65s aipsniai / a icles
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: dialek ologija, onologija, ekspe i-
I 's called men al phone ics.
P ienų Šnek os iZoLiuo ieji
and he balance o he ollowing:
akus iniai i a ikuLiaciniai
In he ollowing a icle, he mos impo an acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o he isola ed
acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o owels
o he subdialec o P ienai p onounced bo h
in isola ion and in sen ences
ano acija
and linked P ussian syllables a e desc ibed. The esul s o he s udy show ha he acous ic and
a icula o y p ope ies o he isola ed and isola ed gum sounds o spoken language in he na u al
s au e iš a i P enų šnek os balsiai ski iasi, ačiau san ykiai a p balsių išlieka okie pa ys. dau-
en i onmen a e s onge han hose o he co esponding spoken sounds in sen ences.
P enų šnek os izoliuo ųjų i danielo joneso ka dinalinių balsių spek inių cha ak e is i-
Some compa isons sugges ha some P ussian shnek oices di e li le in hei acous ic
and a icula o y p ope ies om he co esponding p ima y ca dinal sounds. Compa ing he
quali a i e cha ac e is ics o he sou he n high-al i ude hills, he wes e n high-al i ude hills,
he no he n high-al i ude hills, he eas e n high-al i ude hills, he sou he n low-al i ude hills,
he sou he n low-al i ude hills, he no he n low-al i ude hills, and he eas e n high-al i ude
hills, i has been obse ed ha he hills o he no he n highlands a e he leas isola ed om
he co esponding sounds o he i s dune.
The a icle analyses he main acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o owels o he subdialec
o P ienai p onounced bo h in isola ion and sen ences. isola ed owels di e om hose o he
ollowing wo ds: oice, sound, o man , spec um, acous ic and a icula o y p ope ies.
keywo ds: owel, sound, o man , spec um, acous ic and a icula o y ea u es.
66 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV ions emain unchanged. he acous ic and a icula o y
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ea u es o he majo i y o sounds p onounced in isola ion a e mo e p ominen in
a icula ed in a na u al low o speech in he subdialec o P ienai, ye he owel in e ela-
compa ison wi h he espec i e sounds p onounced in sen ences.
he pe o med compa ison be ween spec al cha ac e is ics o isola ed owels o he sub-
The dialec o P iene and hose o ca dinal owels, by Daniel Jones, pe mi s he s a emen ha
some o he isola ed owels o he subdialec o P iene should be con as ed wi h he p ima y
owels. Ha ing compa ed he quali a i e ea u es o isola ed sounds om he sou he n Caucasian
dialec , he Caucasian dialec o he wes e n Caucasian dialec , he Caucasian dialec o he
no he n Caucasian dialec , he Caucasian dialec o he eas e n Caucasian dialec , he Caucasian
dialec o he sou he n Caucasian dialec , he Caucasian dialec o he no he n Caucasian dialec ,
and he Caucasian dialec , i was no iced ha isola ed owels in he Caucasian dialec a e leas
de ia ed om hei coun e pa s.
0 . Inco po a ed
0 .1 . The aim o his s udy is o use he compu e sound analysis p og am P aa de eloped by esea che s
a he Uni e si y o Ams e dam, P. Boe smos and D. Weenink, o compa e he da a ob ained wi h he
uni e sally ecognized sound quali y s anda ds p onounced in he same way: […]elo jones ca dinal 892,
i ap ašy i izoliuo ųjų1 P enų šnek os balsių akus inius i a ikuliacinius požymius,
P onuncia ion: 897, p onuncia ion: 6467[…]; 2002b: 69[…]71>, sou he n accen ed cuchillas (Leskaus 109 […] 2000: 93;
2004: […] 8596), eas e n accen ed ilniški s ki […] (u ičienė 2004: 6580; Danish: […] 96), lowe accen ed el el el:
kalbos bei ki ų šnek ų – aka ų aukš aičių kauniškių Lukši (bace ičiū ė 2000:
13–17; 2004: 158–174), aka ų aukš aičių šiauliškių Pãšuš io (kazlauskai ė 2002a:
1 […] (112), and o he sounds, including in ona ion and a icula ion, o be e cha ac e ize hem. 2 The
meaning o Daniel Jones' ca dinal ballads is aken om he Polish phone ician Vic o Jassem's book on
acous ic phone ics (1973: 190, 13.1 .). As you know, he meanings o he o ma ions a e calcula ed acco ding
o an olde me hodology.
A e se en yea s o ecalcula ing he ca dinali y o he ca dinali y alues in he p og am P a 4.1.14, i
was no iced ha he o ming alues calcula ed by di e en me hods do no ma ch, and al hough he
ca dinali y a ios emain he same, he mos eliable da a should be conside ed (see b oade
Ja oslawienė, Kaukėnienė 2004: 25[…]38).
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
67-page a icles on he sou he n lowland aces o he ež ilko (a kočai y ė
2002: 169173)3 […] isola ed and ph ases in he o es coun ed acco ding o he
da a.
0.2. he ma e ial o be s udied and he me hodology o wo k o he s udy o isola ed and linked speech
sounds o choose he wo ds used in he s udy speech: […]s[…]. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. - My
a he , my a he . - Tha 's i . ~ ha , ha . - Tha 's igh , you. I'm no going o be able o do i . ~ would be […]
would be […], k[…].p[…]. - Wha 's he ma e wi h you? - Wha 's he ma e wi h you? ♪ I'm he one you' e
looking o ♪ ♪ I'm he one you' e looking o ♪ ♪ I'm he one you' e looking o ♪ To s udy he owel sounds
wi h hese wo ds, he owels we e made up o h ee o ou wo ds, which we e w i en in semi- e bal
le e s in andom o de on shee s, e.g. The child en did he same hing wi h he dog, hey did he same hing
wi h he ish, hey did he same hing wi h he child en, and so on, and hey isola ed he esea ch ma e ial,
and hey expe imen ed wi h he sounds o he language, a a no mal speaking a e, h ee o i e imes, and
hey pu i di ec ly in o he compu e . The so-called "Balsillie dic iona ies" con inued o be used un il abou
he 1s cen u y AD, and he wo ds we e ans e ed o he compu e 's memo y. he analysis o selec
he mos ecen ials. The con en is sa ed in a *.wa ile. The compu e p og am P a 5.0.34 was used o
scan he es elemen s, selec ing he op ions Fo man & LPC, la e […] To il e ou he spec a o he
audio sounds be o e he measu emen , i.e. o emo e equencies highe han 3500 hz4. In he spec al
analysis, he i s cu segmen s o he s udy we e iden i ied and pain ed wi h na u al a ying deg ees o
Fo man , T ack i Down o TableO Real, nus a y os s aciona iõsios segmen o dalies
idu io o mančių éikšmės (jos suap alin os 10 hz ikslumu). užpakalinių aukš-
g ayishness o he sound o wo d Visible Spec um and, i necessa y, do ed wi h he ajec o ies o he
o ma ions, he highes also choosing he 3500 Hz colo . O en, na u al spec og ams and o ming
dynamics d awings we e combined in o one image, p ecisely aligning hem in e ms o equency and
ech ipo spek og ama, aukščiausiu pasi enkan 3500 hz dažnį. ada au oma iškai
du a ion. In he wo k on he quali a i e segmen s o he 3 lis ed sounds, he meanings o he isola ed
sounds o ming he sounds we e also assessed. The spec a o he isola ed sounds we e s udied using he
compu e sound analysis p og am P aa . I is impo an o no e ha in he a o emen ioned schola ly
s udies, wi h he excep ion o he desc ip ion o he eas e n highland illages o he S o kas, he meaning
o he o ma i e is conside ed o be he a e age o he isola ed meanings o all segmen s o he
o ma i e. as in he desc ip ion o s kų šnek os, he a e age […] pu es […] isola ed sound pa is
measu ed in his wo k (plg. u bana ičienė 2005: 76[…]77 and en min. li .). The s a iona y pa o he segmen
is ob ained om an a i icially elonga ed sound o app oxima ely 1 s by cu ing ou a 500 ms long segmen .
In he pas , we' e used he same audio analysis so wa e o emo e high equencies by selec ing he
op ions Spec um, To Spec um, and Edi , hen Publish Band, Fil e ed Sound, and again Edi .
68 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV (į )) o be calcula ed by he Alexa bel p og am
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Fo m a n 2. The a e ages o he mean mean alues o he aimonman s c ea ed a e
pa ame ai (kompak iškumas (C), bemoliškumas (b), onalumas (T) i į empimas
gi en in he ables in his a icle, as well as he g aphical design p og am eXceL2007.
do Pio o skio (Pio o skij 1960) o mules. Visų in o man ų o pa ies ga so o -
1 . The esul s o he ins umen al s udy o he isola ed and linked owels o he P iens
syllables a e discussed and analyzed below. 1 .1 . Examples o acous ic and a icula o y
cha ac e is ics o insula ed sound wa es a e gi en in Figu e 1-13. Based on he esul s
ob ained (see Figu e 1) and aking in o accoun he spec og ams, he P ens chan s can
be di ided in o bo h acous ic and a icula ed g ounds. Fi s , he acous ic signs o he
isola ed oices a e e iewed. Acco ding o he pi ch, which depends on he esona o o
he mou h, he isola es p onounced [i·], [i], [·], [e·], [e.], [e] a e conside ed high-pi ched
sounds: hei second o m is highe han 1500 hz, and he onali y index is much highe
han he low-pi ched isola es [a·], [a.], [a], [o·], [u], [u], […] on hese sounds he second o m
does no each 1500 hz
(plg. 1–13 pa .). Visų žemo emb o ga sų, išsky us umpąjį [a], onalumo laipsnis
1 PaV. izoliuo ai iš a o balsio [i·] spek o-
g ama
2 PaV. izoliuo ai iš a o balsio [u·] spek-
og ama
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
69 a icles by
3 PaV. O he isola ed om he spec a-4
g ama
PaV o he p onounced balsio [·] isola ed p onounced balsio [o·] spec-
og ama
5 o he VAT. isola ed p onounced balsio
g ama
[e·] spec um-6 PaV. isola ed p onounced balsio [a·] spec-
og ama
7 o he VAT. isola ed p onounced balsio [e] spek-8 PaV. he isola ion o he p onounced
og ama
balsio [a.] is specula i e. The isola ed owels [e·], [e.] and [e] occupy an in e media e
og ama
posi ion in he acous ic space compa ed o he high and low ones: hei seconda y
o man s a e 1770 hz, 1710 hz and 1820 hz espec i ely, and he onali y indices a e
much lowe han [i·], [i], [],

70
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
9 PaV. izoliuo ai iš a o balsio [i] spek o-
g ama
10 PaV. izoliuo ai iš a o balsio [u] spek-
og ama
11 o he VAT. isola ed p onounced
og ama
balsio [e] spek-12 PaV. isola ed spo ed balsio [a] spec-
og ama
13 o he VAT. isola ed p onounced balsio [ɔ] spek-14 PaV. The p onuncia ion o
og ama
[ɔ] specbe is much la ge han [a·], [a.], [a], [o·], [ɔ], [u·], [u]. [ hese] ype o
og ama
allophones in e media e
ga sais dažnai laikomi i ki ose a mėse (plg. bace ičiū ė 2004: 166; kazlauskai ė
2002b: 56; aip pa plg. gi denis 2001: 341; u bana ičienė 2005: 78 i k .).
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
71 a icles by a icle
This is Len e. Fo ma ions and e alua ions o isola ed ballo s o he P enų šnek os5
V 1 (hz) 2 (hz) 3 (hz) C b Tį .
[i]280 2460 3210 712 107 828 1890 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[i] 390 2020 2720 772 107 585 850 The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
[·] 360 2390 2780 750 107 756 1310
[e] 640 1770 2540 850 106 285 450 This is he case in he Uni ed Kingdom.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[e] 560 1820 2650 829 106 349 530 This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha a woman has been awa ded he Nobel P ize o Li e a u e.
[a] 780 1270 2530 915 106 -88 540 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[a] 790 1300 2590 914 106 -83 580 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[a] 710 1330 2430 895 107 11 450 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
[O] 410 730 2210 890 113 - 231 1150 This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
[ɔ] 480 910 2300 885 111 -125 810
[u] 330 660 2090 868 115 -200 1420 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[u] 400 870 2320 862 112 -89 910 The highes pi ch in he sample is isola ed [i] ( 2 = 2460 hz, T = 828), he
lowes […] long [u] ( 2 = 660 hz, T = -200) and [o] ( 2 = 730 hz, T = -231). I mus be said ha he lowes
pi ch o he balsio is he highes pi ch o he ky ini isola e [o·], [ɔ] and [u], espec i ely: b = 113, 111,
112. I should be no ed ha he isola ed high-pi ched oices o he P inenes a e said o be highe ,
indeksas (115), adinasi, jį a ian lūpos u ė ų bū i ak y iausios. Pagal akus inę
klasi ikaciją, šis balsis p iklauso bemolinių balsių klasei. bemoliniais aip pa lai-
and he low-pi ched ones a e said o be lowe in pi ch han, o example, he no he n Kaunas
Shaki's acous ic p ope ies acco ding o he sp ead o he spec um associa ed wi h he e ical
shi o he ongue upwa ds o downwa ds (pl. gi denis 2003: 193 […] 195; Pake ys, 2003: 23): he lowe
šnek oje (plg. bace ičiū ė 2004: 160).
he ongue is said o be isola ed, he highe i s i s o m. As can be seen, in he e y low equency
ange, he i s [i] and [u] o man s (a . 1 = 280 hz, 330 hz), he o he isola es [i], [], [o·], [ɔ] and [u] 1
sounds ange om 360 o 480 hz. In e es ingly, he i s long o m o [·] is lowe han he sho
o m o [u] and especially [i] (app oxima ely 1 = 360 hz, 400 hz, 390 hz). The low-pi ched [a·], [a.] and [a]
i s o ms he highes (app oxima ely 1 = 780 hz, 790 hz and 710 hz), meaning ha when hese
sounds a e p onounced, he ongue descends lowes (see Fig. 113). 5 The meanings o he symbols
men ioned in his and o he ables a e: 1, 2, 3 […] 10 hz ounded o he i s h ee no es o he
middle pa o he scale, C […] compac ness index, b […] so ness index, T […] onali y index, ension.
he s ess index.
72 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV aking in o accoun he si ua ion o bo h
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
o ma ions, isola ed balls can be di ided acco ding o he deg ee o di usion, o
compac ness. As shown in Table 1, hey a e complex om each o he and om he
cen al pa o he spec um in gene al (see Figu es 6, 8, 12). A he e y ends o
iškiausias y a žemo emb o p igim inio ilgumo [a·], aip pa [a.] i [a] (a . C = 915,
914 i 895)7: jų abi pi mosios ( 1 i 2) o man ės akus inėje e d ėje mažai nu o-
he spec um, [i·] and [u·] a e bo h he i s 1 and 2 […], which a e non-compac , o
he mos di use oices.
Acco ding o he ension index, i is no di icul o de e mine ha long owels a e
p onounced much mo e igh ly han co esponding sho owels, e.g. [i] ense. =
1890, he ol age. = 850; [u·] he ol age. = 1420, he ol age. = 910; [o·] he ol age. =
1150, he ol age. = 810. The ension di e s he leas be ween he P ussian owels
[e·] [e.] [e] and [a·] [a.] [a], plg.: [e·] ense. = 450, [e] is he ol age. = 490; [e] he ol age. =
530; [a] he ol age. = 540, [a] he ol age. = 580, [a] he ol age. = 450), and e en, as can
be seen, he s ess index o he sho [e] is highe han ha o [e.] and [e·]. The
ollowing is an a icula ed in e p e a ion o he isola ed syllables. high-pi ched
sounds [i·], [i], [·], [e·], [e.], [e] a e conside ed p eposi ions, and when p onounced, he
ongue is il ed in o he p eposi ional pa o he mou h. [a·], [a.], [a], [o·], [ɔ], [u·], [u]
ačiau ne i os pačios eilės balsius a ian , liežu io poslinkis ski iasi: iš isų bal-
sių [i·] y a pa s p iešakinis, o [u·] i [o·] – pa ys užpakaliniai.
[…] hey a e said o wi hd aw he ongue in o he pos e io pa o he mou h.
Acco ding o he ele a ion isola ion o he sounds o he syllables, i is di ided in o
he ele a ion o he high-pi ched ([i·], [i], [u·], [u]) and he low-pi ched ([a·], [a.], [a], [e·],
[e.], [e]) sounds. High-pi ched sounds a e accompanied by isola ed [·]; oices [o·] and
[ɔ] a e conside ed o be mo e in e media e […] medium-pi ched oices, al hough [o·] 1 di e s om [u] and [i] only by 1020 hz. Acco ding o he openness o he mou h, he longes [i] in a closed speech, he mos open [a] and [a].
The a icula o y p ope ies and ela ionships o he po en ials o he isola ed
sounds a e di ec ly ep esen ed by he acous ic space scheme (see Fig. 15), whose
abscissae axis is delayed by he di e ences be ween he second and i s
o man s ( 1[…] 2), and he o dinal axis by he meaning o he i s o man s ( 1)
(see Lade oged 1975: k .; cla k, yallop 1999: 173; Lade oged, Madison 2002: 284[…]286; 2008:
18; 31). he scheme shows ha he dis ances be ween he isola ed on owels a e
much g ea e han be ween he back owels: he le iangle edge depic ing he
ela ionship be ween he owels o he on ow om [i] o [e] is no iceably longe
han he igh , connec ing he owels o he back ow om [a], [a] o [u] (plg. an :
114; Mu inien: 1998 and 103 k .). La ge dis ances be ween he on ow o owels
indica e ha hei ho izon al ongue slan owa d he ee h ends o be b igh e
han he back ow. The compac ness index (CVI) is a measu e o u ban densi y (UVC) based on he u ban densi y index (UVC).
7 See also Package 2003: 26 yea s old
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
73 a icles by a icle
[i] […] he mos p ominen a icula ion sound, in which he ongue is mos inclined
o he on pa o he mou h.
izoliuo ieji [o·] i [u·], [ɔ] i [u] be eik nesiski ia užpakalumo laipsniu: [o·] i [ɔ]
only sligh ly pos e io o [u] and [u] espec i ely. The longes sounds in he back ow
a e [o·] and [u·]. In some o he syllables, whose isola ed owels ha e been analyzed by
simila p inciples, he ex eme posi ion is also occupied by [o·] (Pãšuš io syllable) and [u·]
(Lukši and kučinų syllables) (see Leskauskai ė 2004: 93; kazlauskai ė 2002b: 62; bu plg.
c o he s 1978: 97; u bana ičienė 2005: 83). Low-pi ched [a·], [a.], compa ed o a icula ed
[o·], [ɔ], [u·] and [u], he consonan is he smalles sligh ly da ke o he na u al leng h o
[a·].
A compa ison o he spec a o isola ed owels and he spec a o Daniel Jones'
ca dinal owels is made by compa ing he spec a o isola ed owels wi h he spec a
o he English phone ician Jones' ca dinal owels, which consis o he i s ou
owels (1[i], 2[e], 3[a], 4[a], 5[a], 6[a], 7[o], 8[u], 9[a], 9[y], 10[a], 11[a], 12[a], 13[a], 14[a], 15[a],
16[a], 16[a], 17[a], 15[b]. Soundp oo ing soundp oo ing soundp oo ing soundp oo ing
soundp oo ing soundp oo ing
80
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
3 The Len e. Fo ma ion and e alua ion o he p onuncia ion o he owels o he consonan syllables
V 1 (hz) 2 (hz) 3 (hz) C b Tį .
[i] 330 2320 2970 739 107 740 1460 This is no he case.
[i] 360 1980 2660 764 108 612 780 This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[·] 380 2280 2870 759 106 679 1270
[e] 570 1830 2670 830 106 343 570 This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
[ his is] 1750 630 2690 848 106 257 570
[e] 1860 510 2640 815 106 410 510 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[A] 610 1620 2660 851 106 209 390 This is he case in he Uni ed Kingdom.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[] 570 1730 2700 835 106 289 500
[a] 770 1310 2580 909 106 o 64 540
[a] 780 1340 2530 908 106 -41 470 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[a] 700 1370 2600 889 106 13 430 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
[O] 440 790 2260 890 112 -202 1010 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[ɔ] 500 1040 2190 874 110 -5 770
[u] 350 720 2170 866 114 -166 1260 This is he case in he ollowing cases:
[u] 450 920 2240 873 112 -76 890 he amoun is he same. Compa ed o he isola ed [u], [u·],
išliosios kalbos, kaip i izoliu ieji, balsiai ski iasi bemoliškumu: bemoliniais
laiky ini [u] i [u·] bei [ɔ] i [o·] (plg. a . b = 112 i 114 bei 110 i 112), ačiau
a i inkamų izoliuo ųjų balsių, išsky us [u], ma y , dėl ak y esnės lūpų eiklos be-
moliškumo indeksai didesni (plg. [u·], [ɔ], [o·] b = 115, 111, 113), adinasi, jie
labializuojami s ip iau. izoliuo ai i na ū aliame kalbėjimo s au e iš a ų [u] bemo-
[ɔ], [o·], he na u al low o speech s a s om he co esponding lowe and ense
deg ee o he owels, sligh ly educed o 890; [o·] and [ ]ɔ. The highes ension o he
šiuo a ž ilgiu ilgųjų i umpųjų į empimo san ykis, plg.: [u·] i [u] į . = 1260 i
isola ed and he mos ense o he isola ed and he linked language sounds is he long
aukš a oniai [i], [·], i ypač [i·] (balsių į empimo indeksus ž . 1 i 3 len elėse). Pa s
[i·] (plg. isol. and he s ess cha ac e is ic o owels and consonan s is no so
išliosios k. [i·] į . = 1890 i 1460). ki iems, . y. [a], [e] ipo, ilgiesiems, umpie-
impo an , bu o he quali a i e pa ame e s di e […] his se iously aises doub s as
o whe he he du a ion o owels can eally be conside ed a dis inc i e phonemic
cha ac e is ic. This iew is also sha ed by o he esea che s in he ield (see
Mu inienė 2007: 127 e seq.). In summa y, i should be no ed ha he b igh es a e
mainly isola ed om he spoken oices.
akus iniai požymiai. išim į suda o ik [e·], [e.], [e] – izoliuo ai a ian šių balsių

P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
81s aipsniai / a icles
labiau pab ėžiama a i esns a ikuliacijos ie a; su uo, ma y , i susijusi že-
he second o m o he so-called co esponding owels in he na u al language s eam
man ės eikšmė. bū en dėl šios p iežas ies a sisaky a i i izoliuo ai a iamus
[æ·], [æ.], [] This is no he case.
2.2. išliosios kalbos balsių
a icula ed in e p e a ion
oliau pa eikiama išliosios kalbos balsių a ikuliacinė in e p e acija. išliosios
kalbos ga sai izoliuo ųjų balsių a ž ilgiu akus inėje e d ėje aizduojami 21 pa-
eiksle.
Palyginus izoliuo uosius i išliosios kalbos balsius (plg. 21 pa .), ma y i, kad
Acco ding o he ho izon al ongue slide, he same back ow oices a e
dis inguished in na u al speech condi ions […] he so-called low- ambo sounds [a·],
[ɔ], [u·], [u], ku iuos a ian liežu is būna a si aukęs į užpakalinę bu nos dalį.
[a.], [a], [o·], 21 PaV. The oices o he isola ed p onouns ([…]) and he oices o he associa ed language ([…])
82 ac a Linguis ica
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Li huanica LXIVLXV
As men ioned, he pi ch o all o hem is e y low and, excep o [a], is exp essed
in nega i e numbe s. The ongue is il ed o he p e- ocal pa o he mou h when
p onouncing he so-called high-pi ched sounds [i·], [i], [·], [e·], [e.], [e], [æ·], [æ.], [], so
hey a e conside ed p e- ocal […] all o hem a e p onounced wi h posi i e
numbe s, he same p e- ocal is also conside ed [i·]. I should be no ed ha he
sounds o he a icula ion o he binding language [i·], [i] and [·] […] a e mo e dis an ,
and he sounds o [e·], [e.], [e] […] a e mo e isola ed han he co esponding
p eposi ions. Acco ding o he sequence, he [æ·], [æ.], [] […] o he pos e io
a icula ion sounds a e negu [e·], [e.], [e] and he opposi e negu [a·], [a.], [a].
Acco ding o he e ical ongue shi om he pos e io high ends, i is
conside ed o be [u·], [u], om he on al […] [i·], [i]. This ising owel should also be
assigned o [], bu i is no as na ow and closed as he long [i], so i is o mally
conside ed a medium ising owel. In e media e also includes [o·], [ɔ]. o he owels
kilimą i eilę ne okie yškūs kaip a i inkami izoliuo ieji ga sai.
Įdomu pas ebė i, kad daugiau a mažiau ski iasi ne ik izoliuo ųjų, be i saki-
[…] [e·], [e.], [e], [æ·], [æ.], [], [a·], [a.], [a] […] acco ding o he ele a ion o he ongue
a e conside ed lowe , only, o example, [a·], [a.], [a] a icula ed acco ding o he
o igin o he nos il ele a ion o he lowe lips and he quali y o he oices ha
imų ga sų po eikį, nes na ū aliai iš a as jis kiek umpesnis negu ilgasis [a·] (pla-
ha e been p olonged by he c oss. Fo example, he sound [a·] o he ela ed
language is somewha mo e a icula e and da ke han [a.]. I may be ha his
posi ion-leng h oice is expe iencing a g ea e speed (see Ja oslawiewicz 2006: 245
[…] 264; 2010: 173 […] 188). he same applies o he p e-eyelids o he lowe ascending
balsius: he lowe emb o negu [æ] is he lowe na u al long owel; In he case o [e] and [e], he lowe pi ch sound is conside ed o be he posi ion leng h [e] (see he co esponding esul s o Lukši šnek os (ž . bace ičiū ė 2004: 176)10).
3 . Taking in o accoun he acous ic and a icula o y p ope ies o he oices o
he isola ed and linked dialec s o he P ienų šnek os, as well as he di e ences
and simila i ies be ween he ca dinal and he in es iga ed Šnek os ocal sys ems
(see Fig. 16, Fig. 21 and Fig. 1[…]3), and compa ing he da a o he ele an s udies o
he P ienų šnek os and o he Li huanian Šnek os, a numbe o gene al conclusions
can be d awn:
• acous ic, and a icula o y p ope ies o some isola ed P ussian owels ([o·],
[u·]) ela ed o p ima y (7[oː], 8[uː]), o he s ([i·], [i], [·], [a·], [a.], also see lis 2000:
[a], [ɔ], [u]) – i su pi miniais, i su an iniais a ba ik su an iniais joneso ka -
10
349; 2003: 194; 2005: 4555.
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
83-page a icles in daily newspape s. Wi h espec o p ima y ca dinal sounds,
mos sounds (especially isola ed sounds [e·], [e.], [e]) a e inclined owa d he
middle o he acous ic space.
• ex eme a icula ion acco ding o he ow and he ise is he mos cha ac e is ic
o he P ens back ow o he middle ise o he owel [o·] i s spec al p ope ies
almos comple ely coincide wi h he i s owel 7[oː]. only sligh ly less inclined o
ex eme a icula ion is he pos e io uppe -pi ched owel [u·] […] o i ne e heless
s onge is i s p ima y ca dinal coun e pa 8[uː]. • Compa ing he quali a i e
ea u es o he sou he n high- ise co ages, he wes e n high- ise slum slums, he
no he n slum slums, he eas e n slum slums, he sou he n slum slums, he sou he n
slum slums, and he eas e n slum slums, a no iceable endency has been obse ed o
isola e he slums and o p onounce hem in a na u al way [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en]
linkis eng i k aš u inių ka dinalinių balsių a ikuliacijų. Vis dėl o P enų šnek os
izoliuo ieji balsiai mažiausiai nu olę nuo a i inkamų pi minių joneso ga sų.
[en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en]
[en] [en] [en] [en] [en] [en] Acco ding o he meaning o he i s o man , [i·], [i], [u·], [u]
s and ou as oices o ascending pi ch, o which [·] also belongs; he middle-ele a ed
es i oices [o·], [ɔ], he lowe -ele a ed [e.], [e·], [e], [æ·], [æ.], [], [a·], [a.], [a]. • he acous ic
and a icula o y p ope ies o mos isola ed spoken oices a e s onge han he
co esponding spoken sounds in sen ences. A gene al end has been obse ed in he
binding language o open he uppe owels and close he lowe owels a he han
he co esponding isola ed owels. In addi ion, he owels be o e he consonan
(excluding [e·], [e.], [e]) a e sligh ly lowe , and he owels be o e he consonan
(excluding […]) co espond o he isola ed owels. only he owels o he ela ed
language [e·], [e.], [e] […] wi h he p e ious a icula ion and he ligh e one
co espond o he isola ed p onuncia ion. In he examined speech, as in o he
Wes e n high-pi ched Kaunichian speeches, he sounds o [æ·], [æ.], [] […] he mo e
sub le a icula ion o negu [e·], [e.], [e] and he mo e sub le negu [a·], [a.], [a].
The book was published in 2002 unde he i le: Sou h-Eas e n P ose and
Vocalism. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house.
bace ičiū ė i ma 2000: Lukšių šnek os izoliuo ų balsių y imas. – Kalbo y a 48–49(1),
5–18 .
"Bacciu e Rima" (2004): The p ose and ocalism o he Shakian hymn. Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house.
84 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV cla k john, colin yallop 1999: An in oduc ion
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
o phone ics and phonology. I 's called Blackwell.
C. H. S. John, Typology and Uni e sals o Vowel Sys ems Uni e sals o Human Language 2,
edi ed by J. H. G eenbe g. S an o d (Cali .): S an o d Uni e si y P ess, published in 1964
95–152.
by F. Gunna . The acous ic heo y o speech o ma ion. Moscow: he science. The wo k
o Kalbo y os 1. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
Alex's 2001: The wo ks o Kalbo y os 3. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and
Encyclopedia Publishing
Theo e ical ounda ions o Li huanian phonology. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science
and Encyclopedia Publishing
The du a ion and spec a o he audi ion speeches. […] The Bal ic
s ica 40(1), 45–55.
gi de nis aleksas 2008: yd icho ku šaičio p iegaidės: (akus inė ekons ukcija). –
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ja osla ienė ju g i a 2006: P ienų šnek os žemu inių balsių kiekybė i ki i ski iamie-
She's go cha ac e . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In 2010, he was awa ded a
doc o a e in phonology o he Eas e n Kaunas dialec s (doc o al disse a ion). Vilnius: The
Uni e si y o Vilnius. J.A.R.E.M.E.R.E.N.D.E.
(J.A.R.E.M.E.R.E.N.D.E.R.E.N.D.E.R.E.N.D.E.R.E.N.D.E.R.E.N.D.E.R.E.N.) is a 2004 ilm by Daniel Jones
called The Spec al Cha ac e is ics o he Ca dinal Voices. I was eleased in he Uni ed
S a es. […] Language 53(1), 25[…]38. Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]? In he 1970's, I was wo king on a p ojec called "Pods awy one yki akus ycznej" (Acous ic phone ics). Wa szawa: Published by Pańs owowe.
The i s edi ion o he book was published in 2002 and is en i led "The Phonological
Sys em o he Pausch Schnek os: Vocalism and P ose" (Humani . m. d . disse .). Vilnius:
The Uni e si y o Vilnius. In his a icle, we a e going o alk abou he s udy o he
spec a o isola ed oices. […] Language 51(1), 61[…]78. Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]?
Lade oged Pe e 1975: A Cou se in Phone ics. He was a pionee in he ield o phone ics.
new you k e c. by ha cou and jo ano ich. Lade oged Pe e , Ian Maddieson 2002: The Sounds o he Wo lds Languages.
This is Malden, Blackwell Publishe s.
In he ea ly 2000's, I had he pleasu e o eading a book called "The Spec al
Cha ac e is ics o Isola ed Balsams." […] Language 48 […] 49(1), 83 […] 94. This is no he case.
P ienų šnek os izoliuo ieji i išliosios kalbos balsiai:
akus iniai i a ikuliaciniai požymiai
85s aipsniai / a icles
Leskauskai ė as a 2004: Pie ų aukš aičių okalizmo i p ozodijos b uožai. Vilnius: Lie-
u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla.
In 1998, Mu enė Lina conduc ed a spec oscopic analysis o he isola ed balls o he
s one slabs. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mu inienė Lina 2007: Ry inių šiau ės žemaičių onologija: okalizmas i p ozodija. Vil-
Nius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y. Pio o sky
Pake ys an anas 2003: Lie u ių bend inės kalbos one ika. Vilnius: enciklopedija.
1960 […] Pio o sky Raymond G. Once again abou di e en ial u ban a ia ion
знаках фонемы. – Вопросы языкознания 6, 24–38.
he e is no jolly 2004: he analysis o he sound o he soundp oo ed noises o
he soundp oo ed noises o he soundp oo ed noises o he soundp oo ed noises o he soundp oo ed noises. […] Language 53(1), 65[…]80. Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]?
The phonology o he S i kų šnek os (Ry ų aukš aičių ilniškių) phonological sys em:
ocalism and p ose (humani a ian m. d . disse a ion) was published in 2005. Vilnius: The
Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea , Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o owels
o he subdialec o P ienai p onounced bo h
in isola ion and in sen ences
suMMa y he a icle analyses he main acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o owels p onounced
bo h in isola ion and sen ences o he eas e n Kaunas P ienai subdialec . The esea ch ma e ials
we e eco ded in closed p emises using a compu e di ec ly (using di ec ional mic ophone). E e y
sen ence o wo d was eco ded h ee o i e imes a he na u al pace o speaking. Speake s
would p onounce isola ed owels o app oxima ely one second. sen ences and wo ds we e
u he ans e ed o compu e memo y and sa ed using he .wa ile o ma . The
segmen a ion o he analyzed elemen s was pe o med using he sound p ocessing and analysis
so wa e P aa (5.0.34 e sion) o he p og am de eloped by uni e si y o ams e dam
esea che s, P. boe sma and d. weenink. In addi ion o he sound analysis so wa e P aa , o he
p og ams we e applied o e alua ion o he expe imen al da a. The esul s show ha isola ed
owels di e om hose a icula ed in a na u al low o speech in he subdialec o P ienai, ye
he owel in e ela ions emain unchanged: [i·], [i], [·], [e·], [e.], [e], [æ·], [æ.] and [] should be ega ded
as on , and [a·], [a.], [a], [o·], [ɔ], [u], [u] and [u] as back ocalic sounds high- ise owels a e [i·], [i], [u·],
[u]; he sound [·] is adjoined o hem; The middle- ise owels a e [o·] and [ɔ], and he owels [e.], [e·],
[e], [æ·], [æ.], [], [a·], [a.] and
[a] should be ea ed as being low.

86
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
he acous ic and a icula o y ea u es o he majo i y o sounds p onounced in isola ion a e
mo e p ominen in compa ison wi h he espec i e sounds p onounced in sen ences. a gene al
I has been obse ed ha high owels a e p onounced mo e openly in connec ed speech, and [e], [e],
low owels a e espec i ely close han espec i e isola ed owels. besides, on owels (excep
and [e] a e sligh ly mo e backwa d, and low owels a e mo e backwa d in connec ed speech as
compa ed wi h hei isola ed coun e pa s. only he owels [e·], [e.] and [e] ha e a mo e on
a icula ion and a sligh ly ligh e pi ch han he espec i e owels p onounced in isola ion.
he pe o med compa ison be ween spec al cha ac e is ics o isola ed owels o he sub-
dialec o P ienai and hose o ca dinal owels by daniel jones allows s a ing ha some iso-
la ed owels o he subdialec o P ienai ([o·], [u·]) should be con as ed wi h he p ima y
owels (7[oː], 8[uː]), while o he s ([i·], [i], [·], [a·], [a.], [a], [ɔ], [u]) wi h bo h p ima y and sec-
seconda y o seconda y ca dinal owels by jones bo h acco ding o hei acous ic and
a icula o y ea u es. i is complica ed o dis inguish which ca dinal owels could be
he isola ed owels [e·], [e.] and [e], as hey a e loca ed in he middle sec ion o he acous ic
coun e pa ed wi h space o sounds acco ding o hei ise. Compa ed wi h p ima y ca dinal
owels, he majo i y o owels a e shi ed in he middle di ec ion o acous ic space. I is mos
ex eme a icula ion acco ding o he ho izon al and e ical posi ion o he ongue is he
ypical o he back middle- ise owel [o] in he eas e n Kaunas-P ieni subdialec , as i s spec al
ea u es almos o ally coincide wi h hose o he p ima y owel [o]. The back high- ise owel [u] is
only sligh ly less inclined o ex eme a icula ion, and i s p ima y coun e pa [u] is s ill mo e
p ominen compa ed o i . In compa ing he quali a i e ea u es o isola ed sounds om he
sou he n Os o e s dialec , he Os o e s dialec o he wes e n Os o e s dialec , he
no he n Os o e s dialec o he no he n Os o e s dialec , he Os o e s dialec o he
sou he n Os o e s dialec , he Os o e s dialec o he no he n Os o e s dialec , and he
eas e n Os o e s dialec , a gene al endency was obse ed o a oid ex eme a icula ion o
ca dinal owels. Howe e isola ed owels in he subdialec o P ienai a e leas de ia ed om hei
coun e pa sounds by jones.
Deli e ed on 24 Oc obe 2011
ju gi a ja osLaVienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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