Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius

LAURYNO IVINSKIS’S MANUSCRIPTS IN KRAKÓW

The Lithuanian calendars of Laurynas Ivinskis, a nineteenth-century Samogitian educator, began to be published only in 1846 and reached readers of that time, while most of his works remained unpublished. Most of L. Ivinskis’s manuscripts are held in the Manuscript Repository of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore (hereafter LLTIR); a few of his manuscripts are also held in the manuscript repositories of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, Vilnius University Library, and the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. Several of L. Ivinskis’s works are held abroad—in St. Petersburg and Kraków.

The manuscript repository of the Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (Polska Akademia Umiejętności) in Kraków holds four works by L. Ivinskis. Two parts of the first manuscript, “Prigimtūmėnė turentė sawieje dalijkus žemės, żoliun ir giwunun su parodimu anun wartojimo (Spis minerałów, roślin i tworów żyjących (zwierzęcych)” (hereafter “Prigimtūmėnė”), are held there: Dalis 1. Część 1. Žemiėmina. Mineraly. Fossilia and Dalis 2. Część 2. Żoliėmina. Rośliny. Vegetabilia. The date the work was written is not indicated. The two parts are listed in different books in the library catalogue; the first part is numbered 1801, and the second 2824. The first part, “Žemėmina,” is bound in a notebook measuring 22.5 by 18 cm. It has 61 pages, and at the end of the last page is written: Pabajga pirmojo Atskiriaus. Finis primi Regni Fossiliorum.

The first part is written very neatly in calligraphic script, and the pages are numbered. Alongside the Lithuanian term, its Latin and Polish equivalents are given, and sometimes its German equivalent as well. The equivalents in different languages are underlined in different pencil colours, which have been remarkably well preserved to this day. That the terms were indeed underlined by L. Ivinskis himself is shown by the explanation he added, specifying the colour used to mark a word in each language. In the explanation, entitled “Iszguldimas krosu. Explicatio colorum (Latin). Objaśnienie farb (Polish). Bedetung der Farben (German),” he notes that Lithuanian words are underlined in green, with Samogitian words indicated in parentheses; blue marks Latin words, red marks Polish words, and yellow marks German words.

102

sh, red marks Polish words, and yellow marks German words.

At the very beginning of the introduction, L. Ivinskis defines prigimtūmenė¹: “Prigimtumenė ira taj surinkimas wiso sutwierimo dalijku, kurius regam, galem susėktė, anun dasilitietė arba jaustė anus kokiu- noris budu” (p. 1). Having explained this in greater detail, the author distinguishes three divisions or kingdoms: Pirmasis Atskir ius: Karaliste negiwojė, taj ira: Zemietras (Žemiėmina). Fossilia (Latin). Ciała kopalne (Polish). Antrasis Atskir ius: Karaliste pus–giwojė, taj ira: Zoliėmina. Vegetabilia (Latin). Rośliny (Polish). Tretinsis Atskir ius: Karaliste giwojė, taj ira: Giwumina. Animalia (Latin). Zwierzeta (Polish) (p. 2). L. Ivinskis subdivides these divisions further and sets out in sequence the terms for the categories of classification.

A considerable part of the introduction (pp. 3–9) is devoted to describing the Earth. L. Ivinskis also compares the Earth with other planets: “Musu žemė […] ira kajpo smulkė dulkelė prilig inus jen pri planetu wisos pasaulies. Ture buožies arba kamulio pawejkstą […]. Su kitomis planetomis drauge wadinas: pasaulė. Systema solare” (Latin) (p. 3). He discusses the Earth’s composition, dimensions, the parts of the world, and climatic zones, and gives the names of the divisions of the day and night and the days of the week.

When describing water (Wānduo, unduo. Aqua (Latin). Woda (Polish). Wasser (German) (p. 9)), L. Ivinskis first gives the names of bodies of water, beginning with the ocean and sea (Acėonas. Oceanus (Latin). Ocean (Polish); Mārė, jūrė. Mare (Latin). Morze (Polish). See (German) (p. 9)), and ending with a fountain (Trīszkīne. Aqua saliens (Latin). Fontana (Polish) (p. 10)). The author distinguishes two kinds of water: a) Wan-

¹ A few remarks on the spelling of the vowel ū in prigimtūmenės. The spelling of this vowel in the word varies somewhat: in some instances it is written with a diacritic, and in others without one, e.g.: prigimtūmenė ir prigimtumenė. Similar examples occur in other works by L. Ivinskis, e.g.: jaunūmenė (“Lenkų–žemaičių k. žod.”, p. 593); wisumenė ir kitu- menies (“Pasauga,” pp. 18 and 26). In the manuscripts “Słowko o pisowni języka Litewskiego” and “O pisowni języka Litewskiego,” held at LLTIR, L. Ivinskis also explains the spelling of the vowel ū. His explanation and the examples he provides show that ū and u denote the long ū of his dialect. This is also confirmed by examples in V. Vitkauskas’s “Šiaurės rytų dünininkų šnektų žodynas” (V., 1976): jaunūmenė (p. 113); karūmenė (p. 125); kitūmenė (p. 139).

103

common plain water. Aqua pura (Latin). Woda słodka (Polish) and b) Wanduo suszalęs. Aqua frigore durata (Latin). Woda zmarzła (Polish) (p. 10), which he further subdivides.

Next, L. Ivinskis presents the elements that make up air (Oras. Aër (lot.). Powietrze (lenk.) (p. 11)), namely Wandėnis. Hydrogenium (lot.). Wodór, wodoród (lenk.); Rugmėnis. Oxygenium (lot.). Tlen, kwasoród (lenk.); Anglėnis. Carbonicum (lot.). Gaz węglowy (lenk.); Saletrėnis. Nitrum (lot.). Saletroród (lenk.) and Dwòkūnis. Azotus (lot.). Azot (lenk.) (p. 11), and gives the names of the winds.

In a separately distinguished section, Ugnis. Ignis (lot.). Ogień (lenk.), alongside such terms as Perkūnas, Perkūnie, Graustinė. Tonitru (lot.). Grzmot, piorum (lenk.); Žàbāj. Fulmen (lot.). Błyskawica (lenk.); Graustėnis. Electricitas (lot.). Elektryczność, –yka (lenk.); Ptaujėnis. Galvanismus (lot.). Galwanizm (lenk.) (p. 12); these terms are also given: Žara šiaurinė. Aura borealis (lot.). Zorza północna (lenk.); Žėmės drebėjimas. Motus terrae (lot.). Trzęsienie ziemi (lenk.); Žwajzdziun kritimas. Lapsus stellarum (lot.). Padanie gwiazd (lenk.); Ajčwaras, ajtwaras. Incubo (lot.). Latawiec (lenk.) (p. 12), and so on.

To designate the Moon, L. Ivinskis gives two synonyms: Mėnuo. Saulėbolis. Luna (lot.). Księżyc (lenk.) (p. 12), and the following explanation: “Atstu nuog žemės 50,000 milu; 49 kartus mažesnis už musu žemę” (p. 12). The author then gives the names of the lunar phases, using the term atmainos mėnesio – Ātmajnas mėnesio. Phases lunares (lot.). Odmiany księżyca (lenk.) (p. 13). In this section L. Ivinskis also gives the names of the parts of the year and all twelve months.

The introduction concludes with a description of the Sun (Sáulė. Sol (lot.). Słońce (lenk.) (p. 14)), giving its dimensions, weight, and distance from Earth. The author lists all the constellations of the zodiac and several others. L. Ivinskis does not use the term zodiakas, but gives two other synonyms: Žwerinė. Dąngjuostė. Zodiac (lot.). Zwierzyniec niebieski, zodjak (lenk.) (p. 15); he calls the zodiac constellations the signs of the celestial belt (Žėnklaj dąngjuostės. Signa zodiacalia. (Viae solaris) (lot.). Znaki zodjatyczne (lenk.) (p. 15)).

The main section, which contains a description of žemėminų, begins on p. 16. This 46-page section describes rocks, meta-

104

ls, stones, soils, the highest Samogitian mountains, rivers, lakes, marshes, and other inanimate nature.

As has already been noted², the LLTIR also holds the first 42-page section of “Prigimtūmenė,” “Žemėtros” (Žemietras. Fossilia (lot.)), as well as the 64-page index manuscript for this section, which contains indexes of Lithuanian, Latin, Polish, and German terms. “Žemėtros” and the indexes are written in separate notebooks.

Comparing the “Žemėmina” section held in Kraków with “Žemėtros,” preserved in Vilnius, one can immediately say that they are versions of the same work. The main section of each manuscript, which describes the aforementioned mineralogical subjects, is almost identical; the terms are arranged and classified in the same order, differing only slightly in how some terms are presented or spelled. For example, the manuscript in Vilnius (hereafter Prl. V.) first describes rocks—Uotas vienu trukiu sudietas, kurios niera suakminejusiu dalijku, giwajs sutwierimajs buwusiu (Prl. V. p. 3)—while the manuscript preserved in Kraków (hereafter Prl. Kr.) also begins with them: Uotas vienu trukiu sudietas, neturentes suakminejusiu dalijku. Skay ciągte, niemająće skamieniałosći (lenk.) (Prl. Kr. p. 16). Both manuscripts also end with the same terms, for example: Wiśznenė. Cererium (lot.). Kamień Ceresowy (lenk.). Cerinstein (vok.) (Prl. V. p. 42) and Wiśz- nénė[...] (Prl. Kr. p. 61).

More differences are apparent when comparing the introductory sections of the two manuscripts. The introduction to “Žemėmina,” discussed above, is quite extensive, spanning 15 pages, whereas the introduction to “Žemėtrų” is only 2 pages. Comparing the two introductions reveals why the title of the Vilnius manuscript differs from that of the one in Kraków. In the work preserved in Vilnius, L. Ivinskis used different terms for naming the kingdoms, for example: 1. Karaliste negiwóje arba Žemietras. 2. Karalistė pus–giwojė, arba Žolenes. 3. Karaliste giwojė, arba Giwolenes (Prl. V. p. 1); accordingly, he titled the first section “Žemėtros.” The introduction to this manuscript...

² Žr. Auksoriūtė A. L. Ivinskio „Prigimtūmenės“ taksonų pavadinimai // Terminologija. 1995. Nr. 2. P. 58–65; tos pačios – Lauryno Ivinskio „Prigimtumenės“ sistematikos kategorijų pavadinimai // Lauryno Ivinskio Kalendoriaus 150-mečiui. 1997. P. 33–39.

105

In “Žolėmina,” as in the introduction to “Žemėmina,” the meaning of *prigimtumenė* is explained, the three kingdoms are distinguished, and the same terms for taxonomic categories are provided, although a few of them differ, for example: Atskirius. Regnum (Latin). Królestwo (Polish) (Prl. V. p. 2); Atskirius arba Karalistä. Regnum (Latin). Królestwo (Polish) (Prl. Kr. p. 2). Paejta. Sub-Ordo (Latin). Podrzed (Polish) (Prl. V. p. 2); Pòejėlė. Sub-ordo (Latin). Podrzęd (Polish) (Prl. Kr. p. 2). Paatmajnis. Sub-varietas (Latin). Pod-odmiana (Polish). (Prl. V. p. 2); Pāatmājnė. Sub-varietas (Latin). Pod-odmiana (Polish) (Prl. Kr. p. 2).

The preparation of the two manuscripts also differs. The manuscript held in Vilnius is likewise written calligraphically, but it contains some corrected words, and equivalents in other languages have not been crossed out. Comparing the two manuscripts, therefore, one can state that the manuscript of the first part of “Prigimtūmenė” held in Kraków is an expanded and corrected second version of the part held in Vilnius.

The second part of L. Ivinskis’s “Prigimtūmenė,” “Žolėmina,” is written in a notebook measuring 22.5 by 18.5 cm. This part presents a systematic list of plants, describing 219 plant families and more than 2,500 genus names, as well as alphabetical indexes of the Lithuanian, Latin, Polish, and German names of these plants³. The pages of the plant list are numbered; this part begins on p. 43 and ends on p. 261, followed by unnumbered indexes. Two slips of paper are pasted in at the end; they give four plant names, and after the indexes L. Ivinskis himself wrote: Pabajga antros dalies. Finis. 2 dae partis (Plantarum) (Latin). The manuscript is written in black ink, with only part of the German index in violet ink. There are also some words inserted into the text in violet ink; equivalents in other languages have not been crossed out.

Comparing the level of preparation of the second part of “Prigimtūmenė” with that of the two versions of the first part, it is evident that “Žolėmina,” too, was prepared to the same degree as the version of the first part held in Vilnius. The manuscript “Žemėtros” in LLTIR ends on p. 42, while “Žolėmina” continues from p. 43; this numbering indicates that

3 See the same author’s “Paprastųjų žodžių terminologizavimas XIX a. (L. Ivinskio „Prigimtumenė“)” // Lituanistica. 1997. No. 3(31). P. 44–53.

106

L. Ivinskis wrote these two parts at approximately the same time and later expanded and rewrote the first part.

The title pages of the manuscripts of both the first and second parts, held at the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków, give the city of Kraków. The circumstances in which these manuscripts came to Kraków are partly explained by a letter inserted in the first part, “Žememina.” The letter, written in Polish, is dated September 13, 1877. It is addressed to the Board of the Academy of Sciences in Kraków and was written by Dr. Kuczyński, secretary of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The letter states that, pursuant to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences’ resolution of July 20, the two-part manuscript by L. Ivinskis entrusted to the faculty by Professor Jančevskis (Janczewski), entitled Spis minerałów, roślin i tworów żyjących (zwierzęcych), and written in Lithuanian (Samogitian), Latin, Polish, and German, is being sent. In the faculty’s opinion, it would be useful for the Academy’s language commission to acquire this work. The letter probably refers to the botanist and university professor Edvardas Františekas Jančevskis (Edward Franciszek Janczewski, 1846–1918), who defended a dissertation on plant anatomy and morphology in Kraków in 1873⁴. L. Ivinskis may have handed this work to E. F. Janczewski himself when he travelled to a botanists’ conference in Warsaw before 1872⁵, or he may have sent it through another person. No sources have been found confirming how or for what purpose L. Ivinskis sent his manuscript to Kraków.

The letter mentions only two parts of “Prigimtuimenė,” but the title of the work and some of L. Ivinskis’s explanations (e.g., Neg pradiejus paskajtimą daliun ipatej wisun trijun atskiriu, reike pirmesnej noris paminiėtė abetnunsius žemės ir dangaus dalijkus (Prl. Kr. p. 3)) make it possible to infer that L. Ivinskis also planned a third part of this work, “Gyvūmina,” but there is no information as to whether this part was written.

The second manuscript by L. Ivinskis held in the manuscript collection of the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków is catalogued under number 2232

⁴ Apie E. F. Jančevskį žr. Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków. 1962–1964. T. 10. P. 495–496.

⁵ Plačiau žr. Petkevičiūtė D. Laurynas Ivinskis. V., 1988. P. 93–94.

107

a Polish–Samogitian dictionary (Słownik polsko–żmudzki) marked [as such]. This is L. Ivinskis’s largest lexicographical work, 2060 pages long, covering the letters A–R and consisting of three volumes⁶. The dictionary is written in black ink and bound in three separate books: Volume I comprises pages 1–1018, Volume II pages 1019–1767, and Volume III pages 1768–2060. In some places, additional sheets have been inserted containing words to be added; for example, seven word entries have been inserted on page 1819. The Samogitian section of the dictionary is quite extensive and includes numerous synonyms and explanations. A few examples from this dictionary:

Buchta, –ty. f. – Atšiāta, –tōs. m. Wandens ing žiames tārpa ikiszūlis (p. 93).

Clarz, –a. m. – A collector of meadow hay; he earns his bread from mowing (p. 133).

Dysponować, v. a. – To arrange, direct, explain how some task should be carried out (p. 239).

Przymęczony, –na, –ne. adj. – Prizūditas, priwārgintas, priwėjktas, priwarītas (apej arkli) (p. 1439).

Rozrodzcy, –cza, –cze. part. – Iwajsinamas. Žōliun iwajšos dalijkaj (Rozrodzce narzędzia roślin. Vasa generationis plantarum) (p. 1918).

The library catalogue states that this manuscript of L. Ivinskis’s dictionary was donated by Maria Oginska (Dar Marii z Potulickich Ogińskiej).

The third manuscript by L. Ivinskis held in Krakow is a work on Lithuanian grammar (“Czasowanie słów dla ich ułożenia w ścislejszy porządek“. Praca z zakresu gramatyki języka litewskiego); it consists of Polish-language tables describing the declension of Lithuanian nouns and the conjugation of verbs⁷. This is a small manuscript, measuring 37 by 47 cm. The catalogue states that the work was donated by Stefania Birecka (Dar Stefanii Bireckiej).

⁶ For further discussion, see Kruopas J. L. Ivinskio leksikografiniai darbai // Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai. 1960. 1(8). P. 192; Vitkauskas V. Lauryno Ivinskio raštų kalbos ypatybės // Lituanistica. 1996. Nr. 3(27). P. 23–24; Vitkauskas V. Lauryno Ivinskio leksikografiniai principai // Lauryno Ivinskio Kalendoriaus 150-mečiui. 1997. P. 29–32.

⁷ For further discussion, see the article cited above: Vitkauskas V. Lauryno Ivinskio raštų kalbos ypatybės. P. 22–23.

108

A much larger work by L. Ivinskis preserved in Poland and describing the Lithuanian language is a Lithuanian grammar manuscript written in Polish. The author’s work is not fully prepared or organized; it is evidently a draft, since it contains paragraphs that have been crossed out or moved to another page. L. Ivinskis begins this work with a definition of grammar: the science that shows how word endings change to express various meanings is called grammar (p. 1)⁸. He identifies four main parts of grammar—etymology (źródłosłów), syntax (składnia), orthography (pisownia), and accentuation (akcent (iloczas))—lists six inflecting parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb, participle) and four invariable ones (preposition, adverb, conjunction, interjection) in Lithuanian. The author begins his discussion of the parts of speech with the noun. He distinguishes five noun declensions, which he calls forms (Forma), gives the nominative and genitive endings for masculine and feminine nouns, and then lists the ten noun cases with examples: 1. Tièwas. 2. Tièwa (–wo). 3. Tièwuj. 4. Tiewa (–wą). 5. Tiewe! 6. Tièwu. 7. Su Tièwu. 8. Tièwuje. 9. Tièwòn. 10. Tièwòp (p. 1). L. Ivinskis notes that Lithuanian has singular, dual, and plural: singular: Tièwas; dual: du tièwu; and plural: Tièwaj. The work goes on to provide a noun declension table and examples, as well as numerous examples of Lithuanian nouns grouped according to their endings. Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and verbs are described in a similar way. Photocopies of L. Ivinskis’s 82-page grammar were brought to Vilnius recently and are held at LLTIR (collection no. F1–7366).

Copies of other L. Ivinskis manuscripts held in the manuscript repository of the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow are also in Vilnius. Photocopies of Part I, “Žemėmina,” of “Prigim­tūmenės” are held in the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library (F72–754), while copies and a microfilm of Part II, “Žolėmina,” and the Polish–Samogitian dictionary are held in the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; copies of the latter manuscripts are also held in the Dictionary Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Photocopies of the language data tables are held at LLTIR (F1–7365).

⁸ Translated from Polish by the article’s author.

109

L. Ivinskis’s manuscripts have been reviewed only very cursorily, and some have not been studied at all. They are of interest to historians of language, grammarians, dialectologists, terminologists, lexicographers, and all those concerned with the history of our language and nation⁹.

Received 1998 06 26

⁹ I would like to thank the leadership of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its scientific secretary, Dr. A. Judžentis, for making it possible for me to travel to Krakow; research associate Z. Šimėnaitė for her assistance; and Dr. Rozalija Przybytek, an employee of the Institute of the Polish Language in Krakow, who helped locate L. Ivinskis’s manuscripts.

110