Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ

I. NAMES OF TAXA IN IVINSKIS’S “PRIGIMTUMENĖ”

Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) – vienas žymiausių XIX a. vidurio Žemaičių švietėjų – į Lietuvos kultūros istoriją įėjo kaip pirmasis kalendorių leidėjas lietuvių kalba. Jo “Kalendorius arba Metų skajtlus ukiszkas” buvo leidžiamas nuo 1846 iki 1867 metų. Kalendorių turinys labai įvairus – kadangi jie buvo skirti valstiečiams, tai nemaža L. Ivinskis juose pateikė praktiškų patarimų žemės ūkio klausimais, istorijos ir astronomijos žinių, tautosakos kūrinėlių, aiškino zoologijos, botanikos dalykus. Iš kalendoriuose pateikiamų straipsnelių botanikos klausimais matyti, kad L. Ivinskis domėjosi šia sritimi ir neblogai buvo pats su ja susipažinęs. Trijuose kalendoriuose (1862–1864) jis išspausdino savo straipsnį “Prigimtinė”, kur aptarė gyvąją ir negyvąją gamtą, botanikos, zoologijos, mineralogijos dalykus. Šiame straipsnelyje L. Ivinskis pateikia augalų klasifikaciją pagal Linėjų ir Žiusję. Bet didžiausias L. Ivinskio gamtos mokslų darbas “Prigimtumėnė” yra nedaugeliui žinomas, nes liko tik jo rankraštis. Šiame darbe autorius atsiskleidžia kaip geras botanikos žinovas ir lietuviškų botanikos terminų kūrėjas.

L. Ivinskis planned to write three parts of “Prigimtumėnė,” but so far only two parts of this manuscript have been found. The first part of the manuscript, “Prigimtumėnė. That is: a listing of the things of the earth, plants and animals, with an indication of their use” (hereafter in this article simply called “Prigimtumėnė”), is held in the library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore and consists of 42 pages.

L. Ivinskis begins the work with an introduction in which he explains the word prigimtumenė: “<...> prigimtumenė, formed from two words: Prigimtis and minia. “ In this case L. Ivinskis was probably mistaken; it is most likely a prefixed formation, not a compound word. Ivinskis divides Prigimtumėnė into three parts: “<...>he made three great divisions, as some naturalists commonly call them kingdoms: 1. The lifeless kingdom, or Earth; 2. The semi-living kingdom, or Plants—

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. 3. The living kingdom, or Animals” (p. 1). Further in the introduction, the author writes that, for clearer understanding and learning, he subdivides the great divisions more finely and gives Lithuanian, Latin, and Polish terms for the taxonomic categories: “Their divisions are:

Division. Regnum. Kingdom.

Subdivision. Divisio. Division.

Class. Classis. Order.

Subclass. Sub-classis. Suborder.

Order. Ordo. Order.

Suborder. Sub-Ordo. Suborder.

Family. Familia. Family.

Tribe. Tribus. Kinship.

Genus. Genus. Genus.

Subgenus. Sub-genus. Subgenus.

Species. Species. Species.

Subspecies. Sub-species. Subspecies.

Atmaigna. Variety. Sub-variety.

Paatmajnis. Sub-variety. Sub-variety” (p.2).

To name the categories, L. Ivinskis tries to find Lithuanian terms, and also creates some himself.

After a very brief introduction, on the third page, the author begins the description of the kingdom of inanimate nature, or the earth. In this section, he describes rocks, soils, the highest Žemaitian hills, marshes, lakes, rivers, stones, metals, and other inanimate nature. The manuscript index to this part of L. Ivinskis’s work is also preserved in the same library: “Surašizmas žemieminu. Index Fossiliorum. Spis minerałów,” which contains four indexes—of Lithuanian, Latin, Polish, and German terms. The second part of L. Ivinskis’s “Prigimtumėnes” is preserved at the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków: “Prigimtūmenė turente sawieje dalijkus žemės, žoliun ir giwunun su parodimu anun wartojimo. Spis minerałów, roślin i tworów żyjących (zwierzęcych), sutejkta par Ł. Iwiński. Dalis 2. Część 2. Żoliėmina. Rośliny. Vegetabilia. Kroküwa. Cracoviae, Krakow, Krakau.” A copy of this manuscript is held at the Academy of Sciences Library, and about it

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have written K. Jankevičius and R. Jankevičienė¹. They discussed this part of the manuscript found in Kraków, and since the manuscript begins only on page 43, concluded that L. Ivinskis had not written the planned introduction to the work. They did not know that the introduction and the first part of the work had been written and were preserved in Lithuania.

The second part of L. Ivinskis’s work describes lower and higher plants. Most of it consists of a systematic list of plants, which mentions 2,521 genera belonging to 215 families. The Lithuanian, Latin, and Polish names of each genus are given, and in some cases the German name as well. L. Ivinskis then provides an alphabetical index of plant names, “Surašymas žolenių, taj ira žoluni ir medžiu pagal rodbalsu ejlos 1. Lietuwiszka”. The other indexes are titled in Latin—“Index plantarum,” in Polish—“Regestr roślin,” and in German—“Verzeichnis der Pflanzen.” In his work, L. Ivinskis arranges plants according to the Jussieu system, the first of the natural systems.

L. Ivinskis’s work contains many interesting and original genus names that are recorded neither in the “Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary” (LBŽ, 1938) nor in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (LKŽ). The author also included several species names, but very few plant species terms are given. This short article will not examine genus names, which would require a fairly extensive study; instead, it will briefly discuss the names of taxa in the categories of systematics.

L. Ivinskis divides all the plants discussed in his work into 3 divisions—leafless, monocotyledonous, and dicotyledonous: division I – Belapes. Acotyledoneae, division II – Wienlapes. Monocotyledoneae, and division III – Dwilapes. Dicotyledoneae. The word skajdma is listed in LKŽ XII 659; it is found not only in L. Ivinskis’s work but also in other old writings. L. Ivinskis used skaidma to denote a section.

The author further divides the divisions into subdivisions, e.g.: Nuodalis II. classis II. Kerpes. Lichenes. Liszajce. Flechten (lichens) (p. 71), Nuodalis III. classis III. Žalumina. Chlorophyta (green algae) (p. 77), and so on. L. Ivins-

¹ Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. Kai kurie nauji duomenys apie L. Ivinskio darbus lietuviškos botanikos terminijos srityje// Botanikos klausimai. V., 1962. T.II. P. 151-163.

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kis divided the taxa into apetal and dicotyledonous divisions and used this word instead of the class used today. The word nuodalis is listed in LKŽ VIII 911, but with a different meaning. In a few cases, terms for naming the divisions are not provided, but their names are usually given, for example, names of dicotyledonous plants: Žiedai dviveislej belapenei. Apetalae monocliniae (flowers bisexual, apetalous) (p. 153); Daugskiautes posielklinės. Polypetala hypogyna (many-petalled, hypogynous) (p. 160); Aplinkvaisininkines. Perigyna (perigynous) (p. 184). As the examples show, L. Ivinskis uses various terms for naming classes—single-word, two-word, and even three-word terms; his terms lack a suffix characteristic specifically of this category, unlike the class names used today.

L. Ivinskis further subdivides the division of apetalous plants into orders and suborders, now called orders and suborders. The word eila is Samogitian and is still used by Samogitians—examples given in LKŽ II 1061 show that the word is found in Kretinga, Plungė, and Šilalė, and that it was used not only by L. Ivinskis but also by M. Valančius; it is also included in Juška’s dictionary. L. Ivinskis divided fungi into three orders: I Eila. Dulkmenas. Coniomyceles (dulkmenos) (p. 43). Eila II. Pelietėnej. Hyphomycetes (pelėteniai) (p. 47). Eila III. Kajiletėnej. Dermatomycetes (kailietėniai) (p. 54). He also distinguished three orders within the lichen class: Eja I. Plūtenes. Cryopsorae (plutenės) (p. 72). Eja II. Klėstmina. Thallopsosae (klestmina) (p. 74). Eja III. Remtumina. Podetipsorae (remtumina) (p. 75). The first order of the algae, Mauřumina (Wandurmina). Algae (maurumina, vandumina) (p. 77), is divided into suborders. Paejla I. Plíšmina. Schizophyceae (plysmina; regarding y, cf. LBŽ 314 J.A. Pabrėža’s antplyšė, Schizophyllum commune) (p. 79). Paejla II. Gudžalėmina. Gonidiophyceae (grudžalėmina) (p. 84). Paejla III. Dumpliėmina. Ascophyceae (dumplėmina) (p. 91). Paejla IV. Suktmina. Gyrophykea (suktmina) (p. 96). The second order of the algae class (Eja II. Ordo II. Kiminai. Musci) (kiminai) (p. 97) has no suborders, while the third—Paparteniškes. Filicoideae (paparteniškės) (p. 114)—is divided into three suborders: 1) Papartėj. Filices (ferns) (p. 114); 2) Szandriekeniškes. Lycopodiaceae (clubmosses) (p. 116); 3) Gegużėniškes. Equisetaceae (horsetails) (p. 117). The division of monocotyledons has four orders, and no suborders are distinguished

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for them: 1) Žolės vandeninės (aquatic grasses) (p. 118); 2) Kėrmusėnes. Aroidėae (kermusėnes) (p. 120); 3) Pelūmina. Glumaceae (pelumina) (p. 124), while the fourth order is merely indicated, with its name not supplied. L. Ivinskis does not divide the dicotyledonous section into orders and suborders.

Lithuanian names for orders and suborders are similar, formed with the same suffixes, for example, with the suffix -mina: order names—klestmina, remtumina, maurumina, pelumina; suborder names—plyšmina, grauželėmina?, dumplėmina, suktmina. Two suborder names are formed with the suffix -eniškės: geguzeniškės, šundriekėniškės—and one order name, papartenškės. The suborder name paparčiai is attested, as are the order names kim inai, dulkėmenos and several order names formed with the suffix -eniai, -enės: kėletinai, pelėteniai, kermusėnės, plutėnės. One order name stands out as consisting of two words—žolės vandeninės. As the examples discussed show, L. Ivinskis’s terms for naming orders and suborders vary, and several suffixes are used to form them. Today, order names are formed with the suffix -iečiai.

In his work, L. Ivinskis distinguishes 215 plant families, but he does not call this category šeima (‘family’), but rather draugmė: draugmė. This word is not included in LKŽ I. It may be a coinage by L. Ivinskis. In the first class of the apetalous section, where fungi are described, family names vary; most are given in the plural: Draugmė 1. Prõgribėj. Praeformativi (progribiai) (p. 43); Draugmie II. Rūdminas. Uredinei (rūdminos) (p. 44); Draugmie V. Pėlėjej (Šamppliekenėj). Mucėdinei (pelėjai; cf. the synonym pelėjas for common mold (Mucoraceae) in LBŽ 226; samplėkeniai) (p. 45). Draugmie VI. Plėkmes. Musorini (plėkmės) (p. 51). Five family names differ from the others: Plonūmenė. Byssacei (plonumenė) (p. 47); Buožmenė. Sphaeriacei (buožmenė) (p. 55); Tarpuomina. Hymenini (tarpuomina?) (p. 63); Karpotenė. Tubercularii (karpoteniai) (p. 46); Pumptaušklinė (Skuzbezėdinėj). Lycoperadecei (pumptauškliniai, skuzbezdiniai) (p. 57). The family names of the second class are formed with the suffix -mina, e.g.: Raszmina. Graphideae (rašmina) (p. 73); Bumbōlmina. Umbilicariae (bumbolmina) (p. 74); Dviazmina. Coniocarpicae (dviašmina) (p. 75); Miegūmina. Lecideaceae (miegumina) (p. 76), and so on. Formations with

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the suffix -mina also predominate in the family names of the third class, e.g.: Krūtimina. Oscillatoriaceae (krūtimina) (p. 85); Umzdėmina. Ulvaceae (umzdėmina) (p. 88); Grūdžėlimina. Sphaerococcaceae (grūdzelmina) (p. 93); Lapōmina. Phyceae (lapomina) (p. 94), though terms formed differently also occur, e.g.: Gegužėniškės. Equisetaceae (gegužėniškės) (p. 117); Lapgrūdeniškė. Hymenophyllaceae (lapgrūdeniškiai) (p. 114); Szaknėgrūdėj. Rhizocarpeae (šaknėgrūdžiai) (p. 116); Sūktminas. Characeae (suktminos) (p. 96); Grūdvartės. Nostochineae (grūdvartės) (p. 84).

Few family names in the monocotyledon section use the suffix -mina; other terms predominate. Most are formations with the suffixes -iniai, -inės, e.g.: Wilkdalginei. Irideae (vilkdalginių) (p. 136); Po-sajdrinei. Cyperaceae (posaidriniai) (p. 121); Lendrinėlinės. Scitamineae (lendrėlinės) (p. 138); Žąskuolinės (Szwędres). Typhaceae (žąskuolinės, švendrės) (p.120); Kermušžinės. Aroideae (kermušinės) (p. 120), and so on. Other family names are simply given as plural forms of genus names, e.g.: Praūdažiai. Restionaceae (praūdažiai) (p. 129); Narcizai. Narcissae (narcizai) (p. 135); Siustenai. Mismaeae (siusteniai) (p. 119); Wėrbas. Palmae (verbos) (p. 128); Ropūvės. Dioscoreaceae (ropūtvės) (p. 134), and so on.

Family names in the third, dicotyledonous section are most often formed with the suffix -mina, e.g.: Karklūmina. Salicineae (Amentaceae) (karklūmina) (p. 145); Pipirimina. Piperaceae (pipirimina) (p. 148); Širdūmina. Gentianeae (širdumina) (p. 263); Ropūtmina. Solaneae (roputmina) (p. 238), and so on. There are also many terms with the suffixes -inės, -iniai, e.g.: Jowarinės. Platanaceae (jovarinės) (p. 145); Notnierines. Urticaceae (notnėrinės) (p. 147); Prokak-klinės. Elaeagnaceae (prokaklinės) (p. 136); Winkšninei. Ulmaceae (vinkšninei) (p. 146), and so on. L. Ivinskis’s work also gives family names with the suffixes -enės, -eniai, e.g.: Kankorėženės. Coniferae (kankorėženės) (p. 143); Plā-tejkėnės. Penaceae (plateikenės) (p. 154); Lapkrosėnės. Phytolaccaceae (lapkrosėnės) (p. 157); Waszkuonėnes. Myriceae (vaškuonėnes) (p. 145); Rieszūtinėn. Juglandaceae (riešūteniai) (p. 146), and so on. In the dicotyledonous section, there are family names given as plural forms of genus names: Taurūnes. (Gilendrinės). Cupuliferae (taurū-

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naceae, convolvulaceous) (p. 146); Agrotoras. Podostemeae (agotros) (p. 149); Muskatelės. Myristicae (nutmegs) (p. 149); Miênuwas. Menispermaceae (moonseeds) (p. 164), etc.

In L. Ivinskis’s work, family names vary; formations with the suffix -mina are most common, but there are also terms with the suffix -iniai, which is now used to form family names.

L. Ivinskis subdivides some families further and then gives the names of the genera. He also distinguishes “rėžiai” (tribes). L. Ivinskis uses this word in place of the currently used term “tribe,” for example: Riežtas I. Tribūs I. Rizines. Chryzeae (rizinės) (p. 122); Riežas II. Tribūs II. Wikšzrines. Phalarideae (vikšrinės) (p. 122). The word “rėžtas” is listed in LKŽ XI 511; it is used not only by L. Ivinskis but also by other authors, though with an entirely different meaning.

Tribes are distinguished only in the second and third sections. Plants in the section of leafless plants are not divided into tribes; only some families are subdivided without specifying the category name, so these may be subfamilies rather than tribes, for example: Draugmie VI. Pliekmes. Mucorini (plėkmės) (p. 51).

A. Plewiedras. Rhacodiee (plevėdros [slime molds]) (p. 52)

B. Plewiedras tikroses. Mucorini genuni (true plevėdros) (p. 53)

C. Spirūnai. Pilobolei (spirūnai [Pilobolus]) (p. 54).

Draugmie XXVI. Krutėmina. Oscillatorieae (krutėmina [Oscillatoriales])

A. Krutėminej. Oscillatorine (krutėminiai [Oscillatoriales]) (p. 85)

B. Rinkūnima. Lyngbyeae (ring-shaped growth)

C. Slėgmina. Rivularieae (pressure growth) (p. 86).

The genus names for each group are given below.

Tribe names, like family names, vary; most are formed with the suffix -inés, for example: Riežtas V. Smilgines. Agrestis (smilginės) (p. 124); Riežtas I. Didmines. Rafflesieae (didminės) (p. 152); Riežtas II. Arbuzines. Cucurbiteae (watermelons) (p. 188); Riežtas I. Bludvines. Ocymoideae (blūdvīnės) (p. 227), etc. Another group of tribe names is formed with the suffix -enės, for example: Kapunėnes. Cuprissineae (kapūnenės) (p. 144); Medgėnes. Gnetaceae (medgėnės) (p. 145); Gajlenes. Rhodoraceae (gailenės) (p. 214); Szilenes. Ericae (šilenės) (p. 215); Usnėnes. Carduaceae (usnėnės) (p. 253). There are also tribe names that use the plural form of the genus name, for example: Kartpienes.

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Euphorbiae (spurges) (p. 150); Balāndas. Cyclolobeae (amaranths) (p. 158); Rājšzves. Cedreleae (raištvės) (p. 174); Pipirā. Pipereae (peppers) (p. 148); Beždāj (Aliwas). Sambuceae (elderberries, olives) (p. 248), etc. Tribes are further divided into genera, while only a few species names are given for each genus, for example: CCL III. K altas. Claviceps. (Sclerotium. Peromedica. Scler. Clavus). Nasionak. Ostróżka. Jundz. Hartpilz. Kornkeimer.

According to the cereal species from which it takes its name, it is called

a. K altas rugīnis. Claviceps Secalis. Secale cornutum. Balding, diss. 1771. Secale luxurians. Bauhin.

b. K. wheat ergot. Cl. Tritici. Wallr.

c. K. ryegrass ergot. Cl. Lolii. Wallr.

d. K. reed ergot. Cl. Arundini. Wallr.

e. K. cocksfoot ergot. Cl. Dactylidis. Wallr.

f. K. fescue ergot. Cl. Festucae. Wallr.

g. K. Sesleria ergot. Cl. Sesleriae. Wallr.

h. K. meadow-grass ergot. Cl. Poal.

i. K. maize ergot. Cl. Maydis. (pp. 57–58)

To summarize the discussion of L. Ivinskis’s manuscript, a few brief conclusions can be drawn: in the second part of L. Ivinskis’s work “Prigimtumenė,” plants are arranged systematically. L. Ivinskis uses Lithuanian terms for the categories, and apparently coins some of them himself. The term “class” is used today, whereas Ivinskis uses nuodalis (classis); instead of the Latin-derived term tribus, now in use, he uses rėžtas (Tribus). The words prigimtumenė and draugmė are not recorded anywhere else; presumably they were used only by Ivinskis. The names of groups of individual taxonomic categories vary, but Ivinskis seeks to standardize them—forming some names with one set of suffixes and others with another. For example, names of draugmės are most often formed with the suffix -mina, while the prevailing suffix in rėžtas names is -inė.

L. Ivinskis’s work “Prigimtumenė” is interesting and important for understanding the beginnings of botanical terminology formation. It is regrettable that the work was never published and that its manuscript remained unknown to Lithuanian botanists for a long time; nevertheless, it has lost none of its value even today.

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