BALTU
KALBU
VEIKSMAZODZIO
TYRINEJIMAI
LT.
E TaU
OS
TSR
MEO:
KiS°boW:.
A KiA Dy
ByMykh
Jie
L.VALEIKA
A
FEW
OBSERVATIONS
ON
THE
STRUCTURE
AND
SEMANTICS
OF
PREDICATE
NOMINAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
(A
GENERATIVE
APPROACH
TO
LINK-VERBS)
The
p esen
a icle
is
conce ned
wi h
seman ic
and
syn ac ic
p ope ies
o
he
so-called.copula
cons uc ions.
As
e idence
is
d awn
om
Li huanian
and
Eng-
lish,
his
a icle
p esen s
by
i sel
a
ypological
s udy
o
Li huanian
and
English
myc o
syn ac ic
sys ems.
Deep
S uc u e
o
P edica e
Nominal
Cons uc ions
In
aco dance
wi h
he
s anda d
heo y
o
gene a i e
g amma
language
is
iewed
as
consis ing
o
wo
laye s,
iz.
deep
s uc u e
and
su ace
s uc u e.
By
deep
s uc u e
gene a i is s
gene ally
mean
he
seman ic
s uc u e
o
language,
while
by
su ace
s uc u e
—
he
linguis ic
ealiza ion
o he
o me .
The
deep
s uc u e
is
ela ed
o
he
su ace
s uc u e
by
ce ain
g amma ical
ans o ma-
ions,
I
is
in e es ing
as
well
as
impo an
o
no e
linguis s’
eac ion
o
he
new
ap-
p oach
o
ans o ma ional
g amma
esul ing
om
he
in oduc ion
by
Choms-
ky
o
he
e m
deep
s uc u e.
Some
linguis s
—
Robe
Hall,
o
ins ance,
bi e -
ly
c i icized
he
newly
coined
e m
sugges ing
ha
deep
s uc u e
u ns
ou
o
be
simply
he
meaning
o
u e ances.
The
con o e sy
o e
he
na u e
o
“deep
s uc-
u e’
seems
o
ha e
a isen
pa ially
as
a
esul
o
misunde s anding
Chomsky,
iz.
o
iden i ying
Chomsky’s
sen ences
wi h
deep
s uc u es.
The
sugges ion
ha
deep
s uc u e
is
no
mo e
han
a
pa aph ase
based
on
meaning
is
inaccu a e.
To
dis-
p o e
i ,
A. Hill’
gi es
he
ollowing
example
—
Two
and
wo
make
ou .
I
would
appea
ha
he
unde lying
s uc u e
(i.
e.
deep
s uc u e),
when
exp essed
in
lin-
guis ic
e ms,
is
Two makes
ou +Two
makes
ou .
I
will
be clea ,
howe e ,
ha
he
abo e
s uc u es
do
no
con ain
he
same
in o ma ion
as
he
p esen ed
sen-
ence.
In
ac
Two
and
wo
make
ou
de i es
om
Two
makes
complemen
and
Two
makes
complemen .
Las
bu
no
leas ,
deep
s uc u e
is
an
abs ac
s uc u e,
i.e.
a
s uc u e
wi hou
a
phonological
componen .
To
pu
i
o he wise,
deep
s uc-
u e
is
a
se
o
ela ionships
as
exis ing
be ween
he
e b
and
he
NP’s.
The
deep
s uc u e
o
a
sen ence
is
a
s uc u e
consis ing
o
a
e b
and
one
o
mo e
noun
ph ases,
each
associa ed
wi h
he
e b
in
a
pa icula
case- ela ion-
ship.
In
gene a i e
g amma ,
hen,
he
sen ence
consis s
o
p oposi ion
(deep
s uc-
u e)
and
modali y
cons i uen
(nega ion,
ense,
mood,
aspec ).
Bu
i
deep
s uc-
u e
is
o
be
concei ed
as
an
abs ac
s uc u e
whe e
only
syn ac ic
and
seman ic
1
A,
Hill,
The
Hypo hesis
o
Deep
S uc u e,
S udia
Linguis ica
XXIV:
1,
p.
4.
231
ela ionships
be ween
he
ca ego ies
(subjec ,
p edica e,
objec )
a e
e lec ed,
he
exis ence
o
such
cons uc ions
as
Be niukas
y a
linksmas
and
Be niukui
links-
ma
is
di icul
o
accoun
o .
In
iew
o
his,
ca ego ies
such
as
subjec ,
p edi-
ca e
and
objec
should
be
in oduced
in o
deep
s uc u e
wi h
he
ea u e
‘‘de-
e mined”
—
‘‘non-de e mined”.
E.
g.:
A.
Be niukas
linksmas
—
X
(non-de e mined)
linksmina
be niuka
B.
Be niukui
linksma<
X
(de e mined)
linksmina
be niuka
I is
only
by
ecognizing
his
ha
we
shall
be
able
o
adequa ely
desc ibe
he
ela ionship
be ween
he
cons uc ions.
Being
de i ed
om
di e en
deep
s uc-
u es,
hey
belong
o
di e en
pa adigms.
As
al eady
seen,
he
deep
s uc u e
o
he
sen ence
is
in a iably
e bal.
This
howe e ,
does
no
sugges
ha
all
e bs
a e
deep-s uc u e
e bs.
Thus,
o
in-
s ance,
BUTI
:
BE
as
well
as
o he
copulas
can
ha dly
be
ea ed
as
deep-s uc-
u e
e bs:
i
A.
Pe ai is
y a
moky ojas:
Pe ai is
is
a
eache
<
Pe ai is
moko
aikus:
Pe ai is
eaches
child en
B.
Sis
aikinas
y a
Pe ai is
:
This
young
man
is
Pe ai is
—
X
adina
&j
ai-
King
Pe aigiu
:
X
calls
his
young
man
Pe ai is
C.
Jonas
y a
nejdomus
:
John
is
unin e es ing
~
Jonas
nedomina
X
:
John
does
no
in e es
X
D.
Smi as
y a
Londone:
Smi h
is
in
London
<
Smi as
nu yko
i
Londona
:
Smi h
has
gone
o
London
All
his
sugges s
ha
BUTI
:
BE
is
no
a
cons i uen
o
deep
s uc u e;
i
is
gene a ed
by
he
g amma
o
ealiza ion
o
ce ain
deep
cons uc ions?.
Conse-
quen ly,
BUTI
:
BE
canno
be
asc ibed
he
s a us
o
deep-case
e b®.
In
iew
o
his,
s uc u es
con aining
BUTI
:
BE
should
be
iewed
as
s uc u es
o
seconda-
Ty
o
incomple e
p edica ion.
The
same
is
ue
o
o he
link- e bs:
TAPTI
:
BECOME
Jis
apo
p eziden u
:
He
became
p esiden
—
X
ig inko
ji
p eziden u
:
X
elec ed
him
p esiden
Be niukai
ampa
y ais:
Boys
become
men
+
Be niukai
auga
x
Be niukai
iSauga
i
y us
:
Boys
g ow
x
Boys
g ow
in o
men
DETIS
:
FEIGN
Jis
déjosi
bep o iu
:
He
eigned
himsel
mad
<
Jis
elgési
kaip
bep o is
:
He
beha ed
as
a
madman
LIKTI
:
TURN
INTO
Daugiau
Zinok,
maZiau
kalbék,
nes
g ei ai
senas
liksi
—
Daugiau
Zinok,
ma-
Ziau
kalbék,
nes
g ei ai
susensi
The
wa e
has
u ned
cold
<
F os
has
made
he
wa e
cold
In
acco dance
wi h
de i a ional
s uc u e
link- e b
cons uc ions
subdi ide
in o
essi e
(Mes
—
Zmonés
:
We
a e
people;
Suo
y a
naminis
gy ulys
:
The
dog
is
a
domes ic
animal),
ansla i e
(Jonas
y a
moky ojas
:
John
is
a
eache )
and
loca i e
(Smi as
y a
Londone
:
Smi h
is
in
London).
By
essi e
link- e b
cons uc-
*
See
John
Lyons,
In oduc ion
o
Theo e ical
Linguis ics,
Camb idge,
1969,
p.
322.
*
C .
Cha les
J.
Fillmo e,
The
Case
o
Case,
Uni e sals
in
Linguis ic
Theo y,
Hol ,
Rineha
and
Wins on,
Inc.,
1968,
p.
84.
232
ions
we
mean
cons uc ions
whe e
a
link- e b
unc ions
as
a
me e
classi ie ,
i.
e.
cons uc ions
which
do
no
imply
he
agen ’s
ansi ion
in o
ano he
s a e.
Thus,
when
we
say
Suo
y a
Zinduolis
:
The
dog
is
a
mammal
we
do
no
only
say
wha
he
agen
is
a
p esen ;
in
ac
ou
s a emen
e e s
o
he
agen ’s
pe manen
s a e.
Man
gene ally
a i es
a
such
s a emen s
by
obse ing
na u e
a ound
him.
The
deep
s uc-
u e
o
Suo
y a
Zinduolis
:
The
dog
is
a
mammal
may
be
The
dog
eeds
i s
young
wi h
milk
om
he
b eas .
The
link- e b
in
simila
cons uc ions
is
he
mos
gene -
al
in
meaning
and
may
be
desc ibed
as
a
‘dummy’
e b.
A
p esen
we
ha e
only
one
such
e b
—
BOTI
:
BE.
T ansla i e
cons uc ions
exp ess
he
agen ’s
passing
in o
a
speci ied
s a e
o
condi ion.
So, o
example,
Jis
y a
moky ojas
:
He
is
a
eache
implies
ha
he
agen ’s
p esen
s a us
as
a
eache
esul s
om
some
ac i i-
y
in
he
pas .
He e
we
can
speak
o
‘ esul an ’
s a e.
Conside
one
mo e
example
—
Jis
y a
di ek o ius
:
He
is
a
di ec o .
The
p esen
s a e o
he
agen
esul s
om
somebody’s
ac i i y
in
he
pas :
X
appoin ed
him
di ec o .
The
same
analy-
sis
holds
good
o
Vaikui
nege a
:
The
child
is
sick.
Loca i e
cons uc ions
may
also
pe ain
o
one’s
ansi ion
in o
a
de ini e
s a e:
Smi as
y a
Londone
:
Smi h
is
in
London
—
Smi as
nu yko
j
Londona
:
Smi h
has
gone
o
London.
Bu :
Di-
dysis
Benas
y a
Londone
:
Big
Ben
is
in
London.
Su ace
S uc u e
o
P edica e
Nominal
Cons uc ions
BUTI
:
BE
is
gene ally
conside ed
he
mos
ypical
ep esen a i e
o
all
co-
palas.
Indeed,
i
has
a
p ope y
ha
is
missing
in
o he
copulas.
I
o he
copulas
u e
semi-no ional
o
no ional
e bs,
BUTI
:
BE
is
ea ed
by
linguis s
as
a
‘dummy’
wo d.
This
is
ue
in
he
main.
Seman ically,
i
may
be
ega ded
as
he
mos
gene
al,
o ,
o
pu
i
di e en ly,
unma ked.
The
o he
copulas
can
be
said
o
de i e
om
a
modi ied
e sion
o
BUTI
:
BE.
Thus,
TAPTI
:
BECOME
de i es
om
BU-
TI
:
BE+MODUS
BEGIN
(GROW);
PASILIKTI:
REMAIN
de i es
om
BUTI
:
BE+MODUS
CONTINUE;
DETIS
:
PRETEND
de i es
om
BUTI:
BE+MODUS
APPEAR,
e c.
This
sugges s
ha
BUTI
:
BE
may
be
conside ed
as
in a ian
o
all
cons uc ions
con aining
link- e bs.
The
ecogni ion
o
his
ac
leads
us
o
ano he
conclusion,
iz.
link- e b
cons uc ions
belong
o
he
same
pa -
adigm*.
Ye ,
o
say
ha
BUTI
:
BE
is
in a iably
unma ked
would
be
un ue
o
ac .
The
poin
is
ha
BUTI
:
BE
as
a
lexeme
is
endowed
wi h
wo
meanings.
Thus,
when
in
a
syn ac ical
uni
he
copula
occu s
in
he
‘expanded’,
o
‘p og essi e’
o m,
as
in
“You
a e
being
naugh y’,
‘John
was
being
e y
unny’,
BE
exp esses
beha ing,
ac ing,
speaking
wi hou ,
howe e ,
equi ing
he
addi ion
o
-ly
o
he
adjec i e;
in
he
sen ences
‘Why
don’
you
be
easonable
?’,
“I
you
wan
o
be
a
suc-
cess ul
ac o ...’,
BE
means
some hing
like
‘ ake
s eps
o
become”®.
The
same
is
ue
o
Li huanian:
Be niukas
no i bi i
lakiinu.
The e o e,
i
seems
bes
o
ea
BUTI
:
“See
T.
A.
3on0ToBa,
CunTakcHyecKoe
none
mpeqnoxKeHHA
(kK
NOHATHIO
Mapaqu Ma-
THYCCKHX
OTHOWEeHHI
B
CHHTAKCHCe
TIpeA0xKeHHs),
Cuu a maTHka,
NlapagH MaTHKa
H
HX
B3aH-
MOOTHOWEHHA
Ha
ypoBHe
CHHTaKCHca
(MaTepHazbI
Hay4Hoi
KonepenuMn),
Pu a,
1970,
p.
189—
193;
On
pa adigma ic
and
syn agma ic
simila i y
see
Hansjakob
Seile ,
Pa adigma ic
and
Syn-
agma ic
Simila i y,
Lingua
18
(1967),
p.
35—79.
5
See
F.
Th.
Visse ,
An
His o ical
Syn ax
o
he
Englisch
Language,
I,
Leiden,
1970,
p.
190.
233
BE
as
a
lexeme
which
has
wo
unc ions.
Thus,
in
essi e
cons uc ions
BUTI
:
BE
is
gene ally
used
wi hou
he
idea
o
passing
in o
ano he
s a e,
while
in
ansla-
i e
and
loca i e
cons uc ions
BUTI
:
BE
occu s
in
he
sense
‘ o
become’
o
’ o
change
one’s
posi ion
in
space’.
Ye ,
when
occu ing
in
i s
ini e
o m,
pa icula -
ly
in
he
p esen
ense
indica i e,
BUTI
:
BE
is
de oid
o
he
abo e
meaning.
This
is
na u al,
since
BUTI
:
BE
exp esses
he
inal
esul
o
an
an icipa ing
ac ion
(e.g.
Jonas
y a
inzinie ius
:
John
is
an
enginee —
Jonas
apo
inZinie iumi
:
John
has
be-
come
an
enginee ).
In
iew
o
his,
i
becomes
clea
why
BUTI,
when
used
in
he
p esen
ense
indica i e,
is
o en
omi ed
in
Li huanian
sen ences
(e.
g.
Jonas
—
ge as
d augas;
Jonas
—
iniinie ius).
I
is
only
in
sen ences,
ma ked
empo ally,
modally
o
aspec ually
ha
BUTI
is
obliga o y.
In
English,
apa
om
a
ew
os-
silized
ph ases
(Happy
he
man
who...!
Fine
old
oak
his!
Who
so
eckless...?),
BE
is
obliga o y.
As
ega ds
noun
ca ego ies
capable
o
illing
in
he
posi ion,
Li huanian
and
English
show
g ea e
simila i ies
han
di e ences:
p incipally
he
same
ca ego ies
a e
ound
in
p edica i es:
A.
Human
Jonas
y a
s uden as
:
John
is
a
s uden
Sis
be niukas
y a
ame ikie is
:
He
is
an
Ame ican
B.
Non-human
a)
anima e.
A klys
y a
naminis
gy ulys
:
The
ho se
is
a
domes ic
animal
b)
inanima e.
Sis
daik as
y a
s alas
:
This
is
a
able
c)
ma e ial.
Sis
Ziedas
y a
aukso
:
The
ing
is
gold
d)
abs ac
p ope .
Sis
uZda inys
y a
didelés
s a bos
:
The
ask
is
o
g ea
impo ance
Di e ences
a e
inconside able
and
mainly
conce n
mino
subclasses.
Thus,
o
ins ance,
in
English
we
ind
ew
agen
nouns
de i ed
om
place-nouns,
i.
e.
he
Londone - ype
nouns®.
As
a
esul ,
he
posi ion
o
he
subclass
o
nouns
e-
mains
no
illed
in
in
English.
As
Li huanian
imposes
no
es ic ions
on
he
de i-
a ion
o
such
nouns,
p edica e
nominal
cons uc ions
in
Li huanian
a e
mo e
a ied
s uc u ally:
Misu
p o eso ius
y a
ilnie is,
kaunie is,
Siaulie is,
e c.
Ano he
di e ence
conce ns
he
use
o
na ionali y
nouns
wi h
subjec s
exp es-
sed
by
nouns:
unlike
Li huanian,
English
seems
o
a oid
he
use
o
na ionali y
nouns
as
p edica i es,
when
he
subjec
is
exp essed
bya
noun:
He
is
an
Ame ican;
The
boy
is
Ame ican,
no
gene ally:
The
boy
is
an
Ame ican’,
Li huanian
and
English
show
conside able
di e ences
as
ega ds
he
use
o
ma e ial
nouns
as
p edica i es.
As
is
known,
nouns
used
Pp eposedly
a e
less
spe-
ci ic
as
de e mine s
han
nouns
used
Pos posedly.
In
o he
wo ds,
p eposed
nouns
lose
much
o
hei
subs an i e
cha ac e
and
esemble
adjec i es.
I
migh
be
ex-
pec ed
ha
such
nouns,
when
occu ing
wi h
no
noun
ollowing
(i.
e.
p edica i ely)
should
au oma ically
e e
o
hei
nominal
s a us,
as
in
The
Ame ican
boy
+
He
is
an
Ame ican.
Ye ,
his
is
only
ue
o
coun able
nouns,
i.
e.
nouns
which
a e
in
°
See
T.
UH.
Axmanosa,
H.
A.
Jlaunuosa,
A puOyTHp bie
oTHoweHus
B
TOMOHMMH4eC-
KO
CHCTeMe
aH aomapi4HEIx
c pax,
Bonpocsi
s3niKosuanua,
1970.
7
Dwigh
Bolinge ,JAdjec i es
in
English:
A ibu ion
and
P edica ion,
Lingua
18
(1967,
p.
33.
234
a
posi ion
o
show
hei class
dependence
o mally.
A
di e en
si ua ion
is
obse -
ed
in
cons uc ions
whose
p edica i e
is
an
uncoun able
noun.
E.
g.:
The
ing
is
gold.
As
uncoun able
nouns
ha e
no
a icle
o
a
plu al
mo pheme,
he
ype
o
con-
s uc ion
is
s uc u ally
ambigous:
i
can
be
in e p e ed
bo h
as
The
ing
is
made
o
gold
and
The
ing
is
a
piece
o
gold*.
To
a oid
he
ambigui y,
English
speake s
in oduce
he
noun
h ough
a
p eposi ion:
The
ing
is
o
gold.
The
p esence
o
a
p eposi ion
unmis akably
shows
he
wo d
o
be
a
noun.
In
Li huanian,
simila
cons uc ions
a e
no
ambiguous.
This
is
o
be
expec ed,
as
he
ma e ial
adjec i e
in
Li huanian
is
a
mo phologically
ma ked
ca ego y:
Sis
Ziedas
y a
g yno
aukso
—
Sis
Ziedas
y a
g ynas
auksas
—
Sis
Ziedas
y a
auksinis.
The
no able
ea u e
abou
p edica e
nouns
is
ha
hey
a e
gene ally
inde ini e.
The
occu ence
o
de ini e
nouns
demands
special
in e p e a ion,
o
s ands
in
need
o
some
expansion:
John
is
he
philosophe ;
John
is
his
philosophe ;
He
is
a
phi-
lesophe ,
who
s udies
me aphysics’.
To
conclude
ou
discussion
o
nouns
as
p edica i es,
one
mo e
poin
should
be
discussed,
iz.
he
con e abili y
o
p edica e
nominal
cons uc ions.
In
examin-
ing
cons uc ions
such
as
a)
The
dog
is
an
animal;
b)
Men
a e
mammals;
c)
This
ho se
is
a
ma e;
d)
John
is
an
enginee
we
canno
bu
no ice
a
ce ain
hie a chy
in
he
sys em
o
nouns:
some
nouns
play
a
ole
in
he
de ini ion
o
o he
nouns.
As
mo e
speci ic
nouns
a e
de ined
h ough
mo e
gene al
ones,
such
cons uc ions
a e
no
con e able.
To ende
hem
con e able,
we
mus
make
he
nouns
ac oss
he
copula
cong uen
seman ically.
E.
g.:
Men
a e
hinking
mammals—Thinking
mammals
a e
men.
Apa
om
nouns,
he
posi ion
o
a
p edica i e
can
be
illed
in
by
adjec i es.
We
ind
wo
ypes
o
adjec i e
he e,
iz.
empo al
and
non- empo al
(s a ic):
Be niukui
s eika
( empo al);
Be niukas
y a
s eikas
(non- empo al)
The
boy
is
well
( empo al);
The
boy
is
heal hy
(non- empo al)
Unlike
Li huanian,
English
has
ew
mo phologically
ma ked
empo al
adjec-
i es:
a
house
a i e;
a ms
akimbo;
The
people
we e
ali e;
They
we e
agog’®.
In
Li hu-
anian,
mo phologically
ma ked
p edica i e
adjec i es
p esen
a
ela i ely
p oduc-
i e
class
o
wo ds.
These
a e
made
up
o
he
so-called
‘neu e
adjec i es’.
Unma ked
empo al
adjec i es
and
s a ic
adjec i es
a e
indis inguishable
o -
mally.
P ac ically,
any
s a ic
adjec i e
may
be
used
as
a
empo al
one
and
ice
e sa:
A.
X
y a
juokingas
:
X
is
unny
(s a ic)
B.
X
y a
juokingas
Siandien
:
X
looks
unny
oday
( empo al)
C.
X
y a
alkanas
:
X
is
hung y
( empo al)
D.
X
y a
alkanas
:
X
is
hung y
(s a ic)
®
See
A. Hill,
In oduc ion
o
Linguis ic
S uc u es,
New
Yo k,
1958,
p.
175.
*®
See
Emmon
Bach,
Nouns
and
Noun
Ph ases,
Uni e sals
in
Linguis ic
Theo y,
Texas,
1968,
p.
103.
10
Fo
a
seman ic
in e p e a ion
o
p edica i e
adjec i es
in
English,
see
A.
[paaqaycKac,
Buipaxenue
,,BpemexHo o
cocTosHua
Kak
PasHOBHAHOCTb
HeMpoueccHo o
HMeHHO O
CKasyemo o,
Kalbo y a
XXII
(3),
1971,
p.
7—17.
235

Besides
desc ip i e
adjec i es,
in
Li huanian
he
posi ion
o
a
p edica i e
can
be
aken
by
ela i e
adjec i es:
Si
lo a
y a
mediné;
Sis
laik odis
y a
auksinis.
p
In
English,
denominal
adjec i es
a e
no
used
so.
Some
such
adjec i es,
when
used
igu a i ely,
may
appea
as
p edica i es:
His
manne s
we e
ex emely
wooden
(A.
S.
Ho nby).
On
he
o he
hand,
English
ou does
Li huanian
in
he
use
o
adjec i es
de iy-
ed
om
na ionali y
nouns.
C .:
The
bey
is
Ame ican
(adjec i e);
Be niukas
y a
ame ikie is
(noun).
In
Li huanian
such
adjec i es
a e
gene ally
used wi h
non-pe sonal
subjec s:
Si
gelumbé
y a
angliska.
P edica i e
adjec i es
may
be
used
singly
o
in
cons uc ion
wi h
o he
wo ds,
i.e,
wi h
p eposed
and
pos posed
de e mine s,
Typical
p eposed
de e mine s
in
Li h-
uanian
and
English
a e
ad e bs
o
deg ee
o
hei
equi alen s
and
pos posed
de-
e mine s
a e
cha ac e is ically
nouns
o
p onouns.
Some
such
de e mine s
a e
obli-
ga o y,
o he s
a e
op ional:
Sis
Zmogus
y a
kupinas
yZ o:
The
man
is
ull
o
de e mi-
na ion
(obliga o y);
Jo
elgesys
e as
pagy imo:
His
beha iou
is
wo hy
o
p aise
(obliga o y);
Salis
y a
u inga
na os:
The
coun y
is
ich
in
oil
(op ional);
Jis
y a
naudingas
Saliai:
He
is
use ul
o
he
coun y
(op ional).
Ano he
peculia i y
o
p edica e
nominal
cons uc ions
conce ns
he
mo pho-
logical
exp ession
o
he
complemen .
In
Li huanian,
he
complemen
o
he
con-
s uc ions
may
be
in
he
geni i e,
he
ins umen al
o
in
he
nomina i e,
while
in
Eng-
lish
i
is
ei he
in
he
geni i e
o
in
he
common
case.
Ye ,
when
analysing
p edica-
e
nominal
cons uc ions
in
Li huanian,
one
is
s uck
by
he
inconsis ency
conce n-
ing
he
mo phology
o
a
p edica e
nominal:
in
cons uc ions
con aining
he
same
lexemes
we
ind
bo h
ins umen al
and
nomina i e
p edica i es.
Jis
bus
ka alius
:
Jis
bus
ka alium
‘He
will
be
king’
As
bo h
cons uc ions
a e
cu en
in
Mode n
Li huanian,
he
ques ion
a ises:
wha
is
hei
s a us,
i.
e.
a e
hey
a ian s
o
he
same
deep
s uc u e
o
a e
hey
di e en
cons uc ions?
In
adi ional
linguis ics
he
di e ence
be ween
he
wo
cons uc ions
is
explained
as
ollows:
he
i s
cons uc ion
e e s
o
he
agen ’s
pe manen
s a e,
while
he
second
—
o
he
agen ’s
empo a y
s a e.
In
o he
wo ds,
he
i s
cons uc ion
speaks
o
one’s
pe manen
o
eal
s a us,
while
he
second
speaks
o
one’s
empo a y
o
imagina y
s a us.
In
English,
he
i s
cons uc ion
may
be
ende ed
by
‘He
will
be
king’,
while
he
second
—
by
‘He
will
ac
as
king’.
I
will
be
no ed
ha
he
s uc u al di e ence
be ween
seman ically
di e en
cons uc ions
is
disappea ing
in
Mode n
Li huanian.
The
so-called
ins umen al
o
s a e
is
being
ous ed
by
he
nomina i e".
The
sp ead
(o
he
use)
o
nomina i e
p edica i e
cons uc ions
has
caused
some
linguis s
o
hink
ha
he
so-called
ins umen al
o
s a e
is
a
la e
de elopmen
and
came
o
be
used
on
he
analogy
wi h
he
ins umen al
o
ansi ion’,
We
hink
ha
cons uc ions
o
he
so-called
ins umen al
o
empo a y
s a e
a e
p io
o
hose
™
See
A.
Rasima i ius,
Ta inio
a dininkas
i
a inio
jnagininkas,
Misy
kalba
6,
Vil-
nius,
1971,
p.
13-19,
% Tbid.,
p.
15.
236
o
he
nomina i e
o
empo a y
s a e,
i.
e.
he
la e
de i e
om
he
o me .
C :
Jis
bu o
eiguliu
(ins umen al
o
empo a y
s a e)
—Jis
di bo
eiguliu
—
Jis
apo
eiguliu
—
X
pasky é
ji
eiguliu;
Tik
ke i j
alandos
esame
Zmonémis
(ins umen al
o
ansi ion)
—
Mes
ampame
Zmonémis«~-X
pa e ia
mus
Zmonémis.
I
we
ega d
cons uc ions
on
he
igh
as
he
sou ce
o
hose
on
he
le ,
hen
he
ques ion
o
he
ins umen al
o
empo a y
s a e
is
answe ed:
BOTI
in
such
cons-
uc ions
is
a
me e
subs i u e
o
he
co esponding
ins umen al
e bs.
F om
his
i
ollows
ha
he
so-called
ins umen al
o
s a e
and
he
ins umen al
o
ansi ion
a e
no
sepa a eca ego ies,
as
i
is
gene ally
assumed
in
adi ional
g amma ,
bu
hey
bo h
a e
ans o ma ionally
ela ed,
he
ins umen al
o
empo a y
s a e
being
de i ed
om
he
ins umen al
o
ansi ion.
This
ine i ably
leads
us
o
ano he
conclusion:
pa e ns
wi h
ins umen al
p edica i es
mus
be
p ima y,
while
hose
wi h
nomina i e
p edica i es
—
seconda y.
This
p ocess
may
be
s ill
obse ed
in
p esen -day
Li huanian.
Thus,
o
ins ance,
TAPTI,
which
is
p edominan ly
a
go -
e ning
e b,
is
g adually
losing
i s
s a us.
The
same
holds
o
LIKTI,
DETIS,
1S-
LIKTI,
JAUSTIS
and
o he s:
A.
§i
pilis
apo
is o iniu
paminklu
Si
pilis
apo
is o inis
paminklas
B.
Nep ausk
eido,
jau iui
ge ian ,
melagiu
liksi
I
liko
Sie
kalnai
pliki
i
kelmuo i
C.
Jis
déjosi
z aliu
i
bud iu
Jis
déjosi
Z alus
i
bud us
D.
A
galima
i8lik i
sausam
po
a i u
dangumi
lyjan
lie ui?
Tki
galo
liksiu
a i as
E.
Jis
jau ési
iesiog
dyd y iu
Jis
jau ési
iesiog
did y is
The
deseman iza ion
o
he
e b
can
be
accoun ed
o
by
i s
meaning
and,
abo e
all,
by
he
syn ac ic
s a us
o
he
p edica i e
noun.
As
he
posi ion
is
cha ac e -
is ically
occupied
by
adjec i es,
he
p edica i e
noun
inds
i sel
in
a
delica e
si u-
a ion:
on
he
one
hand,
i
s i es
o
show
i s
nounal
p ope ies,
on
he
o he
hand,
i
g a i a es
owa ds
he
subjec
and,
consequen ly,
unde goes
adjec i iza ion.
Ye ,
he
posi ion
o
he
noun
is
no
conduci e
o
he
p ese a ion
o
i s
p ima y
unc-
ions,
i
is
mo e
a ou able
o
he
seconda y
unc ions
o he
noun.
Li le
by
li le
he
noun
loses
ouch
wi h
he
e b
and
inally
b eaks
away.
As
a
esul ,
we
wi ness
a
si ua ion
we
ind
in
Adj.
-+
Noun
cons uc ions:
he
p edica i e
noun,
which
was
o me ly
independen
o
he
subjec ,
begins
o
look
o
suppo
o
he
subjec .
Wi h
he
loss
by
he
e b
o
i s
go e ning
s a us
he
p edica i e
noun
comes
o
unc ion
as
an
adjec i e’.
Conside
Cha les
J.
Fillmo e’s
example
John
is
qui e
an
idio ",
whe e
he
noun
has
accep ed
he
ype
o
modi ica ion
usually
associa ed
wi h
adjec i es.
As
ega ds
English,
he
p ocess
which
can
be
desc ibed
as
syn ac ic
b eak
is
o e
o
mos
link- e bs.
18
See
Helena
K izko a,
MmMennoe
ckasyemoe
H
CTPYKTypa
MpeqiOKeHHA
B
COBpeMeH-
HBIX
CaaBAHCKHX
sA3bIKax,
Philologia
P agensia
1,
1971,
p.
15—49.
4%
Cha les
J.
Fillmo e,
op.
ci .,
p.
84.
237