Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
6Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-01
Se en Good Reasons o a Be e
Accoun o Fine-g ained Polysemy
in Te minological Resou ces
Sep ynios s a ios p iežas ys e minijos iš ekliuose
labiau a siž elg i į smulkiąją polisemiją
MARIE-CLAUDE L’HOMME
Obse a oi e de linguis ique Sens-Tex e, OLST
Uni e si é de Mon éal
A B S T R A C T
A quick look a e minological esou ces can gi e he w ong imp ession ha
polysemy is some hing ha occu s only occasionally in specialized domains.
These kinds o esou ces seldom accoun o he di e en meanings a linguis ic
uni o exp ession can ca y in he same domain and, e en when hey do, he
dis inc ion be ween closely ela ed meanings is no explained in ways ha would
allow un amilia use s o g asp hem co ec ly. This can be explained pa ly by
he ac ha polysemy is conside ed o be educed o non-exis en in specialized
subjec ields. I can also be explained by he heo e ical assump ion s ill elayed
in some ex books ha he “ideal” e m is ypically monosemic. Howe e , mul-
iple meanings do co-exis in gi en specialized domains and co po a and many
easons would jus i y a mo e adequa e ea men o polysemy in esou ces. We
examine se en easons in his a icle: subjec ield bounda ies a e no enough;
imp ecise de ini ions; gene al language dic iona ies a e no enough; di e en
meanings a ec combina o ics; lexical ela ions a e linked o dis inc meanings;
di e en go e nmen pa e ns; di e en equi alence ela ions.
KEYWORDS: polysemy, e minological esou ce, egula polysemy, al e na ion,
mic osense.
ANOTACIJA
Paž elgus į e minijos iš eklius gali susida y i klaidingas įspūdis, kad polisemija
ik e ka čiais pasi aiko dalykinėse s i yse. Tokie iš ekliai e ai a spindi ski ingas
eikšmes, ku ias kalbinis iene as a posakis gali u ė i oje pačioje s i yje, i , ne
jei a spindi, a imų eikšmių ski umas nė a paaiškinamas aip, kad nežinan ys
7Te minologija | 2024 | 31
a o ojai galė ų jas eisingai su ok i. Tai iš dalies galima paaiškin i uo, kad poli-
semija specializuo ose dalykinėse s i yse laikoma su aldy a a ba neegzis uojančia.
Tai aip pa galima paaiškin i eo ine p ielaida, ku ios is da laikomasi kai ku-
iuose ado ėliuose, kad „idealus“ e minas pap as ai y a iena eikšmis. Tačiau
am ik ose s i yse i specializuo uose eks ynuose egzis uoja kelios eikšmės, i
y a daug p iežasčių, ku ios pa eisin ų inkamesnį polisemijos ak a imą e mi-
nijos iš ekliuose. Šiame s aipsnyje nag inėjame sep ynias p iežas is: dalykinių
s ičių ibų nepakankamumą; apib ėžčių ne ikslumą; bend osios kalbos žodynų
neuž ek inumą; ski ingų eikšmių po eikį kombina o ikai; leksinių san ykių
sąsają su ski ingomis eikšmėmis; ski ingus aldymo modelius; ski ingus lygia-
e iškumo san ykius.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: polisemija, e minijos iš eklius, egulia ioji polisemija, kai a, mik op asmė.
1. INTRODUCTION1
A quick look a e minological esou ces can gi e he imp ession ha
polysemy is a a e phenomenon in specialized domains. Conside ing lin-
guis ic uni s wi hin speci ic subjec ields o en p e en s e minologis s
om add essing polysemy (Dela igne 2022), e en mo e so when domains
a e delimi ed e y p ecisely. In e m banks and o he domain-speci ic e-
sou ces, concep s a e associa ed wi h subjec ields and hei meanings a e
app ehended on his basis.
Reco ding mul i-wo d nouns ins ead o single-wo d e ms is an addi-
ional ac o ha con ibu es o gi ing he imp ession ha polysemy is un-
common in specialized domains (L’Homme 2024b). Indeed, polysemous
uni s a e equen ly disambigua ed when conside ed wi hin longe exp es-
sions. Conside g een in g een echnology o g een a ea: g een is a polysemous
adjec i e, bu in g een echnology, i means “ ha is less damageable o he
en i onmen ”; in g een space, i can be de ined as ollows: “wi h ege a-
ion”. Te minological esou ces migh eco d g een echnology and g een
space bu ew eco d g een as a single-wo d e m and he wo meanings jus
men ioned.
A hi d ac o ha can explain educed o non-exis en polysemy in
specialized esou ces is he lack o a en ion gi en o e b and adjec i e
e ms ( o ins ance, he adjec i e g een jus men ioned), which display
o ms o polysemy ha do no a ec nouns ha deno e en i ies.
1 This pape was adap ed om a p esen a ion gi en a he 5 h In e na ional Con e ence on Te minology,
Scien i ic, Adminis a i e and Educa ional Dimensions o Te minology o ganized by he Ins i u e o
he Li huanian Language in Vilnius, Li huania, in Oc obe 2023.
Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
8Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
We could go on and lis o he ac o s, bu hey canno hide he ac
ha polysemy occu s in specialized domains and co po a as his a icle
will show. We con end ha i should also be be e ep esen ed in e min-
ological esou ces and explained in ways ha a e help ul o use s. In his
a icle, we p esen se en alid easons o accoun ing o polysemy, and
mo e speci ically ine-g ained polysemy, and o making meaning dis-
inc ions explici in specialized esou ces. Examples a e aken om wo
esou ces ha a e compiled a he Uni e si y o Mon eal, he DiCoEn i o
(2024) and he F amed DiCoEn i o (2024).
2. POLYSEMY IN
SPECIALIZED DOMAINS?
In con as o a common p ac ice in gene al language dic iona ies whe e
meanings a ached o polysemous lexemes a e g ouped and o ganized hie -
a chically, e minological esou ces, and especially e m banks, desc ibe
concep s in sepa a e en ies di e en ia ed om o he ones.2 The di e -
ences be ween hese wo app oaches a e o en emphasized in e minology
li e a u e.3 Some au ho s e en e e o monosemy as an ideal p ope y ha
di e en ia es e m meaning om wo d meaning.4
Howe e , mul iple meanings do co-exis in specialized domains and
co po a, and e minologis s mus o en make meaning dis inc ions ha
can in ol e wo o mo e domain-speci ic meanings o domain-speci ic
and o he meanings. Li e a u e in e minology has, on occasion, add essed
2 “<…> in p ac ice, because he subjec ield s uc u e o he da a sepa a e homonyms belonging o di e en
subjec ields. In his way e minological dic iona ies a oid he p oblem o es ablishing sepa a e senses o
wo ds and numbe ing and o de ing hem in a single en y.” (Sage 1990: 56).
3 “Concep - e m monosemy in ol es he single-concep p inciple, acco ding o which he e minologis
mus deal wi h one concep a a ime, whe he i be on a monolingual o mul ilingual e minology eco d
o in a specialized ocabula y en y. This is he exac opposi e o he p inciple o polysemy ha is applied
in gene al-language dic iona ies in which he lexicog aphical en y comp ises a se ies o senses, each
e lec ing a di e en concep ” (Pa el, Nole 2001: 22).
“<…> lexicog aphical dic iona ies and ela ed esou ces ocus on wo ds and hei po en ially mul iple de i-
ni ions, which is o say, wo ds and hei one o mo e meanings. In con as , en ies in e minological eso-
u ces ea indi idual concep s in single en ies, designa ed by one o mo e e ms and po en ial equi alen s
in o he language <…>” (W igh 2022: 91).
4 “I we compa e he ocabula y o gene al language and e minology in his espec we see ha he wo
sys ems di e signi ican ly. Mos wo ds in he lexicon o gene al language ha e mul iple meanings. Each
linguis ic o m is associa ed wi h nume ous meanings (some o which a e clea ly ela ed o one ano he
<…>. Theo e ically, e ms should be unambiguous and ha e one meaning and only one designa ion
co esponding o one o m. <…> A e m in he sys em o a subjec ield should iden i y only one concep
<…>” (Cab é 1999: 40).
9Te minologija | 2024 | 31
he issue o polysemy di ec ly, usually o dis inguish specialized mean-
ings om non-specialized ones o o s a e ha adding a meaning o an
exis ing lexical i em is a common e m c ea ion me hod (Aldes ein, Cab é
2002; Kocou ek 1991). Polysemy o e m meaning is also o en conside ed
om o he pe spec i es, such as ambigui y (S e ne 2022), inde e minacy
(Ande sen 2007), a ia ion (especially diach onic a ia ion, Temme man
2000), poin s o iew (Condamines, Rebey olles 1996), ca ego iza ion di -
e ences (Bowke 2022; Diki-Kidi i 2022; León A aúz, Reime ink 2010).
Few e minology ex books add ess polysemy di ec ly.
I has been shown ha polysemy is no only a ecu en phenomenon
in domains such as compu ing and en i onmen , bu ha i can ake di -
e en o ms ha ha e been s udied in lexical seman ics (L’Homme 2020a,
2024b), such as:
– Regula polysemy (Ap esjan 1974), such as he ac i i y– esul poly-
semy wi h ca ch in (1) o he ac i i y–ins umen polysemy wi h
anspo a ion in (2).
(1) a. FAO’s In e na ional Plan o Ac ion o educing inciden al ca ch o seabi ds in
longline ishe ies (FAO IPOA-Seabi ds).
b. A la ge pe cen age o he ca ch o human consump ion is des ined o he in e -
na ional ma ke s.
(2) a. Encou aging use o elec ic ehicles o pe sonal anspo a ion.
b. Well o e 90 pe cen o all mo o ized anspo a ion is ueled by p oduc s o
pe oleum
– Fo ms o al e na ions ha can lead o polysemy, such as he agen –
ins umen al e na ion wi h con amina e in (3).
(3) a. In some a eas, he g oundwa e can be con amina ed by mine al poisons, such as
a senic - see A senic con amina ion o g oundwa e .
b. he un egula ed mining is likely leaching me cu y in o he ai , soil, and wa e ,
con amina ing he egion and impe iling i s people.
– Mic osenses (C use 1995; C o , C use 2004), such as he sub le
di e ence ha is seen be ween plan in (4), an ac i i y ha conce ns
ees, and plan in (5), an ag icul u al ac i i y.
(4) The coni e has been plan ed in he sou he n Appalachian Moun ains by some mem-
be s o he To eya Gua dians because habi a in he Flo ida panhandle no longe
suppo s a iable popula ion
(5) local a me s ypically emo e all he ees om a pa ch o o es be o e plan ing hei
ood c ops o cash c ops on he newly clea ed plo <…>
Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
10 Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
In addi ion o hese mani es a ions o polysemy, o he s can also be ound
in specialized domains (see, o ins ance, Du án-Muñoz, Jiménez-Na a o
2023 on mo ion and ic i e meanings o e bs in he domain o ou ism).
In e minological esou ces, hese di e en meanings a e seldom eco ded5
and, e en when hey a e, he dis inc ions be ween hem a e no desc ibed
in ways ha allow use s o g asp hem easily. In his pape , we gi e se en
easons why we belie e his si ua ion should change.
3. SUBJECT FIELD BOUNDARIES
ARE NOT ENOUGH
As was men ioned abo e, in e minology bu also o he ela ed a eas, e m
meaning is usually conside ed om he pe spec i e o p e iously delimi ed
domains. In some esou ces ha aim a ep esen ing knowledge o ganiz-
a ion ( hesau i, on ologies and e minological knowledge bases), he do-
main also p o ides he basis agains which concep s ( a he han meanings)
a e de ined, si ua ed wi hin he knowledge s uc u e o he ield, linked o
o he concep s, and clea ly di e en ia ed om hese o he concep s.
Mo e conc e ely, specialized esou ces and especially e m banks asso-
cia e each e m eco d wi h a gi en subjec ield. Domains can be speci ic
(e.g., ci cula economy o p og amming) o much b oade (e.g., en i on-
men o compu e science). This app oach has he ine i able consequence
o cu ing possible sense ela ions ha could be explained i a b oade
pe spec i e we e aken.
Tha said, e en when subjec ields a e delimi ed o a gi en e min-
ology p ojec , he domain label i sel is o en insu icien o classi y dis-
inc meanings in esou ces. Fo ins ance, he s a egy would be help ul o
dis inguish plan in (4) om plan in (5) by associa ing he o me o he
domain o de o es a ion and he la e o ag icul u e. Howe e , no domain
delimi a ion me hod would allow us o dis inguish egula polysemy in
(1) and (2) o al e na ions such as he one illus a ed in (3), since hese
meanings a e mos likely o occu in he same domain o subjec -speci ic
co pus.
5 L’Homme (2024a) analyzed a sample o 45 polysemous i ems in he ield o he en i onmen . These
45 lexical i ems we e aken om he DiCoEn i o (2024) and co esponded o 96 di e en meanings (dis-
inc ions we e es ablished based on lexico-seman ic c i e ia). Each lexical i em o he sample was looked
up in ou di e en esou ces ha ocus on he en i onmen . The analysis also ook in o conside a ion
addi ional meanings (senses ha we e no eco ded in he DiCoEn i o). The polysemy a io in hese
esou ces ange om 1.06 o 1.64 (agains he 2.23 a io o he DiCoEn i o).

11Te minologija | 2024 | 31
Fu he mo e, domain labels can e en lead o some con usion o use s
o e minological esou ces applying his domain label s a egy. Iden ical
meanings can be conside ed o be di e en i hey a e associa ed wi h
dis inc domains. Fo ins ance, in he Te mium Plus® e m bank, ne wo k
is desc ibed in 22 eco ds. Pa o hese eco ds de ine ne wo k as a ep-
esen a ion o a g aph o ela ions; o he s de ine ne wo k as an o ganized
con igu a ion o compu e s. E en i he domain label changes, we can
ha dly deduce om his high numbe o e m eco ds ha ne wo k has 22
di e en meanings o ha he domain alone igge s a need o c ea ing a
new en y.
4. IMPRECISE DEFINITIONS
I appea s qui e ob ious ha inadequa e delimi a ions o meanings o dis-
inc ions be ween wo senses will ine i ably lead o imp ecise de ini ions.
Ne e heless, his o en occu s in e minological esou ces ha ail o dis-
inguish egula polysemy phenomena o di e en meanings ha esul
om al e na ions. Conside he ollowing de ini ion gi en o con amina e
in Pa k and Allaby (2017), a dic iona y on he en i onmen and conse -
a ion:
Con amina e: To pollu e o make impu e o unclean, ei he by con ac
o by mix u e.
The de ini ion ails o dis inguish he wo meanings o con amina e in-
s an ia ed in (3). Example (3) a. con ains an occu ence o con amina e ha
has wo a gumen s and (3) b. an ins an ia ion o con amina e wi h h ee
a gumen s.
Con amina e 1: X (a ha m ul subs ance) ~ Y (an a ea)
(3) a. In some a eas, he g ound wa e can be con amina ed by mine al poisons, such as
a senic - see A senic con amina ion o g oundwa e .
Con amina e 2: X (an agen , an ac i i y) ~ Y (an a ea) wi h Z (a ha m-
ul subs ance)
(3) b. he un egula ed mining is likely leaching me cu y in o he ai , soil, and wa e ,
con amina ing he egion and impe illing i s people.
Con amina e 1 e e s o a si ua ion in which a ha m ul subs ance in il-
a es a na u al en i y (a lake, soil, a i e ), changes i s composi ion and
con ibu es o deg ada ion. Con amina e 2 designa es a si ua ion whe e an
Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
12 Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
agen o an ac i i y ca ied ou by an agen causes he ha m ul subs ance
o become pa o he composi ion o a na u al en i y and deg ade i . The
de ini ion eco ded in he Pa k and Allaby (2017) dic iona y does no al-
low use s o dis inguish a meaning ha in ol es an agen o a cause (3) b.
om ano he e en ha does no in ol e an ex e nal cause (3) a.
In o he cases, e minological esou ces may eco d only one meaning
o a polysemous uni . Fo ins ance, he GEMET Thesau us (2024) de ines
ha es as ollows: “The amoun o measu e o he c op ga he ed in a sea-
son”. The de ini ion cap u es he en i y meaning o ha es in (6) b., bu
no he ac i i y meaning in (6) a.
(6) a. P o ec ion o c i ical wildli e habi a s in he A c ic is becoming ecognized by hose
li ing inside as well as ou side he A c ic as essen ial o bo h he conse a ion o
A c ic wildli e and i s sus ainable ha es by esiden s o he A c ic.
b. ha es quan i y and iming, including p e-comme cial and comme cial hinnings,
selec ion, and clea -cu ha es ing will a ec he quali y and quan i y o imbe
p oduced, ha ing implica ions o ca bon s o age and biodi e si y.
5. MEANING DISTINCTIONS IN GENERAL
LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES ARE NOT ENOUGH
I uni s a e no eco ded in e m banks o specialized dic iona ies o i
a speci ic meaning is missing, use s o esou ces migh look hem up in
gene al language dic iona ies. Howe e , e en i hese la e eposi o ies ac-
coun o many domain-speci ic meanings, hey migh ail o cap u e dis-
inc ions ha a e impo an om he pe spec i e o specialized domains.
Conside he e b in oduce in examples (7).
(7) a. <…> in oduce changes di ec ly in o he ex .
b. <…> poli ical esis ance o in oducing an endange ed species o unoccupied
habi a .
Al hough in oduce in bo h (7) a. and (7) b. can be pa aph ased as
“someone places some hing somewhe e”, a e minologis wo king on he
opic o endange ed species migh pe cei e a seman ic modula ion be-
ween he wo ins an ia ions o he e b. This can be con i med by looking
a he ela ions ha each occu ence o in oduce sha es wi h o he uni s:
in (7) a. i sha es ela ions wi h inse , dele e and edi ; whe eas he in oduce
in (7) b. appea s in he same lexical pa adigm as ein oduce, in oduc ion,
colonize and inhabi .
13Te minologija | 2024 | 31
As shown in Table 1, he Me iam-Webs e (online dic iona y) makes
i e meaning dis inc ions o he ansi i e e b, some o which a e b oken
down in o wo o i e sub-senses. The Ox o d English Dic iona y makes
eigh meaning dis inc ions ha a e also b oken down in o sub-senses.
Bo h dic iona ies de ine he gene al meaning o placing some hing some-
whe e (Sense 5 in he Me iam-Webs e and sense 1b in he Ox o d Eng-
lish Dic iona y), bu no dis inc ion o example would allow a use dealing
wi h in oduce in a co pus on endange ed species o g asp he speci ici ies
o he e b when linked wi h his opic.
Table 1. In oduce ( ansi i e) in he Me iam-Webs e (2024) and he Ox o d English Dic iona y (2024)
MERRIAM-WEBSTER
1: o lead o o make known by a o mal
ac , announcemen , o ecommenda i-
on: such as
a: o cause o be acquain ed
b: o make p elimina y explana o y o
lauda o y ema ks abou
c: o b ing (someone, such as an ac o
o singe ) be o e he public o he i s
ime
d: o p esen o announce o mally o
o icially o by an o icial eading
in oduce legisla ion
e: o p esen o mally a cou o in o
socie y
2 o lead o b ing in especially o he
i s ime
3a: o b ing in o play
b: o b ing in o p ac ice o use
4 o b ing o a knowledge o some hing
5PLACE, INSERT
OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY
1a: To lead o b ing in o a place, o in o
he inside o mids o some hing
b: To pu o place in om wi hou ,
o inse .
c: To ushe o b ing (a pe son) in o a
socie y o body; also, †in o a s a e o
condi ion (obsole e).
Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
14 Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
2To b ing (a hing) in o some sphe e o
ac ion o hough ; o b ing in in he
cou se o some ac ion o in a li e a y o
a is ic composi ion; o add o inse as
a ea u e o elemen .
3To b ing in o use o p ac ice; o b ing
in o ogue o ashion; o ins i u e (a
law, cus om, e c.).
4 † To b ing on, b ing abou , gi e ise o,
occasion, induce. Obsole e.
5To ushe in (a ime, ac ion, ma e ,
e c.); o b ing o wa d wi h p elimina y
o p epa a o y ma e ; o s a , open,
begin.
6† To b ing (a pe son) in o he know-
ledge o some hing; o ini ia e; o each,
ins uc . Obsole e.
7To b ing in o pe sonal acquain ance; o
make known o a pe son o o a ci cle.
a: o make known in pe son, esp. in a
o mal manne , wi h announcemen o
name, i le, o o he iden i ica ion.
b: To conduc o mally in o a pe son‘s
p esence; o p esen o mally, as a co-
u , o in an assembly, as he House o
Lo ds o Commons, a socie y, e c.
c: To b ing ou in o socie y; spec., in
mode n use, o b ing (a young lady)
‘ou ’.
d: To b ing o he knowledge o , o
make acquain ed wi h, a hing, by ac u-
al con ac , by expe ience, desc ip ion,
ep esen a ion, e c.
8† To p esen (an add ess o he like)
o mally. Obsole e.
To b ing o he no ice o cognizance o
a pe son, e c.; o b ing a bill o measu e
be o e pa liamen , e c.
21Te minologija | 2024 | 31
i is incompa ible wi h co pus-based analysis which ine i ably leads o he
obse a ion ha di e en specialized meanings co-exis and in e ac in
co po a.
In ou opinion, he examples p esen ed in his a icle a e compelling
e idence o jus i y a p ecise accoun o dis inc meanings in specialized
esou ces e en mo e so as gene al language esou ces migh no cap u e
impo an dis inc ions in gi en subjec ields. Use s who look up esou ces
o ind in o ma ion abou he combina o ics o e ms, pa adigma ic and
syn agma ic ela ions, and p ecise equi alence op ions need desc ip ions
ha go beyond si ua ing concep s in knowledge s uc u es.
Taking in o accoun polysemy in e minological esou ces in ways ha
would make meaning dis inc ions explici o use s equi es a ho ough e-
ision o hei cu en s uc u e and compila ion me hods. We sugges ed
(L’Homme 2020a) al e na i e s a egies ha could be de eloped o ep esen
polysemy: lis ing and ep esen ing e minological ela ions, si ua ing speci -
ic meanings in la ge seman ic ames, e c. These s a egies (and o he s) we e
implemen ed in esou ces ha eco d compu ing and en i onmen e min-
ology. Howe e , eso ing o hese new me hods equi es ha e minologis s
become acquain ed wi h new p inciples and echniques o help hem alid-
a e meaning dis inc ions and ep esen meanings in esou ces.
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Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
22 Se en Good Reasons o a Be e Accoun o Fine-g ained
Polysemy in Te minological Resou ces
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23Te minologija | 2024 | 31
SEPTYNIOS SVARIOS PRIEŽASTYS TERMINIJOS IŠTEKLIUOSE
LABIAU ATSIŽVELGTI Į SMULKIĄJĄ POLISEMIJĄ
San auka
Te minologijoje polisemija dažnai nepas ebima a ba s a s oma iš ki ų pe spek y ų
(d ip asmiškumas, a ian iškumas, homonimija i k .). Apib ėžian są okas konk e-
čiose dalykinėse s i yse e minologams ne eikia u ė i eikalų su daugybe eikšmių i
a spindė i eikšminių ski umų okiuose iš ekliuose kaip e minų bankai i speciali-
zuo i žodynai. Iš ekliuose, ku iais siekiama pe eik i konk ečių dalykinių s ičių žinių
s uk ū ą ( ezau ai, on ologijos i e minologinės žinių bazės), s i is suda o pag indą,
ku iuo emian is są okos (o ne eikšmės) apib ėžiamos, išdės omos žinių s uk ū oje,
susiejamos su ki omis są okomis i aiškiai nuo jų a ski iamos.
Šiame s aipsnyje, naudodamiesi aplinkos s i ies pa yzdžiais, pa odome, kad po-
lisemija y a labiau papli usi specializuo ose dalykinėse s i yse nei pap as ai manoma.
Žinoma, su elkus dėmesį į eikšmes anksčiau ap ibo ose s i yse, sumažėja polisemi-
jos ikimybė. Tačiau kodėl polisemija nedažna e minijos iš ekliuose, paaiškina okie
eiksniai kaip sudė inių e minų į aukimas, nepakankamas dėmesys eiksmažodžiams
i būd a džiams, ku iems būdingos ki okios polisemijos o mos nei daik a a džiams,
žymin iems iene us.
Pa eik i pa yzdžiai y a pag įs i pa i imi, įgy a ku ian du specializuo us aplinkos
s i ies e minų iš eklius, . y. DiCoEn i o i F amed DiCoEn i o, i naudojan is speciali-
zuo ais eks ynais, suda y ais ku ian šiuos iš eklius. Dauguma mūsų nus a y ų eikš-
minių ski umų nė a už iksuo i ki uose su aplinka susijusiuose iš ekliuose.
Pasisakome už adek a esnį polisemijos ak a imą e minijos iš ekliuose i pa ei-
kiame sep ynias p iežas is, kodėl eikšminiai ski umai u ė ų bū i aiškiai a spindė i
i paaiškin i: 1) dalykinių s ičių ibų nepakankamumas; 2) apib ėžčių ne ikslumas;
3) bend osios kalbos žodynų neuž ek inumas; 4) ski ingų eikšmių po eikis kombi-
na o ikai; 5) leksinių san ykių sąsaja su ski ingomis eikšmėmis; 6) ski ingi aldymo
modeliai; 7) ski ingi lygia e iškumo san ykiai.
Gau a 2024-04-27
Ma ie-Claude L’Homme
Obse a oi e de linguis ique Sens-Tex e, OLST
Uni e si é de Mon éal
E-mail mc.lhomme@umon eal.ca