SOCIALINĖS LINGVISTIKOS PROBLEMOS

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XIX (1979)

Kazys GAIVENIS

NEW LITHUANIAN INSECT NAMES

I. Introductory remarks

§ 1. The classification of methods of term formation does not fully coincide with the conventional typology of word formation. From the perspective of word formation, groups of term-formation patterns are distinguished according to the derivational meaning of derivatives and the grammatical nature of their base words. Verb-derived words are usually divided into the following categories: names of actions, names of tools, names of agents and of bearers of verbal properties, names of results of actions, and names of places. Among derivatives based on nominal words, the following more characteristic groups are distinguished: names of properties; names of bearers of nominal properties and occupational names of persons; names of places and collectives; diminutives; and names based on origin and affiliation. Each such word-formation group contains distinct term types. Terminological concepts reflecting the same distinguishing feature may be named quite differently in the language, e.g.: red beetle (Pyrochroa) Vab vab 146 and redling (Chrysophanus) Vad vab 268, shiny beetle (Liliocrodrus) AAŽ 147 and shiner (Epurea) Vad vab 139, wood-borer (Trypodendron et al.) Vad kenк 163–164, woodcutter (Spondylis et al.) Vad vab 155–156, wood beetle (Eucnemis) L vab 50 et al. From the terminological point of view, terms of one type (e.g., skater — Gerris, grave-digger — Necrophus) may be typologically different from the perspective of word formation.

Terminological neologisms can be examined from various perspectives. In this article, we set ourselves only two tasks: 1) to review and assess the most productive methods of creating Lithuanian neologisms and coinages in entomological systematics (according to distinguishing features); 2) to present a register of characteristic Lithuanian coinages in this field.

§ 2. According to entomology specialists, about 14,000 insect species live in Lithuania. There should be about 3,200 beetle species in the republic alone. Most species still have no Lithuanian names at all. Thus, the continuum of this terminological system remains very sparsely populated (see Table 1). Higher taxonomic units are another matter. They are not so numerous. The class of insects (Insecta) has a total of 2 subclasses and 31 orders, namely:

Subclass 1: Apterygota — primitive wingless insects (= wingless insects)

Order 1: Protura — coneheads

Order 2: Podura (Collembola) — Podurans

Order 3: Diplura — two-pronged bristletails

Order 4: Thysanura — bristletails

Subclass 2: Pterygota — winged insects

A. Incomplete [/= partial/] metamorphosis [/Hemimetabola/ insects

Order 5: Ephemeroptera — mayflies

Order 6: Odonatoptera (Odonata) — dragonflies

Order 7: Blattoptera (Blattoidea) — cockroaches

Order 8: Mantoptera — praying mantises

Order 9: Isoptera — termites

Order 10: Plecoptera — stoneflies

Order 11: Embioptera — webspinners

Order 12: Phasmoptera — stick insects

Order 13: Orthoptera — orthopterans

Order 14: Dermaptera — earwigs

9*

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Order 15: Psocoptera (Copeognatha) — booklice

Order 16: Mallophaga — chewing lice

Order 17: Anoplura — sucking lice

Order 18: Homoptera — homopterans

Order 19: Hemiptera — true bugs

Order 20: Thysanoptera — thrips

B. Complete (=Full) metamorphosis insects

Order 21: Coleoptera — beetles

Order 22: Strepsiptera — twisted-wing insects

Order 23: Megaloptera — dobsonflies

Order 24: Raphidioptera — snakeflies

Order 25: Neuroptera — lacewings

Order 26: Mecoptera — scorpionflies

Order 27: Trichoptera — caddisflies

Order 28: Lepidoptera — butterflies and moths

Order 29: Hymenoptera — hymenopterans

Order 30: Aphaniptera — fleas

Order 31: Diptera — flies

There are quite a number of newly coined terms among the order names. Insect family names may be either one-word (a) or compound (b), for example: a) demoiselles (Calopterygidae) Vad vab 37, darners (Aeschnidae) Vad vab 38, shield bugs (Pentatomidae) Vad vab 76, backswimmers (Notonectidae) Vad vab 77; b) flat bugs (Aradidae) Vad vab 77, true scale insects (Diaspididae) Vad vab 70, spruce aphids (Adelgidae) Vad vab 66, clubtail dragonflies (Gomphidae) Vad vab 37, and so on. Family names have no specific terms, so neologisms at this taxonomic level largely coincide with neologisms for genus names.

According to the rules of international systematics, species names must be binomial. In Lithuanian terminology in this field, one-word terms of this kind occur, for example: brimstone (Gonepterix rhamni L.) Vad vab 256, peacock butterfly (Vanessa io L.) Vad ken 89, garden chafer (Phylovertha horticola L.) Vad vab 200, Vad kenk 147, woodlouse (Porcello scaber L.) AAŽ 17, and so on. Three-word Lithuanian species names are even more common. They can be divided into 3 types: 1) those in which both specific modifiers describe the same head and do not themselves form a separate phrase, e.g.: yellow beet bug (Polymerus vulneratus Pz.) Vad vab 85, brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium castaneum L.) Vad vab 157; 2) those in which both secondary constituents form a separate phrase that serves as a specific modifier of the head, e.g.: red clover apion (Apion apricans Hbst.) Vad vab 179, pine-root noctuid (Agrotis vestigalis Rott.) Vad vab 252; 3) those in which the modifier adjacent to the head forms a separate phrase with it, while the following modifier applies not only to the head but to the entire attributive phrase, e.g.: brown forest ant (Formica rufa L.) Vad vab 301, forest web-spinning sawfly (Pamphilius silvaticus L.) Vad vab 277, and so on. Terms of the second type are difficult to avoid, while terms of the first and third types formally coincide with terms for taxonomic varieties. In addition, first-type terms can sometimes be converted into second-type terms when both of their secondary constituents refer to the same object, e.g.: cabbage-stem weevil (Centhorrhynchus quadridens Panz.) AAŽ 216 → cabbage-stalk weevil, etc. A shortcoming of first-type terms is the variation in the order of their constituents, e.g.: maple mealy scale (Phenacoccus acerís Cocc.) Vad kenk 199, but mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.) Vad vab 70, grass-stem yellow moth (Crambus lutellus Schiff.) Vad kenk 10, but rye pine weevil (Coniocleonus glaucus turbatus Fahrs.) Vad vab 184, clover grey leaf weevil (Phytonomus meles) Vad kenk 43, but grey beet weevil (Tanymecus palliatus F.) Vad kenk 43, rowan brown sawfly (Pristipho-

¹ The list is compiled according to Vad vab 22–23.

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ra geniculata Htg.) Vad kenk 237, but white rowan moth (Argyresthia sorbiella Fr.) Vad kenk 237, etc.

Various linguistic errors also occur when forming Lithuanian insect names, for example: click beetles (= click beetles) (Elateridae) Vad vab 125, L vab 49, 109, 208, carpet beetle

Table 1. Beetle family name | Number of species living in the Lithuanian SSR | Number of species with Lithuanian names Haliplidae. Crawling water beetles | 16 | 1 Dytiscidae. Diving beetles | 75 | 1 Gyrinidae. Whirligig beetles | 7 | 1 Trogidae. Sand beetles | 2 | 1 Dryopidae. Hook beetles | 14 | 1 Staphylinidae. Rove beetles | 346 | 4 Pselaphidae. Short-winged beetles | 26 | 1 Scydmaenidae. Scydmaenid beetles | 20 | 1 Catopidae. Cave beetles | 17 | 1 Anisotomidae. Round fungus beetles | 21 | 1 Scaphidiidae. Scaphidiid beetles | 3 | 1 Orthoperidae. Mold beetles | 3 | 2 Ptlliidae. Feather-winged beetles | 14 | 1 Dascillidae. Dascillid beetles | 1 | 1 Helodadidae. Marsh beetles | 9 | 1 Eucinetidae. Eucinetid beetles | 1 | 1 Lymexylonidae. Timber beetles | 3 | 1 Melyridae. Soft-winged flower beetles | 22 | 1 Lyctidae. Powderpost beetles | 1 | 1 Heteroceridae. Variegated mud-loving beetles | 3 | 1 Throscidae. False click beetles | 1 | 1 Eucnemidae. False click beetles | 1 | 1 Byrrhidae. Pill beetles | 9 | 1 Sphaeritidae. Sphaeritid beetles | 1 | 1 Nitidulidae. Sap beetles | 35 | 3 Ostomatidae. Lizard beetles | 5 | 2 Byturidae. Raspberry beetles | 2 | 1 Cucujidae. Flat bark beetles | 13 | 1 Phalacridae. Shining flower beetles | 5 | 1 Cryptophagidae. Silken fungus beetles | 24 | 1 Erotylidae. Pleasing fungus beetles | 5 | 1 Lathridiidae. Minute brown scavenger beetles | 17 | 1 Mycetophagidae. Fungus beetles | 7 | 1 Colydiidae. Cylindrical bark beetles | 8 | 1 Cisidae. Minute tree-fungus beetles | 8 | 1 Endomychidae. Handsome fungus beetles | 2 | 1 Oedemeridae. False blister beetles | 12 | 1 Pythidae. Pythid beetles | 5 | 1 Pyrochoidae. Cardinal beetles | 3 | 1 Anthicidae. Ant-like flower beetles | 8 | 1 Aderidae. Aderid beetles | 2 | 1 Rhipiphoridae. Wedge-shaped beetles | 1 | 1 Mordellidae. Tumbling flower beetles | 14 | 1 Alleculidae. Comb-clawed beetles | 8 | 1 Anthribidae. Fungus weevils | 3 | 1 Total | 821 | 53

Note. The table was compiled from L vab. It includes only the more characteristic beetle families.

(= razet beetle) (Bruchela) L vab 68, tobacco (= tobacco) thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) Vad vab 89, eyelashed (= eyelash) Sitona (Sitona flavescens) Vad vab 182, ribbed (= ribbed) carrion beetle (Silpha carinata Hbst.)

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L vab 88, dotted (= dotted) leaf beetle (Crioceris duodecimpunctata L.) Vad kenk 137, willow (= willow) leaf beetle (Phytodecta viminalis L.) L vab 152, birch hairstreak (= hairstreak) (Zephyrus betulae L.) AAŽ 370, stem sawflies (= stem sawflies) (Phytophaga) ŽŪF 133, tailed blue (= tailed blue) (Thecla) AAŽ 368, dark beetle (= dusky beetle) (Xylita) L vab 65, sparkling ground beetle (= sparkling ground beetle) (Agonum) L vab 79, and so on. Incorrect variants of one-word terms and transformations of compound terms will be presented in this article’s register in corrected form (such terms are marked with an asterisk). Entirely incorrect new terms will not be mentioned at all.

II. Methods of term formation

§ 3. In naming insect species and other taxonomic units occurring in Lithuania, entomology specialists nowadays turn to folk language ever less often. It has already become quite difficult to find suitable names for the corresponding species or genera there. The most popular ways of creating neologisms and newly coined terms in this field (taking into account distinguishing insect characteristics) are now generally as follows:

1. A genus is given an unmotivated but readily identifiable Latin (or Latinized) term adapted to Lithuanian grammar, for example: apion < from Latin Apion Vad vab 179, anthophora < from Latin Anthophora Vad vab 292, evatria < from Latin Evatia Vad vab 223, clytra < from Latin Clytra Vad vab 165, osmija < from Latin Osmia Vad vab 293, sitona < from Latin Sitona Vad vab 181, etc. This method is, one might say, virtually unused in forming species epithets: we have only a small group of species terms whose modifier is the surname of the researcher who described or distinguished the species, for example: Radionov’s mite (Caloglyphus radionovi Zachr.) AAŽ 21, Fokij’s mite (Vasates foc-keui Nal. et Trones.) AAŽ 34, Mayr’s gall wasp (Rhodites mayri Schlecht.) Vad kenk 209, Schreber’s dung beetle (Caccobius schreberi L.) L vab 96, Müller’s ground beetle (Agonum mülleri L.) L vab 80, Mordvilko’s aphid (Aphis mordwilcoi Börn.) Vad kenk 231, and so on. In other cases, the species epithet is usually Lithuanian, even when the genus name is international. Lithuanian species epithets in such cases are very often calques or partial calques, for example: violet apion ← Apion violaceum Kirby. Vad kenk 127, comma skipper ← Augiades comma L. Vad vab 269, four-banded longhorn beetle ← Strangalia quadrifasciata L. Vad vab 155, five-spotted weevil ← Tychius quinquepunctatus L. Vad kenk 36, etc.

2. A closely related genus (or another unit) is taken as the distinguishing characteristic of a genus (or another unit). In this case, newly coined terms are most often: a) derivatives formed with suffixes and b) compound words, for example: a) little hopper (Tetrix)←hopper (Cicindela) Vad vab 52, little moth (Stigmella)←moth (Gracilaria) Vad kenk 204, little bug (Psylla)←bug (Cimex), etc. Vad vab 63; b) flower fly (Syrphus)←fly (Musca) Vad vab 322, case-bearing moth (Coleophora)←moth (Gracilaria, etc.) Vad kenk 139, and so on. Very few productive suffixes are used for this purpose: the diminutive suffixes -ukas(-ukė), -elis(-elė), -utis(-utė), etc. L vab particularly expanded the formation of compound terms in this group, for example: ground beetle→handsome ground beetle (Calosoma), ornate ground beetle (Carabus), forest ground beetle (Leistus), eyed ground beetle (Elaphrus), burrowing ground beetle (Clivina), bearded ground beetle (Bembidion), wood ground beetle (Tachyta), moss ground beetle (Trechus), mud ground beetle (Patrobus), meadow ground beetle (Badister), etc. L vab 74 ff. Some such terms have unclear motivation (e.g., burrowing ground beetle, bearded ground beetle, etc.), or their first components are derived complex stems; therefore, indiscriminately expanding any one type is always inadvisable in terminology.

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3. The insect’s habitat, which in many cases coincides with its food source, is taken as the distinguishing feature of a genus or species. In such cases, the genus name is rarely a suffixal derivative, e.g.: dirvinukas (Agrotis)←dirva (dirvinis) Vad kenk 271, avietinukas (Byturus)←avietė (avietinis) Vad vab 141, grikinukas (Phyllopertha)←grikis (grikinis) Vad vab 200, medininkas (Trypodendron)←medis Vad vab, and so on. In this case, insect genus names are mostly compound words with -vabalis (less often) or -graužis (-ėdis) (more often) as the second component, e.g.: dumblivabalis (Haliplus) Vad vab 104, kempvabalis (Triplax) Vad vab 142, bebravabalis (Platypsyllus) L vab 37, balanvabalis (Lyctus) L vab 47, grybvabalis (Mycetophagus) L vab 58, šakniagraužis (Hepialus) Vad vab 212, žievėgraužis (Pityogenes) Vad vab 193, maitėdis (Aclypea) Vad vab 118, vaisėdis (Laspeyresia) Vad vab 222, and so on. Species-level modifiers in terms of this type are usually expressed by adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, many of which are in turn calques or partial calques, e.g.: agrastinis amaras←Aphis grossulariae Kalt. Vad vab 69, miškinis šoklys←Cicindela silvatica L. Vad vab 95, dirvinis žygis←Carabus arvensis Hbst. Vad vab 100, žirninis grūdinukas←Bruchus pisorum L. Vad vab 171, liepinis sfinksas←Mimas tiliae L. Vad vab 246, and so on.

4. When various features of an insect’s body (or one of its parts) serve as the distinguishing feature of a genus, relatively uncommon suffixes are used to form new names, e.g.: kuodas→kuoduotis (Cerura) Vad vab 247, kupra→kupriukas (Raphidia) Vad vab 202, skydas→skydinukas (Ostama) Vad vab 140. Compound words are also uncommon in the terminology of entomological systematics in such cases, e.g.: paslėptastrublis (Centhorrhynchus) A AŽ 214, buožiaūsiai (Rhapalocera) Vad vab 262, and so on. This feature is not very popular in creating species names either: a) substantivized adjectives or participles; b) adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė; and c) compound adjectives, e.g.: a) briaunotasis ragijus (Rhagium inquisitor L.) Vad vab 154; b) šauktukinis pelėdgalvis (Agrotis exclamationis L.) Vad vab 252; c) ilgaliėžuvis sfinksas (Macroglossum stellatarum L.) Vad vab 246, and so on.

A relatively popular distinguishing feature of genera and species is the color of the insect’s entire body or some of its parts. In such cases, genus names are suffixal derivatives (a), ending derivatives (b), or compound words (c), e.g.: a) baltas→baltukas (Pieris) Vad vab 264, bronz inis→bronz inukas (Cetonia) Vad vab 200; b) gelsvas→gelsvys (Colias) Vad vab 265, melsvas→melsvys (Callophrys) Vad vab 268; c) keršas→keršvabalis (Thanasimus) Vad vab 124, baltas→baltasparnis (Trialeurodes) Vad vab 64, and so on. This feature is also fairly characteristic of species names: components denoting the color of the whole body are usually expressed by substantivized adjectives or adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė (a), while the color of individual body parts or organs is expressed by compound adjectives (b), e.g.: a) žalioji auksalakė (Chrysopa adspersa WSm.) Vad vab 204, juodasis odėdis (Attagenus pellio L.) Vad vab 135, violetinis karnagraužis (Hylurgops palliatus Gyll.) Vad vab 192; b) geltonkraštis žygis (Nebria livida L.) Vad vab 100, raudongalvis kempvabalis (Triplax russica F.) Vad vab 142, mėlyn sparnis tarkšlys (Oedipoda coerulescens L.) Vad vab 52, and so on.

5. A feature characteristic of human activity is chosen somewhat less often as a distinguishing feature of insect genera. All such terms are formed from figurative designations of persons, e.g.: apsiuvėlis (Ptinus) Vad vab 133, buriuotojas (Papilionidae) Vad vab 263, duobkasys (Necrophorus) Vad vab 117, kirpikas (Blastophagus), mūrininkė (Osmia) Vad vab 293, and so on. Species names based on this feature are now coined less often, but similar terms are common in traditional systematic terminology, e.g.: ūsuotis dailidė (Ergates faber L.) Vad vab 153, verpikas vienuolis (Lymantria monacha L.) Vad vab 240, žiogas giesmininkas (Tettigonia cantans Fuessl.) Vad vab 49, and so on.

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III. Register of More Characteristic Lithuanian Coinages²

Akiuotžygis (1) — a beetle found right beside water, on the banks of rivers and lakes. Two species are described: mėlynpadis a. (Elaphrus cupreus Duft.) and žaliapadis a. (E. riparius L.) L vab. 76—77.

Akūtė (2) — a silvery-gray moth whose caterpillars damage various forest and fruit trees. One species is described: sidabrinė a. (Phalera bucephala L.) Vad vab. 248.

Ankstyvės (2) — an order of winged insects (Plecoptera) Vad vab 23.

Apsimetėlis (1) — a pest of food products, furs, etc., living in homes and warehouses. Two species are described: paprastasis a. (Ptinus fur L.) and šilkaplaukis a. (Niptus hololeucus Fald.) Vad vab 133—134.

Avietinukas (2) — a small beetle whose larvae live in raspberry flowers and berries. One species is described: paprastasis a. (Byturus tomentosus F.) Vad vab 141.

Balánvabalis (1) — a beetle whose larvae live beneath the bark of deciduous trees. One species is described: lygiašonis b. (Lyctus linearis Gz.) L vab 47.

Baltaspañnis (2) — a small moth-like insect that lives in greenhouses and on trees. Several species are described: klevenis b. (Aleurochiton acerinis Haupt.), šiltdaržinis b. (Trialeurodes vaporarium Westw.) L vab 64—65.

Barzdūkžygis (1) — a small beetle found in damp places, in decaying matter and manure. Two species are described: keturdemis b. (Bembidion quadrimaculatum L.) and rusvakojis b. (B. lampros Hbst.) L vab 77.

Bebrāvabalis (1) — a beaver parasite. One species is described: paprastasis b. (Platyp­sullus castoris Rits.) L vab 37.

Beušis (2) — a very small insect living in forest litter, moss, and tree stumps. One species is described: paprastasis b. (Eosentomon transitorum Berl.) Vad vab 27.

Blýškiakāis (2) — species designation: b. kupriukas (Raphidia xanthostigma Schum.) Vad vab 202.

Jewel beetle (1) — an insect harmful to fruit trees. Several species are described: plum jewel beetle (Anthaxia nitidula) and others. AAŽ 141.

Jewel beetle (2) — an insect living beneath tree bark and in wood. Many species are described: large jewel beetle (Chalcophora mariana L.), common jewel beetle (Ancylochira rustica L.) and others. Vad vab 130—131.

Flea beetle (1) — a beetle whose larvae develop beneath the bark of old birch trees. One species is described: keeled flea beetle (Throscus carinifrons Bonv.) L vab 49.

Bronze chafer (2) — a greenish beetle of the scarab family that lives on various grasses. One species is described: common bronze chafer (Cetonia aurata L.) Vad vab 200.

Butterflies (2) — a series of diurnal butterflies (Rhopalocera) Vad vab 262.

Sailors* (1) — a family of large, ornate butterflies that flap their wings infrequently in flight and mostly glide through the air (Papilionidae) Vad vab 263.

Leaf-rolling weevil (1) — a beetle whose larvae live in “cigars” rolled from tree leaves. Many species are described: birch leaf-rolling weevil (Deporans betulae L.), hazel leaf-rolling weevil (Apoderus coryli L.), poplar leaf-rolling weevil (Byctiscus populi L.) and others. Vad vab 172—173.

Seedling weevil (1) — a small, non-jumping beetle harmful to beets. One species is described: beet seedling weevil (Atomaria linearis Steph.) Vad kenk 73.

Dung beetle (1) — a family of beetles living in standing water, manure, decaying plant remains, and other habitats. Several species are described: common dung beetle (Hydrons caraloides L.), red-shouldered dung beetle (Sphaeridium scarabeoides L.) and others. Vad vab 137.

Spotted beetle (2) — a species designation: spotted jewel beetle (Ancylochira haemorrhoidalis Hbst.) Vad vab 130.

Nettle butterfly (2) — a one-word species name for a butterfly whose caterpillars live on nettle leaves (Vanessa urticae L.) Vad vab 266.

Cutworm (2) — an insect whose larvae damage agricultural crops. Many species are described: heart-and-dart cutworm (Agrotis exclamationis L.), turnip moth (Agrotis segetis Schiff.) and others. Vad kenk 271—272.

Damp-loving woodlouse (2) — a one-word species name for an insect that damages vegetables in cellars, hotbeds, and greenhouses (Porcellio scaber Latr.) AAŽ 17.

Wood-boring beetle (1) — a beetle whose larvae live in decaying wood. One species is described: mouldy = mould? wood-boring beetle (Pseudocistella cerambycoides L.) Vad vab 147.

Marsh runner (1) — a black or dark-brown beetle found in damp places, especially on river and lake shores. One species is described: black marsh runner (Patrobus excavatus Pk.) L vab 78.

Algal beetle (1) — an aquatic beetle that feeds on algae. One species is described: river algal beetle (Haliplus fluviatilis Anbc.) Vad vab 104.

Carrion beetle (3ᵇ) — a large beetle living in carrion and decaying mushrooms. Several species have been described: black carrion beetle (Necrophorus humator F.) and black-and-red carrion beetle (N. vespilloides Hbst.) Vad vab 117—118.

²Some of the coinages listed in this register have already been included in the 2nd edition (1972) of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian. These coinages (under letters A–P) are not yet to be found in volumes 1–10 of the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

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Twenty-four-spot (2) — a species epithet: twenty-four-spot ladybird (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunc­tata L.) Vad vab 143.

Two-tailed bristletail (2) — a whitish insect living in the soil, forest litter, and under stones. One species has been described: common two-tailed bristletail (Campodea plusiochaeta Silv.) Vad vab 28.

Capuchin beetle (1) — a beetle living in the wood of diseased and dried-out trees. One species has been described: common capuchin beetle (Bostrychus capucinus L.) Vad vab 131.

Hairy darkling beetle (1) — a beetle living under fallen leaves at the edges of forests. One species has been described: common hairy darkling beetle (Lagria hirta L.) L vab 62.

Hairy ground beetle (1) — a plant-feeding beetle found in fields and gardens. Two species have been described: common hairy ground beetle (Ophonus rufipes Deg.) and outer hairy ground beetle (O. calceatus Duft.) L vab 81.

Oil beetle (1) — a crawling beetle found in dry pine forests in spring. One species has been described: common oil beetle (Meloe proscarabaeus L.) Vad vab 146.

Yellow-winged (2) — a species epithet: yellow-winged cutworm (Rhyacia C-nigrum L.) AAŽ 339.

Clouded yellows (4) — a yellow-colored butterfly of the family Pieridae. Two species have been described: clouded yellow (Colias hyale F.) and moorland clouded yellow (Colias palaeno L.) Vad vab 265.

Yellow-wing (2) — a moth harmful to herbaceous plants as well as raspberries and blackberries. One species has been described: black-bordered yellow-wing (Triphaena fimbria L.) AAŽ 341.

Forest ground beetle (1) — a beetle living in the litter of deciduous and mixed forests and under fallen leaves. One species has been described: rusty ground beetle (Leistus ferrugineus L.) L vab 76.

Rove beetle (1) — a small predatory beetle living in damp places. One species has been described: red rove beetle (Pselaphus heisei Hbst.) L vab 39.

Demoiselles (2) — an insect found on the banks of rivers and streams. Two species have been described: shining demoiselle (Calopteryx splen-dens) and beautiful demoiselle (C. virgo L.) Vad vab 39.

Bark beetle (2) — a beetle living under the bark of weakened and dried-out trees. One species has been described: broadleaf bark beetle (Eletroides dermestoides L.) L vab 45.

Mushroom beetle (1) — a very small beetle biologically associated with fungi. One species has been described: spruce mushroom beetle (Mycetophagus piceus F.) L vab 58.

Gumbadāris (1) — species qualifier: elm aphid (Tetraneura ulmi) Vad vab 68.

Gumbāuodis (1) — a small insect whose larvae live in plant buds and fruits. Many species have been described: wheat gall midge (Contarinia tritici Kby.), pea gall midge (C. pisi Winn.) and others. Vad vab 311.

Gumbāvapsvė (1) — a small, dark-colored pest insect. Several species have been described: raspberry gall wasp (Diastrophus rubi Bche.), rose gall wasp (Rhodites rosae L.) and others. Vad kenk 206, 209.

Juodbužis (2) — species qualifier: black carrion beetle (Necrophorus vespilloides Hbst.) Vad vab 118.

Kabaspārnis (2) — an insect that lives near water. One species has been described: common alderfly (Sialis lutaria) Vad vab 201.

Kabļāvabalis (1) — a small herbivorous beetle that lives near water. One species has been described: Megerle’s riffle beetle (Helmis maugei megerlei Duft.) L vab 37.

Kaktarāgis (2) — species qualifier: burdock weevil (Throsc(us) carinifrons Bonv.) L vab 49.

Kamuolvabalis (1) — an insect found in sandy places. One species has been described: common pill beetle (Byrrhus pilula L.) Vad vab 135.

Kandėlė (2) — a small moth whose caterpillars damage fruit trees and shrubs. Several species have been described: rose leaf-miner (Stigmella anomalella Goze.), apple leaf-miner (S. aenella Hein.) and others. AAŽ 237–238.

Karnāgraužis (1) — a pest of deciduous trees belonging to the bark beetle family. Several species have been described: large ash bark beetle (Hylesinus crenatus L.) Vad kenk 230, small ash bark beetle (H. fraxini Panz.) Vad kenk 223 and others.

Kelmāgraužis (1) — a longhorn beetle. Two species have been described: willow longhorn beetle (Lamia textor L.), sawyer beetle (Pritonus coriarius L.) Vad vab 154, 158.

Kėmpvabalis (1) — a small beetle living in fungi and decaying wood. One species has been described: red-headed triplax beetle (Triplax russica F.) Vad vab 142.

Keršākandė (1) — a small moth that flies in the evening; its caterpillars feed on fruit-tree leaves. Several species have been described: fruit-tree leaf-miner (Lithocolletis blancardella F.) and others. AAŽ 253.

Keršvabalis (1) — a predatory beetle in the family of the same name (Cleridae). Two species have been described: bee beetle (Trichlodes apiarius L.) and common ant beetle (Thanasimus formicarius L.) Vad vab 124.

Kėrpvabalis (1) — a small beetle living in fungi and sponges. One species has been described: red-shouldered beetle (Anisotoma humeralis F.) L vab 41.

Ketur dėmis (2) — species qualifier: four-spotted hister beetle (Hister quadrinotatus Scr.) Vad vab 121.

Fourteen-spotted ladybird (2) — species designation: spotted ladybird (Coccinella quatuordecimpustulata L.) Vad vab 144.

Darkling beetle (1) — an elongated, dark brown beetle whose larvae live beneath the bark of decaying birches, pines, and oaks. One species is described: Schneider’s darkling beetle (Boros schneideri Pz.) L vab 66.

Bark beetle (2) — a dark brown beetle and a pest of pines. Two species are described: large bark beetle (Blastophagus piniperda L.) and small bark beetle (B. minor Hart.) Vad vab 191–192.

Pocket moth (1) — species designation: pocket moth (Callisto guttea H. W.) Vad kenk 152.

Shore flies (2) — a family of small flies found near water (Ephydridae) AAŽ 408.

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Carrion beetle (2) — a small, black, very hard beetle that lives in carrion, decaying plant matter, and other places. Several species are described: carrion carrion beetle (Hister cadaverinus Hoffm.), four-spotted carrion beetle (H. quadrinotatus Scr.). Vad vab 121.

Water beetle (1) — a beetle that lives in water. Several species are described: marsh water beetle (Hydraena palustris L.), brown water beetle (Enochrus frontalis Er.), and others. L vab 84–85.

Tufted moth (2) — a medium-sized, hairy nocturnal moth. One species is described: birch tufted moth (Cerura bicuspis Bk.) Vad vab 247.

Hunchback beetle (1) — an agile beetle found on the flowers of various plants, on fungi, and on drying tree trunks. One species is described: common hunchback beetle (Mordella fasciata Fabr.) L vab 64.

Snakefly (2) — an insect whose grub-like larvae destroy plant pests. Several species are described: pale-eyed snakefly (R. xanthostigma Schum.), slender-bodied snakefly (Raphidia ophiopsis L.). Vad vab 202.

Flat ground beetle (1) — a flat beetle found on various plants. One species is described: cross-marked flat ground beetle (Lebia crux-minor L.) L vab 82.

Leaf weevil (2) — a small beetle that damages mainly forage crops. Several species are described: alfalfa leaf weevil (Phytonomus variabilis Hbst.), vetch leaf weevil (Ph. pedestris Payk.), and others. Vad kenk 48.

Leafcutter (1) — species designation: leafcutter bee (Megachile centuncularis L.) Vad kenk 147.

Field ground beetle (1) — a beetle that damages cereal ears and vegetable seeds. Several species are described: common field ground beetle (Amara plebeja Gyll.), red-legged field ground beetle (Amara aulica Panz.), AAŽ 105, and others.

Homopterans (2) — an order of winged insects (Homoptera) Vad vab 23.

Flea beetle (1) — a small beetle and a pest of flax. Several species are described: black flea beetle (Longitarsus parvulus Payk.), blue flea beetle (Aphthona euphorbiae Schrank.), and others. Vad kenk 71.

Marsh beetle (1) — a phytophagous beetle found on the shores of lakes and slow-flowing rivers, in pools, and in damp meadows. One species is described: the reed marsh beetle (Cyphon variabilis Thunb.) L vab 44.

Tiger moth (2) — a moth whose pupae develop in thick, hairy cocoons. Several species are described: the nettle tiger moth (Spilosoma urticae Esp.), the plantain tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis), the garden tiger moth (Arctia caja L.), etc. Vad vab 237.

Sponge beetle (1) — a grain beetle that lives in sponges or in bark beetle galleries. One species is described: the ridged sponge beetle (Ditoma crenata F.) Vad vab 142.

Casebearer moth (1) — a small moth whose caterpillars live in cases made from pieces of leaves. Several species are described: the apple casebearer (Incurvaria oehlmanniella Tr.), etc. AAŽ 242.

Bagworm moth (2) — a grayish-pink moth whose caterpillars live in silken bags. One species is described: the unicolorous bagworm moth (Canephora unicolor Hf.) Vad vab 227.

Sheath miner (1) — a plant pest whose larvae live in leaf sheaths. Several species are described: the clover sheath miner (Lithocolletis nigroscentella Logan.), the alfalfa sheath miner (Caleophora cartilaginella F.) Vad kenk 73.

Praying mantises (2) — an order of winged insects (Manoptera) Vad vab 23.

Burnet moth (2) — a medium-sized moth that lives on woodland edges and in forest clearings. Two species are described: the six-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae L.) and the forester moth (Procris statices L.) Vad vab 228.

Sand beetle (1) — a beetle that lives in the mud of sandy bodies of water. One species is described: the black sand beetle (Georissus crenulatus (Gossi.) L vab 48.

Ground beetle (1) — a black beetle that lives in damp sand along river and lake shores and beneath stones. One species is described: the yellow-breasted ground beetle (Nebria livida L.) L vab 76.

Wood beetle (1) — a beetle whose larvae develop in decaying wood. One species is described: the brown-legged wood beetle (Eucnemis capucina Ahrens.) L vab 50.

Wood runner beetle (1) — a shiny black beetle that lives in bark beetle galleries. One species is described: the common wood runner beetle (Tachyta nana Gyll.) L vab 77.

Timber beetle (1) — a pest of coniferous trees. Several species are described: the oak timber beetle (Xyloterus domesticus L.), the striped timber beetle (Trypodendron lineatum Oliv.) Vad vab 193, and the single-banded timber beetle (Anisandrus dispar Fabr.) Vad kenk 163–164.

Wood borer (1) — a beetle of the longhorn beetle family. Several species are described: the four-spotted wood borer (Pachyta quadrimaculata K.), the short wood borer (Spondylis buprestoides L.) Vad vab 155–156.

Blue butterfly (4) — a bluish-colored pest butterfly. Several species are described: the common blue (Lycaena icarus Rott.) Vad vab 268, the large blue (Cyaniris aríogalus L.), etc. Vad kenk 197.

Tiger moth (2) — a pest moth whose caterpillars are very hairy. Several species are described: the garden tiger moth (Arctia caja L.), the white ermine moth (Spilosoma lubricipeda L.), etc. Vad kenk 192–193.

Miltamaris (1) — an aphid harmful to plum trees. One species is described: plum mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Fabr.) Vad kenk 175.

Minadaris (1) — a species epithet: raspberry sawfly (Entodecta pumila Scl.) Vad kenk 204.

Minakandė (1) — a small pest moth whose caterpillars make mines—cavities of a particular shape. Several species are described: raspberry m. (Stigmella rubivora Wck.), clover m. (Lithocolletis nigroscentella Logan.) and others. Vad kenk 44, 204.

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Mināmusė (1) — a small pest fly whose larvae make mines—cavities of a particular shape. Many species are described: clover m. (Agromysa nana Mg.), pea m. (Liriomyza congesta Beck.) and others. Vad kenk 44.

Mitriavabalis (1) — a small, agile beetle found on various flowers. One species is described: unicorn m. (Notoxus monoceros L.) L vab 63.

Mūrininkės (1) — the modifier in a two-word genus name: mason bees (Osmia) Vad vab 293.

Paslėptabūlis (2) — a small beetle, a vegetable pest. Many species are described: turnip p. (Centhorhynchus rapae Gyll.), poppy p. (C. macula — alba Hbst.) AAŽ 214.

Pelėšiavabalis (1) — a beetle that lives in bracket fungi and decaying wood. One species is described: ladybird-like p. (Endomychus coccineus L.) L vab 60.

Pjautuvaspārnis (2) — a moth with yellowish-brown wings, whose caterpillars are found on birches and alders. One species is described: birch p. (Drepana falcataria L.) Vad vab 243.

Pievėžgys (1) — a beetle that lives in forests, meadows, and field tracks. One species is described: two-spotted p. (Badister bipustulatus F.) L vab 78.

Piktvabalis (1) — a predatory beetle that lives in damp forest litter. One species is described: brown p. (Scydmaenus rufus Müll.) L vab 40.

Pilkadėmis (2) — a species epithet: grayling p. (Lepitidia sinapis L.) AAŽ 366.

Pinčiavabalis (1) — a black beetle whose larvae develop in tree bracket fungi. One species is described: black p. (Sphindus dubius Gyll.) L vab 56.

Pirstaspārnis (2) — a small moth with a slender abdomen and very long legs. One species is described: common p. (Pterophorus monodactylus L.) Vad vab 231.

Pjūklaušis (2) — a beetle that lives in burrows dug in damp sand or mud on lake and river banks. One species is described: yellow p. (Heterocerus fenestratus Thunb.) L vab 48.

Plikvabalis (1) — a small beetle found on various flowers. One species is described: yarrow p. (Olibrus millefolii Pk.) L vab 55.

Flat bark beetle (1) — a flat, dark-brown beetle that damages grain. Two species are described: rusty flat bark beetle (Laemophloeus ferrugineus Steph.) and Surinam flat bark beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis L.) AAŽ 149.

Ornate ground beetle (1) — a large, flightless, beneficial beetle found in arable fields, meadows, and especially forests. Several species are described: large ornate ground beetle (Carabus coriaceus L.), garden ground beetle (Carabus hortensis L.), etc. L vab 74–75.

Blister beetle (1) — a medium-sized beetle that lives on herbaceous and low-growing plants. Two species are described: slender blister beetle (Dolychosoma lineare Rossi.) AAŽ 126 and green blister beetle (Malachius aeneus L.) L vab 46.

Pine weevil (1) — a black beetle covered with yellowish hairs. One species is described: flower pine weevil (Rhinomacer attelaboides F.) L vab 68.

Wood-boring beetle (1) — a beetle that lives beneath tree bark and in wood. One species is described: common wood-boring beetle (Pytho depressus L.) L vab 61.

Red-underwing moth (2) — a moth whose forewings are red. One species is described: spotted red-underwing (Chryso- phanus phleas L.) Vad vab 268.

Red beetle (1) — a beetle that lives on flowers in forests. One species is described: common red beetle (Py- rochroa coccinea L.) Vad vab 146.

Red ground beetle (1) — a hairy beetle with two red spots on its elytra, found in sandy places. One species is described: crossed red ground beetle (Panagaeus crux — major L.) L vab 78.

Pink ground beetle (1) — a beetle that lives in moist soils, often in mole burrows. One species is described: mole ground beetle (Clivina fassor L.) L vab 77.

Rocket seed beetle* (1) — a small beetle whose larvae live in the flowers and fruits of wild rocket. One species is described: common rocket seed beetle (Bruchela saturalis F.) L vab 68.

Rye beetle (2) — a synonym of the genus name field beetle. AAŽ 336.

Moss ground beetle (1) — a beetle that lives under fallen leaves and stones, in moss, etc. Two species are described: common moss ground beetle (Trechus secalis Pk.) and brown moss ground beetle (T. quadristriatus Schrk.) L vab 78.

Narrow beetle (1) — a beetle that lives under tree bark, in bracket fungi, anthills, etc. One species is described: common narrow beetle (Bitoma crenata F.) L vab 58.

Silver moth (2) — a specific epithet: silver-headed (Phytometra confusa Steph.) Vad kenk 278.

Net-winged bug (2) — a modifier in the two-word family name: net-winged bugs (Tingidae) Vad vab 77.

Blister beetle (1) — a plant-eating beetle containing the poisonous substance cantharidin; formerly used in folk medicine. One species is described: Spanish fly (Lytta vesicatoria L.) L vab 132.

Pill beetle (1) — a black (male) or yellowish-brown (female) beetle whose larvae live in damp soil and feed on plant roots. One species described: common p. (Das cillus cervinus L.) AAŽ 122.

Flat bark beetle (2) — a flat beetle living under tree bark and in granaries. Two species described: Mauritanian f. (Tenebroides mauritanicus L.), rusty f. (Ostoma ferrugineum L.) Vad vab 140.

Snipe fly (1) — a fly whose larvae live in soil and decaying wood. One species described: common s. (Rhagio scolopaceus L.) Vad vab 318.

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Cryptic beetle (1) – a small, elongated beetle living in cellars and warehouses. One species described: brown c.⁷ (Enicmus minutus L.) AAŽ 151.

Mould-feeder (2) – a beetle that feeds on mould fungi. One species described: sponge c. (Pterygium crenatum Gyll.) L vab 57.

Concealed-head beetle (2) – a small beetle harmful to plums and elder trees. Two species described: yellow-legged c. (Cryptocephalus flavipes F.) and five-spotted c. (C. quinquepunctatus Harr.) Vad ken 171, 235.

Weevil (2) – a small beetle harmful to young conifers. Two species described: pine w. (Pissodes pini L.) and spotted w. (P. notatus F.) Vad vab 187.

Sand beetle (1) – a black beetle that feeds on carrion, found in sandy places. One species described: red-nosed s. (Trox sabulosus F.) L vab 36.

Ground beetle (1) – a shiny black beetle living in fields, gardens, and meadows. Several species: black g. (Pterostichus niger Schall.) L vab 79, common g. (P. melanarius Ill.) AAŽ 103.

Flower beetle (2) – an agile beetle living on flowers. One species described: common f. (Mordella fasciata Fabr.) Vad vab 147.

Cone weevil (1) – a dark grey moth whose caterpillars damage spruce cones. One species described: cone c. (Laspeyresia strobilella L.) Vad vab 222.

Clearwing moth (2) – a small moth whose caterpillars live under bark or in the pith of shoots. Several species: raspberry c. (Bembecia hylaeiformis Lasp.), apple c. (Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh.) AAŽ 249–250.

Dart moth (2) – a moth whose caterpillars live on deciduous trees. Two species described: maple d. (Acronycta aceris L.) and d. psi (A. psi L.) Vad vab 251.

Sap beetle (1) – a beetle found on the trunks of old deciduous trees near flowing sap. One species described: common s. (Nosodendron fasciculare Oliv.) L vab 51.

Puss moth (2) – a large, light grey moth whose caterpillars live on poplars and willows. One species described: large p. (Dicranura vinula L.) Vad vab 248.

Exclamation-mark moth (1) – a species designation: exclamation-mark dart (Agrotis exclamationis L.) Vad ken 271.

Brush moth (2) – a moth whose hairy caterpillars damage gardens. One species is described: garden brush moth (Orgyria antiqua L.) Vad vab 239.

Bristletails (2) – an order of wingless insects (Thysanura) Vad vab 23.

Psocids (3ᵇ) – an order of winged insects (Coleognatha) Vad vab 23.

Shore beetle (1) – a small beetle living in damp sand and silt on the banks of water bodies. One species is described: shore beetle (Sphaerius acaroides Wallt.) L vab 43.

Comb-footed ground beetle (2) – species designation: comb-footed ground beetle (Calathus fuscipes Goetze.) AAŽ 104.

Comb-legged ground beetle (1) – a beetle found in dry sandy soils, forests, and meadows. Two species are described: yellow-legged ground beetle (Cealathobus erratus C.) and common comb-legged ground beetle (C. fuscipes Pz.) L vab 80.

Carrion beetle (1) – a beetle found on birch trunks near oozing sap. One species is described: common carrion beetle (Sphaerites glabratus F.) L vab 51.

Spotted beetle (1) – a beetle living in damp, dark places and in decaying plant matter. One species is described: minute spotted beetle (Clambus minutus Strm.) L vab 40.

Straight-winged insects (2) – an order of winged insects (Copeognatha) Vad vab 23.

Lacewings (2) – an order of winged insects (Neuroptera) Vad vab 23.

Thirteen-spotted ladybird (2) – species designation: thirteen-spotted ladybird (Hippodamia tredecimpunctata L.) Vad vab 143.

Short-snouted weevil (2) – an elongated black beetle that damages conifers. One species is described: pine short-snouted weevil (Brachyderes incanus L.) Vad vab 181.

Meal moth (2) – a small moth that damages cultivated plants and also spoils food products and materials. Several species are described: mill moth (Ephestia kuhniella Zell.), flour moth (Pyralis farinalis L.) Vad vab 230–231.

Tailed blue * (2) – a small moth whose pale green caterpillars damage plums and other plants of the rose family. One species is described: plum hairstreak (Thecla pruni F.) AAŽ 368.

Gall midge (2) – a small gnat whose larvae live in cereal stems and vegetable roots. Several species are mentioned: cucumber gnat (Lycoria sp.), rye stem midge (Hybosiasoptera cerealis Lind.) Vad kenk 16, 120.

Fungus gnat (2) – a small gnat whose larvae live in fungi and decaying plant matter. One species is described: soldier fungus gnat (Sciara tomae L.) Vad vab 311.

Carrion beetle* (1) – a beetle living in dark, damp places and feeding on decaying plant and animal remains. One species is described: grey carrion beetle (Catops fuscus Panz.) L vab 41.

Velvet beetle (1) – a black, agile beetle that lives in fungi or bracket fungi. One species is described: four-spotted velvet beetle (Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Ol.) L vab 42.

Tube-thrips (2) – a designation marking a two-word family name: thrips (Phloeothripidae) Vad vab 89.

Fan-wing moth (2) – a moth whose wings resemble a fan. One species is described: six-fingered fan-wing moth (Orneodes hexadactyla L.) Vad vab 232.

⁷In L vab 57, this species is called the little silken fungus beetle.

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Fan beetle (1) — a small beetle whose larvae develop in the nests of bees and wasps. One species is described: wasp fan beetle (Pelecotoma fennica Payk.) L vab 64.

Agile ground beetle (1) — a green, flat, or black beetle living in drier fields and meadows. Several species are described: broad (Harpalus latus L.) L vab 81, green agile ground beetle (H. affinis Schrank.) AAŽ 107.

Green hairstreak (4) — a small butterfly of the blue family. One species is described: green hairstreak (Callophrys rubi L.) Vad vab 268.

Flower flies (2) — a family of flies that live on flowers (Anthomyiidae) AAŽ 413.

Flower beetle (2) — a small beetle that damages flowers. Two species are mentioned: rape flower beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.), vetch flower beetle (M. erythropus Gyll.) Vad kenk 37, 108.

Flower beetle (1) — a beetle found on various flowers and feeding on their nectar. One species is described: red-winged flower beetle (Lygistopterus sanguineus L.) L vab 103.

Bark-winged (2) — a species epithet: bark-winged cutworm (Agrotis corticea Schiff.) Vad kenk 272.

Bark moth (1) — a moth whose caterpillars damage fruit trees and forest trees. Several species are described: large bark moth (Baärmia raboraria Schiff.), spruce bark moth (B. ribeata Cl.) and others. AAŽ 319—320.

Grass moth (2) — a small moth of the pyralid family. Several species are described: meadow grass moth (Crambus pratellus L.), garden grass moth (C. hortuellus Hb.) and others. AAŽ 292—293.

Shining beetle (1) — a dark beetle found beneath bark, in warehouses, and elsewhere. Several species are described: garden shining beetle (Librodor hortensis Geoffr.), two-spotted shining beetle (Nitidula bipunctata L.) AAŽ 147.

Silverfish (2) — a spindle-shaped, silvery insect. One species is described: sugar silverfish (Lepisma saccharinum L.) Vad vab 29.

Žvitriāžygis* (1) — a beetle living in groves, fields, and meadows. Two species have been described: Miulerio ž. (Agonum mülleri Hbst.), šešia taškis ž. (A. sexpunctatum L.) L vab 79—80.

Conclusions

1. In the current terminology of insect systematics, neologisms and newly coined terms are formed across all taxonomic groups. The most original Lithuanian coinages are genus names. Species names are usually calques. In creating Lithuanian names for the principal units of systematics, the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature are not always followed precisely.

2. The inventory of derivational affixes used to form Lithuanian coinages in this subject area is relatively limited. The most common suffixes are: -ukas (-ukė), -yvė (-yvis), -utė (-utis), -uotis (-uotė). A large proportion of the coinages are compound words. Their formation has particularly intensified in recent years, and some works (e.g., L vab) even tend toward extremes. In the future, other suffixes should also be used more inventively to coin terms in this field, for example: -ūnas (-ūnė), -ainis (-ainė), -uolis (-uolė), -ėnas (-ėnė), and so on; prefixal derivation should not be neglected either.

3. Those who standardize the terminology of entomological systematics have so far made too little use of the experience of plant systematists. As a result, insect systematics terminology contains more inconsistencies. Nevertheless, many individual coinages in this field (e.g., gelsvys, gražutė, kirpikas, lapinukas, luobvabalis, margutis, minamusė, skydinukas, strėlinukas, ugniukas, žalsvys, žiedinukas, and so on) are impeccable terms that will probably become established not only in the terminology of this field but also spread into literary language.

Abbreviations

AAŽ — Pileckis S., Žuklys L. Augalų apsaugos darbuotojo žinynas. V., 1974.

L vab — Pileckis S. Lietuvos vabala i. V., 1976.

Vad kenk — Lešinskas A., Pileckis S. A guide to identifying plant pests by the damage they cause. V., 1968.

Vad vab — Lešinskas A., Pileckis S. Vadovas Lietuvos vabzdžiams pažinti. V., 1967.

Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR

141

NEWLY COINED LITHUANIAN NAMES OF INSECTS

Summary

1. In contemporary Lithuanian insect systematics, neologisms are created for all taxa. Native Lithuanian words are generally used in genus names. Species names are usually formed by calquing. Lithuanian insect names do not always meet the strict requirements of the international codes of zoological nomenclature.

2. The inventory of affixes used to create Lithuanian neologisms in insect systematics is relatively limited. The most popular suffixes are: -ukas (-ukė), -yvė (-yvis), -utė (-utis), -uotis (-uotė). Most neologisms are compound words; they are becoming increasingly popular and in some publications even go to extremes. In the future, other suffixes should also be used to form neologisms in this field, e.g.: -ūnis (-unė), -ainis (-ainė), -uolis (-uolė), -ėnas (-ėnė), etc.; prefixal derivation should also be employed.

3. Creators of Lithuanian terms for insect systematics have so far made little use of the experience of plant systematists. Consequently, terminology in insect systematics lacks precision. However, most neologisms in this field, e.g.: gelšvys, gražutė, kirpikas, lapinukas, liuobvalabis, margutis, minatūisė, skydinukas, strėlinukas, ugniukas, žalšvys, žiedinukas, and others, are correctly formed words that will most probably become established not only in this field of terminology but also enter the general literary language.