52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
The Uni e si y o Masa yk
Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic,
Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian and Indo-I anian languages;
Fenno-Ug ic and i s sal s A o-Asia ic language he
e ymology; he gene ic classi ica ion; ma hema ical models in his o ical linguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Volga […] The i s i e
This is OF EUROPE
The Volga […] he i s i e o Eu ope
Чтобы не было раздора
Между вольными людьми,
Волга, Волга, мать родная,
На, красавицу возьми!
So ha peace may eign o e e
In his band so ee and b a e,
Volga, Volga, Mo he Volga,
Make his lo ely gi l a g a e!ˮ
Dmi y Nikolae ich Sado niko was bo n in 1883.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The p esen s udy summa izes all designa ions o he Volga Ri e and, whe e possible, in a
b oade con ex o p ima y ex s, a anged in Appendix I. The second ask is a su ey and
discussion o exis ing e ymologies. The hi d goal consis s in o e ing new solu ions, i hose
exis ing a e no con incing enough. Finally, some gene al conclusions a e o mula ed.
KEYWORDS: Ri e , Volga, hyd onym, e ymology. This is he name o he i e . 1 A ailable a :
<h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/S enka_Razin> [accessed 01.11.2019] This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
A icles by A icles 53
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
ANOTATION This s udy summa izes all he names o he Volga Ri e as a as possible in he
b oade con ex o he o iginal ex s gi en in he annex o he a icle. The second objec i e o
he s udy is o examine and discuss exis ing e ymologies, and he hi d is o p opose new
solu ions i he exis ing ones a e no su icien ly con incing. Gene al conclusions a e gi en a
he end o he a icle. ESMINIAI WORDS: i e , Volga, wa e name, and e ymology. I is he
wes e nmos i e o Eu asia and he la ges endo heic i e in he wo ld. Fo such long
Wi h i s 3,534 km o leng h (be o e he sys em o dam lakes i was 3,693 km)
and basin 1,380,000 km2 he Volga Ri e is he bigges wa e cou se in Eu o-
i e s i is ypical ha hey bea se e al names in a ious languages. The ollowing se en
hyd onyms, a anged in alphabe ical o de , will be analyzed in de ail in bo h e ymological
pe spec i e and om he poin o iew o
iew o seman ic mo i a ion.
1. Ἀράξης
He odo us [1.201202] (c. 450 BCE) men ioned […]ράξης as a i e comded o low h ough 40
pa able wi h o e en bigge han he Is e , i.e. he Danube. This A axes nee-
s eams, bu only one o hem emp ied in o he Caspian Sea. In i s del a he e would ha e been
islands o he size o Lesbos (1,630 km2). This desc ip ion can only be applicable o he Volga
(o iginally 3,693 km; basin 1,380,000 km2; discha ge 8,060 m3 in As axań; he del a o he Volga
consis s o c. 500 channels2 on he a ea o 27,524 km2 and no o he i e […]ράξης, known in
Mode n A menian as A aks, Tu kish, Pe sian, Ku dish A as, Aze baijani A az, 072 km; 102,000
km2; discha ge 285 m3 by he mou h in o he Ku a, ising nea E zu um Ci y in Eas Tu key in
he same a ea as he sou ce. This A aks was desc ibed as swi , bu na ow4, con a y o he
desc ip ion o He odo us.
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1.1. […]Swi s eam[…] can be a con incing mo i a ion o designa ion o his
sho e and as e i e ising on slopes o moun ains wi h an al i ude o e
3,000 m, adi ionally explained wi h he help o A menian a ag, e ag […]quick,
swi , as […] (c . Tomaschek 1895, c. 404), which i sel is o I anian o igin, c .
Pa hian (Tu an) g […]quick, swi […], A es an aγu- […]leich beweglich, link[…]
(Olsen 1999: 868; Bailey 1979: 359). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been
used in he English language. The ini ial owel ep esen s a ypical A menian
p o hesis be o e he bo owings in -5. Le us add ha in classical A menian
sou ces he i e was called E ask‘, while Old Geo gian had Rašī6, s ill wi hou he ini ial owel.
1.2 I He odo us eally desc ibed he Volga as […]ράξης, he […]swi […]-e ymology is no
applicable, since he al i ude o he Volga[…]s sou ce is only 228 m and wi h ega d o he leng h
o he s eam, o iginally almos 3,700 km, he speed o he s eam is ex emely slow. In his
case i would be hinkable o explain he i3 This was known al eady o Pompey in 68 BCE
e -name as I anian *a- axsa- “ha mlessˮ, c . Young A es an acc.sg. (-s em?)
acco ding o he wi ness o Plu a ch in his cu iculum o Pompey [33.1]:
αὐτόν ἤδη γὰρ ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πατρός, καὶ συνήντησε τῷ Πομπηΐῳ περὶ τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν,
ὃς ἀνίσχει μὲν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ Εὐφράτῃ τόπων, ἀποτρεπόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς εἰς τὸ
Κάσπιον ἐμβάλλει πέλαγος, […]Pompey hen in aded A menia on he in i a ion o young Tig aCaspian
nes, who was now in e ol om his a he , and who me Pompey nea he i e A axes, which
akes i s ise in he same egions as he Euph a es, bu u ns owa ds he eas and emp ies in o he
Sea[…] (Plu a ch 1917: Pompey. […] The Li es o Plu a ch, wi h an English T ansla ion by Be nado e
Pe in. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
[accessed 01.11.2019]; <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe -
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
See also 4 . Vi gil: Aeneid 8.728: pon em indigna us A axes […] he A axes, ang y a ha ing been
b idged[…]. See also he lemma A axes in Encyclopaedia I anica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (1986), pp. 268-271, by
W. B. Fishe and C. E. Boswo h. I is a ailable a : <h p: www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
5 See also A menian a oy […]b ass[…] […] I anian * au[…]δa-, c . Manichaean Middle Pe sian wy,
Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian lwd […]coppe , b ass[…]; A menian e ang […]colo […] agains Manichaean
Middle Pe sian ng; Sansk i a[…]ga- […]colo , dye[…]; also known as a[…]ga A menian e ak […] ein[…]
s. Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian k[…] id. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. and so on (Olsen 1999: 869, 879).
6 W. B. Fishe and C. E. Boswo h. A ailable a […]h p:
[accessed 01.11.2019].
A icles by A icles 55
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e > axsąm […]ha m[…] [Viš sp Yaš 2.127; ansla ion by
James Da ms e e 8]. A simila seman ic mo i a ion was used e.g. o he Paci ic Ocean.
1.3.1. Among hyd onyms, names ha a e mo i a ed by colo s a e ela i ely common. A
p omising candida e could be I anian * axša- da k-colo ed > Kho anese ṣa
da k-colo ed, Sogdian γš bay ho se, Pe sian axš mixed ed and whi e, be ween black
and usc > Wakhi akš g ey, b own (S eblin-Kamenskij open ques ion is in e p e a ion
1999: 292), Ku dic aš “black, da kˮ (Bailey 1979: 362; Cabolo 2010: 194). The
o he ini ial owel. The easies solu ion would be he nega i e *a-, i.e. *a- axša- =
non-da k. Bu i would be a he s ange ha a leas he middle s eam o he Volga
any wo d deno ing a ligh colo was no di ec ly used ins ead. On he o he hand,
has been called […]black[…] (see below). 1.3.2. Ano he possibili y is he compound
*ha- axša- all da k, c . A es an ha- […] oge he […], Kho anese ha […]all[…] (ESIJ 3: 345 […]
353; Bailey 1979: 438). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he English
language. 1.3.3. The hi d possibili y is he compound […]h- axša- […]da k mou h[…], c .
A es an […]h-, Kho anese […]ha- […]mou h[…] (Ba holomae 1904: 345, 351, 357; Baiwould
ley 1979: 29–30; ESIJ 1: 303–304). The hypo he ical meaning “da k mou hˮ
pe haps e lec he ac ha in he del a o he Volga he e a e oil deposi s9.
1.3.4. In p inciple, i is also possible o admi ha He odo us combined wo
quasi-homonymous hyd onyms, one wi h an ini ial owel, ep esen ing he "A "
menian p o hesis’ (A aks/A s/A az; in pas E ask‘, bu Old Geo gian Raḵšī)
and he second wi hou i . The esul was a le elling leading o he o m
*A axšawi h he analogous ini ial a-. 2.As(a) El > […]στὴλ/[…]σατήλ ~ […]ττίλας ~
[…]τελ ~
Tίλ ~ Ä il
2.0.1. Byzan ine sou ces (in ch onological o de ; see Mo a csik 1958: 78[…]79):
[…]ττίλας... i e by Zema chus, c. 570 (media ed by Menande P o ec o )
The Ri e Ty e by Theophilus Simoca us, His o iae, w i en c.
end o he 6 h cen .
[…]τελ... i e by Theophanes Homologe es (†818), Ch onicle (AD
284[…]813; abou c. 680)
7 A ailable a : <h p: i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de ex e/e cs/i an/ai an/a es a/a es .h m>
[accessed 01.11.2019] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
8 A ailable a : <h p: www.a es a.o g/ agmen / y sbe.h m> [accessed om 01.11.2019] 9
A ailable a : <h ps://ea hobse a o y.nasa.go /images/5650/ olga- i e -del a> [accessed] This is a lis o he species included in he IUCN Red Lis o endange ed species.
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…]στὴλ... i e and o ess in Khaza ia in Byzan ine geog aphical
no ices om he 8 h cen .
[…]Sa al... episcopa e in Khaza ia acco ding o one Pa isian manusc ip
(Abou 800?)
[…]τὴλ... i e by Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us ( i s hal o he 10 h cen .
abou he 9 h cen .)
[…] elkuzu... place whe e Pechenegs li ed in he ime o Cons an ine
(ibid.)
[…] […]l kaɪ Κουζοῦ... place o me ly inhabi ed by Tu ks (= Hunga ians), la e
by Pechenegs (ibid).
2.0.2. A menian sou ces (P i sak 1956: 407) include:
E yl in Geog aphy o Pseudo-Mowsēs Cho enac in a copy by Anania Shi akac
(c. 700 AD).
A l by G ego o Akanc (†1333). 2.0.3. Sou ces w i en in he Heb ew sc ip
(Gas e 1899: 67, § 34.14): H l {ha el} in Yosippon (c. 2.0.4. Sou ces w i en in
he A abic sc ip (Ma qua 1929: 96; P i sak 1954:
407–408):
[…]i il by Ibn Rus a (c. 903) and al-Muqaddas[…] (996)
[…] l & […] l by Ibn Falān (922)
[…] […]l by al-Bal[…] (†934)
[…]i […]il by I[…]a[…] […] (mid o he 10 h cen .) and Id […]s[…] (1157)
Un il by Ibn Awqāl (977/8)
Ä il by Mamūd Kašgha  (c. 1070) and Ma waz (1120)
[…]a al by Abū […]āmid al-Andalus[…] al-Ġa nā[…] (1080 o 1170) He was he ounde o he Muslim B o he hood.
I il by Yāqū (died 1229)
[…] īl by […]uwain[…] (†1283)
dīl in Shaa a al-a k (c. 1457) This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
[…]adl by al-I[…] ahān[…] (c. 1509)
ʕadal o ʕadil in De bend-nāmeh e c.
2.0.5. Reco ds o he Eu opean a elle s om he 13 h cen u y. B o he
Richa d E hyl; he heading E ilia, E hilia, Edilia; This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
2.0.6. The hyd onym is a es ed in he Tu kic languages om he 11 h cen . (Mamūd Kašgha ) and in he Mongolic languages om he 13 h cen . (Sec e his o y o he Mongols):
Ka akhanid E il ‘ i e name, pe haps Volga [Mamūd Kašgha , 11 h cen .;
Legend abou Oghuz-Qaghan om he 13 h cen .] (DTS 187), Chagha ay Ä il,
Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, li . […]Whi e Ädil[…], Kazakh & Nogai Edil, Teleu Ädäl,
Bashki Idəl […]Volga[…], Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl […]Volga[…], Ka a Idəl […]Volga[…] is he name o he dis ic in which i is loca ed.

S aipsniai / A icles 57
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
‘Black Idel s. Ak Idel ‘Kama10 = ‘Whi e Idel, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga, Šu ə- ADl ‘Kama,
li . ‘Idel is he name o he i e ha lows h ough he ci y. This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. La e occasionally in he appella i e ole:
Chagha ay ädil i e , s eam, dim. Mansi e[…]è l […]wa e o he sea[…] s.
idəl-čäk […] i ule […] (P i sak 1956: 415) is he name o he i e in Kazan Ta a .
Middle Mongol Idil ‘Volga Ri e [Sec e His o y o Mongols, §§ 262, 270], Eil ‘ci y
des oyed by he Mongols [Sec e His o y o Mongols, § 274], Kalmyk Idžl (mö n)
‘Volga ( i e ) (Rams ed 1935: 205). The ollowing e ymologies o e ymological
commen s ha e been (o could be) p oposed:
Klap o h (1826) di e en ia ed […]ττίλας ‘Volga (p. 117) and Tίλ ‘Kama (p. 274),
asc ibing he meaning […]black[…] o he la e one (p. 268). The e m "A a " is
de i ed om he G eek wo d "A a " meaning "black" o "black," and he e m
"A a " is de i ed om he G eek wo d "A a " meaning "black" o "black"
(Klimo & Xalilo , 2003: 354; acco ding o NCED 556 Andi -di is e e ing o
Theophylac us Simoca ae [258.9]: His o ia (w i en c. abou he end o he 6 h
a de i a ional su ix). Conce ning he a ibu e “blackˮ, c . P i sak (1956: 411),
cen u y), whe e
[…]νθα […]ὁ Tίλ διαρρεῖ ποταμός, […]ν Mέλανα Toύρκοις ἀποκαλεῖν
[…]θος[…] […]wo de Til-Fluss hindu ch- liess , den die Tü ken […]den Schwa zen[…] This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a Tu kish poli ician has been elec ed o he p esidency.
No o be used
(see Haussig 1953: 283, 287), and u he he equen Tu kic designa ion o he
Volga as black, Qa a Idil o Qa a I il. P i sak (1956: 411) in e p e ed i as […]big[…], like
he name Qa a Mö en o Huang Ho by Rašd ad-Dn (†1318). o […]σιοι[…], whe e he
o m Tίλ was eco ded by Theophylac us Simoca a (al eady Abel-Rémusa 1820,
2.2. Haussig (1953: 426) econs uc ed he o m Ἀστήλ as *As-Til = *‘ i e
320 iden i ied in Tίλ he Volga Ri e ). Bu Haussig was no able o o e any wi ness
ha Tίλ ep esen ed he appella i e meaning
[…] i e […] el sim. no only in Tu kic.
2.3 P i sak (1956: 404[…]419; 1982: 444) analyzed bo h he pe sonal and i e name […] ilas and he
i e name […]στήλ as a hypo he ical Old Bulga ian comla ion Talui-nuŋ Xanï […] see Pellio 1923:
pound, consis ing o he componen s *as “g ea , oldˮ and * il “seaˮ, i.e. “oceanic
= uni e sal { ule }ˮ (c . he Mongol i le Dalaj-in Qa’an, wi h i s Tu kic ans-
24[…]25: […]le khan océanique[…]; P i sak 10 Al e na i ely, he Kama was called Čölmen-Idəl in Kazan
Ta a , i.e. […] he i e o was eland[…], simila ly Chu ash čolma and Old Bulga ian Čōlmn-I il
(Tomaschek 1889: 33) s. Old Tu kish čöl, Kazakh šöl e c. […]s eppe, was eland[…] (Räsänen 1969: 117).
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1956: 417), wi h e idence in he ollowing Tu kic o ms: Chu ash as-l[…] […]g oss, ki […]old[…] e c.
o nehmˮ11, Chagha ay äs-li “g ea , s ongˮ, Old Uyghu , Middle Tu kic äs-
(Räsänen 1969: 50), and Old Tu kic alūy […]sea[…], Old Uyghu aluj […]sea[…] o […]lake[…], Sa y-Uyghu
alej, ali, aľi […]lake, sea, ocean[…] e c. (Räsänen 1969: 130; Clauson 1972: 502). The e m could be o
Chinese o igin, i i ep esen ed an adap a ion o he Chinese i e -name 大 dà(i)lěi12 < La e Middle
Chinese * a(j)lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *dalwi o *dajhlwi (Hi h 1895: 18). Bu i is ques ionable
ha his Chinese bo owing could ha e been ans o med in o he componen TIL al eady in he 6 h
cen u y. Mo e likely is ano he idea o P i sak ha Tíl co esponded o he Chu ash hyd onym Tilɛ
(> Russian Teľča), whe e he las syllable e lec ed he Tu kic diminu i e su ix *-ča/*-če, P i sak
(1956: 410412) iden i ied he same oo in he a he enigma ic iAno he Qa a Tal emp ied in o
Balkhash Lake acco ding o udūd al-lam. The eal appella i e use o he oo * il-/* ïl was ound by
P i sak (1956: 413) only in Tungusic: E enki ilkan lood, E en ïlqa, Ulchi čïlčan, Nanai čïlqã id., in
e -name Qa a Tīl om he basin o he Sy -Da ya by Nizām ad-Dn (†1404),
al e na i ely called Qa a Tal by ‘Anonymous au ho o Iskande ’ om 1414.
addi ion o he e b in E enki ilka-, E en lqъn-, Ulcha člčan-, Nanai člqa- o o e low, spla e
(Cincius: 1877 […] 180181). InDAL i is compa ed wi h Tu kic *d(i)ɨ(-,) o o e low > Old Uyghu ,
Ka akhanid aš-, Tu kmen dš Ki ghiz, Ta a ašɨ-, Yaku ahje c., id., in addi ion o Oi a ašqɨn
lood (Räsänen: 46 1969 W i on 1972: 559; ESTJ 3: 169170), and Mongolic *chalgilga- * o o e low >
Claus en Mongolian čilga-, čalgi-, Khalkha-, O dosalgi-, Bu ya , salga-, and Šalga, which a e also spoken.
The Chu ash hyd onym Tiland i s Cen al Asia ic coun e pa s Tīl Tal can be connec ed wi h Tu kic
*d(i)()-ɨ o o e low. In his case he hyd onym στήλ is analyzable as he Old Bulga ian compound
*as- ia supe -o e lowing o { i e b inging} big loods. No e: I is necessa y o men ion ha
Eugene Helimski (2000, 2004; plus E genij Xelimskij 2000, 2003) ied o p esen a gumen s abou a
Tungusic comcandida e o he i s componen *aso he hyd onym […]στήλ e c. I could be 11
P i sak (1956: 414) ied o iden i y he componen *äsin he Hunnic name […]σκάμ = *äs-kam […]g ea
p ies […], and in he name o he Khaza ian majo domus, called […]s a […]n ([…]aba […]), i.e. […]g e-
*[…]o e - a xan[…]. He added, he same e ymology could be asc ibed o he ci y-name As axań,
alnese *da, *dajh & lěi ‘ i e name < La e Middle Chinese *lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *lwi he
Tungusic oo *as- e y; Many […] > Udihe asahi […] e y[…], Ulča as[…] id., Nanai asō, aso […]no
ponen in language(s) o he A a Kagana . I is na u al o add he Tungusic
e y[…], Manchu asi, asu u […] e y; many, much, equen ly (Cincius 1975: 54 […] 55). The compound
*as(V) il would mean *{ i e b inging} e y {big} loods, i.e. almos he same as he Old Bulga ian
in e p e a ion.
a a xan’, o sa ḫn (Yaʕqūb), wi h he i s A abic componen aʔs “head; op; leade ˮ, i.e.
hough i was known only om he 14 h cen .
12 大 dà, dài “big, g ea , la ge, wide, deepˮ < La e Middle Chinese * ɦaˋ, * ɦajˋ < Ea ly Middle Chi-
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
A icles by A icles 59
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
2.4. Axme jano (2001: 76) de i ed he o ms o he ype Ka akhanid E il
* e il, pe haps ia *e il, and p oposed he same o igin as o he hyd onym
I yš; which should be de i ed acco ding o him om he e b a es ed in Old
Uyghu , Cumanic, Sho e -, Khakas, Chu ash i -, Yaku i dē- o pass
(Räsänen 1969: 46) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
2.5. Taking in o accoun he eco d […]στήλ, he e is an al e na i e Tu kic solucould
ion, based on he hypo he ic compound *as 13-(h)l14 “lowe dampnessˮ, which
be asc ibed o he del a o he Volga Ri e . ian compound, consis ing o Old
2.6. Al e na i ely, he o m Ἀστήλ allows us o hink abou an ea ly Hunga-
Hunga ian (AD 1055) azaa, azah […]Fluß, Bach[…] (UEW 3) ~ […] ehe ea[…], Mode n
Hunga ian (dialec ) aszó […]Wasse iß, zei weilige Wasse lau ; he T ocken al (EWU
I: 54), he Tal, he Niede ung; ein Tal, in dem in Regenpe ioden und zu Zei de
F ühjah schneeschmelze ein kleine Bach ließ , das abe sons ocken is (UEW 3),
which means "a small s eam ha lows du ing he ainy season and du ing he
sp ing snow all". and Hunga ian ele ( i s 1372), ele, dial. I is also impo an o
o al, komple ; oll’, öl - ‘(Flüssigkei ) schü en, gießen, (Ge änke) einschen-
no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s
om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple
The hypo he ic compound asz(a) ele could designa e ‘ alley ull {o wa e }’
o equal ea men o men and women. Füllen, an üllen (EWU II: 14971500; UEW 518: oge he wi h Mansi TJ äwl, P ağlə and Khan y Vj. O el ‘ oll a e de i able om FU * älk o * äwδe). o ‘ i e ull o wa e .
No e 1: Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us had also eco ded he compound […]τελκούζου [§ 38.30],
explained as places in which he na ion o Pechenegs li ed in his ime. The ollowing species a e
included in he lis o endange ed species unde CITES Regula ion No. 11 (Excluding mixed species) in
CITES Appendix I. The ollowing species a e included in CITES Appendix I.
Bashki aş( )/aθ( ) “belowˮ (Se o jan 1974: 195–196); c . Ka akhanid (11 h cen .) as ïn “unde ,
[…]benea h[…] and so on (Clauson 1972: 242).
14 P o o-Tu kic *(h)l > Old Tu kic (Manichaean), Old Uyghu (Buddhis ) (bo h 8 h cen .) l mois (Sanglax)
(abou land), Ka akhanid öl [Mamūd Kašgha i; Qu adɣu Bilig] “mois , we ˮ, Middle Tu kic öl
id., (Pa e de Cou eille) ma sh, Chagha ay (15 h cen .) öl mois , also used o da ya sea, öl Tu kish
mois , we , öl Osman pool, Tu kmen l, dial. hl mois , we , Khalaj hl, hl, Ki ghiz öl, Ka akalpak höl, Uzbek hl
id., Uyghu höl damp, mois , Khakassian öl mois , we , Clauson 1974: 124 1972; Se o jan: 524525). This is
Sho ǖl, Oy a ül, Tu a, To ala öl, Yaku üöl “mois , we ˮ, Chu ash ilǝ id. (Räsänen 1969: 371;
he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. 15 Ma qua (1903: 33, n. 3) explained he
conjunc ion as a mis ake o a copis , who hough ha Kuzhu was an al e na i e name o […] […]l.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Kouzou [§ 40.24], which was explained mo e explici ly as […] he place in which he
Tu ks (= Hunga ians) used o be is called a e he name o he i e ha uns
h ough i , E el and Kouzou, and in i he Pechenegs li e now[…] ( ansla ed by
Jenkins). Menges (1944-1945: 259) hough ha his e m designa ed ei he
ano he i e o i became an appella i e. Following Zeuss (1837: 751), Ma kwa
(1903: 33) specula ed ha he wo d "Kuzú" was an equi alen o köz (cen e ,
o G eek μεσοποταμία, iden i ying in Kουζού Hunga ian köze (3 sg. possess.
middle), which was also used in Hunga ian names o dis ic s, e.g. I 's called he
Szamos-köz, he Mu a-köze, he Rába-köze. Hunga ian köz is de i able om
Fenno-Ug ic *kü (UEW 163; EWU II, 827) ~ *kü i middle (Sammallah i 1988:
544).
No e 2: Müllenho (1906: 75) p oposed ha he hyd onym Δάϊξ [P olemy 6.14.2,4,5],
Δαΐχ [Zema chus], Γεήχ [Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us 37.2], la e Jajík, c . The
Chu ash Jεjək, Kazakh ajyk, om 1775 called he U al Ri e (Vasme IV: 551552),
migh be o U alic o igin, connec ing i wi h U alic *joke i e mology has been
(UEW 99) ~ *jukå (Sammallah i 1988: 537), al hough usually he Tu kic e y-
assumed (c . 19441945: 260, who compa ed Tu kish Tu kic [MK] jaδ-, Old Uyghu jad-,
jaj-yk “expanded, openˮ, pa . pe . pass. o jaj- “ o expandˮ, Tu a ča -, Middle
bu Al ai ďajyq lood, Tu a čajyq deluge, downpou a e seman ically close o he
i e -naming and canno be de i ed om Common Tu kic *jd-, bu only om *jj-,
con inuing in Tu a čaj- o swing, pump, Al ai ďaj- o o e low, inunda e, sp ead (on
a i e ) see
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3 July
3.0. Ma i: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßü Wolga (Wichmann 1953: 54, #264); also known as Ma i: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßü Wolga Eas
(Paasonen, July 29, 1948) Wha is he Bible's iew o homosexuali y?
3.1. Paasonen (1926: 38) connec ed he hyd onym wi h Khan y o Konda iə p sp ing,
sou ce, iə po·ŋ die Mündung eines aus eine Quelle liessenden Baches, Yugan iəLpə
kleine eissende Bach, Giessbach. The inal syllable was explained by Toi onen (1933:
382383). Ma qua d (1929: 96) specula ed abou he adap a ion o his Ma i hyd on
analogy in Chu ash loans in Ma i.
nym om i s Chu ash equi alen ADl ia *Ajəl. Bu such a de elopmen has
3.3. Mos likely seems o be he solu ion o Sino (1964: 18), seeking o igin o Ma i Jul
‘Volga in Tu kic *jul s eam, b ook, oun ain > Old Uyghu yuul moun ain b ook,
sp ing, Ka akhanid jūl, jul b ook, Oi a , Sala jul, wi h i s mou h in he sou h
A icles by A icles 67
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
neighbo hood o Wa saw (67 km long). These hyd onyms a e anspa en ly de i able
om Common Sla ic *Vьlga dampness, mois ness (Vasme I: 336337). I is necessa y
o add he di ec Bal ic cogna es, which can also e ymologize he hyd onym Volga,
namely La ian algs m., alga . euch , ilg , ogs u, ogu euch we den (ME: IV: 454,
587), Li huanian ìlg i, ílgs u, ílgau an euch en e c. (Poko ny 1959: 11451146: *uelg-).
The e a e also al e na i e e ymological a emp s: 7.2 Tomaschek (1889: 32) and
Rozwadowski (1913: 49; 1948: 227[…]230) ied o explain he hyd onym om
Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa whi e[…]21, bu Vasme (I: 336[…]337) ejec ed i as
phonologically impossible. I is igh conce ning *walkeδa whi e and i s con inuan s,
bu he e a e also o he o ms, which a e no de i ed by he su ix *-δa, especially
Ma i wolγem ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas). I s 3 d pe son sg. Wolga
[…]i is ligh […] looks like a good candida e wi h ega d o he ac ha he la ges
ibu a y o he Volga, Kama, is called […]whi e[…], namely Chagha ay Ä il, Ädil
‘Volga[…], Ak-Ädil ‘Kama[…], li . ‘Whi e Ädil, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga, which is
loca ed in he no he n pa o he coun y. Big i e , Ka a Idel […]Volga[…] = […]Black
Idel[…] s. Ak Idel […]Kama[…] = […]Whi e Idel[…], Chu ash AD[…]l […]Volga[…],
Shu[…] […]-AD[…]l […]Kama[…], li . This is he name o he i e ha lows h ough he
ci y. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Tomaszek (1889: 32) s ill men ioned he
Lake Volga (61 km2), he lowes o ou na u al lakes h ough which he Volga lows.
Acco ding o o al es imony o Roman Jakobson, his o me coun yman
Nikolai Se geye ich T ube skoy p oposed a Bal ic e ymology o he hyd onym Volga du ing his
lec u es in Vienna in he 1930s. Acco ding o him, he e ymology o he wo d " olga" was as
ollows: in p imi i e Eas Sla ic, un ounded on owels changed in o ounded back owels
be o e a au o-syllabic "l," so ha " olga" mus ha e changed o "julga." he ini ial j was los
be o e ounded owels in eas e n Sla ic, and he ini ial u acqui ed an obliga o y p o he ic .
Thus he o m ulga a ose, and sho u changed in he 12 h-13 h cen u ies in o o. So h ough a
long se ies o changes, Jilga became Volga. Ci ed acco ding o Gimbu as 1963a: 69; 1963b: 33, 205.
See also Topo o 1980: 40. Among he Bal ic hyd onyms he e a e eally such names which a e
o med om he Bal ic adj. long con inuing in Li huanian ìlgas, La ian ilgs id., besides P ussian
ad . ilga o long ime, 21 Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa > Finnish alkea weiß; he leuch end, hell; The
i e, he blazing lame, he ligh o he i es; Bli z, Ludic waalged, Es onian alge is whi e, hell,
blond; Weißes, Lich[…], Li onian illage (SKES: 1619[…]1621), also known as Weißes, Lich[…], Li onian
illage Saami N is whi e; ligh , pale, Kildin ilkeδ, Nö ielkeδ id. This is he name o he game. ; The
Mo do ian E zya ule, he Moksha ule […]hell, ligh […]; I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o
lie o you. Helle, he cla i y. Fu he c . Ma i wolγem […]ich leuch e, glänze (Fi e, wa e , gold,
glass) […]; Hunga ian ilág […]Lich ; The wo ld; Leu e, (a ch.) Menschhei , Leben, indica ing he
Fenno-Ug ic *walk
whi e, ligh ; o shine (UEW: 554 […] 555; Be eczky 2013: 315 […] 316). This is he i s ime in
he his o y o he EU ha he e m 'shine' has been used. Sammalah i (1988: 551) econs uc ed Fenno-Ug ic *wɨlki- ligh , in addi ion o Fenno-Pe mic * elki a.

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
e.g. in Li huania he i e s Ìlga, Ìlgė, Ilgės, Ilgups e c., and he lakes Ìlgai, Ilgis, Ilgs,
Ìlgaže is, Ìlgeže is e c. (Vanagas 1981: 129); La ian i e s Ìlga upe, Ilgupe, and lakes
Ìldza-z s, Ildzes-eze s e c. ; P ussian lakes Ilgayn, Ilgen See, Ilgolwen and o he
lakes (Topo o 1980: 39). The longes ‘Long Ri e is he Chinese 長江 Cháng Jing, wi h
a leng h o 6,379 km and a basin o 1,808,500 km2, called ‘Long om he pe iod o Six
Dynas ies (220589 CE). The p esen name […]揚子 Yángz[…] was o iginally used o he
lowes s eam o he i e 22. 7.4. S ill less p obable is he a emp o Mikkola
(1929: 127128) o iden i y a sou ce in P o o-Ma i *Jyl23, eally a es ed as Wes
Ma i Jl, Eas Ma i Jul ‘Volga (see below). Fo an explana ion o di e ence in he
anlau Mikkola (1929: 127) men ioned he Old Russian ansc ip ion Omo (ъ)ža,
Omo yža o he Es onian i e -name Emajgi. The exis ence o he Old Russian
"Velga" should be demons a ed by he Udmu olklo e loan "Bulga Volga"
(Mikkola 1929: 128). Vasme (I: 337) added ha he hypo he ical P o o-Ma i *Jyl
would ha e been bo owed om such Tu kic languages as Ba aba Ta a , Bashki
jyla i e , b ook, Kazakh, Nogai yla i ule , i e (Räsänen 1969: 200: bo owed
om Mongol ǯylɣa “bed o i e , b ook, slopeˮ – see Rams ed 1935: 109).
7.5.A qui e new solu ion may be o e ed on he basis o Hunga ian ölgy
[…] alley, alley, dale […] (1211); and (obsole e) […]Ma k, Ke n eines Geschwü s[…], c .
he Old Hunga ian place-names: Fu izuelgi (1211), Welg (1220), Sasweolgy (1256),
Weulgzad (1338), Wo ewlab elgu (1342) e c. (EWU 1653) This is he i s ime ha he
name has been used in Hunga ian. Rela ed a e ObUg ic *wγəľ > PKhan y *wγľ >
Khan y T j. I 's he low o he Ob, O'Kee e, Kaz. w[…]chal[…] […]Zu luss; and Wogule,
w[…]khal[…]-j[…]khaa[…] […]Vogulka ( i ule )[…]; also known as Wogulka ( i ule ) PMansi
*wľ > Mansi (LM) uo Flußk ümmung, (KU KM P LO) wō, (So) w Flußs ecke (Hon i 1982:
193, #677); also known as Mansi The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
wäej “länge e ge ade S ecke des Flusses zwischen zwei K ümmungen; плсоˮ
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Nene s (Nj.) wäej in jaχaw < U alic *waδk […]small i e ; bend i e o po ion o i e be ween wo bends
(UEW: 550[…]551) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
7.6. Fo comple eness Tocha ian B walke (indeclinable) adj. long (o ime) , ad . o a long ime
should be added as a hypo he ical sou ce oo. The seman ic mo i a ion is he same as in
Li huanian Ìlga . long (c . § 7.3). The synch onic shape is also e y close o he o m Volga. The
adi ional p ojec i- (see Blažek 2015: 62), i co ec , would p obably exclude his solu ion. 22
on back o *ulH2go-, pe haps de i ed om he e b *uel- “ o u nˮ (Adams 2013:
631–632), is also applicable o Volga. Bu he e ymological analysis *ui-dlH1gho-
A ailable a : <h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Yang ze> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 23 The loss o a e
he all o he inal owel is egula , c . KB Ma i jal […] oo […] s. Mo do ian Moksha jalga […]on
oo […], Finnish oo […] oo […] (Mikkola 1929: 127; UEW: 88[…]89). This is he i s ime ha he
game has been played in Finnish.
S aipsniai / A icles 69
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
8. SUMMARY o
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
he
[…]a axsaha mless
(See also Ta a language
I'm going o Ka a.
The Volga
♪ I'm he
looking
one you' e
o ♪ ♪ I'm
he one you' e looking o ♪
*As(a) El asz(V) ele is no used
alley ull
{o wa e }
* […]as ia
wi h big
loods
*as (h)l
lowe
dampness
♪ July
s eam
Ta a language
oad
The o es is
a eeless
e ain.
Ra (o)
* ahdampness
> The A es an
Raŋh-
i e a a
<*> o he igh
♪ I'm he
one ♪ ♪ I'm he one ♪
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
Ὄαρος A es an
ai isea, sea bay This is a lis o he
municipali ies o Li huania by popula ion.
The Pahla i
a lake
B wa B
wa e
-wä B
s eam
♪ in he ai ♪
b oad
Volga o
mois u e
La ian
ood .
we is ligh
walke
long
wolγa
alley
alley
Bashki
jyla i e
o long .
A icles by A icles 71
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
9.1 The p eceding able (§ 8) summa ises all mo e o less p obable solu i i a ions, hey
ons, al hough hey a e o en mu ually exclusi e. E alua ing hei seman ic mo-
can be di ided in o wo se s. The i s g oup consis s o he ully hyd onymical names
mo i a ed by meanings connec ed wi h wa e , namely wa e i sel , u he i e ,
( i e -) alley, s eam, lood, dampness, lake, sea. The second g oup includes he e ms
cha ac e izing he i e s eam o sho es, he e namely b oad, long, ben , eeless,
ha mless, whiconnec ed wi h wa e and should be p e e ed. In he case o se e al
e/ligh ˮ, “black/da kˮ. I is appa en ha he i s seman ic g oup is di ec ly
e ymological candida es he seman ic mo i a ion, which is epea ed in di e en
designa ions, seems mo e p omising han isola ed explana ions. So, Old Russian Volga
* ah-, whose meaning mois u e, dampness, humidi y is econs uc ed acco ding o
< Common Sla ic * ьlga “dampnessˮ co esponds o I anian, pe haps Scy hian,
Vedic [RV] as-, which is he eminine o he masculine ása- he sap o juice o plan s,
juice o ui , any liquid o luid, mois u e, humidi y, essence, compound *as -(h)l
lowe dampness. I would be possible o imagine ha i desc ibed he Volga del a. I is
ma owˮ. The hi d coun e pa could be iden i ied in he hypo he ical Tu kic
emp ing o conclude ha he Sla ic and pe haps
Tu kic hyd onyms ep esen calques on hei I anian p edecesso . Al eady om
9.2. Ch onologically i s seem o be he my hical i e -names Ras, known
he Rg eda composed p obably be ween 15001100 BCE, and i s Young A es an
coun e pa Raŋh, om he beginning o he 1s mill. The ECB. Mo do ian Ra o
Ra o can e lec bo h * aŋa and * aγa. The i s case p ese es he speci ic
A es an-like de elopmen o he sequence […]h[…], he la e case p obably
ep esen s he o m […]Rah[…], econs uc ible o se e al Old and Ea ly Middle
I anian dialec s, namely Scy hian, Sa ma ian and Sakan wi h ega d o hei
geog aphical dis ibu ion. P olemy's […] and Pseudo-Aga heme 's […] a e cen . BC
s ill close o *Rah in he 2nd and 3 d cen . CE espec i ely. In he mid o he 5 h
He odo us eco ded h ee di e en i e -names, which may pe haps belong o
he Volga: αρος, ράξης, Λύκος. The αρος is e ymologizable on he basis o Young
A es an ai i- sea, sea bay and Pahla i a lake. This solu ion indica es a i e
emp ying in o a big wa e ese oi . In compe i ion wi h he no less a ac i e
Tocha ian e ymology (B wa […]wa e […], -wä […]s eam[…]), he I anian o igin
should be p e e ed wi h ega d o he P olemy's hyd onym Oὐαρδάνης, p obably
designa ing he Kuban Ri e emp ying in o he Azo Sea, which is analyzable
explici ly as *u[…]a (V)-d[…]nu- […] i e emp ying
in a sea/lakeˮ, whe e he second componen is I anian *dnu- “ i e ˮ > Young
A es an d[…]nu- […] i e , s eam[…], Osse ic don […] i e , wa e […], wi hou any known
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Tocha ian coun e pa . He odo us desc ibed he i e as a s eam di ided in o o y a ms
be o e i s mou h in o he Caspian Sea. This desc ip ion is applicable only o a eally big del a. I he
del a o he Volga was mean , a leas h ee I anian in e p e a ions a e hinkable, namely
*a- axsa- ha mless wi h espec o i s quie s eam o *ha- axša- all da k, wi h a ian *h- axša-
da k mou h wi h ega d o he black mud in he del a (c . also Kazan Ta a Ka a Idel). The hi d
He odo us' hyd onym, p obably belonging o he Volga, Lykos, looks like a G eek ansc ip ion o
P o o-Ma i *luk[…] […]bend[…], which can designa e he bend o he Volga om he eas o he
sou h by he mou h o he la ges ibu a y, he Kama Ri e . This solu ion seems mo e con incing
han he al e na i e Bal ic designa ion "wilde ness" - " eeless e ain" - which would ha e
designa ed he was eland a ound he Kama Ri e , desc ibed by He odo us. Alseman ic
mo i a ions o hyd onyms. In he 2nd and 3 d cen u ies CE P olemy and Pseudo-Aga heme os
eco ded he Volga-names […] and […]ς espec i ely, which ep esen con inua ions o I anian
hough such an in e p e a ion is qui e legi ima e, i is no gene ally ypical o
*Rah[…], discussed abo e. F om he 6 h cen . The new name o he Volga is known, which can be
econs uc ed as *As(a) El. The e a e a leas h ee al e na i e e ymologies. Old Bulga ian
*as- ia g ad egions a e mo e o less egula ly looded once e e y 5 yea s24. A weakness o his
solu ion consis s in he ac ha he e is no appella i e con inuan in Chu ash, only he hyd onym
Til[…]ɛ (see § 2.3). The hypo he ical compound *as -(h)l lowe dampness should p obably be asc ibed
“wi h big loodsˮ can be suppo ed by he ac ha e.g. he As axań and Volgo-
di ec ly o some mains eam Tu kic dialec , since none o he componen s con inue in Chu ash.
The hi d e ymological a emp p esen s he hyd onym as a p edecesso o he hypo he ical
Hunga ian compound asz(V)- ele i e alley ull {o wa e }. I should come as no su p ise o ake
in o accoun he possibili y o a Hunga ian e ymology as well. The ajec o y o mig a ion o he
ances o s o he Hunga ians e y p obably ollowed he cou se o he Kama and u he he
Volga om hei con luence o he basin o he Don, which b ough hem o he Pon us and along
i s banks u he o he Danube basin. The e ymology implies he p esence o he ances o s o
he Hunga ians in he basin o he lowe Volga be o e c. 570 CE, when Zema chus c ossed he i e
and eco ded i s name as […]ττίλας[…]. This in e p e a ion may be ein o ced by one o
al e na i e e ymologies o he hyd onym Volga p ope , namely Hunga ian ölgy alley. The Volga
i sel was i s men ioned in he Russian P ima y Ch onicle da ed AD 964. I s Sla ic p o o o m
* lga […]dampness[…] seems sa e; co esponding hyd onyms a e known om basins o he Dniepe
and Vis ula. Bu he Volga may be an 24 A ailable a :
<h ps://www.clima echangepos .com/ ussia/ i e - loods> [accessed 01.11.2019].

S aipsniai / A icles 73
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Eas Sla ic adap a ion o he Bal ic name o he ype La ian alga . we oo. The
close seman ic mo i a ion is p oposed o he Vedic my hical i e Ras[…], and i s
A es an coun e pa Raŋh[…], which ha e been connec ed wi h he I anian
Indo-I anian homeland and iden i ied wi h he Volga. The hypo he ical Tu kic
compound *as -(h)l lowe dampness would exp ess he same cha ac e is ics. Bu
he e a e se e al al e na i e e ymologies based on languages spoken along he
Volga ea lie han he ime he i s Sla s eached he i e (pe haps c. 600 CE wi h
ega d o he glo och onological da ing he disin eg a ion o Common Sla ic o
he 6 h cen u y), namely Bal ic (La ian alga . […]we […]; less likely is Li huanian
[…]lunga . […]long[…] wi h espec o he di icul explana ion o Sla ic . […]). Ma i is
a ligh ; Hunga ian ölgy […] alley […]; The Tocha ian walks o a long ime. Bashki
jyla i e can be di ec ly excluded as a la e Mongolic loan. Al hough he Ma i,
Hunga ian, and Tocha ian in e p e a ions a e no compa ible, hey could ha e been
applied o he same i e a a ious imes. I is possible o imagine ha an olde
designa ion was eplaced by a new one on he p inciple o quasi-homonymy,
independen ly o seman ic di e ence. An illusla ed in he Russian P ima y
a i e example may be ound e.g. in he Old Russian hyd onym E elь, ans-
Ch onicle as Уголъ angle, in ag eemen wi h i s
Tu kic e ymology (Osman äj i schie , k umm, äj ilä sich biegen), bu by oday i has
been modi ied o O eľ, i.e. eagle (see § 4.3). F om he las h ee al e na i es he
Tocha ian one had sepa a ed as i s . Acco ding o he glo och onological analyses,
he sepa a ion o he Tocha ian b anch om he Indo-Eu opean mains eam ( he
Ana olian b anch was al eady sepa a ed in he 5 h millennium BC) is da ed o 3810 BC
and 3900 BC by Se gei S a os in and Geo gy S a os in espec i ely (see Blazhe &
Schwa z, 20320), while he disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p o o-language is da ed
only o 2350 BC by Blazhe and 2160 BC by G. S a os in (2015: 569): an a e age o 2,230 BC.
(2012: 34; 2016b: 89), o 2,180 BCE by S. S a os in (see Blažek 2012: 32), and
The sepa a ion o he Ma i and Pe mian b anches is da ed o 1370 BCE by S. S a os in
and o 1200 BCE by Blazek (see Blazek 2012: 32, 34; 2016: 89) and he sepa a ion o
Hunga ian om Ob-Ug ic is da ed o 1340 BCE by S. S a os in and o 1480 BCE by Blazek
(see Blazek 2012: 32, 34). This means ha he Tocha ian b anch was sepa a ed abou
1.5 millennia be o e he disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p obably occupied he
eas e nmos posi ion in he Indo-Eu opean homeland as well. I he No h Pon ic
uni y and c. 2,5 millennia be o e sepa a ions o he Ma i and Hunga ian. The
Tocha ians we e he eas e nmos Indo-Eu opean b anch in he 1s mill. CE. They
localiza ion o he Indo-Eu opean homeland, a leas a e he sepa a ion o he
Ana olian b anch, is accep ed, he Volga could ep esen he eas e n bounda y o
he Indo-Eu opean dialec con inuum; he i s i e c ossed, impo an o
o ien a ion, ans e , and ishing, was kep o a long ime; and when new
jus by he ances o s o he Tocha ians, pe haps in he i s hal o he 4 h mill.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
BCE. In such a case, i would seem na u al ha he designa ion o such a migh y
popula ions inhabi ed i s sho es, hey p e e ed o use quasi-homonymous names,
hough hei meanings we e ein e p e ed. Besides he longes chain ep esen ed
by Tocha ian B walke long25 → Hunga ian ölgy i e alley → Ma i wolγa is whi e →
La ian alga we → Old Russian Volga *dampness, he e is also he se ies consis ing
o Tocha ian B wa wa e , -wä s eam → A es an ai i- sea, sea bay, Pahla i a lake
→ Chu ash a alley, lume, a ine, go ge; inside, cen e , middle, belly, o Young
A es an Raŋh o ‘Scy hian *Rah → Mo do ian E zya Ra , Ra o ‘Volga, Moksha a a
i e , Ra ‘Volga. This hypo hesis implies a con inui y o popula ions in spi e o he
names o many impo an i e s ha ing been p ese ed, hough he languages on
hei banks ha e changed. Na u ally, in addi ion o old names, new ones a e also
pe iods o massi e mig a ions, p obably in he o m o elic se lemen s along
impo an i e s media ing he o iginal hyd onyms. Thanks o his mechanism,
in oduced. In he case o he Volga he younges example o his ype is p obably
Ma i Jul, adop ed om some Tu kic sou ce o he ype Old Uyghu yuul […]moun ain
b ook, sp ing[…].
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Russian P ima y Ch onicle
Lau en ian edac ion
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастъшю . и възмужавшю . нача вои совку-
he lesh. and many b a e and easy walke s. I 's he pa ade. Many soldie s a e mo e c ea i e
ходѧ. возъ по собѣ не возѧше . ни котьла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но потонку изрѣзавъ .
конину ли . звѣрину ли . или говѧдину . на оуглех испекъ ӕдѧху. ни шатра имѧше
. но подъкладъ пославъ. и сѣдло в головахъ . такоже и прочии вои єго вси бѧх.
[And] he wen o he coun ies o see. I don' wan o go. and goes o he i e and o he Volga
. и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч Вѧтичемъ . кому дань даєте . ѡни же рѣша Козаромъ по
щьлѧгу . и ѿ рала даємъ.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I Tocha ian B walked was eally de i ed om
*u[…]i-dl[…]H1gho-, i should be abandoned om candida es o p o o o m o he Volga. In his case he oldes membe o his chain copying he s eam
o he Volga would be Ma i. The chain should look as ollows: Hunga ian ölgy ← Ma i wolγa →
La ian ood → Old Russian Volga.
S aipsniai / A icles 75
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Hypa ian w i ing
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастьшю . и възмужавшю . нача воӕ съво-
куплѧти . многы и храбры . бѣ бо и самъ хоробръ и легокъ . ходѧ акы пардусъ
. воины многы творѧше . возъ бо по себѣ не возѧше . ни котла ни мѧсъ варѧ .
но по тонку изрѣзавъ . конину . или звѣрину . или говѧдину на оугълехъ испекь
ӕдѧшє . ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ постилаше . а сѣдло въ головах . тако
же и прочии вои єг вси бѧху . и посылашє къ странам . гл҃ѧ хочю на вы ити . и иде
на Ѡку рѣку . и на Волгу . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч имъ кому дань даєте . ѡни же
ркоша Козаром . по щелѧгу ѿ рала даєм
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. English ansla ion o he
Lau en ian Edic , 6474. When P ince S ya osla had g own up and ma u ed, he began
o collec a nume ous and alian a my. S epping ligh as a leopa d, he unde ook
many campaigns. On his expedi ions he ca ied wi h him nei he wagons o bee , and
no ke les, and boiled no mea , bu cu o small s ips o ho se lesh, game, o
a e i a e oas ing i on he coals. No did he ha e a en , bu he sp ead his
ad ou a ho se-blanke unde him, and se his saddle unde his head; (65) and
e inue did likewise. He sen messenge s o he o he lands announcing his
in en ion o a ack hem. He wen o he Oka and he Volga, and on coming in
con ac wi h he Vya iki, he inqui ed o hem o whom hey paid ibu e. They made
answe ha hey paid a sil e -piece pe ploughsha e o he Khaza s. […] The
Russian P ima y Ch onicle: Lau en ian Tex , T ansla ed and edi ed by Samuel
Hazza d C oss & Olge d P. She bowi z-We zo A ailable a : […]
Camb idge, Massachuse s: The Medie al Academy o Ame ica, No. 60, 1953.
h pwww.mgh-biblio hek.de
01.11.2019].
Wi ness o G eek au ho s
He odo us, who w o e in 1202:
201. ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπεθύμησε Μασσαγέτας
ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον,
οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ, ἀντίον
δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυθικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
Pe seus-G eek 1:1.201.> Wha is he meaning o he name Pe seus?
When Cy us had conque ed his na ion, oo, he wan ed o subjuga e he
Massage ae. These a e said o be a g ea and powe ul people dwelling owa ds
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI eas and he sun ise, beyond he A axes and
opposi e he Issedones; and some say ha hey a e a Scy hian people.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
202. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν.
ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς
τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ
ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους
δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ
κατά περ Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ μᾶλλον
μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων
μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν,
ὅθεν περ ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας
διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν τὰ πάντα πλὴν
ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ: ἐν τοῖσι ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι
ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους, ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ
δὲ ἓν τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην θάλασσαν.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.pe -
he seus-g c1:1.202> [accessed 01.11.2019].
The A axes is said by some o be g ea e and by some o be less han he Is e . I is
said ha he e a e many islands in i as la ge as Lesbos, and men on hem who in
summe li e on he oo s o all kinds ha hey dig up, and in win e on he ui ha
hey ha e go om he ees when i was ipe and s o ed o ood. And hey know (i
is said) o ees bea ing a ui whose e ec is his: ga he ing in g oups and kindling a
i e, he people si a ound i and h ow he ui in o he lames; Then he umes o i
as i bu ns make hem d unk as he G eeks a e wi h wine, and mo e and mo e d unk as
mo e ui is h own on he i e, un il a las hey ise up o dance and e en sing. Such
is said o be hei way o li e. The A axes lows om he coun y o he Ma ieni (as
does he Gyndes, which Cy us di ided in o he h ee hund ed and six y channels) and
emp ies i sel h ough o y síndhu ha m asáyā siñca áś n gh ! The Sindhu Ri e
A icles by A icles 83
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
"Those wi h whom you swelled he Rasa (Ri e ) wi h a gush o wa e , wi h which
you helped he ho seless cha io o ic o y, wi h which T iśoka d o e up ed
cows o himsel . "Wi h hose o ms o help come he e, O Aś ins. Whe ewi h
T iśoka d o e o h his eco e ed Ge: […]Du ch die ih die Rasa mi Wasse s Flu
angeschwell hab , mi denen ih den Wagen ohne Roß zum Sieg e hal , du ch die
cows,—Come hi he un o us, O Aś ins, wi h hose aids.ˮ
T isoka die Kühe he aus ieb, mi diesen Hil en komm doch ja he , ih As in![…]
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
sp inkles you ho ses wi h he Ras; You ed bi ds a oid he glowing hea . You
speedy ehicle has jus appea ed, wi h which you wo become he mas e s
[/husbands] o Sū yā. G : Le Sindhu wi h his wa e bedew you ho ses: in ie y glow
ha e he ed bi ds come hi he . Obse ed o all was ha you apid going, whe eby ye
we e he Lo ds o Sū ya's Daugh e . he ed Vogel osse en gingen o he Glu en. This
quick ide made you look good. You' e going o die.
V1.15 padé-pade me ja im ní dhyi á ū ī śak y pyúbhi ca síṣak u mā ā mahī
asā na smá sū íbhi juhás ju áni Ja: S ep a e s ep old age has been secu ed
o me, ei he (by he ) who is he able Shielding Goddess o by he p o ec o s. Le
he mo he , he g ea Rasā, accompany us along wi h ou pa ons, she wi h hands
ou s e ched, wi h winnings ou s e ched.
G : Duly o each one ha h my laud been o e ed. S ong be Va ū wi h he
powe s o succou . May he g ea Mo he Rasā he e be iend us,
s aigh -handed, wi h he p inces, s i ing o wa d. They wan us o s and wi h
he Lohnhe en, he g ea Mo he Race on he side, he one ed hand ha ha
b ings he ed win.

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
V.53.9 The ollowing able is inse ed:
Le no he Rasā, he Ani abhā, he Kubhā, he K umu, le no he Sindhu b ing
you o a hal . Le no he o e lowing Sa ayu hem you a ound. So le no Rasā,
K umu, o Ani abha, Kubha, o Sindhu hold you back. Le no he wa e y Sa ay i
obs uc you way. Wi h us be all he bliss you gi e. […] Ge: […]Nich soll euch die
Rasa, Ani abha, Kubha, K umu, nich euch die Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die
quellen eiche Sa ayu im Wege s ehen. […]Nich soll euch die Rasa, Ani abha, Kubha,
K umu, nich euch die Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die Quellen eiche Sa ayu im
Wege s ehen. […] Ge: […]Nich soll euch die Rasa, Ani abha, Kubha, K umu, nich euch
die Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die Quellen eiche Sa ayu im Wege s ehen. […] This
is he i s ime ha I ha e hea d o his song. We' e supposed o be you s.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In o he p essed soma o glo y, he ull glo y o he wo wo ld-hal es.
The Rasā should ecei e he bull. […] Ge: […]Gieße die He lichkei in den
ausgep eß en Sa , die beiden Wel en
übe s ahl ! Den Bullen soll die Rasa annehmen!ˮ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
O Soma, low o us in, p o ec ing s eam all a ound on all sides, like he
hea enly i e Ras, along he uppe su ace o he il e .
X5.6 To a el i s joined wi h he T āmā, hen wi h he Susa ū, he Rasā, and
ṣmay p a ʰamám y a e sajū susá  asáyā ś e y y
his Ś e yā, you, O Sindhu, come wi h he Kubhā o he Goma ū, wi h he Meha nū
o he K umu, on he same cha io wi h all hese, wi h which you go speeding and
wi h Ś e yā he e, Kubhā; Wi h hese, Sindhu and Meha nū, you seek in you cou se
K umu and Goma . Ge: Zue s mi de T is ama zum Ve ein , mi Susa u, Rasa, mi
diese S e ya komms du, Sindhu, mi de Kubha zu Goma i, mi de Meha nu kím
A icles o he 85 h
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
G : “Fi s wi h T āma hou a eage o low o h, wi h Rasā, and Susa ū,
ichán ī sa ám P a idám na dū é hí ádh jágamāu i he pa caí índ asya dū ī iṣi hiy
ca mi ichī mahá ichī paaya nīn a a iṣkáda bá ás as na a hy a a amy pa Ja:
[Pa] Seeking wha has a i ed he e o he oad, swallowing up he a ele in he
dis ance? Wha is you mission o us? Wha was he inal u n (b inging you he e)?
zu K umu, mi denen du au gleichem Wagen dahineils .ˮ
X.108.1–2
How did you c oss he wa e s o he Rasā? [Sa amā] Sen as he messenge o
k asméhi i k pá i akmy sī ka ʰám asy a a a páyṃsi
Ind a I a el, seeking you g ea hidden easu es, Paṇis. Wi h a ea o leaping
ac oss […] ha helped us! In ha way I c ossed he wa e s o he Rasā. Wha wish
o Sa āma has b ough he he e? The pa h leads a away o dis an places. Wha
cha ge has hou o us? Whe e does you jou ney u n? How his ha h p ese ed
me om he ea o c ossing: hus ha e I made my way oe
has hou made hy way o’e Rasā’s wa e s.ˮ
“I come appoin ed messenge o Ind a, seeking you ample s o es o weal h, O Paṇis.
The wa e s o Rasās.
Ge: "How a e you, Ansuchen? Is Sa ama he e?" The e's a long way o go in he
Fa Eas . Wha does he Sendung mean o us? Wha was he decisi e u ning
poin ? Wha do you hink o he Flu en de Rasa? "I Ind a's Bo comes o me,
you g ea easu es will be you s". The Fu ch o dem Übe sp ingen is
hal way h ough. So I'm going h ough he Flu en de Rasa.
X.121.4. O he
Yassya imé hima an a mahi yassya samud ám asayā sahá hú yassya im p adíśa
yassya bhū kásmai de ya ha íṣ idhema Ja: Whe e a e hese snow-co e ed
moun ains in hei g ea ness; Whose is he sea oge he wi h he wo ld-s eam,
hey say; Whose a e hese di ec ions, whose ( hei ) wo a ms (= he zeni h and
nadi ?) […] Who is he god o whom we should do homage wi h ou obla ion? […]
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
His a ms a e hese, his hands a e hese hea enly egions: h ough whose powe
hey a e moun ains o snow, h ough whose powe hey a e no .
ons. Wha God shall we ado e wi h ou obla ion?ˮ
sie sagen, de Ozean sam de Rasa is , du ch dessen Mach diese Himmelsge-
genden dessen beide A me sie sind. - We is de Go , dem wi mi Op e die-
I is a ailable a : <h p: i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de
ex /e cs/ind/aind/ ed/ /m / .h m>
T ansla ions: Ja = Jamison & B e e on 2013; G = G i i h 1889[1987]; Ge = Geldne
1951.
No e: The abb e ia ions wi hou special explana ions, namely he pa s o
A es a o dialec s o he U alic languages, ollow s anda dly he abb e ia ions
used in he quo ed sou ces.
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Wiley-Blackwell, 178 and 183.
Blažek Václa 2015: A Long Way o […]Fa […]: Tocha ian A lo, B lau and A lok, B lauke ad .
[…](a) a (o ); away […] in pe spec i e o he Indo-Eu opean e ymology […]long[…]. […] The jou nal
o Indo-Eu opean S udies 43(1–2), 57–80.
Blazek Václa was bo n in 2016 in Hyd onymia Rg edica. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Václa Blažek: On he classi ica ion o he Samoyedic languages […] Finnish-Ug ic Resea ch 63, 79 […] 125.
Blažek Václa & Schwa z Michal 2017: Ea ly Indo-Eu opeans in Cen al Asia
and China. Cul u al ela ions as e lec ed in language. Innsb uck: Innsb uck Ins i u e o
Cul u al Science, Neue Folge, Band 13. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he
Eu opean Union ha an ins i u ion has been awa ded he i le o Eu opean Cul u al
He i age. Böh ling O o 1851: Die Sp ache de Jaku en, Theil 2: Jaku isch-deu sches
Wö e buch. This is he i s book in he se ies by O o Böh ling. S . Pe e sbu g: The Impe ial Academy o Sciences is loca ed in S . Pe e sbu g. Bonga d-Le in G. M. & G an o skij E. A. 1983: O Ski ii do Indii. This is he i s ime ha he book has been published. Moscow:
The mind.
Cabolo Ruslan L. 2001[…]2010: […] imological Slo ak Ku dish language I[…]II. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in Ku dish. Moscow:
Vos očnaja li e a u a.
Cincius Ve a I. (ed.) 1975-1977: S a ni eľnyj slo aŕ unguso-mańčžu skix jazyko (S a ni eľnyj slo aŕ unguso-mańčžu skix jazyko ) was bo n in he illage o Cincius Ve a I. He was bo n in he illage o S a ni eľnyj.
I and II. Lening ad: The ship.
Clauson si Ge a d 1972: An E ymological Dic iona y o P e-Thi een h-Cen u y
Tu kish. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
Collinde Bjö n 1960: Compa a i e g amma o he U alic languages. This is S ockholm:
This is Almk is & Wiksell.
Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us 1967: De adminis ando impe io, ed. by Gyula
Mo a csik, ansla ed by R. J. H. Jenkins. This is he i s book in he se ies. Dumba on: Cen e o Byzan ine s udies.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
88 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
C . A ailable a : <h ps://epd .pub/de-adminis ando-impe io.h ml> [accessed
01.11.2019].
Eile s Wilhelm and May ho e Mann ed 1960: Nomencla u e o he Indian
Wande ings? A ollow-up. […] language 6, 107[…]134. ERS […] E zhansko-Russian
Slo akia, edi ed by M. N. Kolyadenko and N. F. Cygano . Moscow: S a e-owned
manu ac u e o o eign and na ional ehicles in Slo akia, 1949. ESIJ […]
[…] imological Slo akia i anskix jazyko I[…]IV, by V. S. Ras o gue a (I[…]III) and Dž.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Moscow: Eas e n li e a u e, om 2000 o 2011. ESTJ […] […] imological Slo ak
ju kskix jazyko 1 (glass), 2 (B), 3 (V, G, D) by […]. V. Se o jan. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. Moscow: Nauka, 1974, 1978, 1980; 4 ([…], Ž, J) by […]. V. Se o jan and
L. S. Le i skaya was bo n in Moscow, Russia. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Moscow: Russian cuisine, 1997
& 6 (K) by L. S. Le i skaja, A. V. Dybo, V. I. Rassadin. This a icle is pa o a
se ies on he Bible. Moscow: Ind ik, 2000; 7 (L, M, N, P, S) by L. S. Le i skaja, G. F.
Blago a, A. V. Dybo, D. M. Nasilo . This is he i s ime ha he book has been published. Moscow: Ins i u e o Linguis ics o he RAN, 2003.
EWAI – E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al indoa ischen I–III, by Mann ed May ho e .
Heidelbe g: Win e , 1986 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
EWU […] E ymological dic iona y o Hunga ian I[…]II, edi ed by Lo ánd Benk[…]. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Gas e M. 1899: The Ch onicles o Je emiah, o he Heb ew Bible His o iale. This is London.
This is he Royal Asia ic Socie y.
Geldne Ka l F ied ich 1951: De Rig-Veda aus dem Sansk i ins Deu sche übe se-
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. London and Wiesbaden:
Ha assowi z. I is also a ailable a : <h p:
www.sansk i web.ne / ig eda/ ig eda.pd > [accessed 01.11.2019]. Gimbu as Ma ia (1963): Ancien Bal ic Lands, also known as Gimbu as Ma ia (1963) […] In e na ional Jou nal o Sla ic Linguis ics and Poe ics 6, 65 […]102. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he linguis ics o Sla ic languages.
Gimbu as Ma ija (1963): The Bal s, also known as The Bal s. London: he Hudson
and he Thames. Gombocz Zol án 1917: A Hunga ian is a na ional adi ion. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ralph T. H. G i i h 1884[2002]: Hymns o he A ha a eda I and II. New Delhi: The ollowing able is inse ed:
Munshi am Manoha lal. Wha a e you doing?
Ralph T. H. G i i h 1889[1987]: Hymns o he Rg eda III. New Delhi: Munshi am is he capi al o India.
This is Manoha lal.
Theophilus H. Haussig, Theophilus's Exe cise on he Scy hian Peoples, published in 1953. Byzan ion 23,
275–462.

S aipsniai / A icles 89
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Helimski Eugene 2000: On p obable Tungusic-Manchu o igin o he Buyla insc ip ion om
Nagy-Szen miklós. This is he i s ime ha he insc ip ion has been ound. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. Helimski Eugene 2004: Die Sp ache(n) de Awa en: Die
mandschu- ungusische Al e na i e (The language o he people o Awa en: The al e na i e
o he people o Mandschu and Tungus) is a book by Helimski Eugene ha was published in
2004. […] P oceedings o he Fi s In e na ional Con e ence on Manchu-Tungus S udies
(Bonn, VIII[…]IX, 2000), Vol. 2: T ends in Tungusic and Sibe ian Linguis ics, edi ed by C. Nähe .
Wiesbaden (Tunguso[…]Sibi ica 9), 59 o 72. I is loca ed in he dis ic o Wiesbaden. Albe He mann was bo n in 1937. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's called Halbband. S u ga : D uckenmülle , cc. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. 1680–1681.
F ied ich Hi h (1895): Nachwo e zu Insch i des Tonjukuk (Nachwo e o he
insc ip ion o he Tonjukuk) is a wo k by he Ge man w i e F ied ich Hi h.
Con ibu ions o he His o y o he Eas e n Tu ks, olumes 7, and 8. Acco ding o he
Chinese Quellen. […] The Old Tu kish Insc ip ions o he Mongols by Wilhelm Radlo . S . Pe e sbu g: Impe ial Academy o Sciences, numbe one hund ed and o y.
Honko Lau i e al. 1993: The G ea Bea . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. A Thema ic
An hology o O al Poe y in he Finno-Ug ic Languages. Helsinki: The Finnish
B oadcas ing Co po a ion. Hon i László 1982: The his o y o he i s syllable o he Oboug ian ocalism. This is Budapes :
Akadémiai Kiadó.
Paul Ho n (1893) is he au ho o G und iss de Neupe sischen E ymologie. This is
T übne . Humbach Helmu , in collabo a ion wi h Jose El enbein & P ods O. Skjæ ø
1991: The Gā hās o Za a hush a and he O he Old A es an Tex s. Heidelbe g: he
win e .
Jacobsohn-He mann (1922), A ies and he Ugly Woman Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck and
I 's called Rup ech .
Jamison S ephanie & B e e on Joel P. 2014: The Rig eda is he i s book in he
Rig eda. The Ea lies Religious Poe y o India Vol. I and III. This Decision shall en e
in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. Joki Aulis J. 1973: U alie and he
(Mémoi es de la Socié é Finno-Oug ienne 151).
Indoge manen. He is a membe o he Swedish Academy o Sciences. Helsinki:
Suomalais-Ug ilaisen Seu a Ke esz es László 1986: His o y o he Mo d inish
Consonan ism. I is also known as he "His o y o he Mo d inish Consonan ism". II:
E ymological ma e ial om Belgium. Szeged: The s udy o he U als-Al aica, 26. KESK […] K a kij […] is a linguis ic e m coined by Vasilij I. Li kin and E genij I. Guljae . The ship, Moscow, 1970.
KEWA […] Ku zge ass es e ymologisches Wö e buch I[…]IV, by Mann ed May ho e .
This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. Heidelbe g: Win e , 1956 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
Kiepe Hein ich 1878: Leh buch de al en Geog aphie. Be lin: Reime .
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
90 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
Klap o h Julius 1826: Tableaux his o iques de l'Asie, om he mona chy o Cy us o he p esen day;
accompanied by his o ical and e hnog aphic esea ch on his pa o he wo ld. This is Pa is:
Schuba .
Klimo Geo gij A. & Xalilo Magžig Š. 2003: Slo aŕ ka kazskix jazyko . So-
pos a lenie osno noj leksiki. Mosk a: Vos očnaja li e a u a, RAN.
Ko enchy É a 1972: I anian Lehnwö e in he Ug ian language. This is Budapes :
Akadémiai Kiadó.
Hans K ahe 1964: Ou oldes name o he i e . Wiesbaden and Ha assowi z. K e schme
Paul 1927: Fu he on he his o y o he Inde . […] Zei sch i ü e gleichende
Sp ach o schung au dem Gebie e de Indoge manischen Sp achen 55, 75[…]103, which is
published annually in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. E ns Kuhn (1887 - 1937)
214–216.
was a Ge man physicis . […] Zei sch i ü e gleichende Sp ach o schung 28, de
Laga de Paul 1866: Gesammel e Abhandlungen. […] This is he i s ime ha he e m has
been used in his way. Leipzig: B ockhaus. Wha a e you doing? Laga de-Paul (1868):
Bei aege zu bak ische Lexikog aphie, which was published by he F ench-speaking
wo ld. Leipzig and Teubne . Leh i an a Juhani 1989: Yh eissamelainen sanas o. He is also a membe o he Swedish Academy o Sciences. Helsinki: Suomalais-ug ilainen Seu a (Mémoi es de la Socié é Finno-Oug ienne 200) which is published by he Finnish Minis y o Fo eign A ai s. In 1937, E ns Lewy was bo n in Me ja und Tsche emissen. […] Hunga ian Yea books 16, 79 o 81.
A ailable a : <h p:// eal-j.m ak.hu/7008/1/MTA_Unga ischeJah buche _16.pd >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
Ly kin Vasilij I. & Guljae E genij S. 1970: K a kij ė imologičeskij slo aŕ komi is
a language spoken in he Czech Republic, which is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y. Moscow: he ship.
Macdonell A. A. 1971: Vedic My hology. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Delhi-Va anasi: Indological Book House. This is he i s ime I ha e isi ed his
place. Ma qua d , Joseph (1929), Cul u al and linguis ic analysis o he […]
Hunga ian Yea books 9, 68 and 103. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ma qua d , Joseph (1903): S udies on he his o y o he 9 h and 10 h (abou 840 C.E.)
940). Leipzig: Die ich. He was bo n in Leipzig.
[…] Mühlenbach K. & Endzelin J. ME 1929[…]1932: Le isch-deu sches Wö e buch IV. This
is he i s edi ion o he book. The band. Riga: Published by he La ian Cul u al Fund.
Menande : The His o y o Menande he Gua dsman was published in 1985.
In oduc o y essay, ex , ansla ion, and his o iog aphical no es by R. C. Blockley.
Li e pool and Cai ns. Menges Ka l H. 1944-1945: E ymological no es on some Päčänäg
names. Byzan ion 17, 256 and 280.
A icles by A icles 91
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Mikkola J. J. 1929: The name o he wol . […] Finnish-Ug ic Resea ch 20, 125 […] 128.
A ailable a : < h p: ennoug ica.kansalliski jas o. ihandle/10024/92995> [accessed] This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic.
01.11.2019].
Mon gome y James E. 2000: Ibn Falān and he Rūsiyyah. – Jou nal o A abic &
Islamic s udies 3, one hund ed and wen y- i e. A ailable a : < h p:
adlan.2000.pd > [accessed 01.11.2019].
Mo a csik Gyulya 1958: Byzan ino u cica II: Sp ach es e de Tü k ölke in den by-
www.unm.edu> doug/mon gome y.ibnzan inischen Quellen2. This is a lis o people
who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. Be lin: Published
by Akademie. Mo gens ie ne Geo g 1974: E ymological ocabula y o he Shughni g oup. This is Wiesbaden: Reiche .
Müllenho Ka l 1906: Die No d- und Os nachba en de Ge manen. – Deu sche
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Munkácsi Be ná 1910: Re iew o A ische U zei on He mann B unnho e (Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n: Be n was bo n in Be lin, was bo n in Be lin.
F ancke (1910) was bo n. […] Some o he land 11, 150 […] 158.
Munkácsi Be ná & Kálmán Béla, ed., 1986: Wogulisches Wö e buch. This is he i s ime ha he Wogulisches Wö e buch has been published. The Buddha-
pes : Akadémiai Kiadó.
[…] Monie -Williams Si Monie MW 1899 ( ep in ed 1993): A Sansk i -English Dic iona y. This is he i s ime ha he English language has been ansla ed in o Sansk i .
Delhi: Mo ilal Bana sidass. He is a membe o he Indian Na ional Cong ess.
NCED […] A No he n Caucasian E ymological Dic iona y, published by Se gei L.
Nikolaye and Se gei A. S a os in. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Nobbe
Nybe g Hen ik S. 1974: A Manual o Pahla i Vol. II. Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z.
C. F. A. 1966: Claudii P olemaei Geog aphia. This is a lis o people who ha e been
wi h special emphasis on he Indo-Eu opean he i age. Be lin–New Yo k: de G uy e Mo-
awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physics. Hildesheim: The Olms. Olsen Bi gi A. 1999: The
Noun in Biblical A menian O igin and Wo d-Fo ma ion […] u on (T ends in Linguis ics.
S udies and Monog aphs 119). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in
A menian. Paasonen Heikki (Hen ik) 1897: Indoge mán e ede ű-e a Volga olyónak
leg égibb is known as he name o he mu de e ? […] Nyel dudományi Közlemények
27, 121[…]123, which is loca ed in he dis ic o Nyel dudományi. Paasonen Heikki 1926: Os jakisches Wö e buch (Nach den Dialek en an de Konda unda am Jugan), ed. by he au ho , who is also he au ho o he book. This is Kai Donne . Helsing o s: Socié é Finno-Oug ienne (Lexica Socie a is Fenno-Ug icae II) which is loca ed in he dis ic o Helsing o s.
Paasonen Heikki 1948: Os -Tsche emissisches Wö e buch, ed. P. Si o. Helsinki:
Finnish-Ug ilainen Seu a (Lexica Socie a is Fenno-Ug icae XI) is a species unde
he genus Ug ilainen in he amily Poaceae. Paul Pellio , The Mongols and he Papacy (1923) The Re ue de l'O ien ch é ien, 23, 3 and 30. I is also known as he Re ue de l'O ien ch é ien, o Re ue de l'O ien ch é ien.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The book was published by Poko ny Julius in 1959 unde he i le Indoge manisches E ymologisches Wö e buch (Indo-Ge man E ymological Dic iona y). The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
I 's called F ancke.
P i h i aj Obe oi's 1954 ilm 'A Hunny Man' was eleased in hea es. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
P i sak Omeljan 1956: De Ti el A ila. – Fes sch i ü Max Vasme , ed. by Ma -
This is Ga e h Wol ne and He be B äue . The Commission he e o e
concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. P i sak Omeljan 1982: The Hunnic Language o he A ila Clan. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
P olemäus 1990: Cosmog aphia. Das Wel bild de An ike. S u ga : Pa kland.
P olemy Claudius 1998: Geog aphy, book 6: Middle Eas , Cen al and No h Asia, China, eds.
This is he i s book in he se ies. This is Humbach Helmu and Ziegle Susanne. This is
Wiesbaden: Reiche . P olemy, Claudius (1932), The Geog aphy by Claudius P olemy
la ed and edi ed by Edwa d Lu he S e enson. New Yo k: The New Yo k Public Lib a-
( ansla ed om he G eek). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed
ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. This is a lis o he membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen who a e membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Radlo Wilhelm (Radlo Vasilij V.) 1893: Ve such eines Wö e buches de
Tu kish dialec 1. The band. S . Pe e sbu g: Commissione s o he Impe ial Academy o
The sciences.
Gus a Rams ed , J. 1935: Kalmückisches Wö e buch (Kalmückisches Wö e buch), also known as he Kalmückisches Wö e buch (Kalmückisches Wö e buch), is a book by he Ge man w i e Gus a Rams ed . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Fenno-Ug icae, one hund ed and ele en.
Räsänen Ma i 1969: The a emp o one o he e ymological dic iona ies o he
Tu kish language. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Rede Ká oly 1986: To he con ac o he Indoge man-U alic language. Vienna: Ös e -
eichische Akademie de Wissenscha en (Si zungsbe ich e, Philosophisch-his o ische
The class, Bd. 468).
Rozwadowski Jan 1913: Kilka uwag o he p ehis o ic ela ions o eas e n Eu ope and
he P ussian Indo-Eu opean on he basis o he names o he wods. This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Rozwadowski Jan 1948: S udia nad nazwami wód słowiańskich (S udies on he names o he
Sla ic languages) K aków: Polish Academy o Sciences (P ace onomas yczne n . 1) is loca ed
in K aków. Sammallah i Pekka 2001: The Indo-Eu opean Loanwo ds in Saami. This is he i s
ime ha he e m has been used in Saami. […] Ea ly con ac s be ween U alic and Indo-Eu opean: linguis ic and a chaeological conside a ions, eds.