LITHUANIAN
LANGUAGE
SANDARS
STUDIES
QUESTIONS
OF
LITHUANIAN
LINGUISTIC-
S, XXVI
(1987)
VYTAUTAS
VITKAUSK-
AS J.
BALCIKONIO
PAZIUROS |
PAVELDET-
AJA
LEKSIKA
P o . J.
Baléikonis
This
obse a io-
n, as wi h
many o he
heo ies he
was guided
by, does no
need o be
specially
discussed:
i mus be
ga he ed in
a g ain. You
ha e o
s a wi h
memo ies.
In 1954,
du ing
a ious
aca ions, I
w o e
mo e han
200 wo ds
and
submi ed
hem o he
p o esso .
These
pape s
we e
examined,
and he
p o esso
a e a ew
days made
ema ks,
which
wo ds
we e good,
which LKZs
we e
unnecessa-
y?. Wha
was no i8
é y
i8mok a
(wha
ikumas:
k d.u u ie
é-da
i kuma),
ha was
inapp op i-
a e and
bad:,,Fo
he Wo d,
o he
science,
he Wo d,
o ms,
going in he
illage
house a e
impo an -
“. In he
summe o
1954 I had o
be a
Z i gZdai i-
y, i8 he e
oo This
was
disco e ed.
In au umn
e e y hing
was
p esen ed
o he
p o esso .
He gi es a
piece o
pape o
Sal and
says, "Did
you eally
hea i ? I
is Zemai iy
Zodis and
o he wise
ki éia ed."
We alked
abou he
noun ud a:
an old man
om
Su alkia
ce ainly
said aud d,
he di e ed
om he
Zemai iSko-
sios
dud os; I
ound his
c ossing
e y
s ange, so
I w o e a
news.,,.In
he illage
people
lea n
e e y hing
om he
adio and
newspape -
s, hey ell
i o each
o he , bu
i is no a
dialec
weal h, i is
no
some hing
lea ned by
hei
pa en s“.
In he same
way, in he
summe
semes e
o 1953, in
he o me
special
cou se o
lexicog ap-
hy, he
augh :
His o ically
aluable
a e he
wo ds and
o ms used
since
ancien
imes (i.e.,
inhe i ed).
The
lexicog ap-
he A.
Lybe is
ecalls
ha P o .
J. Bal ikonis
always
ejec ed
he shee s
e en wi h
such no el
sen ences
(28.V.1985).
This
po/Ziii io
and
dialec ic
ocabula y
P o esso
will keep all
his li e. This
is shown by
he i s
wo
olumes o
he i s
edi ion o
he LCZ — i
canno be
ound in
dialec al
no el y,
empo a y,
momen a y
ac .
Tha 's
wha he
P o esso
said in his
disse a i-
on de ense.
In RR I 299 i
is explici ly
s a ed
ha
ligoniné,
s ikliné,
diénpinigiai,
juodlubés,
lpgs a a,
sa amoksl-
e, sa imeila,
p. 300
a i spauda,
ilma,
kombdina, p.
301
k au u é,
pamokd,
s élius a e
no Mi u a
i e
dialec
wo ds, bu
i8 paSalés
and a e no
sui able
o he
analysis o
he
mo phologi-
cal
s uc u e
o he
dialec .
Some o
he songs,
appa en ly,
ha e been
adap ed o
o he
dialec s, so
he e a e
wo ds and
o ms no
qui e
amilia o
his dialec
and singe s
use hem
di e en l-
y. Fo
example,
he usual
ZodZi o
his dialec
a e mo ulé,
mo ka, bu
Zod mo ina
is mo e
o eign o
i , and i is
p onounced
di e en l-
y: médcina,
mécina,
mo ina, e c.
+ Missy
language,
1985, No. 1,
p. 28.
13
i
"The
Reade 's
i
Diges 's
"The O he
Side"".
J.
Baléikonio
p epa ed
LKZ olumes
du
p o ide
i
inhe i ed
ocabula y,
used a
leas
se e al
dialec
ca ds
(only ew
housan-
ds a e an
a my
—
LKZ
I
252,
d iglas
—
LKZ
1
111,
Bible
—
LKZ
I
657,
cephi es
—
LKZ
II
7,
cemen s
—
LKZ
Il
7,
ab ikaphy e
Gs
—
LKZ
II
847,
azdnas
Gs
,,such a
bunch“
—
LKZ
Il
848,
e ma
Yes
—
LKZ
IL
849;
s ill
i&im ys
a leas
dns olis
M j
—LKZ
I
124
i
dn s olis
LKZ
I
141
,,legal
mo
o ice “,
d musas,,pho-
og aphy“
Smn
—
LKZ
I
330
su
pazyma
neol.,
business
Kp
su
pazyma
s .
—
LKZ
I
711,
banka
i
bénkas
su
pazyma
ge man.,
sl.
—
LKZ
1
526,
ba ikie a
i
bdnkie as
su
pazyma sl.
—
LKZ
I
526,
bank up -
i8
Gs
su
cy pazyma
sl.
—
LKZ
I
527,
was
su
pazyma
neol.
Kn
—
a& inés
a8 u
inkinys
i
e c. ).
J.
Baléikonio-
's idea
The MRL
was
A collec ion
o spoken
language
( a miy)
ocabula y.
The
ocabula-
y mus
be
inhe i ed,
a leas
se e al
gene a io-
ns mus ha e used i
ja
In he
con e sa ion.
The
his o ici y o
he
ocabula y
was e y
sui able o
a ious
esea ches,
because only
he inhe i ed
ocabula y
has isoglosses
o he
science
i
(his o ical
g amma ,
e ymology,
his o y,
e hnogenesis,
e c.)
i
is mo e
impo an .
18
ick
J.
Baléikonis
pe ec ly
unde s o-
od he
dialec al
ocabula-
y padé i,
always
pab ézda-
o ha
Lea ned,
i§
inhe i ed,
ocabula y,
.
y.
dialec s,
people who
speak can say
a lo o
newspape s,
adio, s a e
dis ic
newspape s,
i
mee ings
lea ned
wo ds, o m
i
cons uc ion-
s.
i
Sa o
In he
ga den
u
he
a oided
no el y
by all
means,
conside -
ne
ing i as a
weal h
o
language,
a
empo a y necessi y. Finally in he coun yside
Sneka
wo ks
e en
Za gonas,
poo u al
in elligen-
y o
common
language*
e c.
i
He e we
ha e a big
impo a-
i
n
p oblem.
A
isa
Does i mean
o eco d,
a
espec
his o y,
he i age?
Kaimo
To a man,
dialec ical-
ly speaking,
e e y hing
is one end
needs some
—
Sodzio,
i 's
i
consuming.
A
e e y hi-
ng o
ka
publish, i8gi s ame
Snek ose,
how o
in e p e
e e y hing?
The e a e
wo opinions.
Some
publish
e e y hin-
ka
g, y o
eco d i .
This is,
o
example,
he
La ian
dialec
Zodynas.
E.
Kagaines
i
S.
Raging
s»sE gemes
a dnica™
( .
1—3)%,
lenky
leksikog a y
published
now
,,S ownik
gwa
polskich“:
absolu ion
(1.1,
25),
absolu ely
(1.1,
25),
absolu e
(1.1,
25),
subsc ip ion
(1.1,
24),
abs ynen
(1.1,
26),
adminis a o
(1.1,
35),
Goodbye.
(1.1,
34),
adju an
(1.1,
34),
agg ession
(1.1,
48),
ag o echnika
(1.1,
54),
algeb a
(1.1,
94),
balansowaé
(1.2,
308),
balus ada
(1.2,
318)
e c.
LKZ,
o iginally
i
in ended
o be
eleased as
The language
is spoken in
he p o ince
o
Székes ehé-
á .
F om
Volume III
sligh ly
modi ied
Type o
building
(almos
he
hesau -
us
p inciple
is
ollowed-
), all he
ocabula-
i
y is
added, along wi h he dialec al ac
2
D uskinink-
ai songs
/
UzZ a8é
Juozas
Bal ic.
—
V., -p.'9.
1972,
*
In his
olume
synonymo-
us e ms
/i e a i iné
language
i
common
language
a e le as
hey a e
used by he
au ho s o
he a icle.
—
Red.
College.
3
Abou
his
Z .
Vi kauskas
V.
(Rec.)
—
Bal is ica, 1981,
.
17,
p.
102-104;
Rekéna
A.
(Rec.)
—
La ian
Language
Cul u e
Issues,
—
Riga, La ia
1978,
14
laid.
217-223.
Ipp.
4
Abou
okiy
Zodziy ne ikima
a miy
zodynams dél
momen iSadne-
ss, lack o
ju
his o y
Z .
@®unun
©,
Mpoex ,,C-
nopaps
pyccKux
HapOwHBIX
osopos“.
—
M.,
1961,
c.
34.
(Ta p au iniy
zodziy
liaudi’ky
iSk aipymy
daugéja
i
LKZ
olumes,
Z .
Rama ,
Rape dzia,
i
e c.)
14
ea men .
Emé
daugé i
(especial-
ly om
VI
he olume)
Zodziy
i
o ms,
esanéiy
ik
Snekoje,
Snek oje,
ne
i.e.
no
inhe i ed.
When hey
a e placed
nex o
he old
pa eldé y-
i
ju
(and no
be
no ice), i is
esea che s,
who know less
abou a
ce ain
Li huanian
language (and
Snek os
Zodzius, can
and
some imes
hemsel es!).
Especially
e e yone can
be con used
by he belie
ha in
con use
Zodyne he e
a e dialec s,
pa el .y.
ZodZiai.
The
e ymolo-
gy is
based on
Zodziy
geog ap-
hy:
baldas,
baidai,,ka-
mba io
aps a y-
mo
daik ai“
need’me
gi en
sen ence
i§ P ienu
Toks
s alas
suli zélis
—nebū in-
asis
baldas —12
LKZ 589.
So
o
almos all
Li huania
used new
u ni u-
e
ja
( u ni u-
e
Pa eldé -
as —Zml
also i8
Zodis
u ni u-
e was
jus
new).
Zemagiu-
ose ( his
is shown
by S.
Daukan -
o, M.
Valan ia-
us
TK
481 gi en
examples
i K n,
G g, Vk8).
New
Zmi, P n
ac s a e
a he i8
bk., odél
Snek y,
a e no
bu Sneka
hings,
g ea ly
mislead
which can
he
e ymologi-
s s and
his o ians
o ha
ZodZi. In
dialec i
is used in
his way,
bu in a
comple ely
new way,
and i had
o be
no ed.
déglas,, a-
II 248
p esen ed
as a
neologism
(These
kelas“ LKZ
hings
P o esso-
, wi ness
o he
s eng h-
ening o
he
common
language,
e y well
iSmané), 0
LKZ IP
366 is
al eady
w i en
as he
ac o
ViekSni j
Snek .
Gal i8 bk.
iekSniS-
kie This is
wha
hey say,
bu so,
wi hou
any signs
p esen -
ed, much
o hink
abou
a ious
esea c-
he s. The
his o y
o his
zodiac is
neol. The
meaning
Snek os
Sneka. By
o ,, akel-
o“ is as
o ge i-
ollows: >
ng o
no e his,
he
his o y
su e e-
o he
new
Wo d
d.
mig ainé,
he
ewo ki-
ng
o ,,Na i-
e
Languag-
e“ (GK
1934, 85),
LKZ 291 is
VIII
p esen -
ed in he
sen ence
iS
ViekSni j:
Nejedyk
sausos
mésos,
dék i
mig ainé-
s. This is a
comple e-
ly new
Wo d in
he
dialec
(checked
in sp ing
1984),
cul u al
e m, no
meaning
be
The LKZ
can be
qui e
con usi-
ng o
language
his o ia-
ns. Now
almos all
o
Li huania
uses he
new
mis aine,
Syendib -
és k. i no
§nek os.
e en
sou h o
D iskinin-
ky, bu
his is
al eady a
Sneka
ac ,
miugé,
meaning,-
,big las
u gy
be o e
he
uzga én-
es“ —LKZ
VIII 382,
now
e e s
o a la ge
u gy in
gene al
bk. She
knows 8j
Zodj and
a miy
Zmonés,
bu mos
o he
ime she
uses i
only in
con e s-
a ions
wi h bk.
consume-
s.
Sen ence
i8 Sk
(LKZ VIII 381)
mus be
ha and
ha , bu ,
wi hou
seeing
and s udy
wha (nj o
so), i is
possible o
his o y.
ake
anyhow
indica es,
knowledge
o hink
pazZeis i
o ZodZio
Naujada -
loan a e
he wa
sp ead
as e y
h oughou
e en was
changed
ki éia imas
Li huania,
(pdskola).
When LKZ
1X 487 i s
his o ici y,
no el y is
no
comple ely
mimed, i
s ands
nex o he
inhe i ed
Snek y in
one ZodZii.
I 's a g ea
doub ul o
igh . I is
highly
lea n,,dis -
up ,
con use*
in he
sou h o
he
he w i ing
i8 Snek y
(UZp, Kps).
Yes e day
Snek os, I
said,
Za gona is
ene ge ica-
lly
a ac ing
i sel
(apsi és i,
a idasi,
e c.), so
he news is
p esen ed
wi hou
gdunasi and
wha will be
in he ci y,
men a y;
can mislead
a lo and
e en LKZ
VIII 68).
Bal ikoglu-
min i (z . J.
nis always
used such a
los usage,
imes
peikes K.
as well as
such a
meaning
Since DZ}
515 was
se e al
ecommen-
ded o be
imes o e
he adio is
Ul ydas.
used o
ji
such a
pu pose, i
sp ead
apidly,
e en o he
Bela usian
w i e s
began o
use i .
J.
i
15
LKZ
XI
164
i
Submi -
ed by Ju ba kas
Zodis
ankeniikas, Salio
A.
naujada o_ anki-
nikas®
modi ica ion, i is
jus a andom
o
ac , in e es ing
only
sociologiSkai.
Neologism needed
B s
i
submi ed
LKZ
XI
387
as
dialec s
Zodis.
Jo
no el y
(p e ious
People e en
now don'
know,
ques ioned
don' ell)
had o be
somehow
signed. Now
all
Li huanians
a e using
he new-age
odka,
wa ches,
mokjkla,
dide, bu
u
Zodziu
kilmé
mums
Zinoma,
Zino
aiand
o he s
Saliy
Bal ic
a
Li huanians
(only o
be added
ha
LKZ
VIII
320
iS
Silu és
p o ided
by
mokjklé is
inco ec :
okiSkai
p onounc-
ed
/
i
po
jo
100 mg/kg/day.
a
¢
This is a big
mis ake o
igno e he
news.
(al hough
i 's also
use ul).
18
a8 y
j
Zemaiéius
a ėjo
eiksmazodis
uos is
(p onounced
uios éis,
ios i‘s
su
unchanged
phone ics),
Sia was
changed o
p egaidé
( emembe
K.
Bigas
wo ds
abou
okiq
,me a onia*
—
RR
III
789).
LKZ
XI
974—980
ios i
be
jokiy
pazymy
is
KI, Lk, Le,
V8 , P k
a e
comple ely
new hings,
no a ed
he e
( udSininkas,
-é
Uz
—
LKZ
XI
974
—
is some
ci cums an ial-
ism, because
he e is no way
i8hi s i o ask
e en in he
same
i
Talainiy k.,
whe e i is
w i en:
he e e en
uds is né a,
only he e m
goes,
Zygi iojas,
he noun o
desc ibe such
a wo ke
could no be
asked, he
o
in elligen sia
o he local
ise did no
hea ).
i
O , say,
he
whole
sen ence
i8
D opou :
Toks
The
ishe man
ge s naked
—
LKZ
XI
451.
The e
was
nei he
e ig is
no niiogo
ha bk in
ha
—
k a .
i8
un il now
ZodZii,
ne
dialec
weal h,
ne
he i age.
Tha
p epa e
su
new
,,me a onia“
éng i,
uz aSy as
i
Pp, VIk&
(and no
be
signs), can
p oduce
a ious
hough s
e ymologis -
s,
dialec ologis-
s.
Such a
sa a8q
can be
bi y long
o ind.
He e belong
dialec s
i
ZodZii, ell
somewhe e
andom:
b as
ij
Uz
(LKZ
1958;
LKZ
F
1172),
Ea h.
kilis
i
Ignalinos
k a8 a
(LKZ
VI
837),
C ipis
i
Capsicum
i
Ukme gés
k aS us
(LKZ
VI
716),
k inpis
j
ROki8kio
k a8 a
(LKZ
VI
652),
wha
Zemai iu
nib é
i
Capsicum
i
K akés
(LKZ
VIII
769),
aukS aigiy
Snek y
animal
ispizé
i
Kal inenus
(LKZ
XI
837).
This is a
sepa a e
ques ion,
which also
needs o be
examined.
Mos ly ia will be
s uden y, wo éjusiy
i ik-
i
P o esso ,
wo k.
-
The same
is ue o
many
su
ki gishing
(and in
gene al
Zodziu
a ojimo)
ac s.
Fo
example,
he Zodiac
s o m o
he new
s i ing s o m
LKZ
I
375
I 's no
good.
The second
edi ion o
he au-
a
(4)
gi en only
i8
DZ,
i
ha 's
qui e
igh
(Snek y
Sneka
many
places bk,
i8
al eady
has a ea
c ossing,
ha 's all
We know, bu
o his o ical
esea ch i 's
somewha
impo an o
a
sociology, o
—
he u u e o
accen ology.
A
no ewo -
hy
hing).
New
a ian s do no ha e dailé
(LKZ
II?
222)
—
places
dailé,
dailé; jda
(LKZ
IV
7)
—
places
yda;
kd das
(LKZ
V
271—272)
—
places o
ka das;
2
bucke
(LKZ
V
725)
—
he ci y
bucke ;
ladzin is
(LKZ
VII
216-217)
—
Places
/azin is;
lazininkas
(LKZ
VII216)
—
places
/aznieks;
leos
(LKZ
VII
381)
—
Places
/é5os;
liomas
(LKZ
VII
691)
—
Places
/uémas
i
.
.
In o he
cases, he e
is a g ea
deal o luc ua ion.
S ay
he e.
(1),
Zemai iy
i
Li huani-
an li as
Wo d,
has
speci ied
a ian
a miy
i
odd
(4)
Sk , Ply,
(wi hou
Gs
any no e
appea in-
g, Islands
5
A.
Selec ed
a8 s.
—
Rome,
1976,
.
1,
p.
XIX.
16
ha i
has been
used
since
amZiy as
well as
Zemai iy
and
P iisy
Li huani-
a, and
may
con use
esea c-
he s,
especial-
ly hose
less
amilia
wi h he
cu en
needs o
language
change).
By he
way,
i3yes ini-
ai Wo ds
lea he -
wo ke ,
iend
and
o he s
a e only
i mp a-
dés Roo (LKZ VIII
994 e
seq. ).
Bu plg. Zodj
p éga, nuo
seno |
ki éiuo és
Zodi, dalis bk.
use is
selec ed
acco ding o
selec ed 4.
This is a ai ly
new hing, in
dialec s
coun ed one
o he decade-
&iu, so long
wi hou
ma ks o gi e
examples
p ogés K z,
p oga Skn, P
—LKZ X 785 can
make e e y
his o ian o
accen ology,
e ymologis
b eak a lo o
head. iiSis (1):
Zem. i P isy
Lie u oje iié
Lk, P n, Pegg,
isis S , Sg
—LKZ XI
1029—1030; (nj.)
iisis (4) Sb,
Zin; I was
necessa y o
signal abou
his, so as no
o ea any
di icul y in
e ymologizing,
explaining he
his o y o he
wo d ( i o i in
gene al is a
no el y, and i
was
necessa y o
educe he
examples in
he dialec ,
especially in Ig,
A and o he
places). in: i8
seno Sin , K 8,
S (Pls
un i led
example);
ska dd Rs
(ki chen
u ensil is GK
1934, 86
emake) —This
is a e y
impo an
wo d o
e hnog aphy
and o he
sciences ( he
i8 es in wo d
skd das has
only one
a ian ).
kdina, ha old
zemai iy and
pa ibio
aukS ai¢iy
Zodis, happily
en e ed he
bk., now when
kiny
ki iuojamas
kaind. LKZ V 57
i8 Als
p esen s
kaing (J.
Jablonski's
w i ing?), bu
his also has
no his o ical
alue, o
pe haps i is a
lack o
a en i ene-
ss o he
la e , when
he es o
he song also
belongs o he
second
diph hong
( his is known
o e e y
esea che
o he
Zemgalian
dialec ).
The e a e
mo e
examples. The
dialec s o
he ci ies and
owns ha e
lea ned a lo ,
bu his is no
en i ely he
dialec 's
p ope y. I is
no possible
o imagine a
new dialec , i
mus be, bu
such no el ies
mus be
cha ac e iz-
ed (as he LKZ
I 368 opene ,
which is called
a neologism),
hen
e e y hing
becomes clea
and
con enien
o
esea che s.
(LKZ e used
o use he
new wo ds
ha had been
adop ed in he
neola in
language, so
his is no
longe
men ioned.)
Fo all hese
examples o
c ossing, K.
Biiga's wo ds
a e
sui able:,,Wo -
ds (4ud a,
4uklé i, dailé,
e c.) i. pu s
ki j whe e
he olk
language does
no ha e i *
(K. Bigos RR III
785).
I does
no
ma e
how we
iew he
his o ic-
al ac s
(each o
hem is
impo a-
n in i s
own
way), bu
in any
case he
his o ic-
al LCZ
mus
always
indica e
he
Zodiac,
he ype
o
cons u-
c ion, he
no el y.
Now
o en
dialec al
ac s
a e
p esen -
ed as
ac s o
one ime:
bo h
inhe i ed
lexicon
and new
i3 bk. he
ocabula-
y is
p esen -
ed in he
same
way.
Miisy
dialec s
a e now
as i
bough
om he
common
language,
hei
ocabula-
y is e y
a ied
( he old,
inhe i ed
one is
no iceab-
ly
sh inkin-
g) —bk.
The laye
o
bo ow-
ed
wo ds, i
I may say
so, is
la ge,
sodél only
need o
g ow
when in
he LKZ
olumes
begins o
appea
he
abb e ia-
ion nj.,
e.g., a
Zod¥io
candy
(LKZ XII
62), which
will show
he
schola s
he eal
ZodZu
padé i,
hei
his o y.
In he
absence
o his,
Salmq
(nj.),
SaF q
(nj.),
Siaii e
(nj.) and
o he s
can all be
ega ded
as no
knowing
wha .
The
numbe
o new
wo ds in
he
dic iona-
y
inc eas-
es e y
quickly:
zemai iy
and
pazemai-
és
Sidu é
a e e en
well
ep ese-
n ed in
he
dic iona-
y o S
KE, Kpé,
S né&,
Vin, e c.,
whe e
no long
ago
he e
we e
only
Ziemiai
(seni and
now say).
And
Sienainis
(K.
Gai enis-
’s new
p oduc ),
spy udkl-
és,
sandwic-
h, bu e
and so on
— i ’s all
ibe s.
The
lexicog -
aphe s
mus be
wise
dialec ol-
ogis s,
able o
ep ese-
n
dialec s
17

u
o ask
abou he
la es
news.
Ru al people
always ell
he u h, so
lexicog aphe-
s ha e o
lea n
Zodyno
use s
abou he
news o a
ac .
J.
Bal&iconis
always
The
u h o
he
obse ed
ac , he
ce ain y o he da a
(cu en
LKZ is
no alone
in his.
Slubuoja,
nes
ma géja
ka o eka,
menkéja
a miy
mokéjimas,
my3-
a
Snek os).
LKZ
u é y
s onge
i
mo e consis en
Zyme i
Snek y
newcome s,
as al eady
done in
XII—XIII
olumes.
Now
dialec al
ac s
mus be
assessed
his o ica-
lly e e ywhe e.
I no ,
we'll
disco e
Snek os,
ko
i we
wan o.
His o ic
a miy
ac y
ea men
is always
he aim
J.
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