Volga – the First River of Europe

52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
Masa yk Uni e si y
Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic,
Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian, Indo-I anian languages;
Fenno-Ug ic; A o-Asia ic; e ymology; gene ic classi ica ion;
ma hema ic models in his o ical linguis ics.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all81-03
VOLGA – THE FIRST RIVER
OF EUROPE
Volga – pi moji Eu opos upė
Чтобы не было раздора
Между вольными людьми,
Волга, Волга, мать родная,
На, красавицу возьми!
“So ha peace may eign o e e
In his band so ee and b a e,
Volga, Volga, Mo he Volga,
Make his lo ely gi l a g a e!ˮ
Дмитрий Николаевич Садовников1 in 1883
ANNOTATION
The p esen s udy summa izes all designa ions o he Volga Ri e and when i is possi-
ble, in wide con ex o p ima y ex s, a anged in Appendix. The second ask is a su ey
and discussion o exis ing e ymologies. The hi d goal consis s in o e o new solu ions, i
hose exis ing a e no con incing enough. Finally, some gene al conclusions a e o mula ed.
KEYWORDS: Ri e , Volga, hyd onym, e ymology.
1 A ailable a : <h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/S enka_Razin> [accessed 01.11.2019].
S aipsniai / A icles 53
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
ANOTACIJA
Šis y imas apibend ina isus Volgos upės į a dijimus kiek įmanoma pla esniame s aips-
nio p iede pa eik ų pi minių eks ų kon eks e. An asis y imo ikslas – iš i i i ap a i esa-
mas e imologijas, ečiasis – pasiūly i naujus sp endimus, jeigu esami nė a pakankamai į i-
kinami. S aipsnio pabaigoje pa eikiamos bend osios iš ados.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: upė, Volga, anden a dis, e imologija.
Wi h i s 3,534 km o leng h (be o e he sys em o dam lakes i was 3,693 km)
and basin 1,380,000 km2 he Volga Ri e is he bigges wa e cou se in Eu o-
pe, he wes e nmos big i e o Eu asia and he bigges endo heic i e in he
wo ld. Fo such long i e s i is ypical ha hey bea se e al names in a ious
languages. The ollowing se en hyd onyms, a anged in alphabe ic o de , will
be analyzed in de ail in bo h e ymological pe spec i e and om he poin o
iew o seman ic mo i a ion.
1. Ἀράξης
1.0. He odo us [1.201–202] (c. 450 BCE) men ioned Ἀράξης as a i e com-
pa able wi h o e en bigge han he Is e , i.e. he Danube. This A axes nee-
ded o low h ough 40 s eams, bu only one o hem emp ied in o he Caspian
Sea. In i s del a he e would ha e been islands o he size o Lesbos (1,630 km2).
This desc ip ion can only be applicable o he Volga (o iginally 3,693 km; basin
1,380,000 km2; discha ge 8,060 m3/s in As axań; he del a o he Volga con-
sis s o c. 500 channels2 on he a ea o 27,224 km2) and no o he i e Ἀράξης,
known in Mode n A menian as A aks, Tu kish, Pe sian, Ku dic A as, Aze bai-
jani A az (1,072 km; 102,000 km2; discha ge 285 m3/s by he mou h in o he
Ku a), ising nea E zu um Ci y in Eas Tu key in he same a ea as he sou ce
2 A ailable a : <h ps://ea hobse a o y.nasa.go /images/5650/ olga- i e -del a> [accessed
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
o he Euph a es3. This A aks was desc ibed as swi , bu na ow4, in con a y o
he desc ip ion o He odo us.
1.1. “Swi s eamˮ can be a con incing mo i a ion o designa ion o his
sho e and as e i e ising on slopes o moun ains wi h an al i ude o e
3,000 m, adi ionally explained wi h help o A menian a ag, e ag “quick, swi ,
as ˮ (c . Tomaschek 1895, c. 404), which i sel is o I anian o igin, c . Pa hian
(Tu an) g “quick, swi ˮ, A es an aγu- “leich beweglich, linkˮ (Olsen 1999:
868; Bailey 1979: 359). The ini ial owel ep esen s a ypical A menian p o he-
sis be o e he bo owings in -5. Le us add ha in classical A menian sou ces
he i e was called E ask‘, while Old Geo gian had Raḵšī6, s ill wi hou he
ini ial owel.
1.2. I He odo us eally desc ibed he Volga as Ἀράξης, he ‘swi ’-e ymology
is no applicable, since he al i ude o he Volga’s sou ce is only 228 m and wi h
ega d o he leng h o he s eam, o iginally almos 3,700 km, he speed o he
s eam is ex emely slow. In his case i would be hinkable o explain he i-
e -name as I anian *a- axsa- “ha mlessˮ, c . Young A es an acc.sg. (-s em?)
3 This was known al eady o Pompey in 68 BCE acco ding o he wi ness o Plu a ch in his cu -
iculum o Pompey [33.1]: Πομπήϊος δὲ εἰς Ἀρμενίαν ἐνέβαλε τοῦ νέου Τιγράνου καλοῦντος
αὐτόν ἤδη γὰρ ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πατρός, καὶ συνήντησε τῷ Πομπηΐῳ περὶ τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν,
ὃς ἀνίσχει μὲν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ Εὐφράτῃ τόπων, ἀποτρεπόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς εἰς τὸ
Κάσπιον ἐμβάλλει πέλαγος, “Pompey hen in aded A menia on he in i a ion o young Tig a-
nes, who was now in e ol om his a he , and who me Pompey nea he i e A axes, which
akes i s ise in he same egions as he Euph a es, bu u ns owa ds he eas and emp ies in o he
Caspian Seaˮ (Plu a ch 1917: Pompey. – Plu a ch’s Li es, wi h an English T ansla ion by Be na-
do e Pe in. Camb idge (MA): Ha a d Uni e si y P ess – London: Heinemann, 1917).
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe seus-g c1:33.1>
[accessed 01.11.2019]; <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe -
seus-eng1:33.1> [accessed 01.11.2019].
4 C . Vi gil: Aeneid 8.728: pon em indigna us A axes “ he A axes, ang y a ha ing been b idgedˮ.
See also he lemma A axes in Encyclopaedia I anica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (1986), pp. 268–271, by W. B.
Fishe (& C. E. Boswo h). A ailable a : <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
5 C . A menian a oy “b assˮ < I anian * auδa-, c . Manichaean Middle Pe sian wy, Zo oas ian
Middle Pe sian lwd “coppe , b assˮ; A menian e ang “colo ˮ s. Manichaean Middle Pe sian ng;
Sansk i aga- “colo , dyeˮ; A menian e ak “ einˮ s. Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian k’ id. e c. (Ol-
sen 1999: 869, 879).
6 W. B. Fishe , C. E. Boswo h. A ailable a : <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
S aipsniai / A icles 55
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
axsąm “ha mˮ [Viš sp Yaš 2.127; ansla ion o James Da ms e e 8]. A simila
seman ic mo i a ion was used e.g. o he Paci ic Ocean.
1.3.1. Among hyd onyms names which a e mo i a ed by colo s a e ela i ely
equen . A p omising candida e could be I anian * axša- “da k-colo edˮ > Kho-
anese ṣa “da k-colo edˮ, Sogdian γš “bay ho seˮ, Pe sian axš “mixed ed and
whi e, be ween black and uscˮ > Wakhi akš “g ey, b ownˮ (S eblin-Kamenskij
1999: 292), Ku dic aš “black, da kˮ (Bailey 1979: 362; Cabolo 2010: 194). The
open ques ion is in e p e a ion o he ini ial owel. The easies solu ion would be
he nega i e *a-, i.e. *a- axša- = “non-da kˮ. Bu i would be a he s ange ha
any wo d deno ing a ligh colo was no di ec ly used ins ead. On he o he hand,
a leas he middle s eam o he Volga has been called “black ˮ (see below).
1.3.2. Ano he possibili y is he compound *ha- axša- “all da kˮ, c . A es an
ha- “ oge he ˮ, Kho anese ha “allˮ (ESIJ 3: 345–353; Bailey 1979: 438).
1.3.3. The hi d possibili y is he compound *h- axša- “da k mou hˮ, c .
A es an h-, Kho anese ha- “mou hˮ (Ba holomae 1904: 345, 351, 357; Bai-
ley 1979: 29–30; ESIJ 1: 303–304). The hypo he ical meaning “da k mou hˮ
would pe haps e lec he ac ha in he del a o Volga he e a e oil deposi s9.
1.3.4. In p inciple, i is also possible o admi ha He odo us combined wo
quasi-homonymous hyd onyms, one wi h ini ial owel, ep esen ing he ‘A -
menian p o hesis’ (A aks/A s/A az; in pas E ask‘, bu Old Geo gian Raḵšī)
and he second wi hou i (*Raxsa- o *Raxša-; pe haps Volga). The esul was
a le elling leading o he o m *A axša- wi h he analogous ini ial a-.
2. *As(a) El > Ἀστὴλ/Ἀσατήλ ~ Ἀττίλας ~ Ἄτελ ~
Tίλ ~ Ä il
2.0.1. Byzan ine sou ces (in ch onological o de ; see Mo a csik 1958: 78–79):
Ἀττίλας ... i e by Zema chus, c. 570 (media ed by Menande P o ec o )
Tίλ ... i e by Theophylac us Simoca a, His o iae, w i en c. 630 abou he
end o he 6 h cen .
Ἄτελ ... i e by Theophanes Homologe es (†818), Ch onicle (AD 284–813;
abou c. 680)
7 A ailable a : <h p:// i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de/ ex e/e cs/i an/ai an/a es a/a es .h m> [ac-
cessed 01.11.2019].
8 A ailable a : <h p://www.a es a.o g/ agmen / y sbe.h m> [accessed 01.11.2019].
9 A ailable a : <h ps://ea hobse a o y.nasa.go /images/5650/ olga- i e -del a> [accessed
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Ἀστὴλ ... i e and o ess in Khaza ia in Byzan ine geog aphic no ices
om he 8 h cen .
Ἀσατήλ ... episcopa e in Khaza ia acco ding o one Pa isian manusc ip
(c. 800?)
Ἀτὴλ ... i e by Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us ( i s hal o he 10 h cen .
abou he 9 h cen .)
Ἀτελκούζου ... place, whe e Pechenegs li ed in he ime o Cons an ine
(ibid.)
Ἐτὲλ καὶ Κουζοῦ ... place o me ly inhabi ed by Tu ks (= Hunga ians), la e
by Pechenegs (ibid).
2.0.2. A menian sou ces (P i sak 1956: 407):
E ‘il in Geog aphy o Pseudo-Mowsēs Cho enac‘i in a copy o Anania Ši a-
kac‘i (c. AD 700).
A ‘l by G ego o Akanc‘ (†1333).
2.0.3. Sou ces w i en in he Heb ew sc ip (Gas e 1899: 67, § 34.14):
H l {התל} in Yosippon (c. AD 900).
2.0.4. Sou ces w i en in he A abic sc ip (Ma qua 1929: 96; P i sak 1954:
407–408):
ʔi il by Ibn Rus a (c. 903) and al-Muqaddas (996)
 l & ʔ l by Ibn Falān (922)
ʔ l by al-Bal (†934)
ʔi il by Ia  (mid o he 10 h cen .) and Id s (1157)
ʔ il by Ibn Ḥawqāl (977/8)
Ä il by Mamūd Kašgha  (c. 1070) and Ma waz (1120)
ʔa al by Abū Ḥāmid al-Andalus al-Ġa nā (1080–1170)
I il by Yāqū (†1229)
 īl by uwain (†1283)
ʕdīl in Šaa a al-a k (c. 1457)
ʕadl by al-I ahān (c. 1509)
ʕadal o ʕadil in De bend-nāmeh e c.
2.0.5. Reco ds o he Eu opean a elle s om he 13 h cen .: F a e Richa d
E hyl; Rub uk E ilia, E hilia, Edilia; Ma co Polo Edilia; Benedic us Polonus
E hyl (Gombocz 1917: 183; P i sak 1956: 409).
2.0.6. The hyd onym is a es ed in he Tu kic languages om he 11 h cen .
(Mamūd Kašgha ) and in he Mongolic languages om he 13 h cen . (Sec e
his o y o Mongols):
Ka akhanid E il ‘ i e name, pe haps Volga’ [Mamūd Kašgha , 11 h cen .;
Legend abou Oghuz-Qaghan om he 13 h cen .] (DTS 187), Chagha ay Ä il,
Ädil ‘Volga’, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama’, li . ‘Whi e Ädil’, Kazakh & Nogai Edil, Teleu
Ädäl, Bashki Idəl ‘Volga’, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga’, Ka a Idəl ‘Volga’ =

S aipsniai / A icles 57
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
‘Black Idəl’ s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama’10 = ‘Whi e Idəl’, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga’, Šu ə-
ADl ‘Kama’, li . ‘Whi e ADl’ (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509;
Räsänen 1969: 52). La e occasionally in he appella i e ole: Chagha ay ädil
“ i e , s eamˮ, dim. ädil-ča & ädil-čik “ i ule ˮ, Kazan Ta a idəl “big i e ˮ (>
Mansi eè l “wa e o seaˮ) s. idəl-čäk “ i ule ˮ (P i sak 1956: 415).
Middle Mongol Idil ‘Volga Ri e ’ [Sec e His o y o Mongols, §§ 262, 270],
Eǯil ‘ci y des oyed by he Mongols’ [Sec e His o y o Mongols, § 274], Kal-
myk Idžl (mö n) ‘Volga ( i e )’ (Rams ed 1935: 205).
The ollowing e ymologies o e ymological commen s ha e been (o could
be) p oposed:
2.1. Klap o h (1826) di e en ia ed Ἀττίλας ‘Volga’ (p. 117) and Tίλ ‘Kama’
(p. 274), asc ibing he meaning “blackˮ o he la e one (p. 268). A ising om
his concep ion o a ela ion be ween he ancien A a s and mode n A a s om
Daghes an, he compa ed he hyd onym wi h Andi di , bu he e m “blackˮ
should be b-ečedi in Andi, besides Ka a a b-ečei o-b, Hunzib cədilu, Bezh a
codolo e c. (Klimo & Xalilo 2003: 354; acco ding o NCED 556 Andi -di is
a de i a ional su ix). Conce ning he a ibu e “blackˮ, c . P i sak (1956: 411),
e e ing o Theophylac us Simoca a´s His o iae [258.9]: (w i en c. 630 abou
he end o he 6 h cen .), whe e
ἔνθα ὁ Tίλ διαρρεῖ ποταμός, ὃν Mέλανα Toύρκοις ἀποκαλεῖν <ἔθος>
“wo de Til-Fluss hindu ch- liess , den die Tü ken ‘den Schwa zen’
<zu>nennen<p legenˮ
(see Haussig 1953: 283, 287),
and u he he equen Tu kic designa ion o he Volga as “blackˮ, Qa a
Idil o Qa a I il. P i sak (1956: 411) in e p e ed i as “bigˮ, like he name Qa a
Mö en o Huang Ho by Rašd ad-Dn (†1318).
2.2. Haussig (1953: 426) econs uc ed he o m Ἀστήλ as *As-Til = *‘ i e
o Ἄσιοι’, whe e he o m Tίλ was eco ded by Theophylac us Simoca a (al e-
ady Abel-Rémusa 1820, 320 iden i ied in Tίλ he Volga Ri e ). Bu Haussig
was no able o o e any wi ness ha Tίλ ep esen ed he appella i e meaning
‘ i e ’ el sim. no only in Tu kic.
2.3. P i sak (1956: 404–419; 1982: 444) analyzed bo h he pe sonal and i e
name Ἀττίλας and he i e name Ἀστήλ as a hypo he ical Old Bulga ian com-
pound, consis ing o he componen s *as “g ea , oldˮ and * il “seaˮ, i.e. “oceanic
= uni e sal { ule }ˮ (c . he Mongol i le Dalaj-in Qa’an, wi h i s Tu kic ans-
la ion Talui-nuŋ Xanï – see Pellio 1923: 24–25: ‘le khan océanique’; P i sak
10 Al e na i ely, he Kama was called Čölmen-Idəl in Kazan Ta a , i.e. “ he i e o was elandˮ, si-
mila ly Chu ash čolma and Old Bulga ian Čōlmn-I il (Tomaschek 1889: 33) s. Old Tu kish čöl,
Kazakh šöl e c. “s eppe, was elandˮ (Räsänen 1969: 117).
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1956: 417), wi h e idence in he ollowing Tu kic o ms: Chu ash as-l “g oss,
o nehmˮ11, Chagha ay äs-li “g ea , s ongˮ, Old Uyghu , Middle Tu kic äs-
ki “oldˮ e c. (Räsänen 1969: 50), and Old Tu kic alūy “seaˮ, Old Uyghu aluj
“seaˮ o “lakeˮ, Sa y-Uyghu alej, ali, aľi “lake, sea, oceanˮ e c. (Räsänen 1969:
130; Clauson 1972: 502). The e m could be o Chinese o igin, i i ep esen-
ed an adap a ion o he Chinese i e -name 大漯 dà(i)lěi12 < La e Middle Chi-
nese * ɦa(j)ˋlyj´ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *da’lwi’ o *dajhlwi’ (Hi h 1895: 18).
Bu i is ques ionable ha his Chinese bo owing could ha e been ans o med
in o he componen Tίλ al eady in he 6 h cen . Mo e p obable is ano he idea
o P i sak ha Tίλ co esponded o he Chu ash hyd onym TilŹɛ (> Russian
Teľča), whe e he las syllable e lec ed he Tu kic diminu i e su ix *-ča/*-če,
P i sak (1956: 410–412) iden i ied he same oo in he a he enigma ic i-
e -name Qa a Tīl om he basin o he Sy -Da ya by Nizām ad-Dn (†1404),
al e na i ely called Qa a Tal by ‘Anonymous au ho o Iskande ’ om 1414.
Ano he Qa a Tal emp ied in o Balkhash Lake acco ding o udūd al-ʕlam.
The eal appella i e use o he oo * il-/* ïl- was ound by P i sak (1956: 413)
only in Tungusic: E enki ilkan “ loodˮ, E en ïlqa, Ulchi čïlčan, Nanai čïlqã id.,
besides he e b in E enki ilka-, E en lqъn-, Ulcha člčan-, Nanai člqa- “ o
o e low, spla e ˮ (Cincius 1977: 180–181). In EDAL i is compa ed wi h Tu -
kic *d(i)(ɨ)- “ o o e lowˮ > Old Uyghu , Ka akhanid aš-, Tu kmen dš-,
Ki ghiz, Ta a ašɨ-, Yaku ahɨj- e c., id., besides Oi a ašqɨn “ loodˮ (Räsänen
1969: 466; Clauson 1972: 559; ESTJ 3: 169–170), and Mongolic *čilga- / *čal-
gi- “ o o e lowˮ > W i en Mongolian čilga-, čalgi-, Khalkha calgi-, O dos čal-
gi-, Bu ya salgi-, šalšagana-, šald. The Chu ash hyd onym Til- and i s Cen al
Asia ic coun e pa s Tīl / Tal can be connec ed wi h Tu kic *d(i)(ɨ)- “ o o e -
lowˮ. In his case he hyd onym Ἀστήλ is analyzable as he Old Bulga ian com-
pound *as- ia “supe -o e lowingˮ o “{ i e b inging} big loodsˮ.
No e: I is necessa y o men ion ha Eugene Helimski (2000, 2004; plus E -
genij Xelimskij 2000, 2003) ied o p esen a gumen s abou a Tungusic com-
ponen in language(s) o he A a Kagana . I is na u al o add he Tungusic
candida e o he i s componen *as- o he hyd onym Ἀστήλ e c. I could be
11 P i sak (1956: 414) ied o iden i y he componen *äs- in he Hunnic name Ἐσκάμ = *äs-kam
“g ea p ies ˮ, and in he name o he Khaza ian majo domus, called ʔs a ḫn (Ṭaba ), i.e. ‘g e-
a a xan’, o sa ḫn (Yaʕqūb), wi h he i s A abic componen aʔs “head; op; leade ˮ, i.e.
*“o e - a xanˮ. He added, he same e ymology could be asc ibed o he ci y-name As axań, al-
hough i was known only om he 14 h cen .
12 大 dà, dài “big, g ea , la ge, wide, deepˮ < La e Middle Chinese * ɦaˋ, * ɦajˋ < Ea ly Middle Chi-
nese *da’, *dajh & 漯 lěi ‘ i e name’ < La e Middle Chinese *lyj´ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *lwi’
(Pulleyblank 1991: 69, 185).
S aipsniai / A icles 59
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
he Tungusic oo *as- “ e y; manyˮ > Udihe asahi “ e yˮ, Ulča as id., Nanai
asō, aso “no e yˮ, Manchu asi, asu u “ e y; many, much, equen lyˮ (Cin-
cius 1975: 54–55). The compound *as(V) il would mean *“{ i e b inging} e-
y {big} loodsˮ, i.e. almos he same as he Old Bulga ian in e p e a ion.
2.4. Axme jano (2001: 76) de i ed he o ms o he ype Ka akhanid E il
om *e il, pe haps ia *e il, and p oposed he same o igin as o he hyd o-
nym I yš; which should be de i ed acco ding o him om he e b a es ed in
Old Uyghu , Cumanic, Sho e -, Khakas, Chu ash i -, Yaku i dē- “ o passˮ
(Räsänen 1969: 46).
2.5. Taking in accoun he eco d Ἀστήλ, he e is an al e na i e Tu kic solu-
ion, based on he hypo he ic compound *as 13-(h)l14 “lowe dampnessˮ, which
could be asc ibed o he del a o he Volga Ri e .
2.6. Al e na i ely, he o m Ἀστήλ allows us o hink abou an ea ly Hunga-
ian compound, consis ing o Old Hunga ian (AD 1055) azaa, azah “Fluß, Bachˮ
(UEW 3) ~ ‘ ehe ea’, Mode n Hunga ian (dial.) aszó “Wasse iß, zei weilige
Wasse lau ; T ocken alˮ (EWU I: 54), “Tal, Niede ung; ein Tal, in dem in Re-
genpe ioden und zu Zei de F ühjah schneeschmelze ein kleine Bach ließ ,
das abe sons ocken is ˮ (UEW 3); and Hunga ian ele ( i s 1372), eli, dial. el-
le ‘ oll, ge üll ’, el- ‘ oll we den, sich üllen’, eljes, a ch. eles ‘ganz, olls ändig,
o al, komple ; oll’, öl - ‘(Flüssigkei ) schü en, gießen, (Ge änke) einschen-
ken; üllen, an üllen’ (EWU II: 1497–1500; UEW 518: oge he wi h Mansi TJ
äwl, P aγlə and Khan y Vj. O el ‘ oll’ a e de i able om FU * älkɜ o * äwδe).
The hypo he ic compound asz(a) ele could designa e ‘ alley ull {o wa e }’
o ‘ i e ull {o wa e }’.
No e 1: Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us had also eco ded he compound
Ἀτελκούζου [§ 38.30], explained as places, in which he na ion o Pechenegs
li ed in his ime. Fu he i appea ed in he syn agm Ἐτὲλ {ποταμὸς} καὶ15
13 Tu kmen, C imea-Ta a , C imea-Ka aim, Ka akalpak, Uyghu as , Uzbek ås , Ki ghiz, Ta a as( ),
Bashki aş( )/aθ( ) “belowˮ (Se o jan 1974: 195–196); c . Ka akhanid (11 h cen .) as ïn “unde ,
benea hˮ, (13 h cen .) as ïndakï “si ua ed belowˮ, Chagha ay as (ï) “benea hˮ, Cumanic as ïnda
“benea hˮ e c. (Clauson 1972: 242).
14 P o o-Tu kic *(h)l > Old Tu kic (Manichaean), Old Uyghu (Buddhis ) (bo h 8 h cen .) l “mois ˮ
(abou land), Ka akhanid öl [Mamūd Kašgha i; Qu adɣu Bilig] “mois , we ˮ, Middle Tu kic öl
(Sanglax) id., (Pa e de Cou eille) “ma shˮ, Chagha ay (15 h cen .) öl “mois ˮ, also used o da ya
“seaˮ, Tu kish öl “mois , we ˮ, Osman öl “poolˮ, Tu kmen l, dial. hl “mois , we ˮ, Khalaj hēl, hēl,
Ki ghiz öl, Ka akalpak höl, Uzbek hl id., Uyghu höl “damp, mois ˮ, Khakassian öl “mois , we ˮ,
Sho ǖl, Oy a ül, Tu a, To ala öl, Yaku üöl “mois , we ˮ, Chu ash ilǝ id. (Räsänen 1969: 371;
Clauson 1972: 124; Se o jan 1974: 524–525).
15 Ma qua (1903: 33, n. 3) explained he conjunc ion as a mis ake o a copis , who hough ha
Kουζού was an al e na i e name o Ἐτὲλ.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Kουζού [§ 40.24], which was explained mo e explici ly as “ he place in which
he Tu ks (= Hunga ians) used o me ly o be is called a e he name o he
i e ha uns h ough i , E el and Kouzou, and in i he Pechenegs li e nowˮ
( ansla ed by Jenkins). Menges (1944–1945: 259) hough ha his e m desi-
gna ed ei he ano he i e o i became an appella i e. Following Zeuss (1837:
751), Ma kwa (1903: 33) specula ed ha he wo d Kουζού was an equi alen
o G eek μεσοποταμία, iden i ying in Kουζού Hunga ian köze (3 sg. possess.
o köz “cen e , middleˮ), which was also used in Hunga ian names o dis ic s,
e.g. Szamos-köz, Mu a-köze, Rába-köze. Hunga ian köz is de i able om Fen-
no-Ug ic *kü ɜ (UEW 163; EWU II, 827) ~ *kü i “middleˮ (Sammallah i 1988:
544).
No e 2: Müllenho (1906: 75) p oposed ha he hyd onym Δάϊξ [P olemy
6.14.2,4,5], Δαΐχ [Zema chus], Γεήχ [Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us 37.2], la e
Jajík, c . Chu ash Jεjək, Kazakh Ǯajyk, om 1775 called he U al Ri e (Vasme
IV: 551–552), migh be o U alic o igin, connec ing i wi h U alic *joke “ i e ˮ
(UEW 99) ~ *jukå (Sammallah i 1988: 537), al hough usually he Tu kic e y-
mology has been assumed (c . Menges 1944–1945: 260, who compa ed Tu kish
jaj-yk “expanded, openˮ, pa . pe . pass. o jaj- “ o expandˮ, Tu a ča -, Middle
Tu kic [MK] jaδ-, Old Uyghu jad-, bu Al ai ďajyq “ loodˮ, Tu a čajyq “deluge,
downpou ˮ a e seman ically close o he i e -naming and canno be de i ed
om Common Tu kic *jd-, bu only om *jj-, con inuing in Tu a čaj- “ o
swing, pumpˮ, Al ai ďaj- “ o o e low, inunda e, sp ead (on a i e ) ˮ – see
ESTJ 1989: 76–77).
3. JUL
3.0. Ma i: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßü Wolga (Wichmann 1953: 54, #264); Eas
Jul (Paasonen 1948: 29).
3.1. Paasonen (1926: 38) connec ed he hyd onym wi h Khan y o Konda
iə pɜ “sp ing, sou ceˮ, iə po·ŋ “die Mündung eines aus eine Quelle liessenden
Bachesˮ, Yugan iəLpə “kleine eissende Bach, Giessbachˮ. The inal syllable
was explained by Toi onen (1933: 382–383).
3.2. Ma kwa (1929: 96) specula ed abou adap a ion o his Ma i hyd o-
nym om i s Chu ash equi alen ADl ia *Ajəl. Bu such a de elopmen has
no analogy in Chu ash loans in Ma i.
3.3. Mos p obable seems o be he solu ion o Sino (1964: 1–8), seeking
o igin o Ma i Jul ‘Volga’ in Tu kic *jul “s eam, b ook, oun ainˮ > Old Uy-
ghu yuul “moun ain b ook, sp ingˮ, Ka akhanid jūl, jul “b ookˮ, Oi a , Sala jul,
S aipsniai / A icles 67
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
wi h i s mou h in he sou h neighbo hood o Wa szawa (67 km long). These hy-
d onyms a e anspa en ly de i able om Common Sla ic *Vьlga “dampness,
mois nessˮ (Vasme I: 336–337). I is necessa y o add he di ec Bal ic cogna-
es, which can also e ymologize he hyd onym Volga, namely La ian algs m.,
alga . “ euch ˮ, ilg , ogs u, ogu “ euch we denˮ (ME IV: 454, 587), Li huanian
ìlg i, ílgs u, ílgau “an euch enˮ e c. (Poko ny 1959: 1145–1146: *uelg-).
The e a e also al e na i e e ymological a emp s:
7.2. Tomaschek (1889: 32) and Rozwadowski (1913: 49; 1948: 227–230)
ied o explain he hyd onym om Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa “whi eˮ21, bu
Vasme (I: 336–337) ejec ed i as phonologically impossible. I is igh conce -
ning *walkeδa “whi eˮ and i s con inuan s, bu he e a e also o he o ms, which
a e no de i ed by he su ix *-δa, especially Ma i wolγem “ich leuch e, glänze
(Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas)ˮ. I s 3 d pe son sg. wolγa “i is ligh ˮ looks like a go-
od candida e wi h ega d o he ac , ha he bigges ibu a y o he Volga, Ka-
ma, is called “whi eˮ, namely Chagha ay Ä il, Ädil ‘Volga’, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama’, li .
‘Whi e Ädil’, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga; big i e ’, Ka a Idəl ‘Volga’ = ‘Black
Idəl’ s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama’ = ‘Whi e Idəl’, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga’, Šu ə-ADl ‘Ka-
ma’, li . ‘Whi e ADl’ (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen
1969: 52). Tomaschek (1889: 32) s ill men ioned he Lake Volgo (61 km2), he
lowes o ou na u al lakes which he Volga lows h ough.
7.3. Acco ding o o al wi ness o Roman Jakobson, his o me coun yman
Nikolaj Se gee ič T ubeckoj p oposed a Bal ic e ymology o he hyd onym Vol-
ga du ing his lec u es in Vienna in he 1930´s. Acco ding o him he e ymolo-
gy o Volga was as ollows: in p imi i e eas e n Sla ic, un ounded on owels
changed in o ounded back owels be o e a au o-syllabic l, so ha jilga mus
ha e changed o julga; he ini ial j was los be o e ounded owels in eas e n
Sla ic, and he ini ial u acqui ed an obliga o y p o he ic . Thus he o m ulga
a ose, and sho u changed in he 12 h–13 h cen u ies in o o. So h ough a long
se ies o changes Jilga became Volga. Ci ed acco ding o Gimbu as 1963a: 69;
1963b: 33, 205. See also Topo o 1980: 40. Among he Bal ic hyd onyms he e
a e eally such names which a e o med om he Bal ic adj. “longˮ con inuing
in Li huanian ìlgas, La ian ilgs id., besides P ussian ad . ilga “ o long imeˮ,
21 Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa > Finnish alkea “weiß; leuch end, hell; Feue , leuch ende Flamme,
Lich des Feue s; Bli zˮ, Ludic aлged, Es onian alge “weiß, hell, blond; Weißes, Lichˮ, Li onian
lda (SKES: 1619–1621); Saami N iel‘gâd “whi e; ligh , paleˮ, Kildin īlkeδ, Nö ielkeδ id.;
Mo do ian E zya aldo, Moksha ald “hell, lich ˮ; Ma i (J) walɣǝδǝ, (U B) wolɣǝδo “kla , hell;
Helle, Kla hei ˮ. Fu he c . Ma i wolγem “ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas)ˮ; Hun-
ga ian ilág “Lich ; Wel ; Leu eˮ, (a ch.) “Menschhei , Lebenˮ, indica ing Fenno-Ug ic *walkɜ
“whi e, ligh ; o shineˮ (UEW: 554–555; Be eczky 2013: 315–316). Sammalah i (1988: 551) e-
cons uc ed Fenno-Ug ic *wɨlki- “ligh ˮ, besides Fenno-Pe mic * elki a.

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
e.g. in Li huania i e s Ìlga, Ìlgė, Ilgės, Ilgups e c., and lakes Ìlgai, Ilgis, Ilgs,
Ìlgaže is, Ìlgeže is e c. (Vanagas 1981: 129); La ian i e s Ìlga upe, Ilgupe, and
lakes Ìldza-z s, Ildzes-eze s e c.; P ussian lakes Ilgayn, Ilgen See, Ilgolwen e c.
(Topo o 1980: 39). The longes ‘Long Ri e ’ is Chinese 長江 Cháng Jing, wi h
leng h 6,379 km and basin 1,808,500 km2, called ‘Long’ om he pe iod o Six
Dynas ies (220–589 CE). The p esen name 揚子 Yángzǐ o iginally was used
o he lowes s eam o he i e 22.
7.4. S ill less p obable is he a emp o Mikkola (1929: 127–128) o iden-
i y a sou ce in P o o-Ma i *Jylɣ23, eally a es ed as Wes Ma i Jǝl, Eas Ma i
Jul ‘Volga’ (see below). Fo an explana ion o di e ence in he anlau Mikkola
(1929: 127) men ioned he Old Russian ansc ip ion Omo (ъ)ža, Omo yža o
he Es onian i e -name Emajgi. The exis ence o Old Russian *Vъlga sho-
uld be demons a ed by he Udmu olklo e loan Bulga ‘Volga’ (Mikkola 1929:
128). Vasme (I: 337) added ha he hypo he ic P o o-Ma i *Jylɣ would ha e
been bo owed om such Tu kic languages as Ba aba Ta a , Bashki jylɣa “ i-
e , b ookˮ, Kazakh, Nogai ǯylɣa “ i ule , i e ˮ (Räsänen 1969: 200: bo owed
om Mongol ǯylɣa “bed o i e , b ook, slopeˮ – see Rams ed 1935: 109).
7.5. A qui e new solu ion may be o e ed on he basis o Hunga ian ölgy
“ alley, ale, daleˮ (1211); (obsole e) “Ma k, Ke n eines Geschwü sˮ, c . he
Old Hunga ian place-names: Fu izuelgi (1211), Welg (1220), Sasweolgy (1256),
Weulgzad (1338), Wo ewlab elgu (1342) e c. (EWU 1653). Rela ed a e Ob-
Ug ic *wγəľ > PKhan y *wγɜľ > Khan y T j. wɣǝл “ein Zu luß des Obˮ, O
χaľ, Kaz. wχaл “Zu luss; Woguleˮ, wχaл-jχa ‘Вогулка ( i ule )’; PMan-
si *wľ > Mansi (LM) uo “Flußk ümmungˮ, (KU KM P LO) wō, (So.) w
“Flußs eckeˮ (Hon i 1982: 193, #677); Komi (S) o, o-ju “ein kleine Flußˮ,
(Vō) e ‘ein ech e Neben luß de obe en Vyčegda’; Nene s (Nj.) wäej in jaχaw
wäej “länge e ge ade S ecke des Flusses zwischen zwei K ümmungen; плсоˮ
< U alic *waδkɜ “small i e ; i e bend o po ion o i e be ween wo bendsˮ
(UEW: 550–551).
7.6. Fo comple ness Tocha ian B walke (indeclinable) adj. “long (o ime) ˮ,
ad . “ o a long imeˮ should be added as a hypo he ical sou ce oo. The seman-
ic mo i a ion is he same as in Li huanian Ìlga . “longˮ (c . § 7.3). The syn-
ch onic shape s ands also e y close o he o m Volga. The adi ional p ojec i-
on back o *ulH2go-, pe haps de i ed om he e b *uel- “ o u nˮ (Adams 2013:
631–632), is also applicable o Volga. Bu he e ymological analysis *ui-dlH1gho-
(see Blažek 2015: 62), i co ec , p obably would exclude his solu ion.
22 A ailable a :<h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Yang ze> [accessed 01.11.2019].
23 The loss o ɣ a e he all o he inal owel is egula , c . Ma i KB jal “ oo ˮ s. Mo do ian
Moksha jalga “on oo ˮ, Finnish jalka “ oo ˮ (Mikkola 1929: 127; UEW: 88–89).
S aipsniai / A icles 69
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
8. SUMMARY
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
Ἀράξης *a axsa-
ha mless
(c . Ta a
Ka a Idəl
Volga)
*ha axša-
all da k
*h axša-
da k
mou h
*As(a) El asz(V) ele
alley ull
{o wa e }
*as ia
wi h big
loods
*as (h)l
lowe
dampness
Jul *jul
s eam
Ta a jul
oad
Λύκος *laukas
eeless
e ain
luk bend
Ra (o) * ah-
dampness
> A es an
Raŋh-
a a i e
<* a a
/ * aγa
/ * aŋa
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
Ὄαρος A es an
ai i- sea,
sea bay
Pahla i
a lake
B wa
wa e
B -wä
s eam
*ua u-
b oad
Volga * ьlga
dampness
La ian
alga .
we
B walke
long
wolγa
is ligh ölgy
alley
Bashki
jylɣa
i e
ìlga
long .
S aipsniai / A icles 71
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
9. CONCLUSION
9.1. The p eceding able (§ 8) summa izes all mo e o less p obable solu i-
ons, al hough hey a e o en mu ually exclusi e. E alua ing hei seman ic mo-
i a ions, hey can be di ided in o wo se s. The i s g oup consis s o he ully
‘hyd onymical’ names mo i a ed by meanings connec ed wi h “wa e ˮ, name-
ly “wa e ˮ i sel , u he “ i e ˮ, “( i e -) alleyˮ, “s eamˮ, “ loodˮ, “dampnessˮ,
“lakeˮ, “seaˮ. The second g oup includes he e ms cha ac e izing he i e s e-
am o sho es, he e namely “b oadˮ, “longˮ, “ben ˮ, “ eelessˮ, “ha mlessˮ, “whi-
e/ligh ˮ, “black/da kˮ. I is appa en ha he i s seman ic g oup is di ec ly
connec ed wi h wa e and should be p e e ed. In he case o se e al e ymologi-
cal candida es he seman ic mo i a ion, which is epea ed in di e en designa-
ions, seems mo e p omising han isola ed explana ions. So, Old Russian Volga
< Common Sla ic * ьlga “dampnessˮ co esponds o I anian, pe haps Scy hian,
* ah-, whose meaning “mois u e, dampness, humidi yˮ is econs uc ed acco -
ding o Vedic [RV] as-, which is he eminine o he masculine ása- “ he sap
o juice o plan s, juice o ui , any liquid o luid, mois u e, humidi y, essence,
ma owˮ. The hi d coun e pa could be iden i ied in he hypo he ical Tu kic
compound *as -(h)l “lowe dampnessˮ. I would be possible o imagine ha i
desc ibed he Volga del a. I is emp ing o conclude ha he Sla ic and maybe
Tu kic hyd onyms ep esen calques on hei I anian p edecesso .
9.2. Ch onologically i s seem o be he my hical i e -names Ras, known
al eady om he Rg eda composed p obably be ween 1500–1100 BCE, and i s
Young A es an coun e pa Raŋh, om he beginning o he 1s mill. BCE. Mo -
do ian Ra o Ra o can e lec bo h * aŋa and * aγa. The i s case p ese es
he speci ic A es an-like de elopmen o he sequence *h, he la e case p o-
bably ep esen s he o m *Rah, econs uc ible o se e al Old and Ea ly Mi-
ddle I anian dialec s, namely Scy hian, Sa ma ian and Sakan wi h ega d o
hei geog aphic dis ibu ion. P olemy´s Ῥᾶ and Pseudo-Aga heme os´ Ῥᾶς a e
s ill close o *Rah in he 2nd and 3 d cen . CE espec i ely. In he mid o he 5 h
cen . BCE He odo us eco ded h ee a ious i e -names, which may pe haps
belong o he Volga: Ὄαρος, Ἀράξης, Λύκος. The Ὄαρος is e ymologizable on
he basis o Young A es an ai i- “sea, sea bayˮ and Pahla i a “lakeˮ. This so-
lu ion indica es a i e emp ying in o a big wa e ese oi . In compe i ion wi h
he no less a ac i e Tocha ian e ymology (B wa “wa e ˮ, -wä “s eamˮ), he
I anian o igin should be p e e ed wi h ega d o he P olemy´s hyd onym
Οὐαρδάνης, p obably designa ing he Kuban Ri e emp ying in o he Azo
Sea/Maeo is, which is analyzable explici ly as *ua (V)-dnu- “ i e emp ying
in a sea/lakeˮ, whe e he second componen is I anian *dnu- “ i e ˮ > Young
A es an dnu- “ i e , s eamˮ, Osse ic don “ i e , wa e ˮ, wi hou any known
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Tocha ian coun e pa . The i e Ἀράξης was desc ibed by He odo us as a s e-
am di ided in o 40 a ms be o e i s mou h in o he Caspian Sea. This desc ip ion
is applicable only o a eally big del a. I he del a o he Volga was mean , a
leas h ee I anian in e p e a ions a e hinkable, namely *a- axsa- “ha mlessˮ
wi h espec o i s quie s eam o *ha- axša- “all da kˮ, wi h a ian *h- axša-
“da k mou hˮ wi h ega d o he black mud in he del a (c . also Kazan Ta a Ka-
a Idəl). The hi d He odo us´ hyd onym, p obably belonging o he Volga,
Λύκος, looks like a G eek ansc ip ion o P o o-Ma i *luk “bendˮ, which can
designa e he bend o he Volga om he eas o he sou h by he mou h o he
bigges ibu a y, he Kama Ri e . This solu ion seems mo e con incing han
he al e na i e Bal ic designa ion *laukas “ eeless e ainˮ, which would ha e
designa ed he was eland a ound he Kama Ri e , desc ibed by He odo us. Al-
hough such an in e p e a ion is qui e legi ima e, i is no gene ally ypical o
seman ic mo i a ions o hyd onyms. In he 2nd and 3 d cen u ies CE P olemy
and Pseudo-Aga heme os eco ded he Volga-names Ῥᾶ and Ῥᾶς espec i ely,
which ep esen con inua ions o I anian *Rah, discussed abo e. F om he 6 h
cen . CE he new name o he Volga is known, which is econs uc ible as
*As(a) El. The e a e a leas h ee al e na i e e ymologies. Old Bulga ian *as- ia
“wi h big loodsˮ can be suppo ed by he ac ha e.g. he As axań and Volgo-
g ad egions a e mo e o less egula ly looded once e e y 5 yea s24. A weakness
o his solu ion consis s in he ac ha he e is no appella i e con inuan in
Chu ash, only he hyd onym TilŹɛ (see § 2.3). The hypo he ical compound
*as -(h)l “lowe dampnessˮ should p obably be asc ibed di ec ly o some mains-
eam Tu kic dialec , since none o componen s con inue in Chu ash. The
hi d e ymological a emp p esen s he hyd onym as a p edecesso o he hy-
po he ical Hunga ian compound asz(V)- ele “ i e alley ull {o wa e }ˮ. I
should no be any su p ise o ake in o accoun he possibili y o a Hunga ian
e ymology as well. The ajec o y o mig a ion o ances o s o he Hunga ians
e y p obably ollowed he s eam o he Kama and u he he Volga om hei
con luence o he basin o he Don, which b ough hem o he Pon us and
along i s sho es u he o he Danube basin (c . Blažek 2013: 181). The e ymo-
logy implies he p esence o ances o s o he Hunga ians in he basin o he lo-
we Volga be o e c. 570 CE, when Zema chus c ossed he i e and eco ded i s
name as Ἀττίλας. This in e p e a ion may be ein o ced by one o al e na i e
e ymologies o he hyd onym Volga p ope , namely Hunga ian ölgy “ alleyˮ.
The Vоlga i sel was i s men ioned in he Russian P ima y Ch onicle da ed AD
964. I s Sla ic p o o o m * ьlga “dampnessˮ seems sa e; co esponding hyd o-
nyms a e known om basins o he Dniepe and Vis ula. Bu Volga may be an
24 A ailable a : <h ps://www.clima echangepos .com/ ussia/ i e - loods/> [accessed 01.11.2019].

S aipsniai / A icles 73
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Eas Sla ic adap a ion o he Bal ic name o he ype La ian alga . “we ˮ oo.
The close seman ic mo i a ion is p oposed o he Vedic my hical i e Ras,
and i s A es an coun e pa Raŋh, which ha e been connec ed wi h he I a-
nian / Indo-I anian homeland and iden i ied wi h he Volga. The hypo he ical
Tu kic compound *as -(h)l “lowe dampnessˮ would exp ess he same cha ac-
e is ics. Bu he e a e se e al al e na i e e ymologies based on languages spo-
ken along he Volga ea lie han he ime he i s Sla s eached he i e
(pe haps c. 600 CE wi h ega d o he glo och onological da ing he disin eg a-
ion o Common Sla ic o he 6 h cen .), namely Bal ic (La ian alga . “we ˮ;
less p obable is Li huanian ìlga . “longˮ wi h espec o he di icul explana ion
o Sla ic -); Ma i wolγa “is ligh ˮ; Hunga ian ölgy “ alleyˮ; Tocha ian walke
“longˮ. Bashki jylɣa “ i e ˮ can be di ec ly excluded as a la e Mongolic loan.
Al hough he Ma i, Hunga ian and Tocha ian in e p e a ions a e no compa i-
ble, hey could ha e been applied o he same i e in a ious imes. I is pos-
sible o imagine ha an olde designa ion was eplaced by a new one on he
p inciple o quasi-homonymy, independen ly o seman ic di e ence. An illus-
a i e example may be ound e.g. in he Old Russian hyd onym E elь, ans-
la ed in he Russian P ima y Ch onicle as Уголъ “angleˮ, in ag eemen wi h i s
Tu kic e ymology (Osman äj i “schie , k ummˮ, äj ilä “sich biegenˮ), bu by
oday i has been modi ied o O eľ, i.e. “eagleˮ (see § 4.3). F om he las h ee
al e na i es he Tocha ian one had sepa a ed as i s . Acco ding o he glo o-
ch onological analyses sepa a ion o he Tocha ian b anch om he Indo-Eu o-
pean mains eam ( he Ana olian b anch was al eady sepa a ed in he 5 h mill.
BCE) is da ed o 3,810 BCE and 3,900 BCE by Se gej S a os in and Geo gij
S a os in espec i ely (see Blažek & Schwa z 2017: 203–204), while disin eg a-
ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p o olanguage is da ed only o 2,350 BCE by Blažek
(2012: 34; 2016b: 89), o 2,180 BCE by S. S a os in (see Blažek 2012: 32), and
o 2,160 BCE by G. S a os in (2015: 569); on a e age 2,230 BCE. The sepa a-
ion o he Ma i and Pe mic b anches is da ed o 1,370 BCE by S. S a os in and
o 1,200 BCE by Blažek (see Blažek 2012: 32, 34; 2016: 89) and he sepa a ion
o Hunga ian om Ob-Ug ic is da ed o 1,340 BCE by S. S a os in and o
1,480 BCE by Blažek (see Blažek 2012: 32, 34). This means ha he Tocha ian
b anch was sepa a ed c. 1,5 millennium be o e disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic
uni y and c. 2,5 millennia be o e sepa a ions o he Ma i and Hunga ian. The
Tocha ians we e he eas e nmos Indo-Eu opean b anch in he 1s mill. CE. They
p obably occupied he eas e nmos posi ion in he Indo-Eu opean homeland
oo. I he No h Pon ic localiza ion o he Indo-Eu opean homeland, a leas
a e sepa a ion o he Ana olian b anch, is accep ed, he Volga could ep esen
he eas e n bo de line o he Indo-Eu opean dialec con inuum, i s c ossed
jus by he ances o s o he Tocha ians, pe haps in he i s hal o he 4 h mill.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
BCE. In such a case, i would seem na u al ha he designa ion o such a migh y
i e , impo an o o ien a ion, ans e and ishing, was kep o a long ime,
and when new popula ions inhabi ed i s sho es, hey p e e ed o use quasi-ho-
monymous names, al hough hei meanings we e ein e p e ed. Besides he
longes chain ep esen ed by Tocha ian B walke “longˮ25 → Hunga ian ölgy “ i-
e alleyˮ → Ma i wolγa “is whi eˮ → La ian alga “we ˮ → Old Russian Volga
*“dampnessˮ, he e is also he se ies consis ing o Tocha ian B wa “wa e ˮ, -wä
“s eamˮ → A es an ai i- “sea, sea bayˮ, Pahla i a “lakeˮ → Chu ash a “ al-
ley, lume, a ine, go ge; inside, cen e , middle, bellyˮ, o Young A es an Raŋh
o ‘Scy hian’ *Rah → Mo do ian E zya Ra , Ra o ‘Volga’, Moksha a a “ i-
e ˮ, Ra ‘Volga’. This hypo hesis implies a con inui y o popula ions in spi e o
pe iods o massi e mig a ions, p obably in he o m o elic se lemen s along
impo an i e s media ing he o iginal hyd onyms. Thanks o his mechanism,
names o many impo an i e s we e p ese ed, al hough languages on hei
banks changed. Na u ally, besides old names also new ones a e in oduced. In
he case o he Volga he younges example o his ype is p obably Ma i Jul,
adop ed om some Tu kic sou ce o he ype Old Uyghu yuul “moun ain b o-
ok, sp ingˮ.
10. APPENDIX: TEXT FRAGMENTS
The Russian P ima y Ch onicle
Lau en ian edac ion
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастъшю . и възмужавшю . нача вои совку-
плѧти . многи и храбръı и легъко ходѧ . аки пардусъ . воинъı многи творѧше
ходѧ. возъ по собѣ не возѧше . ни котьла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но потонку изрѣзавъ .
конину ли . звѣрину ли . или говѧдину . на оуглех испекъ ӕдѧху. ни шатра имѧше
. но подъкладъ пославъ. и сѣдло в головахъ . такоже и прочии вои єго вси бѧх.
[и] посъıлаше къ странамъ гл҃ѧ . хочю на въı ити . и иде на Ѡку рѣку и на Волгу
. и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч Вѧтичемъ . кому дань даєте . ѡни же рѣша Козаромъ по
щьлѧгу . и ѿ рала даємъ.
A ailable a : <h p://li opys.o g.ua/la le /la 03.h m> [accessed 01.11.2019].
25 I Tocha ian B walke was eally de i ed om *ui-dlH1gho-, i should be abandoned om candi-
da es o p o o o m o he Volga. In his case he oldes membe o his chain copying he s eam
o he Volga would be Ma i. The chain should look as ollows: Hunga ian ölgy ← Ma i wolγa →
La ian alga → Old Russian Volga.
S aipsniai / A icles 75
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Hypa ian edac ion
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастьшю . и възмужавшю . нача воӕ съво-
куплѧти . многы и храбры . бѣ бо и самъ хоробръ и легокъ . ходѧ акы пардусъ
. воины многы творѧше . возъ бо по себѣ не возѧше . ни котла ни мѧсъ варѧ .
но по тонку изрѣзавъ . конину . или звѣрину . или говѧдину на оугълехъ испекь
ӕдѧшє . ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ постилаше . а сѣдло въ головах . тако
же и прочии вои єг вси бѧху . и посылашє къ странам . гл҃ѧ хочю на вы ити . и иде
на Ѡку рѣку . и на Волгу . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч имъ кому дань даєте . ѡни же
ркоша Козаром . по щелѧгу ѿ рала даєм
A ailable a : <h p://li opys.o g.ua/ipa le /ipa 03.h m> [accessed 01.11.2019].
English ansla ion o he Lau en ian edac ion
6472 (964). “When P ince S ya osla had g own up and ma u ed, he began
o collec a nume ous and alian a my. S epping ligh as a leopa d, he unde o-
ok many campaigns. Upon his expedi ions he ca ied wi h him nei he wagons
no ke les, and boiled no mea , bu cu o small s ips o ho se lesh, game, o
bee , and a e i a e oas ing i on he coals. No did he ha e a en , bu he sp e-
ad ou a ho se-blanke unde him, and se his saddle unde his head; (65) and
all his e inue did likewise. He sen messenge s o he o he lands announcing
his in en ion o a ack hem. He wen o he Oka and he Volga, and on coming
in con ac wi h he Vya ichians, he inqui ed o hem o whom hey paid ibu e.
They made answe ha hey paid a sil e -piece pe ploughsha e o he Khaza s.ˮ
The Russian P ima y Ch onicle: Lau en ian Tex , T ansla ed and edi ed by
Samuel Hazza d C oss & Olge d P. She bowi z-We zo
Camb idge, Massachuse s: The Medie al Academy o Ame ica, No. 60, 1953.
A ailable a :<h p://www.mgh-biblio hek.de/dokumen e/a/a011458.pd > [accessed
01.11.2019].
Wi ness o G eek au ho s
He odo us 1.201–202:
201. ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπεθύμησε Μασσαγέτας
ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον,
οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ, ἀντίον
δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυθικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
pe seus-g c1:1.201.1>
“When Cy us had conque ed his na ion, oo, he wan ed o subjec he Mas-
sage ae. These a e said o be a g ea and powe ul people dwelling owa ds he
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
eas and he sun ise, beyond he A axes and opposi e he Issedones; and some
say ha hey a e a Scy hian people.ˮ
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
pe seus-eng1:1.201.1>
202. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν.
ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς
τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ
ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους
δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ
κατά περ Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ μᾶλλον
μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων
μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν,
ὅθεν περ ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας
διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν τὰ πάντα πλὴν
ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ: ἐν τοῖσι ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι
ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους, ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ
δὲ ἓν τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην θάλασσαν.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.pe -
seus-g c1:1.202> [accessed 01.11.2019].
The A axes is said by some o be g ea e and by some o be less han he Is-
e . I is epo ed ha he e a e many islands in i as big as Lesbos, and men on
hem who in summe li e on oo s o all kinds ha hey dig up, and in win e on
ui ha hey ha e go om ees when i was ipe and s o ed o ood; and hey
know (i is said) o ees bea ing a ui whose e ec is his: ga he ing in g oups
and kindling a i e, he people si a ound i and h ow he ui in o he lames;
hen he umes o i as i bu ns make hem d unk as he G eeks a e wi h wine,
and mo e and mo e d unk as mo e ui is h own on he i e, un il a las hey
ise up o dance and e en sing. Such is said o be hei way o li e. The A axes
lows om he coun y o he Ma ieni (as does he Gyndes, which Cy us di i-
ded in o he h ee hund ed and six y channels) and emp ies i sel h ough o y
S aipsniai / A icles 83
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Ja: “Those wi h which you swelled he Rasā (Ri e ) wi h a gush o wa e , wi-
h which you helped he ho seless cha io o ic o y, wi h which T iśoka d o-
e up uddy cows o himsel – wi h hose o ms o help come he e, o Aś ins.ˮ
G : “Whe ewi h ye made Rasā swell ull wi h wa e - loods, and u ged o
ic o y he ca wi hou a ho se; Whe ewi h T iśoka d o e o h his eco e ed
cows,—Come hi he un o us, O Aś ins, wi h hose aids.ˮ
Ge: “Du ch die ih die Rasa mi Wasse s Flu angeschwell hab , mi denen
ih den Wagen ohne Roß zum Sieg e hal , du ch die T isoka die Kühe he aus-
ieb, mi diesen Hil en komm doch ja he , ih As in!ˮ
IV.43.6.
síndʰu ha m asáyā siñca áś n gʰ  ! áya a uṣsa pá i gman
á ū sú m aji ám ce i ynam yéna pá ī bʰá a ʰa sū yy
Ja: “The Sindhu Ri e sp inkles you ho ses wi h he Rasā; you uddy bi ds
a oid he glowing hea . You speedy ehicle has jus appea ed, wi h which you
wo become he mas e s [/husbands] o Sū yā.ˮ
G : “Le Sindhu wi h his wa e bedew you ho ses: in ie y glow ha e he ed
bi ds come hi he . Obse ed o all was ha you apid going, whe eby ye we e
he Lo ds o Sū ya’s Daugh e .ˮ
Ge: “Sindhu mi de Rasa bene z e eu e P e de; die ö lichen Vogel osse
en gingen den Glu en. Diese eu e schnelle Fah mach e ein Au sehen, du ch
die ih die Ga en de Su ya we de .ˮ
V.41.15
padé-pade me ja im ní dʰyi á ū ī  śak  y pyúbʰi ca
síṣak u mā ā mahī asā na smá sū íbʰi juhás  ju áni
Ja: “S ep a e s ep old age has been secu ed o me, ei he (by he ) who is
he able Shielding Goddess o by he p o ec o s. Le he mo he , he g ea Rasā,
accompany us along wi h ou pa ons, she wi h hands ou s e ched, wi h win-
nings ou s e ched.ˮ
G : “Duly o each one ha h my laud been o e ed. S ong be Va ū  wi h he
powe s o succou . May he g ea Mo he Rasā he e be iend us, s aigh -han-
ded, wi h he p inces, s i ing o wa d.ˮ
Ge: “Au Sch i und T i sei mi das Al e siche ges ell , sei es du ch die
mäch ige Va u i und du ch die Schu zgeis e . Es sollen uns sam den Lohn-
he en die g oße Mu e Rasa zu Sei e s ehen, die eine edliche Hand ha , die
edlichen Gewinn b ing .ˮ

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
V.53.9.
m a asā áni abʰ kúbʰ k úmu m a síndʰu ní ī ama
m a pá i s ʰ sa áyu pu īṣíī asmé í sumnám as u a
Ja: “Le no he Rasā {Ri e }, he Ani abhā, he Kubhā, he K umu, le no
he Sindhu b ing you o a hal . Le no he o e lowing Sa ayu hem you a ound.
On us alone le you a ou be.ˮ
G : “So le no Rasā, K umu, o Ani abha, Kubha, o Sindhu hold you back.
Le no he wa e y Sa ay i obs uc you way. Wi h us be all he bliss ye gi e.ˮ
Ge: “Nich soll euch die Rasa, Ani abha, Kubha, K umu, nich euch die
Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die quellen eiche Sa ayu im Wege s ehen. Bei uns
soll eu e Huld sein.ˮ
VIII.72.13.
 su é siñca a ś íyam ódasyo abʰiś íyam asā dadʰī a ṣabʰám
Ja: “In o he p essed soma pou glo y {= milk}, he ull glo y o he wo
wo ld-hal es. The Rasā (Ri e {= wa e } should ecei e he bull.ˮ
Ge: “Gieße die He lichkei in den ausgep eß en Sa , die beiden Wel en
übe s ahl ! Den Bullen soll die Rasa annehmen!ˮ
IX.41.6.
pá i a śa mayán y dʰ ay soma iś á a | sá a asā i a iṣápam
Ja: “O Soma, low o us in, p o ec ing s eam all a ound on all sides, like
{ he hea enly i e } Rasā, along he uppe su ace {o he il e }.ˮ
G : “On e e y side, O Soma, low ound us wi h hy p o ec ing s eam, As
Rasā lows a ound he wo ld.ˮ
Ge: “Fließe ü uns in schü zendem S ome, o Soma, ingsum wie die Rasa
um die E de höhung!ˮ
X.75.6
ṣmay p a ʰamám y a e sajū susá  asáyā ś e y y
ám sindʰo kúbʰay goma īm k úmum meha n  sa á ʰam ybʰi īyase
Ja: “To a el i s joined wi h he T āmā, { hen} wi h he Susa ū, he Ra-
sā, and his Ś e yā, you, o Sindhu, {come} wi h he Kubhā o he Goma , wi h
he Meha nū o he K umu, on he same cha io {wi h all hese}, wi h which
you go speeding.ˮ
S aipsniai / A icles 85
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
G : “Fi s wi h T āma hou a eage o low o h, wi h Rasā, and Susa ū,
and wi h Ś e yā he e, Wi h Kubhā; and wi h hese, Sindhu and Meha nū, hou
seekes in hy cou se K umu and Goma .ˮ
Ge: “Zue s mi de T is ama zum Lau e e ein , mi Susa u, Rasa, mi die-
se S e ya komms du, Sindhu, mi de Kubha zu Goma i, mi de Meha nu
zu K umu, mi denen du au gleichem Wagen dahineils .ˮ
X.108.1–2
kím icʰán ī sa ám p á idám na dū é hí ádʰ  jágu i pa caí
k asméhi i k pá i akmy sī ka ʰám asy a a a páyṃsi
índ asya dū ī iṣi  ca mi mahá icʰán ī paaya nidʰīn a
a iṣkáda bʰiyás á na  a á ʰ asy a a am páyṃsi
Ja: [Paṇi] “Seeking wha has Sa amā a i ed he e, o a is he oad, swal-
lowing up ( he a ele ) in he dis ance? Wha is you mission o us? Wha was
he inal u n (b inging you he e)? How did you c oss he wa e s o he Rasā?ˮ
[Sa amā] “Sen as he messenge o Ind a I a el, seeking you g ea hidden
easu ies, Paṇis. Wi h a ea o leaping ac oss – ha helped us! – in ha way I
c ossed he wa e s o he Rasā.ˮ
G : “Wha wish o Sa amā ha h b ough he hi he ? The pa h leads a away
o dis an places. Wha cha ge has hou o us? Whe e u ns hy jou ney? How
has hou made hy way o’e Rasā’s wa e s.ˮ
“I come appoin ed messenge o Ind a, seeking you ample s o es o weal h, O Paṇis.
This ha h p ese ed me om he ea o c ossing: hus ha e I made my way o’e
Rasā’s wa e s.ˮ
Ge: “Mi welchem Ansuchen is Sa ama hie he gekommen? De Weg so
wei in die Fe ne is ja au eibend. Was bedeu e die Sendung zu uns? Welches
wa de en scheidende Wendepunk ? Wie kams du übe die Flu en de Rasa?ˮ
“Als Ind a´s Bo in komme ich abgesand , eu e g oßen Schä ze suchend, ih
Pani´s. Aus Fu ch o dem Übe sp ingen hal sie uns dabei. So kam ich du ch
die Flu en de Rasa.ˮ
X.121.4.
yásya imé himá an a mahi  yásya samud ám asáyā sahá hú
yásya im p adíśa yásya bhū kásmai de ya ha íṣ idʰema
Ja: “Whose a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains (= he Himalayas) in hei
g ea ness; whose is he sea oge he wi h he wo ld-s eam, hey say; whose a e
hese di ec ions, whose ( hei ) wo a ms (= he zeni h and nadi ?) – Who is he
god o whom we should do homage wi h ou obla ion?ˮ
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
G : “His, h ough his migh , a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains, and men
call sea and Rasā his possession: His a ms a e hese, his a e hese hea enly egi-
ons. Wha God shall we ado e wi h ou obla ion?ˮ
Ge: “Du ch dessen Mach jene Schneebe ge sind, du ch dessen Mach , wie
sie sagen, de Ozean sam de Rasa is , du ch dessen Mach diese Himmelsge-
genden dessen beide A me sie sind. - We is de Go , dem wi mi Op e die-
nen sollen?ˮ
A ailable a : <h p:// i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de/ ex e/e cs/ind/aind/ ed/ /m /
.h m>
T ansla ions: Ja = Jamison & B e e on 2013; G = G i i h 1889[1987]; Ge = Geldne
1951.
No e: The abb e ia ions wi hou special explana ions, namely he pa s o
A es a o dialec s o he U alic languages, ollow s anda dly he abb e ia ions
used in he quo ed sou ces.
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