8 6 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d
Te ms Including he Wo d ‘Risk’
in English, F ench and Li huanian
OKSANA SMIRNOVA
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania
SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania
KEYWORDS: desc ip i e e minology, co pus d i en analysis, inancial e ms, e m ex ac-
ion, e m o ma ion pa e ns
1. INTRODUCTION
Compu a ional echnologies ha e opened new possibili ies o linguis ic
esea ch: digi al co po a and co pus analysis so wa e acili a ed access o
he deepes language s uc u es and ela ions among di e en language
uni s and o e eal peculia i ies o hei usage in di e en domains o e
di e en pe iods o ime. The e o e, co pus-d i en analysis o na u al
language is applied nowadays in a b oad ange o linguis ic a eas: lexico-
g aphy, language eaching, de elopmen o machine ansla ion, compila-
ion o linguis ic da abases, e c.
Te minology esea ch has also become o a la ge ex en co pus-d i en.
Digi al co po a allow e minologis s o wo k wi h a big amoun o docu-
men s, obse e pa icula ea u es o a specialized language, collec in o -
ma ion abou eal usage o e ms and hei e olu ion, cap u e new e ms
which could no be in ui i ely el o p edic ed as well as o ca y ou
con as i e analysis o da a o se e al languages. Co pus analysis so wa e,
au oma ic and semiau oma ic e m ex ac ions ools also con ibu e o
e minology s anda disa ion, o example, he equency coun o synonyms
can p o ide use ul dis ibu ional e idence indica ing s a is ically p e e ed
e ms (Khu shid, Roge s 1992: 36). Thus, digi al co po a enable e mi-
nologis s o e ise e minog aphical in o ma ion abou e ms in exis ing
da abases and cons an ly upda e hem.
8 7Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Acco ding o M. Te esa Cab é, M. Amo Mon ané and Rogelio Naza ,
he goal o mode n e minology is o p oduce o mal, seman ic and unc-
ional desc ip ions o lexical uni s ha ing e minological alue as well as
o explain hei ela ion wi h he es o he uni s o he linguis ic sys em.
The objec o e minology esea ch is “ he li ing e minology” ( e min-
ology ha na u ally occu s in specialized ex s) and he communica i e
aspec o he use o e ms which is bes ins an ia ed in a co pus (Cab é,
Mon ané, Naza 2012).
The aim, objec and objec i es o he esea ch. The aim o he
esea ch is o apply he me hodology o co pus linguis ics o ex ac ion
and o mal s uc u e analysis o inancial mul i-wo d e ms including he
wo d ‘ isk’ as he head noun in English, F ench and Li huanian.
In o de o achie e his aim, he ollowing objec i es we e se :
1) o analyse he p inciples o desc ip i e co pus d i en e minology
including he me hods o colloca ional-colliga ional analyses;
2) o compile co po a o he EU legal ac s o inancial domain in
h ee languages (English, F ench and Li huanian) and selec he
so wa e app op ia e o he co pus-d i en esea ch;
3) o ex ac he mos equen wo ds om he co po a in he in es-
iga ed languages and selec he mos equen keywo d (noun) o
he u he analysis;
4) o ca y ou colloca ional analysis o he selec ed keywo d in he
English co pus and ex ac mul i-wo d e ms including he selec -
ed keywo d as he seman ic and syn ac ic head o e ms om he
English co pus ma e ial;
5) o es ablish F ench and Li huanian equi alen s o he selec ed
English e ms in he pa allel English-F ench-Li huanian co pus;
6) o pe o m o mal s uc u e quan i a i e analysis o he selec ed
mul i-wo d e ms and de e mine which modi ica ion pa e ns and
syn ac ic s uc u es o he e ms a e p edominan in he in es iga -
ed languages.
Da a and scope o he esea ch. Fo he pu poses o he esea ch,
ou co po a o he EU documen s o inancial domain we e compiled:
h ee monolingual co po a (English, F ench and Li huanian) and one pa -
allel co pus (EN-FR-LT). The sizes o he co po a a e as ollows: EN
802 933 wo ds, FR 940 655 wo ds, LT 639 279 wo ds. In o al, 210 inan-
8 8 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
cial e ms including he wo d ‘ isk’ as he head noun we e ex ac ed om
he co po a: 70 English e ms and hei equi alen s in F ench and Li hua-
nian. The choice o wo d ‘ isk’ was de e mined by he co pus da a which
e ealed ha his wo d was he mos equen in he selec ed EU documen s.
2. ThEORETICAL pRINCIpLES OF ThE RESEARCh
2.1. P esc ip i e and desc ip i e e minology managemen
E olu ion o compu a ional echnologies o na u al language esea ch
clea ly di e en ia ed he adi ional e minology om he mode n one.
Te minologis s’ a i ude owa ds he concep ion o a e m, e m sou ces,
s anda disa ion o e ms and o he e minology issues has changed con-
side ably. Two di ec ions o e minology esea ch and managemen ha e
been dis inguished: p esc ip i e e minology and desc ip i e e minology (Zel-
le 2005; Bielinskienė e al. 2015).
Ad oca es o p esc ip i e e minology ocus on e minology s anda di-
sa ion based on e minology dic iona ies, da abases, lis s o app o ed e -
minology and documen s on s anda disa ion p inciples. In p esc ip i e
e minology, concep ion o a e m is based on he place o he concep ,
desc ibed by i , in he concep ual hie a chical sys em o he domain and
i s ela ionship wi h o he concep s (Pea son 1998: 10; Ma cinke ičienė
2000: 6). Acco ding o he p inciples o p esc ip i e e minology, one
e m should be used o desc ibe one concep as such ecip oci y educes
p obabili y o ambigui y, acili a es communica ion, and, simul aneously,
de elopmen o concep ual hie a chical sys em o a domain.
Desc ip i e e minologis s dis ance hemsel es om he s ic a i ude
owa ds e m concep ion, e m unambigui y, de elopmen o hie a chical
concep ual sys em and s anda disa ion. In desc ip i e e minology, con-
a y o p esc ip i e one, a con ex plays a i al ole in analysis o a e m,
and a e m is assumed as a lexical uni dependen on i s con ex . Thei
goal is no o o m a e m acco ding o ce ain p inciples, bu o eco d
i s usage, a ie y o i s o ms in di e en ex s and desc ibe i s peculia i ies
hus o ming a basis o i s s anda disa ion (Bielinskienė e al. 2015: 10–11).
De elopmen o echnologies ga e ise o huge low o in o ma ion
p esen ed in a ious ypes o ex s, and, simul aneously, cons an ly g ow-
ing numbe o e ms used in hem. In his e e -changing eali y, e mi-
8 9Te minologija | 2018 | 25
nologis s a e no longe able o con ol apid de elopmen o e minology
as e ms change as e han hey a e p ocessed. The e o e, managemen
o e minology equi es mo e lexible app oach based on desc ip ion
a he han on p esc ip ion me hodology. Focus has gone om s and-
a disa ion o e minology o he analysis o e minology in co po a
(Bielinskienė e al. 2015: 11).
Desc ip i e e minology led o de elopmen o he Communica i e The-
o y o Te minology which se s ocus on he li ing e minology ha is used
in specialized discou ses and pu s he emphasis on he communica i e
aspec o he use o e ms (Cab é, Mon ané, Naza 2012). Acco ding o
his heo y, he main ole o he e ms is o communica e expe know-
ledge; hus hey a e concei ed “as a h ee- old polyhed on ha ing a cog-
ni i e componen ( he concep ), a linguis ic componen ( he e m) and a
communica i e one ( he si ua ion)” (Cab é, Mon ané, Naza 2012: 1).
Te minological s udies based on he communica i e heo y a e no only
in e es ed in e minology es ablished by s anda ds o ound in o icial
da abases, bu also (and pa icula ly) in hose e ms which a e ac ually used
in ex s o language o speci ic pu poses. Thus, he communica i e he-
o y “no only adop s an in i o app oach, bu is also in e es ed in e ms
in i o” (Cab é, Mon ané, Naza 2012: 1–2). Resea ch o he li ing e -
minology discloses ha he adi ional no ion o e m uni oci y (one- o-one
co espondence be ween a concep and pa icula e ms in di e en lan-
guages) is no well- ounded in eal language. Va ia ion (synonymy, ambi-
gui y, pe iph ases, edundancy) is cha ac e is ic no only o gene al language
uni s, bu also o e minology; hus concep s and e ms ha e o be s udied
“in hei dynamic in e play” (Cab é, Mon ané, Naza 2012: 2–3).
The ocus on he usage o e ms has made co po a he main wo kspace
o mode n e minology analysis. Digi al co po a and co pus analysis so -
wa e ha e enhanced e minology wi h ich esou ces and ools which en-
able e minologis s o ex ac e ms om a big amoun o documen s,
cap u e he newes changes in e minology o a speci ic domain, analyse i s
e olu ion as well as es ablishing concep ual in e connec ion among e ms
o he same domain. Co po a allow o ge eliable, s a is ically based, p e i-
ously o ally una ailable in o ma ion abou e m usage in na u al language.
The e o e, co pus-d i en me hodology has become he p e ailing me hod-
ology p o iding indispensable oolki o e minology esea ch and manage-
men (Zelle 2005; Cab é, Mon ané, Naza 2012; Bielinskienė e al. 2015).
9 0 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
2.2. Co pus d i en analysis p inciples:
colloca ional and colliga ional me hods
Co pus d i en e minology ex ac ion and analysis a e pe o med using
s a is ical and linguis ic me hods. In he gi en esea ch colloca ional and
colliga ional me hods a e applied.
Colloca ions e e o syn agma ic a ac ion be ween lexical uni s. Ac-
co ding o Tomas Lehecka (2015), “ he concep o colloca ion is based
on he no ion ha each wo d in a language p e e s ce ain lexical con ex s
o e o he s, i.e. ha any gi en wo d ends o co-occu wi h ce ain wo ds
mo e o en han i does wi h o he s” (Lehecka 2015: 2). S a is ical analy-
sis o co pus da a is used o measu e he deg ee o a ac ion be ween
wo ds, i s esul s enable o de e mine which wo d combina ions appea
oge he signi ican ly mo e o en han i would be expec ed by chance
gi en he wo ds’ o al equency in he co pus (Lehecka 2015: 2). In his
way he mos signi ican colloca ions o he chosen wo ds in he analysed
co pus a e es ablished.
This me hod is used mos ly o con ex ual seman ic analysis o lexical
uni s as i enables o obse e he whole a ie y o co-occu ing wo ds o
he in es iga ed wo ds, es ablish he p edominan co-occu ence pa e ns
and hus o desc ibe hei meanings based on hei con ex ual en i on-
men (A kins, Rundell, Sa o 2003: 340–341).
Colloca ional analysis has become an indispensable ool o lexicog aph-
e s, i is also ex ensi ely applied in compu a ional linguis ics o he
pu poses o machine ansla ion, na u al language p ocessing and o he
a eas (Lehecka 2015).
Colloca ional me hod is o en used in combina ion wi h colliga ional
me hod. The concep o colliga ion e e s o a ac ion o a lexical uni
and a g amma ical pa e n and is based on he no ion ha wo ds p e e
o be used in ce ain g amma ical pa e ns and a oid o he g amma ical
pa e ns (Sinclai 1998; Lehecka 2015). Colliga ional analysis may been
ex ended and encompass he ela ionship be ween he lexical uni and
he posi ion in a ph ase, clause, sen ence, ex o discou se whe e he
lexical uni can be used (Hoey 2005: 49–52).
Colliga ional analysis has been ex ensi ely employed in combina ion wi h
colloca ional analysis o s udy he meanings o nea -synonyms as co pus
linguis ics s udies ha e e ealed ha hey a e o en used in di e en lexical
and g amma ical con ex s (Lehecka 2015). Co pus linguis ics in es iga ions

9 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25
ha e shown ha e en di e en senses o polysemous wo ds may ha e di -
e en colloca ional and colliga ional pa e ns (As on, Bu na d 1998).
Thus colloca ional and colliga ional analyses ha e p o ed ha seman ics
and g amma should no be ea ed as independen , bu a he as closely
in e connec ed sys ems (Lehecka 2015). p agma ic aspec should also be
aken in o conside a ion in he analyses as colloca ional and colliga ional
p e e ences o a lexical uni a y signi ican ly be ween di e en domains
and di e en ypes o ex s (Bu le 2004: 157; Newman, Rice 2006).
2.3. Applica ion o colloca ional-colliga ional me hod
in e minology ex ac ion and analysis
Colloca ional-colliga ional me hod may also be used o ex ac ion o
mul i-wo d e ms; i is especially app op ia e o ex ac ion o e min ology
including p e-chosen keywo ds – wo ds o po en ial e minological ele ance
cha ac e is ic o he domain ha he co pus belongs o. This me hodology
is based on he assump ion ha complex e ms a e made o exis ing simple
e ms (Nakagawa 2001).
Co pus analysis ools ex ac co-occu ing wo ds o he p e-chosen key-
wo ds and enable o es ablish he dominan colloca ions. A pa o hese
colloca ions is noun ph ases which ha e o be selec ed om colloca ion lis s
using linguis ic me hods. The selec ed noun ph ases a e used o u he
analysis o he co pus da a and ex ac ion o mul i-wo d e ms consis ing
o he selec ed noun ph ases and po en ially o addi ional colloca es.
In he gi en esea ch, he ex ac ed e ms a e analysed u he using
colliga ional analysis p inciples seeking o e eal o mal s uc u e models
o e minology in he in es iga ed languages and o con ibu e o con as-
i e mul ilingual s udies o e m o ma ion pa e ns (c . Janule ičienė,
Racke ičienė 2014; Mockienė 2016).
3. DEVELOpMENT OF CORpORA AND SELECTION
OF ThE SOFTWARE FOR ThE ANALySIS
Acco ding o M. Te esa Cab é, M. Amo Mon ané and Rogelio Naza ,
he pu pose o compiling a co pus o documen s o a speci ic domain is
h ee old. Fi s ly, e minologis s need o become amilia wi h he ype
o language o he domain; secondly, a co pus is needed o pe o m e -
minology ex ac ion and conduc s a is ical analyses o he e ms; and
9 2 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
inally, ex s a e used o ob ain complemen a y in o ma ion abou he
e ms such as seman ic, syn ac ic o colloca ional clues (Cab é, Mon ané,
Naza 2012: 3–4).
The compiled co pus should be o su icien size and quali y o be
conside ed ep esen a i e o he chosen domain. The e a e no p ecise
equi emen s o he size o a co pus; bu i should con ain as many
documen s as possible because he bigge i is, he mo e eliable conclu-
sions abou e minology usage in he domain can be made (Cab é, Mon-
ané, Naza 2012: 4).
Taking in o conside a ion all hese aspec s, he co po a o he EU legal
ac s in English, F ench and Li huanian we e compiled. The legal ac s we e
downloaded om he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union which is a
eely iewed online sou ce. 101 legal ac s, ega ding inancial issues o
he EU and enac ed in he pe iod 2014–2017, we e collec ed. The docu-
men s we e ans o med in o plain ex and aligned o ex ac ion o e ms
and hei analysis.
Th ee p og ams we e used o compile, align he ex s and ex ac he
necessa y da a om hem: An Conc (2014), An PConc (2017) c ea ed and
ce i ied by Lau ence An hony and NOVA Tex Aligne (2014).
An Conc is a eewa e mul ipla o m oolki o ca ying ou co pus
linguis ic esea ch and da a-d i en lea ning, while An PConc is in ended
o c ea ing a pa allel co pus o se e al languages. Bo h p og ams enable
he esea che o deal wi h a big amoun o da a and ca y ou a comp e-
hensi e mul ilingual linguis ic analysis.
The ools which a e p o ided o use s by An Conc p og am a e he ol-
lowing: Wo d lis , Colloca es, Clus e s, Keywo ds, Conco dance, Conco dance
plo , File iew ool. In he gi en esea ch ou ools o An Conc we e applied:
• Wo dlis enabled o de e mine he mos equen wo ds in he co po a;
• Colloca es enabled o de e mine he dominan colloca es o he
wo d ‘ isk’ and measu e he deg ee o hei syn agma ic a ac ion
o he wo d ‘ isk’;
• Clus e s allowed o disclose he mos dominan mul i-wo d e ms
including he wo d ‘ isk’ as he head noun;
• Conco dances ga e a wide a ie y o samples illus a ing he usage
o he e ms in he ex s.
An Conc p og am’s snapsho is p esen ed in Figu e 1.
9 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Be o e compiling a pa allel co pus, he downloaded ex s in h ee lan-
guages we e aligned manually wi h he help o he p og am NOVA Tex
Aligne . A e alignmen o he ex s, a pa allel co pus was buil up using
he An pConc p og am (see Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. An PConc p og am
Figu e 1. An Conc p og am
9 4 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
The An pConc p og am allowed o expose he examples om h ee
languages a he same ime: one could click on a chosen sen ence o see
he equi alen s in o he languages. The p og amme also enabled o dis-
inguish he keywo ds and hei le o igh colloca es by use o di e en
colou s. howe e , i was no possible o see he documen om which
he example was ex ac ed. Using he pa allel co pus, F ench and Li hua-
nian equi alen s o 70 English e ms we e ex ac ed.
4. CORpUS ANALySIS AND TERM ExTRACTION USINg
ThE TOOLS OF ThE pROgRAMS An Conc AND An pConc
4.1. Es ablishmen o he mos equen wo ds in he co po a
In o de o de e mine he mos equen wo ds in he co pus o he
inancial documen s, he ool Wo d lis o he p og am An Conc was used.
I p o ided he wo d equency esul s in he English, F ench and Li hua-
nian co po a which enabled o compa e he wo d equencies in he in-
es iga ed languages and de elop a ilingual lis o TOp 10 mos equen
wo ds (see Table 1). Wo d lis also p o ided in o ma ion on how many
wo d okens and wo d ypes he e we e in he co po a and ga e he access
o he con ex in which he e ms we e used (see Table 1).
Table 1. TOP 10 mos equen wo ds in he co po a
EN (co pus
802 933 wo d
okens, 9333
wo d ypes)
FR (co pus 940 655
wo d okens, 12365
wo d ypes)
LT (co pus 639 279,
24727 wo d ypes)
1. isk (3252),
isks (592)
isque (2855),
isques (997)
izikos (2549), iziką (1063), izika
(536), izikai (355), izikas (4)
2. c edi (3183),
c edi s (18)
c edi (3307),
c edi s (222)
k edi o (3103), k edi ų (52), k edi u
(29), k edi ą (28), k edi as (8), k edi ai
(6), k edi ais (4), k edi us (3), k edi-
ams (2)
3. ma ke (1642),
ma ke s (424)
ma ché (1631),
ma ches (484)
inkos (1355), inkų (310), inka
(229), inkoje (226), inką (76), inko-
se (75), inkai (51), inkoms (18),
inkas (7), inkomis (2)
101Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Table 6. Syn ac ic s uc u es o he pos nominal modi ica ion pa e ns o he e ms
Syn a ic s uc u es EN FR LT
‘ isk’ + pp 13 e ms, e.g.:
isk o he ins i u ion,
isk o inancial sys em,
isk o loss
22 e ms, e.g.:
isque de c édi ,
isque de concen a ion,
isque de modèle
–
‘ isk’ + A
–
20 e ms, e.g.:
isque in ajou nalie ,
isque in e ne,
isque spéci ique
–
‘ isk’ + A + pp
–
4 e ms, e.g.:
isque spéci ique de
co éla ion,
isque signi ica i de
co éla ion ,
isque géné ale de
co éla ion
–
‘ isk’ + pp + A –15 e ms, e.g.:
isque de c édi spéci ique
isque de c édi quo idien,
isque su ma iè e
p emiè e
–
‘ isk’ + pp + A +
+ pp
–
9 e ms, e.g.:
isque de c édi
in ajou nalie à 24h,
isque de liquidi é
in ajou nalie à 24h
–
Diag am 1. Modi ica ion pa e ns o he e ms

102 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
The esul s show ha p enominal modi ica ion is dominan in he English
and Li huanian languages, while pos nominal modi ica ion is cha ac e is ic
o he F ench language. No e ms o p enominal modi ica ion pa e n we e
ound in F ench, and no e ms o pos nominal modi ica ion pa e ns we e
de ec ed in Li huanian. Only English e ms we e o bo h ypes hough he
numbe o e ms wi h pos nominal modi ie s is a he low.
All in es iga ed e ms include one o se e al modi ie s which a e nouns,
adjec i es o p eposi ional ph ases aking di e en posi ions in he e mino-
logical uni s. The esul s o he analysis e eal ha he dominan modi-
ie s o he English and he Li huanian e ms a e nouns and adjec i es
while in he F ench e ms he wo d ‘ isk’ is mos ly modi ied by p eposi-
ional ph ases. The e ms including 3 and mo e wo ds may be u he
classi ied acco ding o hei modi ica ion le els ( e ms including modi-
ie s modi ying he head noun and e ms including modi ie s modi ying
o he modi ie s), bu , due o limi ed space, his analysis is no p esen ed
in his pape .
The summa ised indings in he ables also e eal ha he e ms di e in
he numbe o hei cons i uen s. The quan i a i e analysis o he e m leng h
was pe o med o es ablish he dominan numbe o e m cons i uen s in
he in es iga ed languages; i s esul s a e p esen ed in he Diag am 2.
The diag am e eals wo main endencies. Fi s ly, he EU e m de el-
ope s espec he main equi emen o language economy (b e i y o
e ms): wo-wo d e ms a e p e alen in all h ee languages. Secondly,
only a ew English and F ench e ms ha e mo e han 2-3 wo ds while in
Diag am 2. Numbe o e m cons i uen s
103Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Li huanian e ms including 4 and mo e wo ds cons i u e a signi ican pa
o he selec ed da a (17 o 70).
The endency o p e alence o wo-wo d e ms coincides wi h he en-
dencies es ablished by o he e minology esea che s. The esea ch on
au oma ic ex ac ion and de ini ion o educa ion and science e minology
by Agnė Bielinskienė e al. e ealed ha mos Li huanian e ms o his
domain a e wo-wo d e ms: hey cons i u ed mo e han wo- hi ds o he
e ms selec ed om he e m candida es au oma ically ex ac ed om a
specialised co pus (Bielinskienė e al. 2015: 62). The con as i e esea ch
on cons i u ional law e minology by Liudmila Mockienė e ealed he
same endency in h ee di e en languages. In he in es iga ed English,
Russian and Li huanian legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e, he majo i y
o he ex ac ed mul i-wo d e ms consis ed o wo cons i uen s: hey
cons i u ed 78.5% o he English mul i-wo d e ms, 62% o he Russian
mul i-wo d e ms and 74.5% o he Li huanian mul i-wo d e ms (Mockienė
2016: 43-45). Thus, de elope s o e ms o di e en domains and di e -
en languages end o adhe e o he same p inciple o language economy
and use - iendliness.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The so wa e An Con , used o monolingual co po a analysis, and
An pConc, used o pa allel co pus analysis, allowed o pe o m ex ac ion
o English, F ench and Li huanian mul i-wo d e ms including he wo d
‘ isk’ as he head noun om he specialized co po a o he EU documen s
o inancial domain compiled o he pu poses o he esea ch. The ex-
ac ion was pe o med in he ollowing s ages:
• ex ac ing he keywo ds o he English, F ench and Li huanian co -
po a ( he wo ds o po en ial e minological ele ance cha ac e is ic
o he domain ha he co po a ep esen ) and choosing he mos
equen keywo d ( he wo d ‘ isk’) o u he analysis;
• ex ac ing colloca ions o he wo d ‘ isk’ and noun ph ases includ-
ing he wo d ‘ isk’ as he head noun wi h le and/o igh collo-
ca es om he English co pus;
• selec ing lexical uni s which ha e e minological alue om he lis
o he ex ac ed noun ph ases;
• es ablishing F ench and Li huanian equi alen s o he selec ed Eng-
lish e ms in he pa allel English-F ench-Li huanian co pus.
104 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
The applied me hodology p o ed o be sui able o e ec i e mul i-
lingual ex ac ion o e minology which can be used o de elopmen /
upda ing o e mbases o scien i ic analysis o e ms.
Fo mal s uc u e analysis o he ex ac ed e ms e ealed some majo
e m o ma ion endencies in he in es iga ed languages:
• p enominal modi ica ion is dominan in he English and Li huanian
languages, while pos nominal modi ica ion is cha ac e is ic o he
F ench language;
• he dominan modi ie s o he English and he Li huanian e ms
a e nouns and adjec i es while in he F ench e ms he wo d ‘ isk’
is mos ly modi ied by p eposi ional ph ases;
• he p e alen e m ype acco ding o he numbe o cons i uen s is
wo-wo d e ms – hey cons i u e he bigges numbe o he e ms
in he TOp 70 lis s in English, F ench and Li huanian; ha shows
ha he EU e m de elope s espec he main equi emen o lan-
guage economy (b e i y o e ms);
• only a ew English and F ench e ms ha e mo e han 2-3 wo ds
while in he Li huanian TOp 70 lis e ms including 4 and mo e
wo ds cons i u e a signi ican pa o he selec ed da a (17 o 70).
The indings o he o mal s uc u e analysis disclose e m o ma ion
ends in he in es iga ed languages and p o ide e minological in o ma-
ion which migh be use ul o e m de elope s and ansla o s. Syn ac ic
pa e ns, es ablished in he esea ch, may be used o de elopmen o
au oma ic linguis ic me hods o e m ex ac ion wi hou any p e-chosen
keywo ds.
REFERENCES
As on g., Bu na d L. 1998: The BNC Handbook. Explo ing he B i ish Na ional Co pus wi h SARA, Edin-
bu gh: Edinbu gh Uni e si y p ess.
A kins S., Rundell M., Sa o H. 2003: The con ibu ion o F ameNe o p ac ical lexicog aphy. – In e na ion al
Jou nal o Lexicog aphy 16(3), 333–357.
Bielinskienė A., Boizou L, G igony ė G., Ko ale skai ė J., Rimku ė E., U ka A. 2015: Lie u ių kalbos e mi-
nų au oma inis a pažinimas i apib ėžimas. Monog a ija, Kaunas: Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as.
Bu le C. S. 2004: Co pus s udies and unc ional linguis ic heo ies. – Func ions o Language 11(2), 147–186.
Cab é M. T., Mon ané M. A., Naza R. 2012: Co pus-based Te minology P ocessing. TKE 2012 Tu o ial.
A ailable a h p:// e minus.iula.up .edu/ ke2012/.
hoey M. 2005: Lexical P iming: A New Theo y o Wo ds and Language, London: Rou ledge.
Janule ičienė V., Racke ičienė S. 2014: Fo ma ion o c iminal law e ms in English, Li huanian and No we-
gian. – LSP jou nal – Language o special pu poses, p o essional communica ion, knowledge managemen
and cogni ion 15(1), 4–20.
105Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Lehecka T. 2015: Colloca ion and colliga ion. – Handbook o P agma ics Online. J.-O. Ös man, & J. Ve schu-
e en (Eds.), Ams e dam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1–23.
Khu shid A., Roge s M. 1992: Te minology managemen : a co pus-based app oach. – T ansla ing and he
Compu e 14, 33–44.
Ma cinke ičienė R. 2000: Te minog a ija i eks ynas. – Te minologija 6, 5–23.
Mockienė L. 2016: Fo ma ion o e minology o cons i u ional law in English, Li huanian and Russian. Doc o al
Thesis, Vilnius: Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y.
Nakagawa H. 2001: Expe imen al e alua ion o anking and selec ion me hods in e m ex ac ion. – Recen
Ad ances in Compu a ional Te minology. D. Bou igaul , Ch. Jacquenim and M.-C. L’homme (Eds.), Ams-
e dam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 303–325.
Newman J., Rice S. 2006: T ansi i i y schemas o English EAT and DRINK in he BNC. – Co po a in Cog-
ni i e Linguis ics: Co pus-Based App oaches o Syn ax and Lexis. S.T. g ies and A. S e anowi sch (Eds.),
Be lin/New Yo k: Mou on de G uy e , 225–260.
pea son J. 1998: Te ms in Con ex , Ams e dam/philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing Company.
Sinclai J. 1998: The lexical i em. – Con as i e Lexical Seman ics. E. Weigand (Ed.), Ams e dam: John
Benjamins Publishing Company, 1–24.
Zelle I. 2005: Au oma inis e minų a pažinimas i apdo ojimas. Dak a o dise acija, Kaunas: Vy au o Didžiojo
uni e si e as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
SOuRCES
O icial Jou nal o Eu opean Union: h ps://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/oj/di ec -access.h ml
COMPuTER SOTFWARE uSED FOR ThE ANALYSiS
An hony L. 2014: An Conc (Ve sion 3.4.4w) [Compu e So wa e]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda Uni e si y. A ail-
able a h p://www.an lab.sci.waseda.ac.jp
An hony L. 2017: An pConc (Ve sion 1.2.0) [Compu e So wa e]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda Uni e si y. A ail-
able a h p://www.an lab.sci.waseda.ac.jp
Supe no a-so . NOVA Tex Aligne . A ailable a h ps://no a- ex -aligne .so 112.com/.
ANgLų, PRANCūzų iR LiETu ių KALbų DAugiAžODžių TERMiNų
Su žODžiu izika ANALizė TEKSTYNų LiNg iSTiKOS METODAiS
S aipsnyje p is a omi desk ip y iosios e minologijos y imo p incipai bei empi inis
daugiažodžių e minų su žodžiu izika y imas, ku io ikslas – aikan eks ynų ling is-
ikos me odus, su ink i e minus iš ES inansų s i ies dokumen ų eks ynų i a lik i jų
o maliosios sanda os analizę.
Ty imo ikslams bu o sukaup i ke u i eks ynai: inansų s i ies dokumen ų anglų kal-
ba (802 933 žodžiai), p ancūzų kalba (940 655 žodžiai) i lie u ių kalba (639 279 žo-
džiai) bei lygiag e usis anglų–p ancūzų–lie u ių kalbų eks ynas. Iš eks ynų su ink a
210 e minų, ku iuose žodis izika eina pag indiniu dėmeniu: 70 angliškų e minų i
po iek pa jų a i ikmenų p ancūzų i lie u ių kalbomis. Žodžio izika pasi inkimą lė-
mė ai, kad šis žodis bu o dažniausias isų ijų kalbų eks ynuose.
Te minų a pažinimui i su inkimui bu o naudojamos d i kompiu e inės p og a-
mos – An Conc i An PConc. Di b a okiais e apais:
•dažniausių žodžių, galinčių bū i e minų b anduoliu, angliškame, p ancūziškame
i lie u iškame eks ynuose nus a ymas i ieno iš jų (žodžio izika) a inkimas
olesnei analizei;
106 Oksana Smi no a Co pus-D i en Analysis o Mul i-Wo d Te ms Including
Sigi a Racke ičienė he Wo d ‘Risk’ in English, F ench and Li huanian
•žodžio izika kolokacijų i daik a a dinių junginių su pag indiniu dėmeniu izika
i jo kai iaisiais bei dešiniaisiais koloka ais nus a ymas angliškame eks yne;
•daik a a dinių junginių, laiky inų daugiažodžiais e minais, a inkimas;
•a ink ų angliškų e minų p ancūziškų i lie u iškų a i ikmenų nus a ymas.
P i aiky a me odologija leido ezul a y iai su ink i daugiažodžius e minus iš dau-
giakalbių eks ynų. Tai duoda pag indą eig i, kad ji gali bū i aikoma e minų kaupi-
mui bei y imams.
Su ink ų e minų o maliosios sanda os analizė a skleidė kele ą s a bių e minų da-
ybos endencijų i iamose kalbose:
• y aujan is e minų ipas pagal dėmenų skaičių isose ijose i iamose kalbose
y a d ižodžiai e minai; ai odo, kad ES e minų kū ėjai laikosi kalbos ekonomi-
jos p incipo i s engiasi ku i kuo umpesnius daugiažodžius e minus;
• ik kele as angliškų i p ancūziškų e minų u i daugiau kaip 2–3 dėmenis; uo
a pu lie u iški e minai, susidedan ys iš 4 i daugiau dėmenų, suda o be eik
ke i adalį su ink ų e minų;
•anglų i lie u ių kalbų e minų da ybos modeliuose y auja p epozicinė i pos -
pozicinė modi ikacija, o p ancūzų kalbos – pos pozicinė modi ikacija;
•daugumos anglų i lie u ių kalbų e minų p iklausomieji dėmenys y a daik a a -
džiai i būd a džiai, o p ancūzų kalboje – p ielinksninės kons ukcijos.
Fo maliosios sanda os analizės ezul a ai su eikia in o macijos, ku i gali bū i nau-
dinga e minų kū ėjams i e ėjams. Ty imo me u nus a y i sin aksinių s uk ū ų mo-
deliai gali bū i aikomi, ku ian kompiu e inius ling is inius me odus au oma iniam
e minų a pažinimui be iš anks o pasi ink ų ak inių žodžių.
gau a 2018-05-21
Oksana Smi no a
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as osmi no a@m uni.eu
Sigi a Racke ičienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as sigi a. acke iciene@m uni.eu