140 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII
Au iMas Ma keViČius
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include mo phology, dialec ology, and his o ical
g amma .
Language cases
In he P obibioLeMos anno a ion, he a icle deals wi h he unde ined si ua ion o some pa s o
issues ela ed o Pe iphe y o Pa s o speech
he language and mo phological o ms, hei unclea in e p e a ion in scien i ic, p ac ical
g amma s and he main dic iona ies o he Li huanian language. The mo e commonly used o m o
he e b is o en unjus i iably igno ed, i.e. simply silenced. The e a e many cases whe e wo ds
wi h e y simila s uc u es and seman ics a e no conside ed pa o he same language. The
name o some adjec i es is conside ed con adic o y. a mo e di e se app oach o he
cha ac e isa ion o pa icipan s. Fo example, he wo ds ka pý s, -a, p akéik as, -à, p slėg as, -à
a e conside ed adjec i es o one o he speake s, o he o he s pa icipan s. b ie ly discusses
he si ua ion o p onouns o su name o igin […] o some hey a e conside ed only p onouns, o
o he s […] bo h p onouns and conjunc ions.
mo phological o ms, hei ambi alen in e p e a ion in scien i ic and p ac ical g amma s as well as
he a icle is de o ed o analysis o he unde ined si ua ion ypical o some pa s o speech
in he main dic iona ies o Li huanian. he illa i e-case o m, which is s ill widely used, is o en igno ed
wi hou eason, i.e., i is simply supp essed. nume ous cases ha e been ound whe e wo ds ha ing a
e y simila language s uc u e and seman ics a e ea ed as di e en pa s o speech.
ambi alence also exis s in in e p e a ion ela ed o nominalisa ion o some adjec i es. di e en
a i udes also exis owa ds pa iciple adjec i isa ion. e.g., he wo ds ca pý as, -a ʻ immedʼ,
p akéik as, -à ʻdamnedʼ, p slėg as, -à ʻdep essedʼ a e conside ed o be adjec i es by some linguis s
and pa iciples by o he s. he a icle also emb aces a b ie o e iew on he s a us o ad e bs ha ing
a p onominal o igin […] hey a e in e p e ed as ad e bs by some, as well as bo h ad e bs and
conjunc ions by o he s. The basic wo ds a e: pa o he language, e b, adjec i e, adjec i e,
adjec i e.
keyWo ds: pa s o speech, illa i e case, adjec i e nominalisa ion, pa iciple
adjec i isa ion.
kalbos dalių pa ibio p oblemos
A icles 141 and 141 o he Common Passage a e conside ed o be pa i y o pa s o he
language when wo ds ha e dis inc ea u es o wo pa s o he language and he e
a e some imes doub s abou he alloca ion o hese wo ds o one o he o he pa o
he language. Wo ds whose s a us changes wi h he de elopmen o he language a e
also assigned o pa ibi. The e a e a lo o wo ds ha , despi e ha ing he same
phonological o m, belong o di e en pa s o he language. no excep in equen
cases o homonymy ( o example, bos pa s end o belong due o seman ic,
g as – būd a dis i daly is, be – p ielinksnis i dalely ė), žodžiai ski ingoms kal-
mo phological o o he di e ences. The mig a ion o wo ds om one pa o he
language o ano he is an old phenomenon in Li huanian. essen ial changes occu du ing
he disappea ance o some g amma ical o ms. Fo example, a e he disappea ance
o he old local esiden 's lodge, his emaining house, hal , pa o he eas e n highlands
used o nea by, a away, o in he plains, he lowe wo o wo al eady in he wo
became he p emises. The same a e be ell he emainde o he pos -posi ion
depu y's alias: gallop, my ióp, namóp, pa aka ióp, sp ingóp, udenióp, aka óp, el nióp.
Now hese wo ds a e conside ed p onouns. The Iliad did much be e , bu i s place in
g amma is unde ined. This a icle also discusses nume ous cases in which e en
linguis s disag ee o e he ela ionship o wo ds o one pa o he language o
ano he . The p oblem has al eady been in es iga ed o some ex en . i a Šepe y ė has
w i en abou he ad e bializa ion o adjec i es and abou he equen misma ches
in he ocabula y o he Li huanian language and he g amma o he Li huanian
language, when he same wo d is conside ed as an adjec i e in one place and as a
p onoun in ano he (Šepe y ė 1995: 142 […] 147). In g amma , i is possible no o men ion
such cases o o p esen hem as p oblema ic. bu dic iona ies mus ind a solu ion
one way o he o he […] when compiling dic iona ies, each wo d mus be accu a ely desc ibed.
The posi ion o he depu y is mo e a ou able han ha o he depu y o he old
depu y and he depu y o he pos -posi ion. i is s ill in he sou he n and eas e n
pa s o he highlands (excep he no he n Pane ėžys and he wes e n pa o he
sou he n Pane ėžys), in he eas e n pa o he wes e n highlands (bi š onas,
jieznas, kaišiado ys, žiežma iai, jona a, e c.) he e is s ill a sys ema ic eigh h line. So
a leas hal o Li huania uses i . And he o he side, as he apos le Vlada skienė
no ed, […][...] wi hou hinking oo much abou he sen ences o he speake s, uses
his humo no only in domes ic speech, bu also in publicly p esen ed ex s[…]
(Vlada skienė 2003: 48). Un o una ely, he posi ion o he ilia ic in linguis ic li e a u e
is unde ined. In he i s olume o he g amma o he Li huanian language, all
pos posi ional p onouns a e s ill conside ed unny. he e b is conside ed a
subs i u e o he cons uc i e in o + he inalis , a ce ain s ylis ic p onoun. i s indica ed alues (Lkg i 207[…]209). I is also a ailable in
The ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII con ains he ollowing adjec i es o o igin:
au iMas Ma keViČius
dešinn, kai n, lauka, namõn1, o a, p ekin, i šu, žẽ (Lkg ii 142 447448). In he g amma o
he cu en Li huanian language, he iliac is indica ed as a chee ul eas e n and
sou he n high-pi ched owel, bu i s use is no men ioned in common pa lance (dLkg
2006: 68). The e a e se e al adjec i es o sus aba ėjė ilia i e o igin: ield, house, side,
inside, abo e (dLkg 2006: 412). All o ms o he iliac e b can be conside ed ad e bs o
se e al easons: 1. he iliac e b can ha e a su ix, e.g. I 's a o es . I 's a o es . I 's
no like I'm going anywhe e. Tha 's wha I'm alking abou . only hose o ms o he
iliac ha do no ha e a sign can be supp essed, e.g. sùk dešinn, áukis šal i, ek i du ,
iškeliã o amžinýbė n2. Cu en o es , i cons uc ions o wo ds a e used wi h
punc ua ion (dLkg 2006: 411). The e o e, i is ha dly possible o conside he e b
lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje eigiama, kad negali bū i jokios kalbos apie p ie eiks-
o m as abo e, because a leas in colloquial speech i is used wi h a su ix, e.g. And
I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. (le ) I is also used in Li huanian
ocabula y, e.g. And hou shal make a ci cle, and shal se i on op o i , and shal
ide on i . Pu [in he soup] he spices ha you pu on op o he s one (Palė enė)
(Lkže; plg. da kl ž 408). 2. he iliac may ha e e i ica ion nouns, e.g. I is also known as
Kauna, Rõkiškin, Pane ėži, Va ėnõn, Ukme gn, Aly u, Vlniun, Pa žiun. would be an
anomaly in he pe o mance o he inspec ion.
3. I he iliad is inse ed, he ac ion would be oo ex ensi e. 4. i is no possible o
conside adjec i es (e.g. whi e, whi e), nouns (e.g. one, second), p onouns (e.g. his,
ha ), pa iciples (e.g. open, b ing) as ad e bs. Aldona Paulauskienė may ha e been he
mos accu a e in desc ibing he cu en iew o he Iliad. I is acknowledged ha ,
al hough he iliac is no w i en in s anda d g amma s, i is a ac o language
(Paulauskienė 2001: 198). Acco ding o he spokeswoman, "i his is a ee speech, a
jou nalism wi h he ea u es o a beau i ul s yle, we will lea e his depu y".
(Paulauskienė 2001: 199) I is no su p ising, hen, ha he Eu opean Union is he wo ld's la ges economy.
In academic and s anda d g amma s, he posi ion o he iliac should be p ecisely
s a ed. Mos people ine i ably encoun e illi e acy and need o know wha i is. Two
o he mo i es we e gi en by E ika Rimku ė. Fo eigne s who lea n Li huanian do no
unde s and wha his o m is, how i is used and o med. he iliac is no included in
he g amma in he un sys em, so i is no ecognized by he au oma ic
mo phological analysis p og am ( imku ė 2004: 126).
I 's e y bad ha in p ac ical (especially school) g amma s, he e b is simply silen . he basic
g amma ical subjec s o he na i e language a e lea ned by people in he o m namõn is no ac ually
de i ed om he e b, because he ue e b is nama. In his case, he opposi e p ocess has aken
place he su oga e mo he acqui ed he iliac o man -n. 2 The p e ix (o pe haps he adjec i e)
e e ni y is o en used in condolences o he ela i es and lo ed ones o he deceased.
kalbos dalių pa ibio p oblemos
143 a icles in ha pa icula academic yea . only in he Li huanian language manual o
he ele en h g ade o Jono Šukys he e is a no e ha he cu en in e nal subs i u e
can be used in ee s yles (Šukys 2001: 111). In o he school ex books, his joke is no
longe men ioned. Tha 's why a lo o people ha e no idea wha pa o o m o language
i is, hey don' know i i 's usable. Thi y in o man s (di e en special y s uden s)
we e asked wha pa o he language he wo ds "wa e " and "spoon" we e in he
sen ences " he wa e was h own" and "Dáik us shook he old spoon". Fou een o
hem conside ed he o m o he idiom o be imp ope , i e […] […] ano he local[…], and
he es did no know wha he mo phological o m was. The nun hough ha his
o m should no be used. The e o e, in p ac ical g amma s, he iliac should no be silen .
I should be said ha i is a non-sys emic chee ul, seconda y subs i u e, used in
eas e n and sou he n Li huania, and elsewhe e a man will ind many examples o he
pasi aikan is e ai. apie jį u i žino i i ie, ku ie pa ys jo ne a oja. kiek ienas
illi e acy in olklo e, in beau i ul li e a u e, he will hea , no one and he same ga e in
he slang. especially o en used as a sup ilinked ini ials name: a whis le , in he c ys al
o mula, he Li huanian an hem and so on. Paulauskienė a gues ha he use o he iliac
is almos limi ed o he domes ic spoken language and he ho o li e a u e
(Paulauskienė 1994: 104; Paulauskienė 2006: 84). Bu hese a e he main a eas o
consump ion o any language. I would be e y bad i a pe son lea ned o speak p ope ly
only om a scien i ic, o ice o o he s ic ly s yled language. The language o ine
li e a u e is no a lowe , pe iphe al a ie y o language, and i s equen ly used o ms
should no be igno ed. In ic ion, he o m o he iliac ac ually occu s e y o en. I has
been used and is s ill used no only in eas e n Li huania, bu also in wes e n Li huania by
w i e s: K is ijonas Donelai is, Dionysus Poška, Sil es as Valiūnas, Simonas
daukan as, Simonas S ane ičius, Mo iejus Valančius, Žemai ė, Vincas Kudi ka, Mai onis,
Lazdinas Pelėda, Vaias P ančai is, Ša ijas Ragana, Ju gis Sa ickis, Jonas
Mykolai is-Pinasu is, Jonas Ais is, Salomis, Nysha Bo u a, An anas Ančiulai is, Pe e
C i ka, Ma ius Ka iliškis, Mačelis, Vincas, Juozis, and o he s. This o m was also used by
w i e s bo n in a non-Li huanian en i onmen , such as Vy au ė Žilinskai ė, Judi a
Vaičiūnai ė, Leona das Gu auskas, e c. In many cases i was mos likely because Jonas
Jablonskis in his Li huanian language g amma (1901) ecognized he non-li e a y (o
seconda y) subs i u e who answe ed he ques ions ku, ka, ku iõn i? (Jablonsky 1957: 71)
This is a e y impo an poin . The e a e many o ms o he idiom e en in he mos
ecen ly ansla ed wo ks o ic ion: he po ai o Do ian G ay by Osca Wilde
( ansla ed by Lilija Vanagienė), he Mas e and Ma ga i a by Mikhail Bulgako
( ansla ed by Miku a), he wo ld o So ia by Jos ein Gaa de ( ansla ed by Egle om
Ganai y), he ad en u es o Ma co Tomos Soje ( ansla ed by Valen ina Chu ginai e)
and so on. This chee ul o m is no a oided in mode n ansla ions o he Holy
Sc ip u es (Česlo o ka aliausko, an ano ubšio, kos o bu bulio). They' e especially
use ul he e because eligious people
The ex s o Ac a Linguis ica LXVII a e cha ac e ized by a ce ain a chaici y
au iMas Ma keViČius
(Ma ke ičienė 2012: 119). The iliac is also o en used in adminis a i e language
(Vlada skienė 2003: 47[…]56) and in ex s o o he s yles3.
Paulauskienė also a gues ha he wo d ilia i o niekas is speci ically de i ed om he
language negena (Paulauskienė 1994: 105). Bu such a conscious o unconscious silence is
s ill a o m o disc imina ion agains he people who use i , as well as a dep i a ion o
he mo phology o he Li huanian language. he iliac isola ion is e y na ow be ween
he possibili ies o he beau i ul (especially poe ic) and he spoken language. So in
bū i aiškiai pasaky a, kad ilia y as nė a nei s e imybė, nei kalbos no mas pažei-
p ac ical g amma , i should be in he o m o a diamond. O cou se, i should be
didelė lie u ių dalis jo iš ik ųjų ne a oja.
emphasized ha his is a possible o m, no a manda o y one, because in g amma , he
i šnekamojoje kalboje ik iausiai ilgiau bū ų išsilaikiusi d iskai a, siekinys, jei
silen o m quickly disappea s. a leas in he ine li e a u e, in he school g amma s,
i would be men ioned ha hese a e o ms o language ha do no iola e he no ms
o language. I is clea ha he pa icipa ion o he a ious scien i ic and p ac ical
g amma ical au ho s in he geog aphical equi emen s is s ill qui e good, al hough i is
used in a na owe a ea and much less equen ly han he e b. Howe e , he
pa icipan s o he equi emen a e included in he school guidelines4 (Palubinskienė,
Čepai ienė 2008: 73 and o he s). he mo phology o he Li huanian language is no
unde s ood due o he use o his lowe case o m. The g amma s ill includes he o ms eesiẽ, ea einiẽ, ebūniẽ, al hough hey a e used e y a ely ( he i s wo […] mos o en in he po e ies)5.
The pa s and o ms o he language mos o en mig a e o Vejai. especially o en he adjec i e
changes o he noun, he pa iciple […] o he adjec i e. The e a e h ee main c i e ia o he
ecogni ion and classi ica ion o pa s o language: lexical ( eikšmė), mo phological ( o ma) and syn ac ic
(syn axical unc ion, combina ion). When a wo d mo es o ano he pa o he language, i s o m o en
con lic s wi h he spelling sys em o he pa o he language i has adop ed. Fo example, in he noun
sys em, he e a e nouns: young, young, unbo n, las , e il, cu sed, holy, holy, he plu al o m has appea ed
sha ply, bu i is no ye dead. In he ex o Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y, he e a e eco ded 136 o ms
o he plu al o m o objec s (Vlada skienė 2003: 52).
Un o una ely, no all o hem.
5 This o m was o me ly conside ed o be a geijian sedimen (Lkg ii 63), now a […]lipian sedimen (dLkg 2006:
343, 345).

kalbos dalių pa ibio p oblemos
145s aipsniai / a icles
óji, álgomasis i k . Lie u ių kalbos žodyne ne gi a ojama san umpa emph.,
a e desc ibed by he o ms o he noun. he abb e ia ion sm. he emphasis. is
accompanied by a owel, a consonan ; he ollowing pa ag aph is added: he emphasis. nex
o he wo ds dead, las , and smob. he emphasis. […] nex o he wo ds paláimin asis, -oji,
cu sed, -óji, belie ed, -čióji and he like (Lkže). In spoken language and e minology, a noun
o mų (p z., a gšèsnis, asiliáusias, nabagiáusias, ėpliáusias). P anas ska džius apie
can acqui e e en he deg ees o noun g ading by w i ing e en wo a icles wi h he same
name […] […]noun g ading[…] (no e 1997a: 431[…]433; no e 1997b: 433[…]439). Look a he examples
he ga e: he's sma e han e e yone else; and he's olde han you (sca s 1997a: 432); I is
he mos common o all dogs, he mos imid (ska džius 1997b: 434, 437) and so on. Thus, he
wo ds o objec s become he adjec i es and ad e bs o he highes and highes deg ee.
F om he noun ý as, he o he o ms o he adjec i e deg ees y ésnis and y iáusias
we e o med (see ska džius 1997b: 437438; LeW ii 1260; sejL 757758). Sco sese also gi es
examples o i e, i e, i e, se en, eigh , and so on (Sco sese 1997b: 435-436), and inally, he
las cha ac e is ic (Sco sese 1997a: 433). he adjec i es and ad e bs o he highe and
highes deg ee o such a deed shall no be in he o m o a non-equi alence. a g aded o m
o a noun when he noun is a me apho o a pa icula cha ac e is ic, e.g. he donkey
pa a ojamos ada, kai ame daik a a dyje labai iš yškinama ypa ybės sema, ypač
symbolizes dishones y, he dog symbolizes wickedness, e c.
The wo d "mig an " is no classi ied acco ding o he ype o amusemen cha ac e is ic
o his pa o he language. The adjec i es and pa iciples e ain he adjec i e's le end
o he single-syllable use - (i)am (e.g. ku sinim, known), he le end o he single-syllable
use 's place - (i)ame (e.g. ke u nim, ku sinim) and so on. In con e sa ional speech and
discou se, an a emp is made o elimina e o a leas mi iga e his con lic . The limbs o
he so o ms ha do no i in o he sys em can be changed, e.g. o he whi e, o he
ail, o he ail, o he ail, o he ail, o he ail. Paulauskienė sugges s no o be
s ic and o ole a e he daik a a diškas ends, when he cha ac e is ic is
sudaik a a dėja (Paulauskienė 2004: 219). The e a e many cases whe e he adjec i e o
pa iciple is uncondi ionally conside ed a noun, such as: young lady, young lady,
acquain ance, glass-make , d unka d, long-hai ed, he amily's o es plan , he
long-hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he
as p ie dubingių), Juodsnùkis (pa a dė). Šnekamojoje kalboje okie sudaik a a -
sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he
sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed, he sho -hai ed. The wo ding o
adjec i es is mos widely discussed in he i s olume o Li huanian g amma (Lkg i
529[…]534). The e is a lo o con usion in he a ious ocabula ies due o he lack o clea
c i e ia o he assignmen o adjec i es and nouns. In mode n Li huanian ocabula y,
mos o he wo ds belonging o he ypes […]a2[…] and […] a e conside ed adjec i es. In his
146 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII is, -ė, mino , -ė, skel alpis, -ė), some o he
au iMas Ma keViČius
p eposi ions and p eposi ions o he ediniai (e.g. bega is, -ė, young man, -ė, wild man, -ė,
small man, -ė, small man, -ė, ilniė is, -ė) and k . Usually, g amma s and dic iona ies do no
speci y he c i e ia o he sepa a ion o such pa s o he language. The e is a
leas a clea ad ice in he g amma o Li huanian: wo ds o his ype can be conside ed
bo h nouns and adjec i es, o example. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: om he
examples gi en in he g amma o he cu en Li huanian language, i can be deduced
ha he same posi ion is ollowed: adjec i es a e p esen ed in each case wi h ma ked
wo ds (e.g. bal akãklė an is) (dL 2006: 229), and nouns […] wi hou ma ked wo ds (e.g.
gel onplauks, -ė) (dL 2006: 155kg). This posi ion is logical and com o able. Bu he e's no
sho age o p oblems.
dic iona y, he use o adjec i es is shown as i ial. Because o he smalle ocabula y,
i 's p obably impossible o show his p ocess in mo e de ail. Many mo e wo ds ha e been
added o he Li huanian ocabula y. Howe e , i s ill emains unclea why in he elec onic
e sion o his dic iona y he wo d bema šknis, -ė is conside ed an adjec i e, wi hou
kenis, -ė, bekepù is, -ė […] adjec i es, and beš a[…]kis, -ė […] and adjec i e, and adjec i e
(Lkže). In he mode n Li huanian ocabula y, he p e ix umpa ēgis, -ė is conside ed an
adjec i e, and he diminu i e, -ė, is conside ed a noun; black, as a cha ac e is ic wo d, and
black, as a subjec wo d; black, -ė is conside ed an adjec i e, juodbė is, -ė is a noun, and
ha m ul, -ė is bo h an adjec i e and a noun. The wo d be edis, ė is conside ed an adjec i e,
and he wo d bešidis, ė is an adjec i e and a noun (dLkže 2006), al hough bo h meanings a e
ansli e a ed. Such inconsis encies can be ound in dic iona ies o wo ds and ph ases,
o example, bal apláukis, -ė adj. (d skj 28) and he ed-headed dis, -ė […] smob., adj. (see also
pa ag aph 297); he speed, he -ė […] smob. I 's called a g ace ul, -ė […] adj., smob. (see also
pa ag aph 108); whi e, -ė […] adj. (Znž 1 106), and he juodãkis, -ė […] adj., smob.
(Znž 1 575) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion. I 's going o be black. I 's going o be black. (pg. 287) and whi e- ailed dee […] sm. (pages 1 o 144); The longing, he -ė […] adj., and he longing […] s . (see also eci al 271).
Lie u ių kalbos žodyne p ie okio ipo žodžių (p z.: plačiapẽ is, -ė, plikaga is, -ė,
some imes wo e e ences a e p o ided adj., smob. (See also oo no e). such a double
su ix is o en used in he wo ds o he D uskiniai dialec , he wo ds o he Kupiškėnai,
he wo ds o he Kal anėnai shnek os. In he Li huanian ocabula y he e is ano he
a ian […] he noun and he adjec i e a e gi en in sepa a e a icles, e.g.
[…]bal aplùnksnis[…], […]ė, liepsnaba[…]zdis, […]ė aus aba zdis[…], liepsnaga[…] is, […]ė
aus aplaukis[…] (Lkže). I he ocabula y we e consis en wi h one o he o he
posi ion, he con usion could be a oided. F om an economic poin o iew, o cou se, he
i s op ion is mo e con enien , bu i would be mo e logical o p esen hem in
sepa a e a icles. These pai s o wo ds ha e di e en mo phological ca ego ies, pe o m di e en syn ac ic unc ions.
kalbos dalių pa ibio p oblemos
147 a icles by Va džio and
daLyVio Pa ibys
con using a ea is he a ibu ion o he pa icipan s pe o ming he unc ions o he
sign. Vi alik says ha many o he pa icipan s canno be explained by he use o he
adjec i e, because hei adjec i e is p imi i e, i.e. inhe i ed om he ime when he
pa icipan was no ye included in he ca ego y sys em o e bs. Bu in gene al, he
amb osia ecognizes he cha ac e o he pa icipan , e.g. he g own-up, he begga ,
he begga , he begga (Lk.
In he main g amma s o he Li huanian language, he a ibu ion o pa icipan s is
conside ed o be conse a i e. In he g amma o Li huanian, he e bs ha exp ess a
cons an cha ac e is ic a e conside ed o be pa iciples o he ad e bial e b, e.g.
acco ding o in i Se e ja, laying down a chicken, wi h a g inding kni e, n e ikęs peilis, an
adul man, a man who speaks, a pe son who unde s ands a language (L ii 334 […] 338 kg).
Adjec i es a e conside ed o be only one o he pa iciple- o med wo d, e.g. d us as, -à,
glaũs as, -à, iẽs as, -à, skiaũs as, -à, sùk as, -à, à mes as wo k ʻp as as da bs,
pa énkin as žmogus (Lkg ii 345). In he cu en Li huanian g amma , he wo ds à mes as
and pa énkin as a e also conside ed pa icipan s (dLkg 2006: 372). In his g amma , he e
a e e y ew adjec i es ha coincide wi h he pa iciple o m, e.g. d us as, glaũs as,
iẽs as, sùk as, skiaũs as (dLkg 2006: 37 gaũb as, sks as (dLkg 2006: 222), He e hey a e
conside ed no sub-sub le pa icipan s, bu adjec i es made om non-in e e ence
e bs wi h he o m - i ends (dLkg 2006: 223). Paulauskienė p o ides mo e sub i led
pa icipan s, e.g. a washing machine, a yellow boa , a sewing machine, a li ing house, a
sleeping league, a iend's wa e , an open window, a po a o ield, a unning nose, a wish,
e en a child (Paulauskienė 2006: 52).
he posi ion o he au ho s o he main Li huanian-language dic iona ies is di e en .
He e, he su name o he pa icipan s is ecognized much mo e o en. Usually, he
au ho s iews on his p oblem coincide. Fo example, he e a e 102 cases ha a e
(dLkž 2000), i Lie u ių kalbos žodyne (Lkž), i jų abiejų elek oniniuose a ian-
p esen in he cu en Li huanian ocabula y (dLkže 2006; Lkže), and in he cu en
Li huanian ocabula y (adLkž) ha a e p onounced wi h adjec i es, e.g. a i ikas, -à,
d b as, -à, d ukla, -à, glaū, -à, gim as, -à, ki amas, -à, maišýs as, -a, móky as, -a, nepsã,
-a, negi d as, -a, nengamas, -à, nepakin , -a, -a, -somas, -a, ne aliú as, -a, -a, -a,
paliman as, -a, paliman as, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a,
-a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a,
-a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a.
Simila ly, he a ibu ion o pa icipan s in dic iona ies is conside ed in he i s pa o An on Pake 's
book Akcen ology (Pake ys 1994, 390[…]395). he a ibu ion o pa icipan s is also ecognised in
ansla ion dic iona ies. Fo example, in he Kupiškėnai dic iona y, he wo ds d us as, -à (kpž 1455),
ka pý as, -a (kpž 219), no mane in he same dic iona y ha e e y simila meaning and s uc u e, he
The ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVII i les, -a (kpž 2 999), Zana ykų šnek os wo ds
au iMas Ma keViČius
b inas, -à (Znž 1 202), gi as, -à (Znž 1 450), Kal anėnų šnek os wo ds móky as, -a (kl ž
177), nema ý as, -a, ne aliúo as, -a (kl ž 148 185) a e used as a empo a y e m.
Ne e heless, i is some imes di icul o g asp he mo i es behind he assignmen
o some wo ds o an adjec i e o a pa iciple. I is no clea why he same wo ds
a e conside ed adjec i es in one dic iona y and […] pa iciples in ano he . Fo
example, a liēkamas, -à, pe kamas, -à, a iamas, -à, mã omas, -a, pamókomas, -a,
pàs ebimas, -à, pa éldimas, -à, sù kalba mas, -à, sup a amas, -à, álgomas, -a, d as, -à,
ka pý as, -a, pa ėlė as, -a, p aké as, -à, p slėg as, -a, daba zim as, -à Li huanian
Li huanian wo ds a e used only as adjec i es (dLžezh 2006), and in mode n wo ds
hey a e no used as adjec i es a all. and ice e sa: he wo ds g own up, -us,
pa énkin as, -a in Li huanian ocabula y a e conside ed adjec i es (Lkže), and in
con empo a y Li huanian ocabula y […] pa icipan s
(dLkže om 2006).
lexical uni s a e assigned o di e en pa s o he language. The plg. In he Li huanian ocabula y, he
wo d […]damas, […]à […] inkamas […] i[…] is an adjec i e, and he wo d […]gomas, […]a […] inkamas o ea […]
[…] pa iciple; sùšnekamas, -à is an adjec i e, and sùkalbamas, -à is a pa icipan ; "You" is he adjec i e,
and "you" is he pa icipan . G own up, you' e a household name, and you' e li ed, you' e g own up, you' e
g own up, you' e g own up, you' e g own up, you' e g own up, you' e g own up. In he mode n Li huanian
ocabula y, he wo d "league" is a noun, and "league" is a pa iciple (dLkž 2000: 885, 370). kęs, you s is he
adjec i e, and kęs, you s is he pa icipan (dLkž 2000: 844, 932). In he Li huanian ocabula y, he e a e
also cases whe e a wo d wi h he same meaning is p esen ed bo h as an adjec i e and as a pa iciple
(p esen ed in he co esponding a icle o he e b). The wo ds classi ied as wo pa s o he language
a e unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able,
unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able, unpala able and unpala able. I 's he bes way o deal
wi h a eal si ua ion, because he wo ds ha a e discussed can be sub i led, bu he e can also be
pa icipan s. a e p esen ed in sepa a e a icles wi h he p e ix pa , e.g. ne kęs, -usi, pasiléidęs, -usi,
pasiù ęs, -usi, pašlęs, -usi (Lkže), o dl , e.g. nem ęs, -usi, pasiléidęs, -usi, suáugęs, -usi (dLkže 2006). I can
i Lie u ių kalbos žodyne, i Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne kai ku ie žodžiai
ha dly ansla e ha . he pa icipan is no pa o he language. On he o he hand, he e a e e y ew
wo ds like ha . In he mode n Li huanian dic iona y, only 18 o hem a e gi en (adLkž 848). Such a small
quan i y would ce ainly no equi e sepa a e ce i ica es. o pa 6 i would be much easie o pu hem
in o 6 unnecessa y and o he e y a e abb e ia ions. Fo example, in he elec onic Li huanian
ocabula y a ian , only one wo d is inse ed, -a is he abb e ia ion neces. (pa icipa ing claiman ) (Lkže)
kalbos dalių pa ibio p oblemos
155-page a icles on Ma y and mo phological o ms, hei ambi alen in e p e a ion in di e en
issues ela ed o Pe iphe y o Pa s o speech
linguis s' wo ks, dic iona ies and p ac ical g amma s (especially in school g amma s). Wo ds usually
he a icle is de o ed o analysis o he unde ined si ua ion ypical o some pa s o speech
acqui e he s a us o ano he pa o speech due o he disappea ance o some g amma ical o ms.
ollowing he ex inc ion o he old loca i e case and he pos posi ional loca i e called he alla i e,
hei emains (e.g., namiẽ ʻa homeʼ, pusiáu ʻsemi-ʼ, aka óp ʻ owa ds e eningʼ, e c.) became
ad e bs. such cases do no aise any discussions. Ye he illa i e case, which is no ex inc by a and
used qui e o en, is igno ed wi hou any eason in some wo ks ela ed o mo phology […] i is simply
omi ed. The e o e, bo h Li huanians hemsel es and people om o he coun ies lea ning Li huanian
o en do no know wha kind o o m i is, how i is de i ed and whe he i is p ope o use i .
nominalisa ion o adjec i es is no expec ed o cause g ea p oblems. Ne e heless, wo ds ha ing
simila s uc u es and seman ics a e o en a ibu ed o di e en pa s o speech. e.g., he wo ds
be edis, -ė ‘ acelessʼ, juodaplaũkis, -ė ‘black-hai edʼ a e called adjec i es, whe eas juoda edis, -ė
‘black- acedʼ is ea ed as a noun (dic iona y o Mode n Li huanian). g ea unce ain y is
cha ac e is ic o he limi sepa a ing ue pa iciples and adjec i ised pa iciples. The
adjec i a ion o he pa iciple is almos no ecognised in Li huanian g amma s, ye i is widely
e lec ed in he main dic iona ies o Li huanian. Ne e heless, qui e a numbe o cases o
disag eemen exis he e, as well. e.g., he wo ds pa éldimas, -à ‘inhe i ableʼ, p akéik as, -à ‘damnedʼ
a e called adjec i es in some publica ions ye pa iciples in o he s. he a icle also emb aces a b ie
o e iew on he ambi alen ea men o ad e bs se ing he unc ion o subo dina e conjunc ions
(e.g., ku ʻwhe eʼ, kadà ʻwhenʼ, kap ʻhowʼ, kek ʻhow many/muchʼ, e c.). The mos a ional way would
be o ea hem as ela i e ad e bs.
Deli e ed on 21 May 2012
au iMas Ma keViČius
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[Email p o ec ed]