohe ence o con-
cep ual s uc u e. The au ho s also conside ed he ole o con ex , which
media es access o he linguis ic use o a concep . Me apho s in specialised
e minology occu because one domain is mapped on o ano he , which he
au ho s exempli ied ia concep s om he ield o medicine being used in
economics and inance. The au ho s also analysed examples o me apho -
ical ex ensions om gene al o specialised language.
The chap e au ho ed by Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) add esses
ansla ion as a p ocess and as a p oduc om he pe spec i e o cogni i e
linguis ics. In he in oduc ion o he chap e “Specialized language ans-
la ion”, Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) highligh ed he limi ed esou c-
es o specialised ansla o s and obse ed ha li e a y ansla ions had a -
ac ed mo e in e es om specialis s compa ed o specialised ansla ions.
The au ho s iden i ied poin s o con ac be ween ansla ion and cogni i e
linguis ics and discussed a numbe o easons o he s ong ela ionship
be ween hem. These easons we e based on concep ual s uc u es, as a
language comp ises he lexicalisa ion and ac i a ion o concep ual s uc-
u es, while ansla ion encompasses he ansla ion o concep ual s uc-
u es om he SL in o he TL. The au ho s discussed he implica ions o
he ansla ion p ocess, as well as he issues o co espondence o equi -
alence, which we e seen as he ansla o s’ objec i es. Acco ding o he
au ho s, he pa ame e s ha in luence he e alua ion o ansla ions a e
p agma ic ac o s ela ed o he con ex and cogni i e ac o s ela ed o he
compe ence o he ansla o (Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno 2012: 76).
Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) highligh ed he di e ences be ween
gene al ansla ions and specialised ansla ions, as well as he di icul ies
ha a ise in specialised ansla ions. The di e ences e e o he me hods
and compe ences ha a specialised ansla o mus apply and acqui e when
ansla ing a specialised ex . Thus, a specialised ansla o mus de el-
op he capaci y o acqui e specialised e minology and o apply i in he
175Te minologija | 2024 | 31
ansla ion p ocess. The au ho s also poin ed ou ha he ex ecei e s a e
di e en in he case o specialised ansla ions.
Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) aised he issue o he ansla o ’s
in isibili y, ein o ced he ene ha ansla ion ep esen s a p ocess o
media ion be ween languages and cul u es, and highligh ed he ole o
ansla o s as in e linguis ic and in e ex ual media o s. In hei opinion,
he in isibili y o he ansla o con ibu ed o he success o he media ion
p ocess.
Wi h ega d o he complexi y o he specialised ansla ion p ocess, he
au ho s highligh ed wo impo an dimensions o specialised ex s; ha is,
he linguis ic and he specialised dimensions. The success o he special-
ised ansla ion p ocess depends on he ha monisa ion o he linguis ic and
he specialised knowledge. T ansla o aining empowe s ansla o s wi h
linguis ic knowledge and ensu es he linguis ic dimension o he ex . The
quali y o a specialised ansla ion depends on he ansla o ’s specialised
knowledge and e minological managemen . In his ega d, he au ho s
explained ha specialis s in a ield canno p oduce a quali y specialised
ansla ion because hey do no manage o a ain he linguis ic dimension.
Simila ly, a ansla o can ende he linguis ic dimension o a ex , bu
hey mus also acqui e he necessa y specialised knowledge. The au ho s
emphasised he ac ha knowledge o wo languages and a command o
he g amma ical s uc u es o he espec i e languages did no ensu e he
quali y o a specialised ansla ion. In b ie , linguis ic knowledge and spe-
cialised knowledge mus be combined in o de o ensu e he high quali y
o a specialised ansla ion.
Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) also emphasised ha wo king on a
specialised ansla ion in ol ed ca ying ou e minological wo k. The au-
ho s men ioned he lack o e minological esou ces and da abases as being
amongs he di icul ies ha ansla o s encoun e . In o de o esol e his
di icul y, ansla o s need o ca y ou ad hoc e minological wo k. How-
e e , in o de o econs uc he ex om a e minological poin o iew,
ansla o s need o econs uc he concep ual ep esen a ions ha ep e-
sen he con e gence poin o he ansla ion and he e minological wo k.
Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) s a ed ha ansla ion equi es a he-
o y ha ocuses on meaning and con ex . Cogni i e linguis ics, mainly
p agma ics and seman ics, appea s o be pa icula ly ele an o specialised
ansla ion because he ocus is on con ex and meaning. Fu he mo e,
Ma ia-C ina He țeg176 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
he au ho s conside ed ansla ion o be a cogni i e p ocess; he linguis ic
discipline ha mee s his c i e ion is cogni i e seman ics.
Wi h ega d o specialised ansla ions, Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno
(2012) discussed he mul idimensionali y o specialised ex s. T ansla o s
mus be equipped o manage linguis ic phenomena such as concep ual
me apho s and he me apho ical concep ualisa ions o phenomena in eco-
nomics. The au ho s ei e a ed he idea ha specialised ansla ion medi-
a es communica ion wi h ecei e s who a e amilia wi h he cons ain s o
he specialised ex s and a e amilia wi h he e minology ha is used. In
o de o media e communica ion amongs membe s o he same commu-
ni y, ansla o s do no need o be expe s in a subjec o ield, bu ans-
la o s o specialised ex s mus ha e linguis ic aining and mus econcile
hei linguis ic aining wi h e minology managemen .
The pape by Fue es-Oli e a and Velasco Sac is an (2012) add ess-
es he ansla abili y o me apho s. The au ho s in es iga ed a pa icula
s and o business English gen e, namely dic iona y a icles wi h a pa icu-
la ocus on he ansla ion o me apho ical English accoun ing e ms in o
Spanish. The au ho s analysed he me apho ical e ms in a dic iona y and
explained he decisions ha we e aken du ing he p ocess o ansla ion.
They es ic ed hei analysis and commen s o headwo ds wi hou aking
con ex s, examples and de ini ions in o conside a ion. Fue es-Oli e a and
Velasco Sac is an’s heo y is ha ansla ion equi alen s in specialised dic-
iona y a icles a e speci ic language exp essions, he ansla ions o which
mus ende bo h he o iginal concep and a simila me apho ical exp es-
sion whene e possible. The me hods ha he au ho s adop ed included
he ep oduc ion o he o iginal concep ual scena io as accu a ely as pos-
sible wi h o wi hou elimina ing possible cul u al il e s. They ad oca ed
o he idea ha he concep ual and aes he ic unc ions played a key ole
in bilingual e minology. To main ain hese unc ions, he au ho s op ed
o he wo d-by-wo d ansla ion o he sou ce’s me apho ical e ms om
English as hey belie ed ha he wo d-by-wo d ansla ion o he sou ce’s
me apho ical e ms had he ollowing ad an ages:
1. i e ained he aes he ic and concep ual unc ions o he SL and
ende ed hem in he TL; and
2. i in oduced no el me apho s in he TL.
This app oach has also been c i icised because i is conside ed o be an
example o e minological colonialism.
183Te minologija | 2024 | 31
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘This con ac was signed/clinched in a numbe o … copies ou o which
..copies emain a he bank and …. copies go o he bo owe .’ (Loan con ac )
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘This con ac was concluded in a numbe o ... copies/coun e pa s ou o
which .... copies s ay wi h he bank and ....copies go o he bo owe ’ (Loan con-
ac ).
The quali y o second e sion o he ansla ion imp o ed because i
con ained mo e app op ia e and specialised e minology.
(5) (RO) ‘An ep eno ii po obține până la 200.000 lei pen u dema a ea unei
a ace i în anul 2022.’
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘The en ep eneu s can ob ain up o 200,000 lei o commencing a busi-
ness/ opening a business/ o ming a business in 2022.’
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘The en ep eneu s can ob ain up o 200,000 lei in o s a ing up /se ing
up a business in 2022.’
The second e sion o he ansla ion was mo e app op ia e and mo e
o mal because i included specialised e minology.
(6) (RO) ‘În p ocesul dema ă ii unei i me es e ne oie în p imul ând de în ocmi-
ea unui plan de a ace i.’
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘In he p ocess o commencing a business/opening a business/ o ming a
business i is i s necessa y o d a a business plan.’
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘In he p ocess o se ing up/s a ing up a i m i is i s necessa y o d aw
up a business plan.’
The colloca ion a în ocmi un plan de a ace i yielded he ollowing esul s:
o de elop a business plan (Ame ican English 2006), o c ea e a business plan
Ma ia-C ina He țeg184 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
(BNC XML), o p epa e a business plan (BNC XML) and o d aw up a busi-
ness plan (BNC XML).
(7) (RO) ‘Cum poți încheia o poliță de asigu a e de sănă a e pe www.asigu a i.
o.’
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘How can you insu e you heal h on www.asigu a i. o.’
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘How can you ake ou a heal h insu ance policy on www.asigu a i. o.’
(8) (RO) ‘Solici a ea de alimen poa e i înain a ă ie chia de că e în ep in-
de e, p in di ec o ii sau acționa ii săi, ie de că e un c edi o ca e a e un in e es în
ecupe a ea da o iei sale.’
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘The bank up cy claim can be iled ei he by he en e p ise, h ough i s ma-
nage s o sha eholde s, o by a c edi o who is in e es ed o ecoup his/he deb .’
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘The bank up cy claim can be iled ei he by he en e p ise, h ough i s
manage s o sha eholde s, o by a c edi o who is in e es ed in he e u n o his/he
deb .’
(9) (RO) ‘Con o m dispozițiilo în igoa e, ă înș iințăm că, în e idențele noas e
con abile, la da a de…. uni a ea dumnea oas ă igu ează cu u mă oa ele debi-
e:….. În e men de 5 zile de la p imi e u mează să ne es i uiți aces ex as con-
i ma pen u suma accep a ă, ia în cazul cons a ă ii de di e ențe să anexați no a
explica i ă cup inzând obiecțiile dumnea oas ă.’ (Ex as de con )
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘Acco ding o/In compliance wi h he egula ions in o ce, we no i y you
ha you en i y/ins i u ion is ound in ou bookkeeping wi h he ollowing
deb s….. Fi e days a e eceip / Wi hin i e days a e eceip you a e o e u n his
s a emen o accoun con i med o he accep ed amoun and in case you ind any
disc epancy, please a ach he explana o y no e which comp ises you objec ions’
(S a emen o accoun ).
185Te minologija | 2024 | 31
The colloca ion o ind a/ any disc epancy, as iden i ied in he bilingual
dic iona y, is mo e in o mal and gene al compa ed o o no ice a/ any dis-
c epancy, which is no lis ed in he bilingual dic iona y.
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘Pu suan o he p o isions in o ce/in exe cise, we he eby no i y you ha in
ou accoun ing eco ds you en i y is lis ed/ you a e lis ed wi h he ollowing
deb s…...’
Fi e days a e eceip / Wi hin i e days a e eceip you a e o e u n his s a e-
men o accoun con i med o he accep ed amoun and in case you no ice any
disc epancy, please a ach he guidance no e which se s o h you objec ions.’
(S a emen o accoun )
Fu he mo e, he example ci ed abo e con ains wo examples o pol-
ysemy: P o isions is a polysemous e m; in gene al business e minology,
i means p e ede i, dispoziții and he meaning is p o izioane in accoun ing
e minology. The second polysemous e m is ex as de con ha was ans-
la ed in o English as s a emen o accoun ; he noun s a emen is pa o o he
compound nouns pe aining o business and has a di e en meaning in
gene al English. The choice o he p eposi ion pu suan o is mo e app o-
p ia e han acco ding o and i is o en encoun e ed in con ac s.
(10) (RO) ‘Ca u ma e a p ezen ului CONTRACT și ca o ga anție pen u am-
bu sa ea de că e ÎMPRUMUTAT a u u o sumelo da o a e sau ce u mează a i
da o a e în con o mi a e cu CONTRACTUL DE CREDIT IPOTECAR, GARAN-
TUL IPOTECAR cons i uie în a oa ea BĂNCII, p in p ezen ul CONTRACT, o
ipo ecă imobilia ă de angul I (‘IPOTECA IMOBILIARĂ’) asup a PROPRIE-
TĂȚII.’ (Con ac de ipo ecă)
English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y:
(EN) ‘As a esul o his CONTRACT and as a gua an ee o he epaymen /
eimbu semen by he BORROWER o all he amoun s due o which a e o be
due in acco dance wi h he MORTGAGE AGREEMENT, THE MORTGAGE
GUARANTOR es ablishes in a ou o he BANK, h ough his CONTRACT, a
Tie 1 eal es a e mo gage (REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE) on he PROPERTY’
(Mo gage ag eemen ).
English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and
online esou ces:
(EN) ‘By i ue o his CONTRACT and as a gua an ee o he epaymen by
he BORROWER o all amoun s due o which a e o be due in compliance wi h
Ma ia-C ina He țeg186 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
he MORTGAGE AGREEMENT, THE MORTGAGE GUARANTOR se s up
in a ou o he BANK, h ough his CONTRACT, a Tie 1 eal es a e mo gage
(REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE) on he PROPERTY’ (Mo gage ag eemen ).
In he examples ha we e analysed abo e, he i s e sion consis s o
he ansla ion wi hou conduc ing e minological esea ch, and he e mi-
nological uni s we e e ie ed om he bilingual business and economics
dic iona ies; some e minological uni s we e no lis ed in he monolingual
business dic iona y. The second e sion consis s o he ansla ion a e he
esea ch wo k had been conduc ed. The quali a i e analysis was subs an-
ia ed by he IATE da abase, and by online and monolingual and bilin-
gual e minological dic iona ies such as The English-Romanian Dic iona y
o Business Te minology by Popescu (2017) and he Dic iona y o Business
Colloca ions by Popescu and Toma (2009), h ps://hallo. o/dic iona -en-
glez- oman/
h ps://www.p oz.com/sea ch/.
These sou ces a e use - iendly, well-documen ed and eliable. The sec-
ond e sion o he ansla ion was mo e e ined, mo e o mal and mo e ac-
cu a e; i included mo e app op ia e e minology choices and mo e o mal
colloca ions. Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) s a ed ha , in addi ion o
designa ing specialised concep s, e ms ha e syn ac ical and colloca ional
pa e ns ha di e om gene al language. This heo y was exempli ied in
he examples ha we e selec ed o ansla ion.
Fu he mo e, acco ding o L’Homme (2023), he e is a g ea e likeli-
hood o iden i ying colloca ions in specialised co po a ins ead o in gen-
e al co po a. In o he wo ds, he mo e specialised he co pus, he g ea e
he likelihood o iden i ying specialised colloca ions. This explains he
in o mal and gene al colloca ions ha we e lis ed in he bilingual busi-
ness dic iona y. In he ansla ion samples p o ided abo e, app op ia e
and mo e specialised colloca ional pa e ns we e iden i ied ollowing he
e minological esea ch.
The di icul ies ha we e encoun e ed du ing he ansla ion p ocess
we e limi ed esou ces in Romanian and un eliable esou ces such as
Linguee, which ecognises he names o ins i u ions and s e ches o ex s,
bu does no di e en ia e be ween gene al and specialised business e mi-
nology.
187Te minologija | 2024 | 31
S age 1
Fo he ansla ion o he samples p o ided abo e, he bilingual Roma-
nian-English economic dic iona y yielded he ollowing en ies:
A se obliga să (in ansi i e e b) = o unde ake o
A aco da un c edi = o g an a c edi
A lua cu împ umu = o bo ow
A începe o a ace e = o commence a business
A încheia o asigu a e = o insu e [ o insu e is mo e in o mal han o ake ou an
insu ance policy]
A încheia un con ac = o clinch/ o sign a con ac [ o clinch is mo e in o mal
han o sign and i is no adequa e]
A în ocmi un plan de a ace i = no equi alen o his colloca ion
S age 2
The same colloca ions we e sea ched o in he Longman Business Eng-
lish Dic iona y du ing his s age o analysis. The esul s we e:
A se obliga să (in ansi i e e b) = o unde ake o do s h.
A aco da un c edi = o p o ide a loan
A încheia un con ac = o conclude an ag eemen / ea y/deal
A încheia o asigu a e = o ake ou an insu ance policy
A începe o a ace e = o se up a company/ an o ganisa ion
A în ocmi un plan de a ace i = o d aw up a business plan
S age 3
S age h ee consis ed o consul ing online co po a. Two eady-made
co po a we e chosen o his s age o he analysis, BNC XML powe ed by
CQPweb, and Ame ican English 2006 powe ed by CQPweb designed by
Ha die (2012). The indings a e included in he able below:
Table 1. Business colloca ions and hei equi alen s
1. THE BUSINESS
COLLOCATION IN
ROMANIAN
3. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
IN AMERICAN ENGLISH
2006 POWERED BY CQPWEB
4. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
IN BNC XML POWERED BY
CQPWEB
A începe o a ace e Business – 304 ma ches in
145 ex s
o se up a business –
0 occu ences
o open a business –
1 occu ence
Business – 35,079 ma ches in
2,861 di e en ex s
o se up a business –
126 occu ences
o open a business –
21 occu ences
Ma ia-C ina He țeg188 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
o s a a business –
2 occu ences
o build a business –
1 occu ence
o s a a business –
69 occu ences
o build a business –
36 occu ences
o build up a business –
28 occu ences
o s a up a business –
27 occu ences
o c ea e a business –
5 occu ences
o launch a business –
2 occu ences
o es ablish a business –
16 occu ences
o o m a business –
4 occu ences
o commence a business –
4 occu ences
A încheia o
asigu a e 0 occu ence he headwo d insu ance has
7,027 ma ches in 1,261
di e en ex s.
o ake ou an insu ance
policy – 40 occu ences
o ake an insu ance
policy – 1 occu ence
o s a an insu ance
policy – 1 occu ence
o buy an insu ance
policy – 1 occu ence
o sign an insu ance
documen – 2 occu ences
o buy an insu ance –
2 occu ences
A încheia un
con ac
o make a deal –
1 occu ence
o do a deal – 1 occu ence
he headwo d con ac has
e u ned 11,880 ma ches in
1,578 di e en ex s
o sign a con ac –
170 occu ences
o en e in o con ac –
58 occu ences
o en e a con ac –
9 occu ences
189Te minologija | 2024 | 31
o o m a con ac –
5 occu ences
o s a a con ac –
3 occu ences
o s a up a con ac –
1 occu ence
o begin a con ac –
1 occu ence
o seal a con ac –
1 occu ence
A aco da un c edi
A lua cu împ umu
0 occu ence
o ake ou a loan –
1 occu ence
The headwo d loan e u ned
3,812 ma ches in 855 di e en
ex s.
o o e a loan –
15 occu ences
o gi e a loan –
14 occu ences
o p o ide a loan –
5 occu ences
o g an a loan –
15 occu ences
o ake ou a loan –
42 occu ences
o ge a loan –
21 occu ences
o sign a loan deal –
1 occu ence
o ake a loan –
3 occu ences
o apply o a loan –
2 occu ences
o demand a loan –
1 occu ence
o ask o a loan –
4 occu ences
o eques a loan –
4 occu ences
o ecei e a loan –
1 occu ence
o ob ain a loan –
15 occu ences
Ma ia-C ina He țeg190 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
The ansla ion o colloca ions ac i a ed he esea ch compe ence, as a
numbe o linguis ic esou ces we e consul ed in o de o iden i y he bes
ma ch be ween he sou ce and a ge ex s. The same Romanian colloca-
ions we e looked up in di e en sou ces: Dicționa economic omân-englez,
au ho ed by Năs ăsescu (2015), Ame ican English 2006 Co pus powe ed
by CQPweb, BNC powe ed by CQPweb designed by Ha die (2012), he
Longman Business English Dic iona y (2007), Cons an inescu and C ocus
(1998) and he Dic iona y o Business Colloca ions au ho ed by Popescu and
Toma (2009). Due o he la ge numbe o occu ences, he sea ch o he
BNC XML mainly a ge ed colloca ions.
Two me hods we e applied du ing he co pus sea ch:
1. Sea ching o he headwo d in he colloca ion and ex ac ing all he
colloca ions ha occu ed wi h he headwo d.
2. Choosing he mos app op ia e colloca ion ha sui ed he ex .
These me hods ha e ou d awbacks:
1. They a e ime consuming.
2. The e is a limi on he numbe o colloca ions ha can be iden i ied
ollowing hese me hods.
3. The iden i ica ion o in o mal colloca ions.
4. They gene a e ambigui y.
The e is a clea -cu di e ence be ween he use o o mal and in o mal
colloca ions: o open a business o o commence a business / e sus/ o se up
a business. The Romanian colloca ion a încheia un con ac can gene a e
ambigui y in ansla ions because he dic iona y con ains h ee en ies: o
e mina e a con ac , o make and en e a con ac and o conclude a con ac . In
such si ua ions, he con ex s in which he colloca ions occu can esol e
he ambigui y.
The quan i a i e analysis was e ined ia he quali a i e analysis, which
included he analysis o he con ex in which he colloca ion occu ed, as
well as he compa ison o o mal e sus in o mal, gene al e sus special-
ised op ions.
Ano he p oblem ha is linked o he accu a e use o colloca ions is
he use o binomials, which a e cha ac e is ic o business ex s: by and be-
ween, o make and en e , o keep and pe o m, e ms and condi ions, laws and
egula ions.
The analysis ha is p esen ed in his sec ion ein o ces he ene ha
he iden i ica ion o app op ia e colloca ions p esen s a eal s umbling
191Te minologija | 2024 | 31
block in he ansla ion p ocess. The ad an age o co po a e sus bilingual
dic iona ies is ha co po a p o ide he headwo ds in con ex . Mo eo e ,
he in-dep h explo a ion o specialised esou ces combined wi h comp e-
hensi e esea ch imp o es he quali y o ansla ions. The highe he de-
g ee o specialisa ion, he g ea e he numbe o sou ces a ansla o needs
o use. The s ages ha also con ibu e o achie ing quali y in ansla ions
include he p e- ansla ion s age and he pos - ansla ion s age. The mul i-
ple oles ha he ansla o has o play, such as ha o edi o , p oo - eade ,
ansla o and e minologis , enhance he quali y o he ansla ion. In
b ie , specialised ansla o s ha e o ansla e, edi , compile glossa ies, use
app op ia e e minology, apply quali y p inciples and ind equi alen s.
4.2. The ansla ion o igu a i e
language, me apho s and idioms
I ag ee wi h Temme man’s (1997) iew, which b ings he exis ence o i-
gu a i e language in e minology in o he discussion and shows ha ma-
naging me apho s and igu a i e language in LSP highligh s he cogni i e
dimension o e minology.
Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) also a ou ed he cogni i e dimen-
sion o e minology.
A e he co po a con aining business jou nalese we e sc u inised, he
analysis e ealed ha concep ual me apho s pe aded he language used
in economics. Business and economics acqui e human and animal cha -
ac e is ics. The analysis o igu a i e language wi h a ocus on ansla ion
can be di ided in o ou majo s ands: concep ual ca ego ies ha o e lap
in bo h co po a, concep ual ca ego ies ha do no o e lap in bo h co po-
a, p o e bs and idioms. Due o space cons ain s and he la ge numbe
o o e lapping concep ual ca ego ies, he analysis o me apho s is limi ed
o he concep ualisa ions o business and he economy. The concep ual
ca ego ies pe aining o business and economy ha occu in bo h co po a
include: BUSINESS IS DISEASE, BUSINESS IS WEALTH, BUSINESS IS
COMBAT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ARE WEATHER, ECONOMIC VI-
TALITY IS THE VITALITY OF THE ORGANISM, THE STATE OF ECONO-
MY IS A STATE OF MENTAL HEALTH, THE ECONOMY IS AN ENGINE,
SPEED OF PROGRESS IS SPEED OF MOTION TO A DESTINATION, THE
ECONOMY IS A WAY OF MOVING IN THE WATER, THE ECONOMY IS
AN ENTITY THAT MOVES UP, THE ECONOMY IS AN ENTITY THAT
Ma ia-C ina He țeg192 The Impo ance o Business Te minology
in Specialised T ansla ions
MOVES DOWN, THE ECONOMY IS A GAME, THE ECONOMY IS FOOD,
THE ECONOMY IS A PLANT, THE ECONOMY IS AN ANIMAL, and THE
ECONOMY IS A HUMAN BEING. The domains o heal h, ood and mo-
ion a e mapped on o business and economics, and he concep ual ca ego-
ies use simila lexis in hei linguis ic ealisa ions.
The ex ac s o samples ha display simila lexis we e collec ed om
newspape a icles ha we e w i en in Romanian. The ansla ion o he
concep ual me apho s p ese es he same lexis in o de o main ain he
concep ual scena io in he SL. In his case, con ex ecedes in o he back-
g ound in he ansla ion o concep ual me apho s.
(11) (RO) ‘Economia se opeș e: Câ om pie de din cauza sece ei p elungi e’ (AF,
July 27, 2015)
(EN) ‘The economy is mel ing: How much we will lose because o his long d ough ’
The idioms used in he Romanian co pus we e iden i ied wi h he help
o LancsBox designed by B ezina e al. (2020).
Table 2. Idioma ic exp essions in he Romanian co pus and hei English equi alen s
1. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
IN ROMANIAN
2. EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION
IN ENGLISH
a aduce bani de acasă
a scoa e bani din buzuna
a pune bani la bă aie
(a i) în goană după bani
a pune bani deopa e
a se duce pe apa sâmbe ei
a a ea no oc
a ține de no oc
a scoa e din pâine
a i în loa e
a cădea p adă
a băga bețe în oa e
a ace legea
a ace pași
o inance a business
o spend money om pe sonal sou ces
o come down wi h money/ o pu money
on he ca pe / o make money a ailable
( o be) in a chase a e money
o sa e money; o pu money aside
o go o he d ains
o be lucky/ o be in luck
o be a ma e o luck
o lea e wi hou job
o blossom
o all p ey o
o pu a spoke in smb’s wheel/ o h ow
di icul ies/obs acles in smb’s way
o make he law
o ake s eps
199Te minologija | 2024 | 31
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in Specialised T ansla ions
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dic iona y o business e minology, Cluj-Napoca: Edi u a A gonau .
Temme man Ri a 1997: Ques ioning he uni oci y ideal. The di e ence be ween
socio-cogni i e Te minology and adi ional Te minology. – He mes, Jou nal o
Linguis ics 18, 51–90.
Te cedo Sánchez Ma ibel, Lpez Rod íguez Cla a Ins, Má quez Lina es Ca los,
Fabe Pamela 2012: Me apho and me onymy in specialized language. – A cogni i e
linguis ics iew o e minology and specialized language, ed. P. Fabe , Be lin: De
G uy e , 33–72.
h ps://hallo. o/dic iona -englez- oman/
h ps://www.p oz.com/sea ch/
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CM – Concep ual me apho s
CMT – Concep ual Me apho Theo y
CTT – Concep ual Theo y o Te minology
FBT – F ame-based Te minology
GTT – Gene al Theo y o Te minology
LSP – Language o Speci ic Puposes
MWTs – Mul i-wo d e ms
SL – Sou ce language
TB – Te m base
TL – Ta ge language
VERSLO TERMINIJOS SVARBA SPECIALIZUOTAME VERTIME
San auka
S aipsnyje a k eipiamas dėmesys į e slo e minų a ojimo e ime s a bą i pab ė-
žiama y imų kompe encijos, ku ią u i u ė i e slo kalbos e ėjai, eikšmė. Jame
analizuojama e slo e minija, glaudžiai susijusi su specializuo u e imu. S aipsnis
įsi aizduo as kaip p ak inis ado as, o ien uo as į e ėjų kompe encijas i įgūdžius,
eikalingus olesniam se i ikuo ų anglų– umunų kalbų e ėjų engimui.
Ve slo e minus a oja e slo s i yje di ban ys specialis ai, i ai paleng ina jų
bend a imą. P o esionalūs e ėjai a pininkauja a p specialis ų i plačiosios isuo-
menės, klien ų. S aipsnyje aip pa pab ėžiami į ai ūs e slo kalbos e ėjo aidme-
nys – nuo e minologinių y imų i specializuo os e minijos į i inimo iki e imo
ko ek ū os i edaga imo. Ve imo kokybė p iklauso nuo e ėjo gebėjimo a ski i o -
maliąją i ne o maliąją a oseną, nuo gebėjimo iš eng i e minologinių d ip asmybių
i jas pašalin i. Siekdami nea silik i nuo e minologinių iššūkių i e slo, ekonomikos
bei inansų pokyčių, e ėjai u i nag inė i in e ne inius šal inius: specializuo ų eks ų
eks ynus i duomenų bazes, ku ios y a ge as e minologinių y imų šal inis, be o, jų
p i alumas – a osenos kon eks as. Ve čian specializuo us eks us a liekamas e -
minologinis da bas a skleidžia e minologinių iš eklių suda ymo s a bą i p ak ines
užduo is, ku ias eikia a lik i, kai e ėjo iš ekliai y a ibo i. S aipsnyje pa eikiamos
201Te minologija | 2024 | 31
s a egijos i p incipai, aiky ini e čian specializuo us eks us, i p i a iama požiū-
iui, kad šie p incipai, s a egijos i sp endimai p isideda p ie e imo kokybės. Ki aip
a ian , e ėjai u i išnaudo i isas galimybes i nuodugniai išnag inė i u imus elek-
oninius iš eklius. Susidū ę su ibo ais iš ekliais, jie u i kaup i sa o iš eklius. Ve slo
kalbos e ėjas u i su ok i egioninius i geog a inius ski umus i į juos a siž elg i
daugiausia emdamasis ins i ucijomis a aspek ais, susijusiais su am ik omis geog a i-
nėmis ie o ėmis. Be o, e slo kalbos e ėjas u i mokė i nus a y i i a ky is su e -
minologiniais ypa umais i nea i ikimais, susijusiais su e slo žan ais: bankininkys e,
apskai a, inansais, inkoda a, i už iksuo i polisemiją, eikšmės pe kėlimą i išplė imą
į ai iuose žan uose i as i ge iausią e imo sp endimą.
S aipsnyje aip pa ska inamas e minologinio da bo a pdalykiškumas, in eg uo-
jan is eks ynų ling is iką suda an eks ynus i kogni y inę ling is iką e čian idio-
mas, me a o as i pa a les.
Analizė pa em a eks ynais. Iš specializuo ų eks ynų paim i pa yzdžiai pi majame
e ape bu o iš e s i naudojan is d ikalbiais žodynais, o an ajame – specializuo ais iš ek-
liais: eks ynais, ienakalbiais specializuo ais žodynais, d ikalbiais e minų žodynais.
Y a daug mokslinių y imų, ku iuose sp endžiamas s uden ų, e ėjų aš u i žo-
džiu e minologinių įgūdžių klausimas. Tuose s aipsniuose ap a iami į ai ūs e mino-
loginio da bo aspek ai: e minų a kyba, e minų s anda izacija, e minų išga imas,
duomenų bazių suda ymas, e minų bazių i eks ynų aidmuo, e minijos plana imas.
S aipsnyje analizuojami du scena ijai: e slo su a čių a ejis i e slo žu nalų
a ejis, aiky os e imo s a egijos i a i ikimo ipai: kul ū inis i e minologinis a i i-
kimas. A siž elgian į eks o ipą i specializacijos laipsnį, eikalingos d i e imo s a-
egijos: o iginalaus koncep ualiojo scena ijaus a kū imas iš o iginalo kalbos i ikslus
e minų bei kolokacijos modelių a ojimas o icialiuose e slo dokumen uose. Ve imo
p ocesas a skleidžia ski ingas i panašias ų pačių eiškinių koncep ualizacijas anglų
i umunų kalbomis. S aipsnyje aip pa iksuojami ski umai i panašumai, būdingi
koncep ualiosioms me a o oms umunų i anglų kalbose, i pa eikiami sp endimai e -
čian kalbamąsias me a o as, pab ėžian e ėjo kaip a pininko a p kalbų i kul ū ų
aidmenį. Ve slo su a čių e imas a skleidžia sunkumus, su ku iais susidu ia speciali-
zuo i e slo kalbos e ėjai, e minologinius y imus, ku iuos jie u i a lik i, kad galė ų
kokybiškai iš e s i, Rumunijos specializuo ų e minijos iš eklių ūkumus. S aipsnyje
aip pa k uopščiai nag inėjami iš ekliai, ku iais gali pasinaudo i e slo kalbos e ėjas.
Gau a 2024-05-14
Ma ia-C ina He țeg
1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba Iulia, Facul y o His o y, Le e s,
Educa ional Sciences, Depa men o Le e s
15–17 Uni ii S ee , Alba Iulia, Romania, 510009
E-mail c ina.he eg@uab. o, c ina_he [email protected]
Acknowledgemen s:
This a icle was inancially suppo ed h ough esea ch unds p o ided by
1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba Iulia, Romania.
