The Importance of Business Terminology in Specialised Translations

Ma ia-C ina He țeg168 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-09 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions Ve slo e minijos s a ba specializuo ame e ime MARIA-CRINA HERȚEG 1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba-Iulia, Romania ORCID id: h ps://oecid.o g/0000-0002-3929-0055 ABSTRACT This pape p esen s an analysis o he impo ance o business e minology in spe- cialised ansla ions wi h a ocus on wo di e en scena ios ha we e iden i ied based on he co po a ha we e analysed, namely business con ac s and business jou nalese, which equi e di e en app oaches, ins umen s and s a egies. The aspec s ha a e analysed in his pape include he ansla ion o colloca ions, he ansla ion o igu a i e language and he ansla ion o polysemous lexical uni s. The pape highligh s he impo ance o empowe ing business ansla o s by ensu- ing ha hey ha e he e minological esea ch compe ence ha will enable hem o a oid and esol e ambigui ies, o iden i y e minological equi alences and o enhance he quali y o hei ansla ions. KEYWORDS: specialised ansla ion, e minology, business, e minological skills. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje analizuojama e slo e minijos s a ba specializuo ame e ime. Dė- mesys su elkiamas į du ski ingus scena ijus, nus a y us emian is nag inė ais eks ynais: e slo su a is i e slo žu nalus. Šie du scena ijai eikalauja ski ingų požiū ių, p iemonių, s a egijų. S aipsnyje analizuojami šie aspek ai: kolokacijų e imas, pe kel inės kalbos e imas, daugia eikšmių leksinių iene ų e imas. Pab ėžiama, kaip s a bu e slo kalbos e ėjams įgy i e minologinių y imų kompe enciją, ku i leis ų iš eng i d ip asmybių i jas pašalin i, nus a y i e minų a i ikimą i page in i e imo kokybę. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: specializuo as e imas, e minologija, e slas, e minologiniai įgūdžiai. 169Te minologija | 2024 | 31 1. INTRODUCTION The esea ch ques ion ha is add essed in his pape s ems om he need o use specialised e minology accu a ely in specialised business ansla i- ons. Acco dingly, he pape add esses he impo ance o embedding speci- alised e minology in ansla ions o business ex s in he English-Roma- nian language pai . In his pape , we p esen a hands-on, p ac ical guide o ansla ion-o ien ed e minology and call o he in eg a ion o busi- ness e minology in o specialised business ansla ions. We also discuss he impo ance o empowe ing ansla ion s uden s by p o iding hem wi h adequa e e minological skills ha will enable hem o ansla e busi- ness ex s and will enhance he quali y o hei ansla ions. The esea ch compe ence ha is necessa y in he ansla ion o business ex s is o he u mos impo ance in his pape . The a ionale o he pape is a esponse o he in e nalisa ion and glo- balisa ion o business, which necessi a es an inc easing numbe o docu- men s pe aining o business and economics being ansla ed as in e - na ional businesses se up subsidia ies ab oad and anchiso s sell hei businesses o anchisees who ope a e in Romania. The esul is a wide ange o business, banking and inancial documen s, including anchise con ac s, in oices and balance shee s, which need o be ansla ed. In addi ion, he mobili y o indi iduals ac oss Eu ope en ails d awing up and ansla ing documen s such as insu ance con ac s and lending and lease con ac s, which c ea es a ma ke o ansla o s o business and economi- cs documen s; hese ansla o s mus be commi ed o quali y in o de o mee hei clien s’ expec a ions and o ul il hei equi emen s. The p oblems ha a e in es iga ed in his pape we e d awn om a lis o he di icul ies ha a e encoun e ed in he p ocess o ansla ing busi- ness ex s. Due o he limi ed numbe o esea ch pape s ha add ess he p oblem o business e minology in ansla ions, he aims o his a icle a e o ill he gap in he heo y pe aining o he ansla ion o business ex s, o p o ide solu ions and o iden i y s a egies. One o he i s aspec s ha needs o be conside ed is ha specialised ex s a e w i en by specialis s in a pa icula ield and a e add essed o o he specialis s in he same domain. The ole o he ansla o is o medi- a e communica ion amongs hese specialis s. In o de o a ain his goal, he ansla o needs o ende he ex om he sou ce language (hence- o h SL) in o he a ge language (hence o h TL) accu a ely. The quali y Ma ia-C ina He țeg170 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions o he ansla ion depends on many ac o s, including he quali y o he e minological wo k ca ied ou by he ansla o , which en ails o he ac- cu a e use o e minology, he g aphical ep esen a ion o he ex , and he ansla o ’s abili y o in eg a e specialised so wa e, e m bases (hence o h TBs) and co po a in o hei wo k. All hese ac o s impac on he quali y o he ansla ion, bo h as a p oduc and as a p ocess. Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012: 79) highligh ed ha specialised ans- la o s mus bea he ex sende , he ex ecei e and he pu pose o he ex in mind; in he ansla ion o specialised business ex s, ansla o s mus pay heed o he ac ha bo h he ex sende s and he ex ecei e s a e amilia wi h business e minology. Consequen ly, he ansla o s mus use business e minology app op ia ely and accu a ely, and mus be ami- lia wi h he layou o business and inancial documen s. In b ie , he ansla ion o specialised ex s equi es e minology ma- nagemen , he good use o ansla ion esou ces and amilia i y wi h he empla e o he ex . The wo ks ha a e ci ed in he li e a u e e iew sec ion poin owa ds he impo ance o achie ing ‘sameness’ be ween he SL and he TL. A he same ime, all hese wo ks con o m o he change om he gene al heo y o e minology (GTT) o ame-based e minology (FBT), which en ails a di e en pe cep ion o ansla ion p ocesses and p oduc s. FBT is close o cogni i e linguis ics in ha he emphasis is on he impo ance o con ex in e minological esea ch; i admi s polysemy, synonymy and igu a i e language, acknowledges he mul idimensionali y o e ms, and a ou s he use o co po a in he p ocess o e m ex ac ion. GTT is mo e es ic i e compa ed o he communica i e heo y o e minology (CTT), FBT and he socio-cogni i e heo y o e minology. The socio-cogni i e heo y o e minology is hea ily in luenced by insigh s de i ed om cogni i e seman ics and unc ional linguis ics; i sheds new ligh on he ole and unc ion o language, acknowledges he igu a i e laye o language and conside s he impo ance o con ex in cap u ing he meaning o a e m. The new di ec ions in e minology do no a oid he use o me apho s and igu a i e language; acco dingly, me apho s ha e ecei ed mo e a en- ion. Te minology is in luenced by cogni i e linguis ics, which add esses he men al ep esen a ions o linguis ic s uc u es. The econs uc ion o ames in he ansla ion o concep ual me apho s highligh s he closeness be ween cogni i e linguis ics and e minology; his iew was sha ed by 171Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012), who acknowledged he exis ence o igu- a i e language in Language o Speci ic Pu poses (hence o h LSP). Te - minology is also in luenced by co pus linguis ics, as e minologis s mus know how o compile co po a and how o analyse pa allel co po a when sea ching o app op ia e e minology. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) add essed he issue o he impo ance o e minology in ansla ions and emphasised he oles ha ansla o s mus play and he knowledge ha hey mus ha e when hey ansla e special- ised ex s. Thus, in he app oach o e minological uni s, ansla o s mus pay a en ion o he ela ionships, s uc u es and co espondences ha a e es ablished amongs e minological uni s. As Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) obse ed, nei he he knowledge o e minological co espondences no linguis ic knowledge is su icien o p oduce an accep able ex in a specialised knowledge ield. The au ho s conside ed e minology o be a discipline ha has mo e in common wi h linguis ics, pa icula ly cogni i e linguis ics, and desc ibed he e olu ion and his o y o e minology om i s incep ion o he p esen ; hey also discussed di e en heo ies o e - minology and enume a ed he heo ies wi h which e minology has been associa ed, such as he socio-cogni i e heo y o e minology p oposed by Temme man and FBT p oposed by Fabe (2011), which p omo es he s udy o he beha iou o e minological uni s in ex s a he han iden i- ying he di e ences be ween wo ds and e ms. Fabe and Cabezas-Ga cia (2019) highligh ed he impo ance o achie - ing sameness o meaning in ansla ions, and obse ed ha he quali- y o specialised ansla ions depended on how well he co espondences be ween he TL and he SL we e ende ed, as well as on he ansla o ’s abili y o success ully cons uc a men al ep esen a ion o he aspec s o he specialised knowledge ield. As he au ho s showed, he ansla o mus iden i y he seman ic ela ionships amongs he concep s ha a e encoun- e ed in he ex and mus es ablish he co espondences be ween he SL and TL. The au ho s adop ed FBT and linked specialised knowledge ep- esen a ion o cogni i e linguis ics and cogni i e seman ics; hey also e- e ed o mul i-wo d e ms (hence o h MWTs) and iden i ied he compo- si ion and componen s o MWTs in English. As he au ho s obse ed, he p ocess o unde s anding e minological meaning begins wi h he concep Ma ia-C ina He țeg172 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions designa ed by he e m i sel and is concei ed o as a p og essi e expansion o con ex s (Fabe and Cabezas-Ga cia 2019: 200). The au ho s di ided ames in o concep ames ha a e ealised linguis ically ia nouns and noun g oups, and p edica i e ames ha a e ealised linguis ically ia e bs. The au ho s highligh ed he idea ha p edica i e ames we e a ely conside ed o be e ms; consequen ly, hey we e no included in special- ised e minological esou ces. The au ho s p o ided he example o he EcoLexicon co pus in which only 10 e bs a e iden i ied as ha ing a spe- cialised meaning, despi e he co pus con aining 54 million wo ds. L’Homme e al. (2018) analysed colloca ions in e minological esou - ces, and p o ided an in en o y o he e minological esou ces ha con ai- ned colloca ions; he au ho s concluded ha he collec ion and ex ac ion o colloca ions om co po a was ime consuming, and s a ed ha he me- hods ha ha e been de eloped o ex ac colloca ions need o be alida- ed by lexicog aphe s and e minologis s. L’Homme e al. (2018) discussed he easons ha led o he imbalance o colloca ions, including he deg ee o polysemy in di e en languages, which migh a ec he co esponding colloca ions, he expe ience o he e minologis s who ex ac colloca ions, and he con en o he co po a om which he colloca ions a e ex ac ed. L’Homme e al. (2018) p oposed a me hod ha consis ed o en s ages and ha iden i ied and alida ed equi alen colloca ions in a TL. The au ho s alida ed he me hod manually o he English-F ench language pai by selec ing a lis o keywo ds om a lis o gene al English en i onmen al e ms and ex ac ing all he lexical ela ionships ha we e encoded as colloca ions om he English e sion o he da abase, oge he wi h he lexical unc ions o each e m in he lis . L’Homme e al. (2018) concluded ha he me hod p oduced a su icien numbe o alid ansla ions o hei English colloca ions and could be used wi h some adap a ions o comple e o he missing ansla ions o colloca ions. In he in oduc ion sec ion, L’Homme (2023) d ew a en ion o he is- sue o polysemy in specialised e minology and iden i ied wo app oaches: One app oach ad oca es ways o p e en ing polysemy, as i can lead o ambigui y in communica ion. Acco ding o L’Homme (2023), e minolo- gis s add ess polysemy in wo si ua ions, namely du ing he iden i ica ion o e ms and when he e m is desc ibed in he esou ces. The au ho su- gges ed me hods ha e minologis s could adop when hey encoun e ed polysemy in specialised esou ces. L’Homme also iden i ied cases in which 173Te minologija | 2024 | 31 a lexical i em could be conside ed o be si ua ed in mo e han one lexical pa adigm; she analysed wo examples o polysemy pe aining o he spe- cialised e minology used o discuss he en i onmen , and iden i ied he causes o polysemy in specialised e minology as being meaning ex ensi- on, me apho ical ex ension, and change in meaning o e ime. L’Homme (2023) di e en ia ed amongs h ee ypes o polysemy in specialised e - minology, namely egula polysemy, al e na ions and mic osenses. The au ho also discussed ways in which e minology has been app oached du- ing a ious pe iods by desc ibing he di e en di ec ions in e minology; she obse ed ha many e ms we e coined on he basis o o he es ablished meanings, and ha new meanings we e added o he exis ing meaning o a lexical i em, esul ing in he c ea ion o new e ms. L’Homme no ed ha he subdi ision o e minology in o subdomains esul ed in a educ ion in he likelihood o polysemy and iden i ied he ac o s ha accoun ed o he educed polysemy in e minological esou ces. L’Homme (2023) explained ha e minologis s compiled domain-speci ic co po a in which lexical i ems con eyed a educed numbe o meanings, and obse ed ha e minological esou ces ha e a endency o include nouns and noun ph a- ses o he de imen o o he pa s o speech. She p o ided he example o EcoLexicon, which does no con ain e bs o e b ph ases; e bs a e ea ed as colloca ions, while adjec i es appea in MWTs. Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) iden i ied wo ways in which cogni i e linguis ics, pa icula ly concep ual me apho heo y (hence o h CMT), and e minology in e ac . Fi s ly, one domain is mapped on o ano he , and he same concep may simul aneously be pa o di e en domains as a esul ; ha is, concep s used in one domain may mig a e o o he domains. The ole o me apho s is hen o gi e cohe ence o concep ual s uc u es. The second way in which cogni i e linguis ics and e minology in e ac is h ough me apho ical ex ension. The au ho s signalled he p esence o me apho s and me onymies in specialised e minology, analysed p e ious esea ch in he ield o me apho s being conside ed as a means o concep- ualising eali y and obse ed ha me onymy had been igno ed. Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) sha ed he iew ha bo h me apho s and me onymies helped o s uc u e he human concep ual sys em and di e en ia ed he mechanisms on which me onymy and me apho elied: me apho s exploi simila i y, while me onymies exploi con inui y. Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) analysed CMT and CBT, es ablished he ela ionships ha de elop Ma ia-C ina He țeg174 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions be ween hese heo ies and e minology, and p o ided examples o e ymo- logical blending om he specialised domains o medicine, en i onmen al science and sociology. Te cedo Sánchez e al. (2012) connec ed he idea o mul idimension- ali y in e minology o he ac ha a concep can belong o di e en domains simul aneously. The au ho s also showed ha me apho s did no ep esen an isola ed phenomenon, bu we e ep esen ed as a ne wo k o me apho ical pa e ns in specialised domains ha gi e cohe ence o con- cep ual s uc u e. The au ho s also conside ed he ole o con ex , which media es access o he linguis ic use o a concep . Me apho s in specialised e minology occu because one domain is mapped on o ano he , which he au ho s exempli ied ia concep s om he ield o medicine being used in economics and inance. The au ho s also analysed examples o me apho - ical ex ensions om gene al o specialised language. The chap e au ho ed by Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) add esses ansla ion as a p ocess and as a p oduc om he pe spec i e o cogni i e linguis ics. In he in oduc ion o he chap e “Specialized language ans- la ion”, Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) highligh ed he limi ed esou c- es o specialised ansla o s and obse ed ha li e a y ansla ions had a - ac ed mo e in e es om specialis s compa ed o specialised ansla ions. The au ho s iden i ied poin s o con ac be ween ansla ion and cogni i e linguis ics and discussed a numbe o easons o he s ong ela ionship be ween hem. These easons we e based on concep ual s uc u es, as a language comp ises he lexicalisa ion and ac i a ion o concep ual s uc- u es, while ansla ion encompasses he ansla ion o concep ual s uc- u es om he SL in o he TL. The au ho s discussed he implica ions o he ansla ion p ocess, as well as he issues o co espondence o equi - alence, which we e seen as he ansla o s’ objec i es. Acco ding o he au ho s, he pa ame e s ha in luence he e alua ion o ansla ions a e p agma ic ac o s ela ed o he con ex and cogni i e ac o s ela ed o he compe ence o he ansla o (Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno 2012: 76). Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) highligh ed he di e ences be ween gene al ansla ions and specialised ansla ions, as well as he di icul ies ha a ise in specialised ansla ions. The di e ences e e o he me hods and compe ences ha a specialised ansla o mus apply and acqui e when ansla ing a specialised ex . Thus, a specialised ansla o mus de el- op he capaci y o acqui e specialised e minology and o apply i in he 175Te minologija | 2024 | 31 ansla ion p ocess. The au ho s also poin ed ou ha he ex ecei e s a e di e en in he case o specialised ansla ions. Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) aised he issue o he ansla o ’s in isibili y, ein o ced he ene ha ansla ion ep esen s a p ocess o media ion be ween languages and cul u es, and highligh ed he ole o ansla o s as in e linguis ic and in e ex ual media o s. In hei opinion, he in isibili y o he ansla o con ibu ed o he success o he media ion p ocess. Wi h ega d o he complexi y o he specialised ansla ion p ocess, he au ho s highligh ed wo impo an dimensions o specialised ex s; ha is, he linguis ic and he specialised dimensions. The success o he special- ised ansla ion p ocess depends on he ha monisa ion o he linguis ic and he specialised knowledge. T ansla o aining empowe s ansla o s wi h linguis ic knowledge and ensu es he linguis ic dimension o he ex . The quali y o a specialised ansla ion depends on he ansla o ’s specialised knowledge and e minological managemen . In his ega d, he au ho s explained ha specialis s in a ield canno p oduce a quali y specialised ansla ion because hey do no manage o a ain he linguis ic dimension. Simila ly, a ansla o can ende he linguis ic dimension o a ex , bu hey mus also acqui e he necessa y specialised knowledge. The au ho s emphasised he ac ha knowledge o wo languages and a command o he g amma ical s uc u es o he espec i e languages did no ensu e he quali y o a specialised ansla ion. In b ie , linguis ic knowledge and spe- cialised knowledge mus be combined in o de o ensu e he high quali y o a specialised ansla ion. Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) also emphasised ha wo king on a specialised ansla ion in ol ed ca ying ou e minological wo k. The au- ho s men ioned he lack o e minological esou ces and da abases as being amongs he di icul ies ha ansla o s encoun e . In o de o esol e his di icul y, ansla o s need o ca y ou ad hoc e minological wo k. How- e e , in o de o econs uc he ex om a e minological poin o iew, ansla o s need o econs uc he concep ual ep esen a ions ha ep e- sen he con e gence poin o he ansla ion and he e minological wo k. Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) s a ed ha ansla ion equi es a he- o y ha ocuses on meaning and con ex . Cogni i e linguis ics, mainly p agma ics and seman ics, appea s o be pa icula ly ele an o specialised ansla ion because he ocus is on con ex and meaning. Fu he mo e, Ma ia-C ina He țeg176 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions he au ho s conside ed ansla ion o be a cogni i e p ocess; he linguis ic discipline ha mee s his c i e ion is cogni i e seman ics. Wi h ega d o specialised ansla ions, Fabe and Gmez-Mo eno (2012) discussed he mul idimensionali y o specialised ex s. T ansla o s mus be equipped o manage linguis ic phenomena such as concep ual me apho s and he me apho ical concep ualisa ions o phenomena in eco- nomics. The au ho s ei e a ed he idea ha specialised ansla ion medi- a es communica ion wi h ecei e s who a e amilia wi h he cons ain s o he specialised ex s and a e amilia wi h he e minology ha is used. In o de o media e communica ion amongs membe s o he same commu- ni y, ansla o s do no need o be expe s in a subjec o ield, bu ans- la o s o specialised ex s mus ha e linguis ic aining and mus econcile hei linguis ic aining wi h e minology managemen . The pape by Fue es-Oli e a and Velasco Sac is an (2012) add ess- es he ansla abili y o me apho s. The au ho s in es iga ed a pa icula s and o business English gen e, namely dic iona y a icles wi h a pa icu- la ocus on he ansla ion o me apho ical English accoun ing e ms in o Spanish. The au ho s analysed he me apho ical e ms in a dic iona y and explained he decisions ha we e aken du ing he p ocess o ansla ion. They es ic ed hei analysis and commen s o headwo ds wi hou aking con ex s, examples and de ini ions in o conside a ion. Fue es-Oli e a and Velasco Sac is an’s heo y is ha ansla ion equi alen s in specialised dic- iona y a icles a e speci ic language exp essions, he ansla ions o which mus ende bo h he o iginal concep and a simila me apho ical exp es- sion whene e possible. The me hods ha he au ho s adop ed included he ep oduc ion o he o iginal concep ual scena io as accu a ely as pos- sible wi h o wi hou elimina ing possible cul u al il e s. They ad oca ed o he idea ha he concep ual and aes he ic unc ions played a key ole in bilingual e minology. To main ain hese unc ions, he au ho s op ed o he wo d-by-wo d ansla ion o he sou ce’s me apho ical e ms om English as hey belie ed ha he wo d-by-wo d ansla ion o he sou ce’s me apho ical e ms had he ollowing ad an ages: 1. i e ained he aes he ic and concep ual unc ions o he SL and ende ed hem in he TL; and 2. i in oduced no el me apho s in he TL. This app oach has also been c i icised because i is conside ed o be an example o e minological colonialism. 183Te minologija | 2024 | 31 English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘This con ac was signed/clinched in a numbe o … copies ou o which ..copies emain a he bank and …. copies go o he bo owe .’ (Loan con ac ) English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘This con ac was concluded in a numbe o ... copies/coun e pa s ou o which .... copies s ay wi h he bank and ....copies go o he bo owe ’ (Loan con- ac ). The quali y o second e sion o he ansla ion imp o ed because i con ained mo e app op ia e and specialised e minology. (5) (RO) ‘An ep eno ii po obține până la 200.000 lei pen u dema a ea unei a ace i în anul 2022.’ English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘The en ep eneu s can ob ain up o 200,000 lei o commencing a busi- ness/ opening a business/ o ming a business in 2022.’ English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘The en ep eneu s can ob ain up o 200,000 lei in o s a ing up /se ing up a business in 2022.’ The second e sion o he ansla ion was mo e app op ia e and mo e o mal because i included specialised e minology. (6) (RO) ‘În p ocesul dema ă ii unei i me es e ne oie în p imul ând de în ocmi- ea unui plan de a ace i.’ English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘In he p ocess o commencing a business/opening a business/ o ming a business i is i s necessa y o d a a business plan.’ English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘In he p ocess o se ing up/s a ing up a i m i is i s necessa y o d aw up a business plan.’ The colloca ion a în ocmi un plan de a ace i yielded he ollowing esul s: o de elop a business plan (Ame ican English 2006), o c ea e a business plan Ma ia-C ina He țeg184 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions (BNC XML), o p epa e a business plan (BNC XML) and o d aw up a busi- ness plan (BNC XML). (7) (RO) ‘Cum poți încheia o poliță de asigu a e de sănă a e pe www.asigu a i. o.’ English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘How can you insu e you heal h on www.asigu a i. o.’ English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘How can you ake ou a heal h insu ance policy on www.asigu a i. o.’ (8) (RO) ‘Solici a ea de alimen poa e i înain a ă ie chia de că e în ep in- de e, p in di ec o ii sau acționa ii săi, ie de că e un c edi o ca e a e un in e es în ecupe a ea da o iei sale.’ English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘The bank up cy claim can be iled ei he by he en e p ise, h ough i s ma- nage s o sha eholde s, o by a c edi o who is in e es ed o ecoup his/he deb .’ English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘The bank up cy claim can be iled ei he by he en e p ise, h ough i s manage s o sha eholde s, o by a c edi o who is in e es ed in he e u n o his/he deb .’ (9) (RO) ‘Con o m dispozițiilo în igoa e, ă înș iințăm că, în e idențele noas e con abile, la da a de…. uni a ea dumnea oas ă igu ează cu u mă oa ele debi- e:….. În e men de 5 zile de la p imi e u mează să ne es i uiți aces ex as con- i ma pen u suma accep a ă, ia în cazul cons a ă ii de di e ențe să anexați no a explica i ă cup inzând obiecțiile dumnea oas ă.’ (Ex as de con ) English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘Acco ding o/In compliance wi h he egula ions in o ce, we no i y you ha you en i y/ins i u ion is ound in ou bookkeeping wi h he ollowing deb s….. Fi e days a e eceip / Wi hin i e days a e eceip you a e o e u n his s a emen o accoun con i med o he accep ed amoun and in case you ind any disc epancy, please a ach he explana o y no e which comp ises you objec ions’ (S a emen o accoun ). 185Te minologija | 2024 | 31 The colloca ion o ind a/ any disc epancy, as iden i ied in he bilingual dic iona y, is mo e in o mal and gene al compa ed o o no ice a/ any dis- c epancy, which is no lis ed in he bilingual dic iona y. English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘Pu suan o he p o isions in o ce/in exe cise, we he eby no i y you ha in ou accoun ing eco ds you en i y is lis ed/ you a e lis ed wi h he ollowing deb s…...’ Fi e days a e eceip / Wi hin i e days a e eceip you a e o e u n his s a e- men o accoun con i med o he accep ed amoun and in case you no ice any disc epancy, please a ach he guidance no e which se s o h you objec ions.’ (S a emen o accoun ) Fu he mo e, he example ci ed abo e con ains wo examples o pol- ysemy: P o isions is a polysemous e m; in gene al business e minology, i means p e ede i, dispoziții and he meaning is p o izioane in accoun ing e minology. The second polysemous e m is ex as de con ha was ans- la ed in o English as s a emen o accoun ; he noun s a emen is pa o o he compound nouns pe aining o business and has a di e en meaning in gene al English. The choice o he p eposi ion pu suan o is mo e app o- p ia e han acco ding o and i is o en encoun e ed in con ac s. (10) (RO) ‘Ca u ma e a p ezen ului CONTRACT și ca o ga anție pen u am- bu sa ea de că e ÎMPRUMUTAT a u u o sumelo da o a e sau ce u mează a i da o a e în con o mi a e cu CONTRACTUL DE CREDIT IPOTECAR, GARAN- TUL IPOTECAR cons i uie în a oa ea BĂNCII, p in p ezen ul CONTRACT, o ipo ecă imobilia ă de angul I (‘IPOTECA IMOBILIARĂ’) asup a PROPRIE- TĂȚII.’ (Con ac de ipo ecă) English ansla ion using he bilingual business dic iona y: (EN) ‘As a esul o his CONTRACT and as a gua an ee o he epaymen / eimbu semen by he BORROWER o all he amoun s due o which a e o be due in acco dance wi h he MORTGAGE AGREEMENT, THE MORTGAGE GUARANTOR es ablishes in a ou o he BANK, h ough his CONTRACT, a Tie 1 eal es a e mo gage (REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE) on he PROPERTY’ (Mo gage ag eemen ). English ansla ion using bilingual and monolingual dic iona ies, and online esou ces: (EN) ‘By i ue o his CONTRACT and as a gua an ee o he epaymen by he BORROWER o all amoun s due o which a e o be due in compliance wi h Ma ia-C ina He țeg186 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions he MORTGAGE AGREEMENT, THE MORTGAGE GUARANTOR se s up in a ou o he BANK, h ough his CONTRACT, a Tie 1 eal es a e mo gage (REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE) on he PROPERTY’ (Mo gage ag eemen ). In he examples ha we e analysed abo e, he i s e sion consis s o he ansla ion wi hou conduc ing e minological esea ch, and he e mi- nological uni s we e e ie ed om he bilingual business and economics dic iona ies; some e minological uni s we e no lis ed in he monolingual business dic iona y. The second e sion consis s o he ansla ion a e he esea ch wo k had been conduc ed. The quali a i e analysis was subs an- ia ed by he IATE da abase, and by online and monolingual and bilin- gual e minological dic iona ies such as The English-Romanian Dic iona y o Business Te minology by Popescu (2017) and he Dic iona y o Business Colloca ions by Popescu and Toma (2009), h ps://hallo. o/dic iona -en- glez- oman/ h ps://www.p oz.com/sea ch/. These sou ces a e use - iendly, well-documen ed and eliable. The sec- ond e sion o he ansla ion was mo e e ined, mo e o mal and mo e ac- cu a e; i included mo e app op ia e e minology choices and mo e o mal colloca ions. Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) s a ed ha , in addi ion o designa ing specialised concep s, e ms ha e syn ac ical and colloca ional pa e ns ha di e om gene al language. This heo y was exempli ied in he examples ha we e selec ed o ansla ion. Fu he mo e, acco ding o L’Homme (2023), he e is a g ea e likeli- hood o iden i ying colloca ions in specialised co po a ins ead o in gen- e al co po a. In o he wo ds, he mo e specialised he co pus, he g ea e he likelihood o iden i ying specialised colloca ions. This explains he in o mal and gene al colloca ions ha we e lis ed in he bilingual busi- ness dic iona y. In he ansla ion samples p o ided abo e, app op ia e and mo e specialised colloca ional pa e ns we e iden i ied ollowing he e minological esea ch. The di icul ies ha we e encoun e ed du ing he ansla ion p ocess we e limi ed esou ces in Romanian and un eliable esou ces such as Linguee, which ecognises he names o ins i u ions and s e ches o ex s, bu does no di e en ia e be ween gene al and specialised business e mi- nology. 187Te minologija | 2024 | 31 S age 1 Fo he ansla ion o he samples p o ided abo e, he bilingual Roma- nian-English economic dic iona y yielded he ollowing en ies: A se obliga să (in ansi i e e b) = o unde ake o A aco da un c edi = o g an a c edi A lua cu împ umu = o bo ow A începe o a ace e = o commence a business A încheia o asigu a e = o insu e [ o insu e is mo e in o mal han o ake ou an insu ance policy] A încheia un con ac = o clinch/ o sign a con ac [ o clinch is mo e in o mal han o sign and i is no adequa e] A în ocmi un plan de a ace i = no equi alen o his colloca ion S age 2 The same colloca ions we e sea ched o in he Longman Business Eng- lish Dic iona y du ing his s age o analysis. The esul s we e: A se obliga să (in ansi i e e b) = o unde ake o do s h. A aco da un c edi = o p o ide a loan A încheia un con ac = o conclude an ag eemen / ea y/deal A încheia o asigu a e = o ake ou an insu ance policy A începe o a ace e = o se up a company/ an o ganisa ion A în ocmi un plan de a ace i = o d aw up a business plan S age 3 S age h ee consis ed o consul ing online co po a. Two eady-made co po a we e chosen o his s age o he analysis, BNC XML powe ed by CQPweb, and Ame ican English 2006 powe ed by CQPweb designed by Ha die (2012). The indings a e included in he able below: Table 1. Business colloca ions and hei equi alen s 1. THE BUSINESS COLLOCATION IN ROMANIAN 3. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS IN AMERICAN ENGLISH 2006 POWERED BY CQPWEB 4. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS IN BNC XML POWERED BY CQPWEB A începe o a ace e Business – 304 ma ches in 145 ex s o se up a business – 0 occu ences o open a business – 1 occu ence Business – 35,079 ma ches in 2,861 di e en ex s o se up a business – 126 occu ences o open a business – 21 occu ences Ma ia-C ina He țeg188 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions o s a a business – 2 occu ences o build a business – 1 occu ence o s a a business – 69 occu ences o build a business – 36 occu ences o build up a business – 28 occu ences o s a up a business – 27 occu ences o c ea e a business – 5 occu ences o launch a business – 2 occu ences o es ablish a business – 16 occu ences o o m a business – 4 occu ences o commence a business – 4 occu ences A încheia o asigu a e 0 occu ence he headwo d insu ance has 7,027 ma ches in 1,261 di e en ex s. o ake ou an insu ance policy – 40 occu ences o ake an insu ance policy – 1 occu ence o s a an insu ance policy – 1 occu ence o buy an insu ance policy – 1 occu ence o sign an insu ance documen – 2 occu ences o buy an insu ance – 2 occu ences A încheia un con ac o make a deal – 1 occu ence o do a deal – 1 occu ence he headwo d con ac has e u ned 11,880 ma ches in 1,578 di e en ex s o sign a con ac – 170 occu ences o en e in o con ac – 58 occu ences o en e a con ac – 9 occu ences 189Te minologija | 2024 | 31 o o m a con ac – 5 occu ences o s a a con ac – 3 occu ences o s a up a con ac – 1 occu ence o begin a con ac – 1 occu ence o seal a con ac – 1 occu ence A aco da un c edi A lua cu împ umu 0 occu ence o ake ou a loan – 1 occu ence The headwo d loan e u ned 3,812 ma ches in 855 di e en ex s. o o e a loan – 15 occu ences o gi e a loan – 14 occu ences o p o ide a loan – 5 occu ences o g an a loan – 15 occu ences o ake ou a loan – 42 occu ences o ge a loan – 21 occu ences o sign a loan deal – 1 occu ence o ake a loan – 3 occu ences o apply o a loan – 2 occu ences o demand a loan – 1 occu ence o ask o a loan – 4 occu ences o eques a loan – 4 occu ences o ecei e a loan – 1 occu ence o ob ain a loan – 15 occu ences Ma ia-C ina He țeg190 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions The ansla ion o colloca ions ac i a ed he esea ch compe ence, as a numbe o linguis ic esou ces we e consul ed in o de o iden i y he bes ma ch be ween he sou ce and a ge ex s. The same Romanian colloca- ions we e looked up in di e en sou ces: Dicționa economic omân-englez, au ho ed by Năs ăsescu (2015), Ame ican English 2006 Co pus powe ed by CQPweb, BNC powe ed by CQPweb designed by Ha die (2012), he Longman Business English Dic iona y (2007), Cons an inescu and C ocus (1998) and he Dic iona y o Business Colloca ions au ho ed by Popescu and Toma (2009). Due o he la ge numbe o occu ences, he sea ch o he BNC XML mainly a ge ed colloca ions. Two me hods we e applied du ing he co pus sea ch: 1. Sea ching o he headwo d in he colloca ion and ex ac ing all he colloca ions ha occu ed wi h he headwo d. 2. Choosing he mos app op ia e colloca ion ha sui ed he ex . These me hods ha e ou d awbacks: 1. They a e ime consuming. 2. The e is a limi on he numbe o colloca ions ha can be iden i ied ollowing hese me hods. 3. The iden i ica ion o in o mal colloca ions. 4. They gene a e ambigui y. The e is a clea -cu di e ence be ween he use o o mal and in o mal colloca ions: o open a business o o commence a business / e sus/ o se up a business. The Romanian colloca ion a încheia un con ac can gene a e ambigui y in ansla ions because he dic iona y con ains h ee en ies: o e mina e a con ac , o make and en e a con ac and o conclude a con ac . In such si ua ions, he con ex s in which he colloca ions occu can esol e he ambigui y. The quan i a i e analysis was e ined ia he quali a i e analysis, which included he analysis o he con ex in which he colloca ion occu ed, as well as he compa ison o o mal e sus in o mal, gene al e sus special- ised op ions. Ano he p oblem ha is linked o he accu a e use o colloca ions is he use o binomials, which a e cha ac e is ic o business ex s: by and be- ween, o make and en e , o keep and pe o m, e ms and condi ions, laws and egula ions. The analysis ha is p esen ed in his sec ion ein o ces he ene ha he iden i ica ion o app op ia e colloca ions p esen s a eal s umbling 191Te minologija | 2024 | 31 block in he ansla ion p ocess. The ad an age o co po a e sus bilingual dic iona ies is ha co po a p o ide he headwo ds in con ex . Mo eo e , he in-dep h explo a ion o specialised esou ces combined wi h comp e- hensi e esea ch imp o es he quali y o ansla ions. The highe he de- g ee o specialisa ion, he g ea e he numbe o sou ces a ansla o needs o use. The s ages ha also con ibu e o achie ing quali y in ansla ions include he p e- ansla ion s age and he pos - ansla ion s age. The mul i- ple oles ha he ansla o has o play, such as ha o edi o , p oo - eade , ansla o and e minologis , enhance he quali y o he ansla ion. In b ie , specialised ansla o s ha e o ansla e, edi , compile glossa ies, use app op ia e e minology, apply quali y p inciples and ind equi alen s. 4.2. The ansla ion o igu a i e language, me apho s and idioms I ag ee wi h Temme man’s (1997) iew, which b ings he exis ence o i- gu a i e language in e minology in o he discussion and shows ha ma- naging me apho s and igu a i e language in LSP highligh s he cogni i e dimension o e minology. Fabe and Lpez Rod íguez (2012) also a ou ed he cogni i e dimen- sion o e minology. A e he co po a con aining business jou nalese we e sc u inised, he analysis e ealed ha concep ual me apho s pe aded he language used in economics. Business and economics acqui e human and animal cha - ac e is ics. The analysis o igu a i e language wi h a ocus on ansla ion can be di ided in o ou majo s ands: concep ual ca ego ies ha o e lap in bo h co po a, concep ual ca ego ies ha do no o e lap in bo h co po- a, p o e bs and idioms. Due o space cons ain s and he la ge numbe o o e lapping concep ual ca ego ies, he analysis o me apho s is limi ed o he concep ualisa ions o business and he economy. The concep ual ca ego ies pe aining o business and economy ha occu in bo h co po a include: BUSINESS IS DISEASE, BUSINESS IS WEALTH, BUSINESS IS COMBAT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ARE WEATHER, ECONOMIC VI- TALITY IS THE VITALITY OF THE ORGANISM, THE STATE OF ECONO- MY IS A STATE OF MENTAL HEALTH, THE ECONOMY IS AN ENGINE, SPEED OF PROGRESS IS SPEED OF MOTION TO A DESTINATION, THE ECONOMY IS A WAY OF MOVING IN THE WATER, THE ECONOMY IS AN ENTITY THAT MOVES UP, THE ECONOMY IS AN ENTITY THAT Ma ia-C ina He țeg192 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions MOVES DOWN, THE ECONOMY IS A GAME, THE ECONOMY IS FOOD, THE ECONOMY IS A PLANT, THE ECONOMY IS AN ANIMAL, and THE ECONOMY IS A HUMAN BEING. The domains o heal h, ood and mo- ion a e mapped on o business and economics, and he concep ual ca ego- ies use simila lexis in hei linguis ic ealisa ions. The ex ac s o samples ha display simila lexis we e collec ed om newspape a icles ha we e w i en in Romanian. The ansla ion o he concep ual me apho s p ese es he same lexis in o de o main ain he concep ual scena io in he SL. In his case, con ex ecedes in o he back- g ound in he ansla ion o concep ual me apho s. (11) (RO) ‘Economia se opeș e: Câ om pie de din cauza sece ei p elungi e’ (AF, July 27, 2015) (EN) ‘The economy is mel ing: How much we will lose because o his long d ough ’ The idioms used in he Romanian co pus we e iden i ied wi h he help o LancsBox designed by B ezina e al. (2020). Table 2. Idioma ic exp essions in he Romanian co pus and hei English equi alen s 1. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN ROMANIAN 2. EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH a aduce bani de acasă a scoa e bani din buzuna a pune bani la bă aie (a i) în goană după bani a pune bani deopa e a se duce pe apa sâmbe ei a a ea no oc a ține de no oc a scoa e din pâine a i în loa e a cădea p adă a băga bețe în oa e a ace legea a ace pași o inance a business o spend money om pe sonal sou ces o come down wi h money/ o pu money on he ca pe / o make money a ailable ( o be) in a chase a e money o sa e money; o pu money aside o go o he d ains o be lucky/ o be in luck o be a ma e o luck o lea e wi hou job o blossom o all p ey o o pu a spoke in smb’s wheel/ o h ow di icul ies/obs acles in smb’s way o make he law o ake s eps 199Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Cons an inescu Ileana, C ocus Angela 1998: Dicționa economic explica i , Bucu eș i: Edi u a economică. Fabe Pamela 2011: The dynamics o specialized knowledge ep esen a ion: simula ional econs uc ion o he pe cep ion-ac ion in e ace. – Te minology. 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Ma ia-C ina He țeg200 The Impo ance o Business Te minology in Specialised T ansla ions Popescu Teodo a 2017: Dicționa e minologic de a ace i englez- omân. English-Romanian dic iona y o business e minology, Cluj-Napoca: Edi u a A gonau . Temme man Ri a 1997: Ques ioning he uni oci y ideal. The di e ence be ween socio-cogni i e Te minology and adi ional Te minology. – He mes, Jou nal o Linguis ics 18, 51–90. Te cedo Sánchez Ma ibel, Lpez Rod íguez Cla a Ins, Má quez Lina es Ca los, Fabe Pamela 2012: Me apho and me onymy in specialized language. – A cogni i e linguis ics iew o e minology and specialized language, ed. P. Fabe , Be lin: De G uy e , 33–72. h ps://hallo. o/dic iona -englez- oman/ h ps://www.p oz.com/sea ch/ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CM – Concep ual me apho s CMT – Concep ual Me apho Theo y CTT – Concep ual Theo y o Te minology FBT – F ame-based Te minology GTT – Gene al Theo y o Te minology LSP – Language o Speci ic Puposes MWTs – Mul i-wo d e ms SL – Sou ce language TB – Te m base TL – Ta ge language VERSLO TERMINIJOS SVARBA SPECIALIZUOTAME VERTIME San auka S aipsnyje a k eipiamas dėmesys į e slo e minų a ojimo e ime s a bą i pab ė- žiama y imų kompe encijos, ku ią u i u ė i e slo kalbos e ėjai, eikšmė. Jame analizuojama e slo e minija, glaudžiai susijusi su specializuo u e imu. S aipsnis įsi aizduo as kaip p ak inis ado as, o ien uo as į e ėjų kompe encijas i įgūdžius, eikalingus olesniam se i ikuo ų anglų– umunų kalbų e ėjų engimui. Ve slo e minus a oja e slo s i yje di ban ys specialis ai, i ai paleng ina jų bend a imą. P o esionalūs e ėjai a pininkauja a p specialis ų i plačiosios isuo- menės, klien ų. S aipsnyje aip pa pab ėžiami į ai ūs e slo kalbos e ėjo aidme- nys – nuo e minologinių y imų i specializuo os e minijos į i inimo iki e imo ko ek ū os i edaga imo. Ve imo kokybė p iklauso nuo e ėjo gebėjimo a ski i o - maliąją i ne o maliąją a oseną, nuo gebėjimo iš eng i e minologinių d ip asmybių i jas pašalin i. Siekdami nea silik i nuo e minologinių iššūkių i e slo, ekonomikos bei inansų pokyčių, e ėjai u i nag inė i in e ne inius šal inius: specializuo ų eks ų eks ynus i duomenų bazes, ku ios y a ge as e minologinių y imų šal inis, be o, jų p i alumas – a osenos kon eks as. Ve čian specializuo us eks us a liekamas e - minologinis da bas a skleidžia e minologinių iš eklių suda ymo s a bą i p ak ines užduo is, ku ias eikia a lik i, kai e ėjo iš ekliai y a ibo i. S aipsnyje pa eikiamos 201Te minologija | 2024 | 31 s a egijos i p incipai, aiky ini e čian specializuo us eks us, i p i a iama požiū- iui, kad šie p incipai, s a egijos i sp endimai p isideda p ie e imo kokybės. Ki aip a ian , e ėjai u i išnaudo i isas galimybes i nuodugniai išnag inė i u imus elek- oninius iš eklius. Susidū ę su ibo ais iš ekliais, jie u i kaup i sa o iš eklius. Ve slo kalbos e ėjas u i su ok i egioninius i geog a inius ski umus i į juos a siž elg i daugiausia emdamasis ins i ucijomis a aspek ais, susijusiais su am ik omis geog a i- nėmis ie o ėmis. Be o, e slo kalbos e ėjas u i mokė i nus a y i i a ky is su e - minologiniais ypa umais i nea i ikimais, susijusiais su e slo žan ais: bankininkys e, apskai a, inansais, inkoda a, i už iksuo i polisemiją, eikšmės pe kėlimą i išplė imą į ai iuose žan uose i as i ge iausią e imo sp endimą. S aipsnyje aip pa ska inamas e minologinio da bo a pdalykiškumas, in eg uo- jan is eks ynų ling is iką suda an eks ynus i kogni y inę ling is iką e čian idio- mas, me a o as i pa a les. Analizė pa em a eks ynais. Iš specializuo ų eks ynų paim i pa yzdžiai pi majame e ape bu o iš e s i naudojan is d ikalbiais žodynais, o an ajame – specializuo ais iš ek- liais: eks ynais, ienakalbiais specializuo ais žodynais, d ikalbiais e minų žodynais. Y a daug mokslinių y imų, ku iuose sp endžiamas s uden ų, e ėjų aš u i žo- džiu e minologinių įgūdžių klausimas. Tuose s aipsniuose ap a iami į ai ūs e mino- loginio da bo aspek ai: e minų a kyba, e minų s anda izacija, e minų išga imas, duomenų bazių suda ymas, e minų bazių i eks ynų aidmuo, e minijos plana imas. S aipsnyje analizuojami du scena ijai: e slo su a čių a ejis i e slo žu nalų a ejis, aiky os e imo s a egijos i a i ikimo ipai: kul ū inis i e minologinis a i i- kimas. A siž elgian į eks o ipą i specializacijos laipsnį, eikalingos d i e imo s a- egijos: o iginalaus koncep ualiojo scena ijaus a kū imas iš o iginalo kalbos i ikslus e minų bei kolokacijos modelių a ojimas o icialiuose e slo dokumen uose. Ve imo p ocesas a skleidžia ski ingas i panašias ų pačių eiškinių koncep ualizacijas anglų i umunų kalbomis. S aipsnyje aip pa iksuojami ski umai i panašumai, būdingi koncep ualiosioms me a o oms umunų i anglų kalbose, i pa eikiami sp endimai e - čian kalbamąsias me a o as, pab ėžian e ėjo kaip a pininko a p kalbų i kul ū ų aidmenį. Ve slo su a čių e imas a skleidžia sunkumus, su ku iais susidu ia speciali- zuo i e slo kalbos e ėjai, e minologinius y imus, ku iuos jie u i a lik i, kad galė ų kokybiškai iš e s i, Rumunijos specializuo ų e minijos iš eklių ūkumus. S aipsnyje aip pa k uopščiai nag inėjami iš ekliai, ku iais gali pasinaudo i e slo kalbos e ėjas. Gau a 2024-05-14 Ma ia-C ina He țeg 1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba Iulia, Facul y o His o y, Le e s, Educa ional Sciences, Depa men o Le e s 15–17 Uni ii S ee , Alba Iulia, Romania, 510009 E-mail c ina.he eg@uab. o, c ina_he [email protected] Acknowledgemen s: This a icle was inancially suppo ed h ough esea ch unds p o ided by 1 Decemb ie 1918 Uni e si y o Alba Iulia, Romania.