IN LITHUANIAN
KALBOTYROS
QUESTION-
S, XXVIII
(1989)
LANGUAGE
RICE
IR
AUTHORITY
KAZYS
MORKUNAS
APSO
IN LITHUANIAN
SNEKTOS
NOUN
QUALITY*
Sla y
—
bal a usiy,
lenky, usy
kalby
—
( a miy)
in he
en i onmen
BTSR
B eslaujés
dis ic
Apso
apylinkiy
lie u iy
Snek a
in e es s
esea che-
s in a ious
ways:
Rela ionship
o Snek a
su
wi h o he
dialec s o
Li huanian
language,
he a e o
ancien
elics
impo an
o he
his o y o
he
language,
he esul s
o cons an
su
con ac
wi h
su ounding
languages,
he u he
de elopme-
n and a e
o Snek a,
i
e c.
Sou h Li huanian
o
linguis s, in
coope a ion wi h
Bela usian
philologis s, ha e
su
o ganized se e al
scien i ic
expedi ions and
excu sions in
ecen decades.
ij
W ocław's
i
neighbou i-
ng
dis ic s.
P obably
he bes
esul s
achie ed
Lie u os
TSR
MA
The complex
expedi ion
i
o he
Li huanian
Language
and
Li e a u e
Ins i u e, wo king
We a e in
he dis ic
1956
m.
bi Zelio
ménesj.
I s
pa icipa-
n s
uZ asé
necessa-
y local
Li huani-
an
Snek os
da a,,Lie-
u iy
language a las*
i§
BuZioniij,
Juodelény,
Pe k iniskés,
RaZa os,
Usionii
( y é
Jad yga
Lonsdale!
i
Aloyzas
Vidugi is),
D a éiniy,
Ignd iskés,
Mis i,
Salaka id-
Ziu (Juozas
Senkus
i
Kazys
Mo kinas),
Damd8iy,
Rimasény
(Elena
G ina eckiené)
i
and o he
illages, a
numbe o
place names
we e
collec ed,
mos o which
a e o
Li huanian
(Bal ic) o igin.
The ound
i
aluable
y
e hnog aphi-
cal woods
(Angelé
VySniauskai e),
olk ales,
melodious
songs (B onius
Ugin¢ius). Many
o he
in e iewees in
he olde age)
amZiaus be e
(70-90
less lie u i8kai
when hey
speak as
a
pe sony in
hei s o ies
(based on my
own
i
expe iences
and my
g and a he-
's
memo ies)
—
End o
a.
XIX o
XX
a.
The middle o he
20 h cen u y
saw a ious
—
poli ical,
economic and
social e en s,
adminis a i e
i
changes, which in
one way o
ano he
in luenced he
linguis ic
a
si ua ion in he
egion and i s
i
o
de elopmen .
By he way,
local
lie u iy
Snek os
usage o e
ime
q
weakened,
speak¢iy
ja
Zmoniy
skai ius
maizéjo.
Al hough he
pa icipan s
o he
expedi ion
explained, ha
he Li huanian
language,
which a he
ime was
a
unde s ood by
mo e han
i y hund ed
people in he
illages o he
W oclaw
dis ic , is
now a ely
used
anywhe e.
$i
Because
o
i 's
impo a-
n ha
as many
These
endange -
ed Snek os
da a bi s
Language
Science.
A li le
in o ma ion
abou
Apso nea by
i
Li huanian
Snek os
padé j,
men ioned
du ing he
o he
expedi ion
i
i’ yky uz a-
Sy u language
ac s a e
al eady
published in
a ious
publica ions
(G ina eckiené
1960;
Lie-
*
The
a icle is
dedica ed
o a
Li huanian linguis , one
i8
Apso
Snek os
y ine oi
Juozo
In memo y
(1907
07
18—1970
10
29)
o Senkau.
1
J,
Lonskai e
(du ing he
expedi ion
—
Vilnius
S a e
Pedagogical
Ins i u e
s uden é)
i§
W ocław
aj.
Raza os
k.
91
u iy kalbos
a més 1970;
Jonai y é,
Sudnik 1973;
Lie u iy
kalbos
a lasas 1977,
The au ho
o his
a icle,
desc ibing
1982,
1990).
he spelling
o he noun
Apso
snek os,
mainly elied
on his own
and J.
Senkaus
da a
eco ded in
1956 in
D a diniy,
Ignd iskiu,
Misi,
Salaka id%iy
and o he
neighbo ing
illages.
Noun
singula and
plu al ha e
hese
syllables:
nadininka
i
(noun),
kilmininka
(kilm.),
naudininka
(naud.),
galininka
(gal.),
inagininka
(jn.),
in e nally
exis ing
locali y,
o inesy a
( ie .),
in e nally
going
placehold-
e , o
ilia i e
(il.), and
Sauksmi-
ninka
(Sauksm.).
In e nal
ac ing
depu y
Apso
Snek oje,
as in a big
i
ki y
y iniy
lie u iy
Snek y in
he a ea is
e y
common.
Pa¥alio
cu en
(adjec i e)
paSalio
i
cu en
(alia i e)
localize ,
which
elics ha e
been
p ese ed
by o he
eas e n
sou heas-
i
e n
pak as-
iy
(Ge é iy,
Laz iny,
Zie elos)
lie u iy
Snek os, Apso
neighbo hood
no eco ded.
The
policeman's
o m hea s
li le
i
ne
Hanging
s ones.
Mul iples
Sauksmn-
ieks
ma ches
su
dgs.
he
denomina o .
Some imes
he singula
o ms o he
i
noun a e
used in he
case o a
subjunc i e,
e.g.
ku‘mi. 'i.s
m‘eili. 'i.s n‘éX'
(=ne%k)
man'i;
i b'i-k
i b'ick
(sl.
‘diduok,
pisk dia’),
mana:
'e- 'él'i.s.
Some o he ocal
inals di e
om he
co esponding
inal phone ics o
he Li huanian
li e a y language,
a e mo e o less
changed
mo phologically
( a ious
abb e ia ions).
Phone ically
di e s mainly
a
om li e a y
language wi h i s
unma ked inal,
con en owels
é,
0,
be
o, ki éiű e
un éiű e
i
égződésű
szó agokkal
su
é,
e
po
désningai
(/)
and
spo adi8kai
( ,
s,
some im-
i
es ki y)
ha dened
consonan s.
The
é
owel is
ne
always p onounced
i
ne
all
ep esen ed
equally: in
ki éiál
égződések
some imes
almos like
li e a y
languages
é
(a e
some
owels
ne
‘e, ie),
some imes less
ense, na ow
uz
jj
(in
dialec ological
wo ks
¢)
a
almos
like a
oice
e;
po
ha dened
owel in he
—
j
middle ow
in e ompu-
ed
é
a
¢
(Some i-
¢
a
9),
mes e e ed o as
a.
Undi e en -
ia ed inal
é
daZmos
p onounced
as a e
e,
—
¢
(e); igid
po
owel
—
a,
e iau
9
(e).
The
ki éia ed
inal owel is
o
some imes
p onounced
almos as in
li e a y
languages,
some imes
wi h a
smalle o
su
la ge owel
a
one
a
(Sign d), no
9,
pain ed as
some imes
—
shade?
a,
su
o
(d).
In his a icle,
by simpli ying
he
ansc ip ion,
he ki éia ed
owels a e
men ioned
Zymimi
By cha ac e
é
(a e
ha dened
consonan s
—
¢),
0,
no o w i e
—
e
(a e a
s ong
consonan ),
—
a.
Neki éiuo y
longyju
balsiy,
esangiy
j ai iose
In wo d
posi ions,
quan i y is
also
always
ne
dis inc in
di e en
—
sneg s,
daZnai
i
o
o he
same
speake ,
hose
owels
a e
some imes p onounced longe ,
.
y.
long,
some im-
es
sho e ,
as semi-long.
In he
a icle sie
balsiai
Zymé i
as long
(e.g., ~o,
a’
e'~é, i-~ yi,
u~i, y),
elonga ed
cu ly
sho
owels as
0
semilong
—
(e.g. iwi,
.~w).
®
Pa
Apso
i
g e imy
apylinkiy
lie u iy
Snek y
¢,
0
in ce ain
P onuncia-
ion
a ia ion
in wo d
posi ions
plg.
A las o
he
Li huanian language.
1982.
P.
44—58
(Ea h.
No.
27—40).
*
The abo e
men ioned
owels
a e
mos ly in
he
J.
Senkus
i
The au ho
o his
a icle,
1956
m.
inding
Snek a da a
in D a éiniy,
Misi,
Salaka idziy
neighbo ing
illages.
i
92
Snek 's noun
conjuga ion
sys em
con ains
some elics o
olde
conjuga ion,
.
y.
in he cu en
Li huanian
li e a y
language no
longe used
(plg.
p ie alsiniy
kamieny
daik a a dziy
linksnia ima).
Qui e
s ong
a skil y
s emy
lashing
( he
endency o
swi ch
om one
i
glossa y
pa adigm o ano he ).
Below a e
gi en isy
kamieny
linksniy
galiinés
indica ed
i
dialec
ju
p onuncia-
ion
( .), i i
di e s om
he li e a y
language.
Ka u
duodama isy
i
linksniy
one ine
ansk ipcija
uz asy y
examples
( o he
same
Wo d
ne
always
ixed all
linksniy
o ms, so
a he
indi idual
linksniy
a e
p esen -
ed
j a i is
o he
o
same
s em
Zoey).
S ain 6
Singula :
a d.
-as
(I i.ngas~ldngas,
m'i. Skas,
n'i -ksmas
‘kalba,
Sneka’),
kilm.
-o, -a*
.
(‘lai ka’),
ca le.
-ui
( inally),
maybe.
-q, -u"
.
(da- bu’,
li.ngu’), in.
-u
(child en,
humming-
), ie .
-e, -i,
.
ha dened
po
consonan
/
—
-w
(lauki,
§6-n'i,
galéi), il.
-an
(m'ixka i,
§6-nan),
Sauksm.
-e
(pa?'s'e,
aik'e).
Plu al: a d.
-ai
(s'n'iegai,
'i ai),
kilm.
-4
(‘child e-
n’,
‘ i us’), ca le
-am
( aikdé-m,
aik’
el
é-nam
‘ o
child en’), maybe.
-us
( a is,
a-ka us),
in.
-ais
(m'iskais,
a' ais),
loc.
-uos(e)
- Da e, i .
- Sp ing.
No es:
1.
G e a
ns.
galé: he e is also
a supe la i e
o m galbii, e.g.,
ji us' 'i'da
i
i8 ydo) Galoi
d'i a s labai
d'i.d'el'i:
(=
Zmé-gu'.
2.
Vns.
The
sauxmis e
may ha e a
i
pa icle
-ai, e.g.,
'é- ai.
Kai ku iy
daik a a-
diy ns.
Sauksmininkas
hea dé as
only
su
This
pa icle,
e.g.
ki-mai,
p’& ai
‘Pe ai’.
Polysyllabic
nouns a e used
abb e ia ed
i
(wi hou
Galiinés)
o ms,
e.g.,
b al' .k,
d'iedi.k
nex o
kaim'icn'e.
3.
Dgs.
local mainly
uZ asy a
abb e ia ed
o m
su
-you
(cu o
su
-uos'), e.g.
da zuds
(unexpec ed),
e u 'az'd'es'im uds_m'é uos,
k'
m'iskués, manuds namuds
‘a my
home’,
$’aududs.
Fewe
epo ed
wi h
longe - e m
use.
Fo ms o
his e b
su
-wose
a
- osd,
PVZ.,
m'
iskas’
é
|
M'iskuds'e,
mus i. uos'e,
kumpuésa
‘kampuose’.
Bu plg.
i§
o he o ms
o he same
language:
d’y’iejes’e
‘ wo’,
k'
e u ’udsa
|
k’e u ’uds
‘ ou ’.
4.
Dgs.
mainly used
o ms o
he
adjec i e
su
-nuosna,
e.g.,
m’iskiosna,
namuosna,
@ uosna,
§'aud iosna,
S6:nuosna,
ain’
nuosna
‘j
‘Vainiiinus’,
za as iosna
‘j
Za asus’.
Ra ely
epo ed
su
-Wosnan
a
su umpéjusi
(s eps
su
dgs.
local)
o m
su
-wos, e.g.
m’iskiosnan,
p’el' ek ios
p'el'ek iosna)
(
‘i
Peleka’.
(i) i s
s em
Singula :
a d.
-ias
(k’él'as,
s' 'éc'as~swedish),
-is, -i.s*
.
(b' 'ied'i.s,
b é&l'i.s, 'i.s,
Ki
mol'i.s,
pi.n' 'i.s~pdn is),
~ys
(a kl'i-s,
gaid'i s,
Sul'n'i-s
‘Sulinys’-
), kilm.
-I,
.
a
(k'@l'a',
dal'g'&ka'c'
a‘
~
dalgiako io,
gaidz'a'
|
gaid'a'), Vns.
4
he
denomina o 's inal
-is owel
elonga i-
/
on is
ne
always
equally
clea as
in o he
Deep h -
oa y y
lie u iy
In snicke s,
—
i is
some imes
ex ended
e en o he
long
i
(=i*~y),
some im-
es
p onoun-
ced almos sho .
93
caud. -iui (k'@l'ui,
piin'c'ui, gaidz'ui,
wi h a
p eposi ion is
also said p' 'ie
moé-l'i 'nea he
clay', p' 'ie
s'm'é1'i 'nea
he smélio'),
maybe. -iq, .-'u"
(k’@l'w), -i, . i
(KL Ri, gaid’i-), in.
-iu (k'el'd,
k'i ' 'd, mél'u,
gaidz' i), ie . -y
(k'el'i:, mél'i-,
Sul'n'é), il. -ian
(k'el'a i
' a elling'), -in
(paaus'i i,
Sul'n'in),
Sauksm. -i
(b é-I'i, b a‘lud'
él’ “b oluzéli’,
gaid’éI'i”), -y
( 'in'g'in'i-).
Plu al: a d. -iai
(k'el'ai, p i.n'c'ai,
gaidz'ai), kilm. -iy
(kel £26-dz'w,
ma k'es'c' ),
naud. -iam
(s' 'ec'ém,
b él'am,
pi.n'c'am,
gaidz'd-m), gal.
-ius (s' 'ec'us,
b' 'iedz'us,
gaidz' is,
d kl'us), in. -iais
(k'el'ais,
26:dz'ais,
gaidz'ais), loc.
-i os(e)
( ug'uds'e,
Salakun'dz'uos
‘in
SalakandzZiuos-
e’), il. -iuosna(n)
(s' 'ec' iosna,
ki.p'is'k'uosna
‘in Kupiskj’,
a'buol' iosna~
obuoli iosna,
puod' el' iosnan
‘in cups’). The
Sou h and he
Eas a e
connec ed by a
6-lane highway.
a, ja s ems
These s ems o
noun linksy
inals a e hose
pa ios, only
d-kamieniy
Zodziy hey a e
ha d
consonan s,
j@-kamieniy
suminkS éjusiy
consonan s.
Singula : a d.
po
o
—
po
-a
(I'in a
~len a,
bene i
‘g idai’,
bd-ba;
p'i 'k'a,
al'dz'a~
aldzid,
k6-ja),
kilm.
-os, -6's,
.
-a's
(gal és,
dio's;
p'i 'k'6-s,
ké-ja's),
naud.
-ai
( u ians
~ a ki,
al'dz'ai),
maybe.
-q, -u'
.
(gd'l u',
al'dz'w),
in.
-a,
.
-u
(lazdi ,
diionu;
al'dz'i ,
k6-ju),
ie .
-oj, -6-j,
.
-a:j
(I'in é-j,
u ka'j;
p'i 'k'
Oj,
sé-uja’j),
i .
-on, -6n,
.
-a n
(gal é-n,
k@k a n;
p'i 'k'6'n,
sd-ujan),
Sauksm.
-a
(k'é-I a a
‘gy uly’).
Plu al: a d.
-os, -a's
.
(d'iéna's,
al'dz'a's),
kilm.
-y, -u'
.
(a 'izi ,
mélku'
;
al'dz' i ,
ké-jw),
naud.
-om, -6-m,
.
-a'm
(d'ieném,
u ikam;
al'dz' é-m,
sd@'uja'm),
gal.
-ds
( uSas~
gsas,
G- 'izas;
al'dz'as,
ké-jas),
in.
-om, -6-m,
.
-a'm
(ba zd6-m,
mas'i.na‘m;
al'dz'
6m,
ké:jam),
ie .
-os(e),
.
-o's'e,
-a's'e,
-o's, -a's
(a 'iZo's'é,
u ika's'e,
sé'mana's'e
g e a
a 'i 6's,
u ika's;
p'i 'k'o's'é,
sé-uja's'e
g e a p'i 'k'
d's,
séuja's), il.
-osna,
.
-6-sna,
-a'sna
(a 'iZ6-sna,
i ena-sna~
enosna:
p'i 'k'
6-sna
||
p'i 'k'a'sna).
One example
o he
la e e b
uZ iksuo as
su
-osan
(daubé'san).
Sou h
DGS.
The
i
locali y is
also
known as Plg.
no es o
he
6
unk.
is
kamienas
Deél
galinium
balsium
e,
é
po
ha dened owel
p onuncia ion
ansc ip ion
i
plg.
p92.
Singula :
a d.
- é, .
-é*, -e*,
&,
-a*
(Push,
push,
push)
‘sk uzdéle’,
ii.p’e upé,
~
ska éla:,
pump . a’,
pii.sa’), kilm.
-and,
.
-€5,
-&s, -e-s,
-a's
(ka '&s,
sk ud'élé-s,
2@m'e's,
ska ala's),
naud.
-ei, -ei, -ai
.
( ii.p'ei,
£6'lai),
gal.
-i, -i*, -w
.
(ka 'y'i-,
kum'é'le ,
pii.se ),
in.
-e, -i, -b1,
.
-i, -o1
(dal'g' ,
as' eli ,
pusé1,
ka ' 'i,
Z6'le ~
Zole),
ie .
-éj, -€:j,
.
-&j, -e-j,
-a‘j
(D ug’éj,
Za°léj,
poégl’i-n’ej
‘paeglynéje’,
ska a-la‘j,
pakalna:j,
k'
epi . a:j), il.
-én, -n,
.
-En, -en,
-a'n
(paup'En,
s'k'ilén,
2
&m'en,
sé-ulan,
k'epi. an
||
k'epi . 'en),
Sauksm.
-e, -e, (ka& 'e,
.
kuwmi. 'e, k'aiila,
-a
s'esu ’é-la ‘si
down’). The
adjec i e is said
a he end o
he noun, e.g.
ba'bu bobu e,
hib . ).
i
be
(=
94
Plu al: a d.
-és, -e's,
.
-a's
(ké ’
es,
agu ’e:s
‘ ogés’,
k’aiila’s),
kilm.
-iy, -'a, -'w
.
( ague'
a,
lap'w'),
naud.
-em, -é-m,
.
ém, -e'm,
-
-a'm
(buozZ'
&m, ya l
&m, ké' '
em,
a 'éla'm),
gal.
-es, -és,
.
-ds, -es,
-as
(Z'em' és,
a ' elas,
kd' ' 'es,
sk ii'd'elas),
in.
-em, -em,
.
-em, -e'm,
-a'm
(ka 'ém,
s abulém
“s ebulémis’,
’i?’ em,
ak'&-la'm”,
ie .
-és(e), -é'5'é,
.
-e's'e, -e's'e,
-a's'e, -€'s,
-E's, ~C'S,
-a°S
(d augiés'é,
s abule:s'é,
kuok’
i.n'e's'e,
ska ala's'e,
duob’és,
s'k'i'lé-s,
a-gu 'e's),
once
uZ iksuo a
su
- Tha 's i .
( d*gu 'e-sa),
i .
-esna,
.
&sna,
-
&gna,
-e'sna,
-a-sna
(duob'ésna,
s abul'ésna,
kuok' i.n'esna,
ska alasna). i
s em Male
i-s em noun
singula linksy
inal daZnas
a e eplaced
by (i)d-s em,
emale
jaé-s em noun
inal daZnas.
Singula o igin
plu al noun
some imes
said
consonan
0
s em in he
inal
—
a
i
i
su
(plg.
,,Fa y
s ems“).
Singula :
a d.
-is, si .
cousins
i
-ys i76
i8
oo
(du i' 'is
~
daii is
||
dun' 'i's,
d'é-b'es'is
||
d'eb'es'
is, ag'is;
ak'is,
aus‘is,
i.n' 'is
dn is
~
ii.n' 'e,
||
u s’
is
||
Zi s'is~
Zqsis,
Zu 'is);
kilm.
su
senesniaja
i
unk
pos e io
-ies uFound
only in
eminine
nouns
( i.n'
'ies, Si '
d'iés,
Zu 'iés),
male
0
gende
su
(j)d
kamieno
(du a',
d'é-b'es'a',
a-g'a");
caud.
has only
newe
ails: men's
ZodZiai
-i6 s em
(dun c'ui
du cui,
a g'ui,
#'y'& 'ui),
emale gende
id, some imes
s em
—
—
@
(aiisai
~aisei,
piFcdi,
i.gn'ai~
ignial,
¥i -s'ai~
ZGsiai
||
Zi-sai~ZGsei);
gal.
-i
( ag'i*,
i-gn'i>);
in.
-im
(S'i 'd'im,
'i' 'im,
Zu 'im)
nex o
he newe
and, i
seems,
mo e
ecen
eminine
gende
Zodziy
galiinés
-ia, -'u
.
(§'i ' dz‘
&
||
Fi 'dz'u,
'i ' ,
aus'i,
nake'i,
pus'
i,
ugn'i ,
no's'
u,
iisn'c'u,
ak'
i
|
eye,
whe e
-i~-e
i8
&
uni pe
s em
inagininko),
©
male
gende
ZodzZiy
—
-iu
( ag'w);
ie .
-y
(pii ' 'i,
8i 'd'i,
k i s'n'i-
*k isnyje’,
nd°s'i'),
some imes
-yj, .-i*i,
-i-j
(a@k'7i,
Si 'd' ii,
ne-s'i j);
i .
-in
(p'i ' 'in,
k i s'n'in,
noé-s'in);
So-called.
Fo m no
iden i ied.
Plu al: a d.
-ys, -i-s
.
(du i' 'i's,
aiis' i's,
di. 'i's,
n'i- 'i s,
sma-g'
en'i*s
‘b ain’, Sakn'i's,
i.gn'i's, i.n' 'i's
i.n' 'es~dn és,
i. 'i's), male
||
gende Wo ds
i
su
Naujesne
galine
-ies
( he s);
kilm.
-iy, kai
ku iy
ZodZiy
su
-y,
.
y.
su
s ong
consonan
acco ding
o he
consonan
s em dgs.
noble
o m
(dun'c'
i
||
dun i ',
ag'i ,
p'i 'c' ,
ké 'c'w,
aus'
i
eas ,
Zu '
i
|
Zu i ,
bu only
dii. u',
Sakni ,
Zu'si :);
caud.
-im
(dun' 'i.m,
d'eb'es'
i.m,
ag'i.m
||
ag'é-m,
k u 'im,
di. 'im,
i.n' 'im);
gal.
-is
(dun' 'is,
ag'is, ak'is,
du 'is, Zu 'is,
ka- ' 'is
i
A sds~
Zasés
su
-es
i
€
unk); in.
-im
(dun' 'im,
d'eb'es'im,
ak'im, asim,
aus'im, Zu 'im,
b'i. 'im, di. 'im,
né-s‘im),
y iSkosios
genus
i
su
-(i)ais
i8
(I'm a
s one
(dun'c'ais
||
dun ais,
d'eb'es'ais);
ie .
-ysu,
-yse, -ysa
(aS'm'
en'i-s ,
p'i ' 'i s'é,
u s'o n'i:s'é
'Usionyse',
ak'i:sd,
aus'i sa,
di. 'isa); i .
-ysna
(ak' i-sna,
du ’ i-sna;
su
A noun wi h
his ending
i
Change
dgs.
ilia i e
Zma n'i-sna).
35

(Ju s em
Mo e
consis e-
n ly wi h
u and ju
s em
endings
a e made
singula
o ms.
Mul iple
in ini i -
es a e
mo e
a ec ed
by he 0
and 6
s ems.
Sepa a -
ely
singula
and plu al
linksniy
uZ aSy a
ew
examples
(almos
all o
hem a e
p esen -
ed).
Singula :
a d. -us,
-ius (al s,
dungis ~
dangis,
l'ie iis, m'
edi s,
su nis ||
s nus,
'idi s,
'i Sus,
uFgus,
Zmé-gus;
jé-ujus
‘young’,
p'é-¢'us,
s'p'iéc' us
|| §'p'ieé'
us
‘spie iu-
s’,
al’s'c'us
~
alscius,
2’
'i- 'us);
kilm. -aus,
-iaus
(alaiis,
dungaiis, I
ie aiis,
u gaus ||
u gaiis,
Zma‘gaii-
s; p'é<'
aus,
sé-dz'
aus),
a e
o ms
wi h 6
s em
endings
(m’é-da’,
s i-na’);
caud. -ui,
-iui
(si nui,
Imé-gui;
p'éé'ui);
gal. -y, -iy
(sin,
Emo-gu’;
p'é&'w);
in. -um
(su num ||
si num,
'i sum,
Zmé-gum)
and -iu i8
i6 s em
( al's'c'
); ie .
-uj, -iuj
( 'idiy a
'idui, y'
i siyj;
jé-ujuj,
s6-dz' uj);
i . -un,
-iun
( 'idu i,
'i ’u i,
uFgun;
p'é:¢'un);
So-called.
-au
(Zmacgaii
||
3md-gau).
Plu al:
a d. -is
(p'ié u's),
mo e
common
o ms
wi h (i)
s em end
(p'ie ai,
swnai,
uFgai;
s'‘p'iec’
ai || 5
p'ié'ai,
al's'c'ai);
kilm. -y,
-iy
(p'ie i -,
suni ’; sp
iéc'u ,
al's'c'u),
naud.
Fixed
o ms
only wi h
(i) s em
e minal
(p’ie ém,
sund'm;
s'p'iéc'a-
m); gal.
-us, -ius
(p'ie i s ||
p'ié us,
sinus;
s'p'iec'
is); in. -um
(su num)
nex o
he o m
wi h (i)6
s em end
(p’ie ais,
su:nais;
s'p'iéc'
ais); he
placehol-
de and
he
ilia i e
o ms
a e no
ound.
P iebalsiniy
kamieny
nouns a e
s ill in
iSlaike in
sepa a e
linksniy
olde inals.
Ypa
daZsum o
VAT.
nobleman
and dgs.
noun o ms
wi h a
consonan
s em elic
— inal -es
(a e , s
some imes
p onounced
-as). In
addi ion o
he olde
o ms,
newe ones
a e o en
used, and
o he
s ones may
be used.
i
su
Pa o
he links
a e
al eady
comple ely
adap ed o
he o he
s em:
masculine
nouns
usually
ha e
(j)6
a
i,
The emale
lineage is
—
mos ly
i,
some imes id,
é unk
pos e io . The
ollowing a e
Wo ds ha
ha e mo e a
maZiau iSlaike
consonan
s em change
esidue whichy
conjuga ion
pa adigms
i
(o ixed
indi idual
o ms o he
e b) indica e
mo e s able
o ms o he
e b. In
addi ion o old
consonan
oo s
i8
belonging o
nounsZiy,
gi en o o he
oo s
i
The wo ds,
which ha e
sepa a e
consonan
consonan
consonan
endings, a e
gi en newly.
Su
in he new
consonan
consonan
endings
mainly
occu s he
i
s em
Zodziy.
Singula :
a d.
akmudé
( .
akm'en'is),
p'iemud,
udud, Sué
dz.
||
Su a
( .
Sun'is),
'eSmud,
undud
||
(nj.2)
andud,
duk 'é,
s'esué dz.
||
shaken;
kilm.
ud'en'
és
(||
i.d'en'es),
duk 'e ds
(
dii.k 'e as),
sasa '
és
sa ds
i
naujesnés
o mos:
@km'en'a’,
p'iem'en'a’,
S .n'a’,
' in'd'en'a’,
i.n'd'en'a’
(
an' dens),
'&:5'm'en‘-
aus;
p e okalny
su
kamieny
galiine
-es da
uz a’y a
i-kamieniai
daik a a -
dziai
dun' 'és
du i' 'es
||
(b'e
' ena'
dui' 'es),
Sakn'és,
§'i 'd'és;
caud.
p
em'en'ui,
i.d'en'ui
(wi h he
p e ix lig
—
i.d'en'ei),
Sé.n'ui,
i.n'd'en'ui,
di.k ' e ai~
dik e ei
di.k 'e 'ai~
dik e iai,
s@sa ai
||
sa-sa 'ai;
gal.
||
a&km'en'i:,
i.d'en'i-,
s .n'i,
96
i.n'd'en'i,
du.k 'e 'i ,
s@sa 'i ; in.
&km'en'u,
p'iem'en'u,
Sun'u,
iin'd'en'u,
di.k 'e 'u~
diik e ia;
ie . I'll be
he e, I'll be
he e, I'll be
he e, I'll be
he e, I'll be
he e.
m'énas'in'm-
énesin',
un'd'en'i ;
So-called.
Fo m no
iden i ied.
Plu al: a d.
a&km'en'es,
a:5'm'en'es,
p'iem'en'es,
Si.n'es,
di.k 'e 'es ||
di.k ' e as,
sasa 'es ||
s@sa as
and newe
o ms:
a&km'en'i's,
akm'enai, a5'
m'en'is,
a&'m'enai,
p'iem'enai,
'e&’m'i,
du.k 'e 'is;
wi h he
consonan
s em ending
in -es also
uZ asy a:
du ' 'es,
aiis'es,
du. as, p.5'
es, Zi 's'es ||
Zi 'sas, Zi. '
es; kilm.
akm' eni -,
un'd' enii,
duk 'e i :;
caud.
ud'en'i.m,
Sun'i.m,
duk ' e 'i.m
duk 'e 'é-m,
sasa 'i.m;
gal.
p'iem'en'is,
di.k ' e as ~
di k e es
(-es i8 €
kamieno);
J.N.
akm''en'im,
duk 'e 'im,
sasa 'im
nex o he
masculine
o m
akm'enis,
p'iem'enis;
ie . and il.
o ms
neuZ asy a
(see i, 6 and
o he
s ones Siy
linksniy
o ms). In
addi ion o
he noun
singula and
plu al
owels, he
double
noun- e mi-
nal is
some imes
used.
Sen ence o
ph ase wi h
he o ms
o he
noun-adjec-
i e in he
plu al is no
equen ly
used and
no wi h all
oo nouns:
jd-i di
dé-ik u
d& 'e-; jai §
iém'e
bi. am du
ka i;
m'é u: wo
§'im i; pax
du Cen u
g ams:; du
Z'en'i-ki (‘du
jaunikius, du
galindius
es i’) u ’;
pa du ubl'
A lo mo e
o en wi h
he
nume als du
(dwie), oba
(obi) and jy
he plu al
o ms o
he
nomina i e
o he
su ix a e
used, e.g.,
mana du
su‘nu:s ji
duk 'é ji a;
di.jena>
(~diano)
su:nai bi. a’;
§i 'ié du
aik'el é-nai
g'e ai n'i k'a
(kalba)
l'ie i. 'igkai;
az
aZ'e '&l'a’
du 'eFs ai
bus (uz
eZe élio du
a s ai
bus);
du
§'im ai
bi. a; wo
§'im is
ga aii;
a&nas '
e k ii-b' e
(jis
e k y)
d' ' i
diénas;
du.k '
e as
(~dik e -
es
‘duk e -
ys’) d'y'i
l'i.ka*;
ab'i
sd&-sa -
as
(~sése -
es
‘sis e s-
’)
g'i: 'éna.
*
*
*
The noun
conjuga ion
in Apso
Snek os
di e s in
essence
li le om
he noun
conjuga ion
in Diik& as,
T e é ius
and o he
nea by
Li huanian
neighbo ho-
ods
(Lie u iy
kalbos
a lasas
1990). This
shows (as
do ce ain
phone ic
and o he
g amma ic-
al ea u es)
ha Apso
Snek a is a
a ian o
he
men ioned
lie u iy
Snek y. In
some noun
s ems, he
eme gence
o mo e
abundan
pa allel
o ms in he
pa adigms
o he
e bs (see
also such,
albei a ely
spoken
o ms in
olde
ep esen a-
i es, as
Zusai
‘Zasys’)
may be due,
among
o he
hings, o
he
weakening
o he
Li huanian
language.
LITERACY
G inayeckie-
né E. Some
ea u es o
Apso dialec
//P oceedin-
gs o he
Li huanian
Academy o
Sciences. A
se ies. 1960.
T. 2 (9). P.
173-191.
Jonai y é
A., Sudnik T.
Abou one
case o
Li huanian—-
Polish
language
in e e en-
ce
//Bal is ica.
1973, T.
9(1). P.
75-77.
Lie u iy
kalbos
a lasas
T. 1:
Leksika.
1977; 2nd
ed. 1979;
3 d ed.
1982; 2nd
ed. 1983;
3 d ed.
V., 1990.
Lie u iy
language
dialec s.
Ch es o-
ma ija.
V., 1970. P.
392-394, 7.
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