LIETUVIY
KALBOTYROS
QUESTION-
S, XXXIV
(1994)
LIETUVIY
LANGUAGES
TARMES
IR
JU
STUDIES
Laima
GRUMADIENB
KELETAS
NAUJESNIY
PUNSKO
SNEKTOS
LINKSNING
IR
KILLING
PROPERTY
1.
Objec .
Punsko
Snek a is a
pa o he
wes e n
sou h-eas -
e n
highS aidiy
dialec ,
sepa a ed
om he
main dialec
a ea by
linguis ic
cha ac e i-
ne
s ics,
s a e
o
Li huanian-Polish
bo de
(plaéais
Z .
Mikalauskai é,
1933;
Suky é,
1951;
Sa ukynas,
Buch,
1955;
G ina eckiené,
1961;
Uzdila,
1961;
Valen uke ici-
1963;
e,
G ina eckis,
1967;
Smoczyniski,
1972;
Hasiuk,
1977;
Aleksai e
1978;
L.,
1985;
Aleksai é
B.,
1985;
S oskeli inai é,
1990;
Ga é a,
S oskeli inai é,
Vaina, Taip
1991).
Si
Snek a is
ea ed in he
i
main wo ks o
Li huanian
dialec ology
—
”A las o
Li huani-
an language”
(T.1, T.2,
1977;
T.3,
1982;
1991)
i
Z. Zinke ičius’
“Lie u iy in
dialec ology”
(1966).
The inhabi an s o
he Punsko a ea
a e au hen ically
Li huanian, he
language and
cul u e adi ions
a e au hen ically
Li huanian
i
(ple.
Pok opek,
1975;
Gajda,
1987;
Ga aj,
1987;
Ga é a,
G umadiené,
1988).
Like o he
i
Li huanian
dialec s,
Punsko
snek a
ebé a is
spoken li e
in he home.
ma
Mo eo e , in
ecen
imes, all
dialec
speake s
(excep o
p eschool
child en)
Punske
apylinkėse
a e
al eady
bilingual
(knows
i
Li huanian,
i
Polish) ha
i
he common
language has
less in luence
han o he
dialec s o
Li huanian
language,
snek ai gi e
speci ici y.
Common
language
Punsko
Li huania-
ns a e
in luenced
by adio,
ele ision,
p ess,
schools
i
and he
chu ch,
bu i s
in luence
is s ill
weake
han
In Li huania.
Lie u os
adijas,
ele izija,
ypaé
0
spauda
né a
nuola iniai
Li huanian
sa elli es o
Punsk, because
hey a e o en
ou compe ed by
Polish analogs,
especially in he
jy
li e o young
people.
Bu in
i
hose
schools
whe e
Li huanian
is augh ,
many
ex books
a e Polish.
T ue,
ecen ly
padaznéjo
di ek niy
kon ak y
su
Li huanians
li ing in
Li huania,
no many
local you h
go o s udy
j
Li huania.
2.
Me hod,
ma e ial
o he
i
p esen a ion.
Pa o he
Li huanian
language
dialec ological
esea ch is
ca ied ou
acco ding o
he p inciple o
s uc u alism,
bu he
p e ailing
me hod o
geog aphical
dialec ology,
li le changed
om he
J. Gillié on's imely,
designed o mee he
needs o
his o ical-compa a i-
e linguis ics.
Ta myi da a
a e usually
collec ed in a
senyyi
iS
p esen a ion.
In ecen
decades, he
collec ion o
da a
In he
Eu opean
Language A las
p og ammes,
he
j
equi emen
o in e iew
se e al g oups
o people om
di e en
social
i
backg ounds is
conside ed,
bu ewe
analy ical
wo ks ha e
used da a o
his na u e.
Thus, in
Li huanian
dialec ology
he e is almos
no adi ion o
mo e
consis en
compa ison o
a ious amiZs,
i.e.
di e en
ca ds,
di e en
languages
(one
i8
injec ab-
le)
—
I.
(1992)
Remeny és munkái).
This a icle
compa es
some o he
The Punk
snakes ha e
he
cha ac e is -
ics o he
i
olde , middle
and younge
ka
language, i.e.
he dimension
o
97
sociolinguis ic
dialec ology is
in oduced
—
isual ime
(Labo ,
1966).
Compa i-
ng he
language
da a o
he h ee
p esen -
ed ca ds, i.e.
By s udying
he changes
in he isual
mo
a
ime o he
espec i e
dialec
de elopmen
cha ac e is-
ics, i is
possible o
de e mine
~
he di ec ion
and in ensi y
o he
cu en
language
change, ind
connec ions
wi h o he
su
ongoing
changes.
The objec o
diach onic,
ne
synch onous
o
sociolinguis ic
dialec ology is
he ongoing
language
—
changes.
Fo his
pu pose,
he da a
collec ed
i
by he
au ho and o he s
1989-1992
m.
acco ding o
Li huani-
an
Language
Ins i u e
p epa ed
”Lie u iy
kalbos
a miy
i
jy
o he
esea ch
p og amm-
e”
(he eina e e e ed o as
—
”Ta miy
sa eikos
p og ama”).
Mos da a
collec ed by
punskie és
I ena
Gaspe a ici i e
i
G azina
So okai e,
who w o e
hei
diploma
hesis on
he basis
i
o he da a
collec ed
Uni e si y
o Vilnius
(Gaspe owicz,
1992;
So okai e,
1992).
Snek os da a
we e collec ed
while speaking
wi h speake s.
su
i
is
ju
mo
IS
ep esen-
a i es o
each age
g oup
e en
po
se e al
imes
collec ed
answe s
{
”Ta miy
sa eikos
p og amos”
ques ions.
This
a icle
used ca ds
j
pu chased
”
Mo phology”
sec ion wi h
ques ions and
answe s.
Some
cha ac e i-
s ics o
conjuga ion
a e
desc ibed
by analyzing
he
a ia ion o
noun
conjuga ion
in isual ime.
Addi ional
ac s
ieSko a
klausan is
ki y
The Snakes o
Punsk spoken
he language o
magne o oniniy
i asy.
Punsko
Snek os
j aSai,
ansc ibed
ex s illed in
i
he ”Ta miy
sa eikos
p og amos”
ca dlés s o ed
in he
Li huanian
Language
Ins i u e’s
Dialec ology
unds, Snek os
ac s
collec ed
i8
Z ikéliy
(10
km
j
sou heas
o
Punsko)
i
Claim
(a bed)
The illage s o
he illage a e
always in a
hu y. Younge
middle-aged
esponden s
a oided ape
eco dings, so
mos o he
answe s a e
ob ained du ing
i
in e iews.
jy
These wo
age g oups
ha e been
in e iewed
less, bu hey
ha e had e y
long
con e sa ion-
su
s. The olde
speake s
kindly ag eed
i
ha he
speech was
eco ded on a
ape
eco de , so
he answe s
ju
jy
j
”
Mo phology”
sec ion
ques ions o
be selec ed in
i8
o de .
When
collec ing
wi h such a
hunge , you
ha e o
lis en o a
lo o
j aSsy y
ex s, so
du ing he
olde
gene a ion
p esen a io-
n, which was
based on
language
da a, he e
was mo e.
au
Olde , old,
gene a ions
(he eina e e e ed o as
—
SK) pa ne s:
Pe onéle
Peéiuly é-Ga eni-
ené
(g.
1912
m.),
Judzas
Uzdila
(#.
1905
m.),
Judzas
K i ick
(g.
1924
m.),
Judeazas
Kliuki iskas
(g.
1924
m.), Adéle
Klyukin amily
(g.
19
m.),
Magdé
G igu ian
(g.
1925
m.)
i8
Z ikeliy,
Ka é
K i i sky amily
(g.
1905
m.)
i
Juliana
Gaspe a i ians
(g.
1917
m.)
i8
Claimed;
middle
gene a ion
(he eina e e e ed o as
—
UK):
Jonas
(g.
1943
m.)
i
Juozas
(g.
1954
m.)
Gaspe a ié
is
Z ikeliy; he
younge
gene a ion
(he eina e e e ed o as
—
UK):
I ena
Vainai e
(g.
1967
m
Zi a
Jankauskdi é
(g.
1969
m.), I ena
Gaspe a iciu e
(g.
1969
m.)
is
Z ikel
i
G azina
So okai e
(g.
1969
m.)
iS
K ei eny.
The aim o he
hesis is o
—
de e mine
wha changes
a e now
aking place in
he noun
conjuga ion
sys ems o
Punsk Snek a.
i
3.
Se e al
ends in he
change o
noun
conjuga ion
sys em.
The
di e ences in
he
conjuga ion
sys em a e
su
ela ed o he
p oduc i i y
ju
o he s em,
he phone ic
adap a ion o
he indi idual
conjuga ions,
he use o
ce ain
conjuga ions
wi h ce ain
p e ixes.
su
(bu
Z .
G umadiene,
1993,
p.
6).
98
When he
noun's genus
changes, he
conjuga ion
pa adigm
s em
i
changes.
Senio
Punsko snek os
ep esen a i y
in language
Zue* is,
English is
mo .
g.
kamieniai
nouk a a dZia-
o
i, jaunimo jau
—
y .
g.
i
all o
pa o
is
ape
76-s emmed:
Vns. Des.
Sk
UK, UK Sk
UK,
JK
V.
WE-Russia
Z e
‘ s
Ze
‘ is
Z E
‘ is
K.
Z E- iés
Ze o.
/z e iés
Ze i :
g een:
N.
Z0& ai,
Z E us,
ZE oi.m
Z E' d.m/Z e“ eu.m
G.
Zé
by:
Ze
- i-
WE-Russia
WE-Russia
In.
ZE- i/Z e- u
Zue- s
Hea me.
ue
- ai.s/Z e- ume.
See
Z e- un./
Be i
He i:
sa
Z E- iosa|/
Z e- an
Why:
$a!
Also pg.
SK: g'e é-s
English
ai.k u:
nus'ipu .ke;
UK:
I' e go
you co e ed.
Glo usd.i,
n'eda i.k
susnaudo-i.
Simila
changes
occu in
o he
i
s ains.
SK
uses
mo .
g.
I'll be
he e o you.
(LKA
I
zemél.
No.
50),
o
JI
—
al eady
chie
g.
I' e go a
s one.
gis
(ple.
Zinke icius,
1966,
p.
219),
SK
—
pa e-se-
,
JK
—
pa é-Sis,
e.g., SK:
acwsé-3u
hu .
pa é-sei
|
ai_ na
lango'ed. ;
po_k a-mais
JK
+
U
y'& as
~
pa é: Sis.
JKx a ely
uses he
old- ashion-
ed iu-s ame
hisa-n's,
because
he
younge
gene a ion
p e e s
he
76-s ame kiSd-n's
(plg.
Zinke icius,
1966,
p.
254).
Bu in his
i
case some
o he
unny
endings,
especially
hose
speci ic o
he
dialec ,
a e kep
i
by he
you h, i.e.
a ia ns.
N.
kiSd-n'u,
also
i8
iu
unk
collec ed
pcs.
G.
hisG-n'u-,
In. kisan'd
and See
kisa-n'u .
So he
ansi ion o
o m om one
i§
ype o unk
o ano he is
no jus a
j
ma e o
unk
p oduc i i y.
J aka o
young
people
s ill dél o
makes
i
common
language,
al hough,
as
men ione-
d,
mazZesne han
In Li huania.
Todél, as in
o he
i
dialec s,
o en a oids
e y much
he
besiski ianéiy
galiiniy o he
common
language:
SK
11.0-s one
ieSuc s
JIX
usually
lies
&-s one
ie
Su as
(ple.
Zinke icius,
1966,
p.
221),
SK
danci-s,
debesi-s
—
i-kamieniais
dancis,
debesis
(plg.
LKA
III zemel.
No.
25,
26;
Zinke iéius,
1966,
p.
241),
SK
wkamienius
badis, Sakis
—
6-s one
be@-das,
$4-3kas
(plg.
Zinke iéius,
1966,
p.
253).
In he
elde ly, he
ns is
hea d.
K. gende
d-g'o-,
ns.
In.
ag’, dgs.
V.
I'm going,
dgs.
In.
[email p o ec ed],
i.e.
as soon as he
s em has
passed o he
is
i
mo e
j
p oduc i e
(1/16
s em, he
you h
eplaces he
i8
common
language wi h
he newly
en e ed ns.
K.
Go away,
please.
Jn.
Vag'im.,
dgs.
V.
Va-g'i s,
dgs.
In.
Vag'i .
( he
la e is
o en
abb e ia -
ed only in
ne
dialec s).
Ins ead o
he
is
Zo
supe io
unk
inhe i ed ns.
In.
nakew
gende
you h use
nakewsh.,
-y.
‘a i aiso’.
.
!
In he
Punsk
dialec ,
many
consonan-
s a e
ha dened
qui e
consis e-
n ly, bu , o example, ns.
K.
Zue- iés
[ ] due o
his o ical
easons
p onounced
ela i ely
so ly.
Jaunimas
p ieS
s
p ieSakinés
eilés owels
a e
p onounced
like in Polish
—
{s}.
Po
a a e
a ian o
he is yze
b ixnel is
p esen ed.
99
The e is
a case
whe e
he noun
endings
ge he
ad e bs.
The olde
gene a i-
on o
Punsko
apylinkiy
Zmonés
uses
bid a dz-
iy ns.
N.genus
a wzun'-
u, ba.l u,
me3zun'u,
wes :
kséu (by
he way,
nea Siy
neighbo -
hood
he e is
an
isoglossa
o noun
o ms
wi h he
endings
-u and wi,
c . LIKA III
g ound
no. 36).
You h,
al hough
6-kamien-
iy noun
ns. The
inal N.
usually
keeps
he
adi io-
nal
dialec s
(i.e. -u,
no -ui),
wi h he
bi- e bs
ea ed
di e en-
ly:
a udzun'-
ui, bd.l ui,
majwn'ui,
aka iks-
éi. This is
noun
inals. I
may be
ha his
is done
wi h he |
common
language
in mind,
bu no
knowing
ha he
common
language
no m
—j a din-
és
biid a d-
Ziy
galiinés.
Pe haps
also
because
o he
common-
ali y o
he
language,
olde
people
use he
old dgs.
See
gende
k iéi-mu-
os(a),
mé-3uos(-
a),
namios(a-
),
danci-s(a-
), aki-s(a),
Sak6-s(a)
(c . LKA III
zemél. No.
67—70;
Zinke iéi-
us, 1966,
p. 238)
young
people
change
gende s
espec i-
ely wi h
-dose,
-i¢e, -6Se,
in whose
endings
he
owel e
o he
Sak6-eil-
és is
p onoun-
ced
be o e,
and
be o e
jj — he
Polish
al eola
[s].
Pazyme -
ina, ha
he
you h
does no
use
sho en-
ed ly¢iy,
says only
sup ie e-
iksmeju-
sa
namdos.
And he
locals
wi h
di e e-
n
endings
a e ki éi
like he
elde s o
hei
own, e.g.:
aki-$@,
Saké-se,
laukiose.
Young
people
a ely
use
ilia i . In
he
cases
whe e
he
senyjy
ilia i is
used in
he
meaning
o he
loca i
(as in isy
pie y
aukS ai¢-
iy, ple. LIA
III
g ounde-
d.
No. 44;
Zinke igi-
us, 1966,
pp.
201—202),
young
people
choose
he
gende
o he
noun's
loca i e,
al hough
he
i a dZiy
ilia i e is
used, e.g.,
SK: ai.
biwobe -
é.ik
co-Kna i.
so-zun. -
O .
da_aza i-
kan
la .ke-si
/ku- ina
i md.lku:
an. The
spoon o
d acimen
is wa e .
his. gd.l!
e y.
long.
e uses
o bi e;
VK: I 's
bu ning.
aza iki
ge .
Nobody's
gonna si
down. ; JI:
ki . : u n
an.
Sca /ca-
se now.
anden :
pld.uk'o--
ja. The
senio
ilia i e is
used in
i s own
meaning,
ha is,
as an
in e nal
o dina y
p onoun
(only
ns.),
while he
you h is
used
wi h he
p eposi -
ion —in +
G.: SK:
gal é-n
—JK
in_gd.lou-,
SK
zame-n
—JK
in_za-mi-,
SK
s ubé-n
—JK in_
s abu-,
e.g., SK:
ga- ogal-
é-n i _
nucilo-/i -
_ a i.ke:
Za-me-n
e c
shlen eu:
2 “VK:
i3&-jo:
mugska .
i _neg a:-
Z0-; UK:
signi ica-
n ly. gi e
i o me.
in_gd.luu..
/ uza .ki
né-
buski in_
s ubu’.
The olde
gene a i-
ons also
do no
use he
plu al
ilia i ,
eplacing
i wi h a
compou-
nd wi h
he
p eposi -
ion —in + G.
(see LKA
III zemél.
n . 48),
e.g., SK:
aind
in_lawkus
paki- e-c;
UK: Je .
ai.ke
az oc
|
ba
i(n)_namus
neissilai.s. In he
you h language,
only he impe ec
gende lad.kan
emains.
(all Punks
(They a e in he
ci cle.) In Punsk
Snek a,
ali e a ions a e
no common, bu
in olde language
hey occu in he
o ms uden'dp,
galép, aka op (a
sho one has
been eco ded,
e.g., SK: aka ép
ba .n'obi o-|
ka(p)_pa e-jei.
/au umn'dp
jy
pa aikald.1
in_ a .sku-. I is
used bo h as a
noun and as a
e b. locali y
gende | maz ki:
0),
|
dubu iki:, mezuni>
k wziki:
(plg.
LKA
3 d loo .
No.
48—49)
young people
—
end o
combine
di e en ly:
noun loca i e
gende s in
dialec s,
e bs
eplaced by
common
o
100
language, e.g.
UK: mazikam
aza ik -,
mejunem namiki-
(sho ened
gende s bidingos
i
"Common
language".
In addi ion,
young
ne
people
always
choose he
a ian o
he common
language,
o
i
using he
common
language as
a gende ,
always
ne
ki eyi/ as in
he common
language.
Fo
example, he
elde y used
he
consonan
s em ns.
K.
sex
mo- e ds
(plg.
Kazlauskas,
1968,
p.
254)
ins ead o
you h says
mo: e iés;
elde lyy
used ns.
In.
gende
mé- e u is
he s em,
@
younge yjy
o
mo‘ e um.
—
i
s em, bu is
p onounced
di e en ly
han in
common
language.
Olde Punks
Now Ha e
Mo e Sex
Su d,
al hough
as an
adjacen
occu s
i
Suéi
(plg.
Zinke igius,
1966,
p.
256),
bu he
you h o
he sex
su d is
e used o
use only
i
Suéi
(ple.
LKA
II
g ounded.
No.
67
i
(see commen s).
Elde ly
polysyllabic
76-syllabic noun
Sauksmininka
uses
su
6
o he
Sauksmininko
s em: e- il'e,
ai.kele
nenie inama-
(1
s). The young
in his case
uses he
unk o he
woodcu e -
's back
46
-i: e- uli,
aiké-li.
Some imes in
you h ul
speech only
one o he
wo d changes
he gende o
he whole
sys em. Fo
example, all
punishmen s
i8
wo-syllabic
6-kamieniy
Sauksmininkus
use he inal
su
-ai: é- ai,
j6-nai,
bu only
young
people
say
D.n. ., all
o
o he
d.n. .
—
Young people
a e
inc easingly
using unny
p eposi ions.
su
The Punk
neck-p eposi-
ions ik(i),
Je
lig(i), pe , po,
p ie a e
common in
he
u e ance,
e.g., SK: izé. k
ig_dagni
dé. bu:
su
dabai.k ligi
ga-li
pé-sako-k
pe _nai.ji
negi de
/
/
|
ba
- I'll ask you
/
some hing.
/
|
ka
pabii- up-
ie_ a .ki.
Maybe
because
Snæ ellsjö-
kull is a
o me
glacie in
su
he
no he n
pa o
Iceland.
-i, wi h which
a ious ypes
o
conjuga ion
o nouns
(mos ly
masculine) a e
ob ained,
di e s
signi ican ly
om ha
used in
common
language,
young people
end o
change he
amilia
cons uc ion,
i.e.
These
p eposi ions
a e used in
compounds
ne
su
wi h he
o,
noun, as in
i
common
language,
su
he geni i e,
e.g., UK: a _
izgé- ai, igi
diigno
po_dé. bobu-
n bai.
/
Hey,
pa ilions.
Lyginan
j ai iy
ca ds
The
mo phologic-
al
cha ac e is-
ics o he
language o
he Punsk
snak explain
ha ,
al hough he
Polish
language has
a g ea
be
in luence on
he now
inhe i ed
bilingual Punk
dialec s,
especially on
he lexical
phone ics,
he
i
conjuga ion
sys em
This in luence
is smalle
han ha o
he common
Li huanian
language.
The e a e
mo e cases
o
in e e ence
in you h
language,
especially in
he use o
owels wi h
p eposi ions,
e.g. in UK: ai.k|
su
an_b é-Vosak-
a .
‘go, I say o
my
b o he (kal-
is
ké le.
do
b o he );
us_penk'é-lika
sapci:n'o-s
a:lando-s
‘be
penkiolika
sep ynios’
(wha le.
is
za
i een
minu es
six een
hou s).
Thus, in he
language o
young people
disappea s
mo e speci ic
dialec s
linksniy
gal inés,
ansi ioning
om one ype
i8
o li ing o
ano he
j
(only some
a
e bs), he
numbe o
e bs wi h
p eposi ions
inc eases,
he con ol
o
p eposi ions
changes.
These a e
common o
all p esen
Li huanian
dialec s. The
main eason
is he
in luence o
common
language,
al hough
Punsko
In speech,
he
de elopme-
n o some
exp essio-
ns can be
ca alyzed
i
by he
Polish language.
4.
Se e al
ends in
ki éiuo iy
misimo.
One mos
is
eye
i
101

inno a io-
ns in he
en al sec o
Punsk in
he
you h language
(bu
Z .
G umadi-
ené, p.11)
1993,
is ha
he
dialec s
3 d edi ion
Wo ds
end o
be spelled
as
4-osios”,
i.e.
3-4;
plg.
SK, VK:
pé-das
peda,
/
pe-dd.m
pe-dé-m,
/
pé-dus
pé-das®
/
(3)
i
JK:
oo -o ,
pe
dan.,
pe
dd.m,
pedis
(4);
SK, VK:
Za nd,
Za né-n,
Za né-m,
Zd. nas
(3)
i
UK:
Za na,
Za né-n,
Za né-m,
Za nas
(4);
SK, UK:
a ,
id.ukus
(3)
i
UK:
awkai.,
awkus
(4);
SK, VKe
d e-gnas,
d e-gnd,
d egniem,
d egném,
d e-gnus,
d e-gnas,
d e-gnai,
(3)
i
JK:
d e-gna,
d e-gnai,
d e-gnai,
d e-gnai,
d e-gnai,
d e-gnai,
d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai, d e-gnai
(4);
SK, VK:
gi- as,
gi- d,
gi iem,
gi: é-m,
gi- us,
gi- as,
ai(3)
gi
i
UK:
gi- as, a,
gi
gi: iem,
gi e-m,
gi is,
gi- as,
ai;
gi
SK, VK:
i.lgus,
i.lgas,
i.lgai,
i.lgas,
i.lgas,
i.lgas,
i.lgas,
i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas, i.lgas,
(3)
i
UK: long,
long-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
(4);
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m,
long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m, long-d-m
(3)
i
UK: ha d,
ha dd,
kieciem,
ha dd-m,
ha d,
ha d, kie
i
(4);
SK, VK:
Sé.l as, gal ,
Salciem,
Sal é-m,
Sd.l us, $d.l as,
§d.l ai,
(3)
i
JK
Sd.l as,
Sal a,
Salciem,
Sal é-m,
Sal us,
Sal ds,
34.l ai,
(4);
SK,VK:
ienas,
°
.
-
4
.
2 o £
*
e
.
-
i
-
end,
ien em,
iend'm,
one, one,
o one
(3)
i
JK
ienas,
iend,
ieniem,
iend-m,
ien s,
iends,
ie nai,
(4).
i
In he cases
discussed,
he middle
gene a ion
usually
c osses he
same as he
olde
gene a ion,
i
only he
c ossing o
he younge
ones di e s.
Bu
he e is
Zodziy,
ku iy
3—only he
younge ,
bu he
ne
middle
gene a ion,
al hough
i
he elde ly,
do no
ki éiuo e
ji
3—iaja,
e.g., SK:
ga dds,
ga }i,
ga ziems,
ga 3'd-m,
gd. 3'us,
ga. 3@s8,
gd4.73@1,
(3),
0
UK, UK:
ga 3i,
ga ziem,
ga 3'é-m,
ga 3'us,
ga 3és,
gd. 3ai
(4);
SK:
saldus,
salzi,
saljiem,
sal3é-m,
sd.lj'us,
sé.4. @s,
4.13
@1
(3),
0
UK, UK:
swee ,
sal3i,
saljiem,
sal3'6-m,
sal3'is,
sal3 as,
sd.l3ay
(4).
Thus, he
consonan is
mo ed o he
j
end e en in
cases whe e
he base o a
s ongly
consonan
syllable is a
diph hong,
a
o
jy
P iegaidés
Snoopy is
Je
disappoin-
ed.
i
I should
be no ed
ha he
dgs is
mo e
equen-
ly used
in he back.
G.
sex han
pns.
In., .y.
occu s
when said
ha d, kie
as, bu
hie
u
(In
Snæ ellsnes.
i
agains .
g.
galiinés
su ampa),
pe: dis,
bu pé-du.
The
i
e e se is
obse ed
when he
dialec
4-osios
ki iuo és
Zod@iai
i
UK,
i
VK
cu eable
3-iaja, i.e.
4—
3,
plg.
SK:
ge kiége-
,
klE-n,
ge klé-m,
ge klas
(4)
i
UK:
ge klé-,
ge klE-n,
ge klé-m,
gé klas
(3)
(in common
language
also
3);
SK:
gle-bi-s,
gle-bin,
gle-bé.m,
gle-blus
(4)
i
UK, UK:
a
This
e e s
only o
he place
o he
ho n
In ZodZi's
pa adigm, i 's
j
no conside ed a
bidding p e ex .
P eposi ions a e
p onounced
qui e
agg essi ely, so
he idea
Only he
wing was
emo ed.
e
Fac s
abou Snec
Siam
sec ion a e
gi en
acco dingly
unde
”
Ta miy
sa eikos
B ame
”
Hi e” obey
he
equi emen -
s, i.e.
he noun ns.
ill.
Dec.
N.
i
G.
gende
i
bud a dziy
and
nume a dz-
iy
espec i ely.
i
agains .
ea
ns.
V., dgs.
N.
i
G.
bei mo .
g.
ns.
N.
sex.
I examples a e gi en
di e en .
sequence,
i means
ha
p agomy
ly¢iy is no
hea d in
li ing
language.
3
102
gle-bi-s,
gle-bin.,
gle-bé.m,
glE-b'us
(3); SK:
ka-klas,
kakla .,
kakld.m,
kaklus (4)
and UK,
UK:
ka-klas,
kaklan.,
kakld.m,
ka-klus
(3). Only in
he
younge
gene a i-
ons he
wo d is
c ossed
in he 3 d
case, and
in he
olde
gene a i-
ons i is
c ossed
in he 4 h
case. In
he UK,
he 3 d
and 4 h
le e s
o he
noun a e
he same
as in he
UK and
Sco land.
And in
he case
o 4-43
dgs is
di e en-
. G.: The
expec ed
in e sec-
ion is
no a
he end,
bu a
he
beginnin-
g. In. jus
keeps
he blade
a he
back.
The
endency
o he 2- h
b eeding
ZodZius o
b eed l-aja,
-y was
also no ed.
2-1. only i is
no so
equen in
3-4. By he
way, his is
ue no
only o
he UK, bu
also o
he UK
language,
c . SK:
gul.be-,
gul.be-m,
gullbés (2)
and UK:
gull.be-,
gul.be-m,
mi es (1);
SK: la ime-,
la i.me-m,
laumeés (2)
and UK, UK:
la i.me-,
lad.mem,
la i.mes (1);
SK: al.ksnis,
al.ksnem,
all.ksn'us (2)
and UK, UK:
al ksnis,
al.ksnem,
al.ksn'us (1);
SKe a:
‘S as, a
S am,
as is (2) i.
VK, JK:
a@-S as,
a: s am,
a: S us (1);
SK:
sausa .nis,
sausai.nem,
sausain'is
(2) and UK,
UK:
sausai.nis,
sausai.nem,
sausa .n'us
(1). Pe haps
only Zodis
a@S as in
dialec s
ha do no
ha e a
ki éio is no
always
p onounced
wi h he
1s accen ,
bu in all
o he
cases i
does. In he
Nemaza
dialec ,
whe e he
swan is
c ossed
wi h he
s ong e -
b, he
biscui may
be a new
dialec
wo d,
usually
de i ed
om
bo owed
wo ds. By
he way,
he second
accen ed
Zodj place
young
people end
o
cons an ly
spell in he
oo . The
UK and UK
1s edi ion
end o
include
some o
he 3 d
edi ion
Wo ds, i.e.
31, c . SK:
kd- as,
ko- d.m,
ké- us (3)
and VK, UK:
ké- as,
ké- am,
ké- us (1);
SK: Zd.ndas,
Zandd.m,
Zd.ndus (3)
and UK, UK:
zé.ndas,
Z4.ndam,
Zd.ndus (1);
SK:
dd.ik as,.
daik d.m,
dd.ik us (3)
and UK, UK:
dd.ik as,
dd.ik am,
dd.ik us (1).
O cou se,
such a
wo d as
he objec
ki i anie
can be
in e p e -
ed as an old
ba i ony (in
some
dialec s i
is s ill
p ese ed),
bu i is no
SK ha
ki izuje
like his,
bu UK and
UK, so
he e is
mo e
g ound o
conside i
a new
exp ession,
pe haps
no ha ing
such a old
Ve b. In he
a ea o
Punsk he
plu al o m
is used
e y o en,
so he
e minolo-
gy o
kinship o
pe sonal
names is
comple ely
jus i ied,
especially
dgs. V. and
K.,
some imes
also N. and
G., al hough
he
singula
gende s
a e cu by
he l-aja
ki éiuo e,
p i.,
j a ious
age
subjec s
a e cu by
uos e .,
uos ' i-,
uos é.m,
uos 'is;
bal adugne-
i.,
bal aduon'i-
i-,
bal aduoné-
.m,
bal aduon'i-
s. I 's
a chaic.
dialec
ki gishing.
A case o
ansi ion
1—4 o a
comple ely
di e en
na u e has
been
obse ed,
when he
old
ba i one is
eplaced by
a younge
gene a ion,
e.g., SK, VK:
nd.uda,
nd.udo-m,
nd.udas (1)
UK: nauda,
naudd-m,
naudas (4).
In he
example o
he
ansi ion
om he
cons an -s-
hi ype,
he j
a iables
(in his case
12) a e also
small, c .
SK:
gimind.icis,
gimind.icem,
gimind.ic'us
(1) i VK, JK:
gimina .cis,
gimina .ce-
m,
giminaicis
(2).
The
example
o he
e e se
phenome-
non, i.e.
when he
a iable
ype o
killing is
changed
o he
cons an
(41), is
also no
many, c .
SK:
p e- as,
p o- an.,
p o- u,
p o- i,
p o- ai.
103
(4)
i
VK, JK:
p e- as,
p e- an,
p e- u, p o
li,
p e- ai/p o:
a .
(1).
No much,
bu he e
is an
example
o
23
ansi io-
n, see pg.
SK:
aké-clos,
aké-co-m,
ake-caés
(2)
i
VK, UK:
aké-clos,
ake-c'é-m,
aké-ces
(3).
(By he way,
he opposi e
di ec ion o
he desi ed,
i.e.
3-42,
no obse ed
a all).
The ac
ha when
In Punsko
dialec
he e is a
endency
a
o
cons an -
ly o mo e
cons an -
ly spell
a ious
ypes o wo ds,
i
ne
only in he
you h, bu in
he adul
i
language, can
al eady be he
basis o one
in e p e a io-
n.
ig
All up o
In he
cases
discussed
below,
unless
3-31,
empo a y
dis ega d
i
su
o he
ela ed
Sosi i o
i
Fo una o
désnij
ope a ion:
i agaligkai
ki éiuojami
The
wo ds o
he imam ki-
I is like a solid
base, al hough
he edge
emains.
i
Thus, he e
is a ma ked
endency
owa d he
pe manen
ype o
en al.
Va gu
a
This
hypo hesis
has been
e u ed by
eco ded
1—3
examples o
ansi ion, e.g.
SK: li-gus,
gi, li: giem,
li
li: g'io-m,
li-g'us,
li-ges,
liga,
(1)
i
UK: gus,
li-gi,
i:
li-giem,
li-g’é-m,
li-g'us,
li-ges, gai
li
- I'm sick.
(3),
because in
he younge
language
he common
language
no m
p e ails.
In a ce ain
sense, he
endency
o he
a iable
is
c ossing
ype o
become
i
mo e
a
cons an is
shown by
i
he
42,
phenomenon plg.
SK:
u-sws,
o
Sd.m, o:
S s
(4)
i
UK, UK:
ei-Sa.m,
o: sus
(2);
SK, VK:
pa-das,
padd.m,
padis
(4)
i
UK:
pa-das,
pa-dam,
padis
(2)
(as in
i
common
language);
SK: kandé-,
kandé-m,
kandés
(4)
i
UK, UK:
ka i.de-,
ka i.de-m,
kandés
(2).
Looking
a he
o he
di ec ion-
s, i can
be clea ly
seen ha
he mos
changing
3-
is he
—
ji
nyks a
(plg.
S undzia,
1984).
IS
all he mos
p ominen
is he
3-4
end,
al hough
he
empo a y
ji
podi iu is
”unjus i iable”:
he i m oo s
a e aken o be
p uned as i ms.
The ac
ha he
ongoing
p ocess is
no o
phone ic
na u e,
shows .y.
31,
ha i is
possible o
swi ch om
one s ongly
i§
oo ed
pa adigm o
ano he , also
s ongly
j
oo ed
pa adigm (in he
case o
bilingualism).
A empo a y
pa adox o
his o y is a
ansi ion
i
con i ming
21,
he e ec o
a endency o
a cons an
j
ype o
change.
(plg.
Mikuléniené,
1993).
P iegaidziy
pod i iu a e
na u ally
explainable
endencies.
4-42
i
2>4
Al hough i
443
does no
dec ease,
he change
Jy
in
consump i-
on
pa e ns
seems o
imply a
u he change
—
433-1.
Appa en ly, i
is possible o
pu o wa d
he
hypo hesis ha he p esen
The Punsk
egion’s
clima e
mo
sys em is
pola izing: in
di e en
ways, bu s ill
in pa
Zodziy
ends o
ki ciy
cons an-
ly, i.e.
mo ing
1-osios
ki éiuo és
link.
The o he
pa o he
wo d ends
o ki eyi
wi h a
a iable
ype o
ki eyi,
usually he
ou h. The
mos
impo an
hing o
no e when
discussing
new en al
ends is
ha hey
a e mo ing in
a di ec ion
ha is
comple ely
unchanged
Sosi i o-Fo una o o
désnio.
The
endency
o colon
ki éia ion is e iden .
LITERACY
Aleksai é
B.
Punsko
i
The walls a e
b oken.
Dipl.
wo k
( ank .)
VVU,
1985.
Aleksai é
I.
Consonan
consonan s.
Dipl.
wo k
( ank .)
VVU,
1985.
Book
T.
Li huanian
dialec s in
coun ies
w
Sejny
i
Suwalki
//
Onomas -
ica.
T:
7.
1961.
P.221-229:
}
104
Gajda
J.
Cul u e as a
ac o
in eg a ing
e hnic
g oup
Li huanian
gminas
w
Punic
//
Cul u e
o he
Punic coun yside.
Wa saw, Poland
1987.
P.
86—98.
Volume
K.,G umadiene
L.
Pe i e inés
lie u iy
kalbos
a més:
his o y
i
p esen
//
"87". The
Young Ki o
Almanac.
V.,
1988.
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