LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIX (1998)

Vincentas DROTVINAS

Vilnius Pedagogical University

F. W. HAACK’S “VOCABVLARIVM LITTHVANICO–GERMANICVM, ET GERMANICO–LITTHVANICVM” (HALLE, 1730)¹

1. Halle Pietism. In the late seventeenth century, a new movement—Pietism—emerged in the German Lutheran Church. Its founder, the German theologian Philipp Jakob Spener (1635–1705), sought in his programmatic work “Pia desideria” to improve church life through the expansion of individual piety and the refinement of reform objectives. Spener’s friend, the pastor August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), began putting these ideas into practice. Having studied theology, Eastern and modern languages, he proclaimed his Pietist ideas in Leipzig and Erfurt and became one of Spener’s most active followers in the land of Halle (Brandenburg).

In 1692 Francke was invited to Halle to serve as a pastor and university professor. Founded in 1694, the University of Halle became a center of Pietism. Francke began his work with only 4 thalers and 16 groschen, caring for the poor children of Glaucha, a suburb of Halle, in his parish house. His promotion of Pietism was accompanied by energetic organizational and educational activity. In the first decades of the eighteenth century, schools of several levels began operating in Halle, and a shelter for orphans and the poor (Waisenhaus) was established, with manufacturing and agricultural facilities (a bakery, laundry, pharmacy, printing house and publishing press, botanical garden, etc.). In all, in 1730 there were 3,000 pupils and educators.

As a religious movement, Pietism soon spread to European countries, both through the dissemination of Pietist literature in various languages and through students from many lands who studied in Halle. Pietist missionary activity reached Russia, India, and North America.

¹This article is based on an expanded paper presented at the colloquium “Halle as a Center of Translation Activity” (Halle als Zentrum der Übersetzungstätigkeit) in Halle on November 14, 1996. For the German version of the article, see (Drotvinas: 1998). I sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Paul Raabe, director of the Franckeschen Stiftungen at the Faculty of Theology of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, and Prof. Dr. Udo Sträter, director of the faculty’s Interdisciplinary Center for Pietism Research, as well as Dr. Thomas Müller, director of the library (Hauptbibliothek Franckeschen Stiftungen), for making it possible to research Halle’s Lithuanian studies and work in the Halle archives and library. On this occasion, I must also thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gertrud Bense, a researcher of Baltic studies in Halle and a guardian of its traditions, for her sincere and collegial cooperation.

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Although the theologians of the University of Königsberg adhered longer to traditional, orthodox Lutheranism, Halle Pietism also had an influence there. The shortage of preachers and teachers in Lithuania Minor became particularly evident after the great plague and famine of 1709–1711. As a result, the University of Halle undertook to train Pietist-oriented pastors who, in addition to German, knew the national languages—that is, preachers for Lithuanian and Polish parishes.

2. The Halle Lithuanian Language Seminar and Its People.

The Prussian authorities made considerable efforts to strengthen Lutheranism and expand education in the country. As early as 1718, King Friedrich I of Prussia ordered the establishment of Lithuanian language seminars in Königsberg and Halle. The first seminar began operating in Königsberg in 1723. At the theology faculty of the University of Halle, such a seminar (Seminarium Lithuanicum, Littauisches Seminar, Preußisch Seminar) began operating only in 1727 and continued until 1740.² The seminar also pursued Germanizing aims. When selecting candidates, Francke had to follow the king’s instruction to propose for appointment as preachers and teachers in Prussia people who were not Prussian by birth (Skrupskelis 1967: 15–16). Theology students, future preachers in Lithuanian parishes and teachers in church schools, received their maintenance from the so-called Freitisch, that is, they were supported by the authorities. Each year, a dozen or so people attended the seminar; about 40 people studied there in all (Schiller 1994: 195–223).

One condition for successful preparation for pastoral work was proficiency in Lithuanian. All the students at the Halle Lithuanian Language Seminar had to pledge, upon completing their studies, to go to Lithuanian parishes in Prussia. Some had studied at the University of Königsberg and attended the Lithuanian language seminar established there earlier. Lithuanian was taught at the Halle seminar; materials for learning it were prepared, and efforts were made to publish pietist literature in Lithuanian. In the third and fourth decades of the eighteenth century, Halle became the second center of Lithuanian studies after Königsberg (Gineitis 1990: 54–55; Gineitis 1995: 63; Palionis 1995: 126; Zinkevičius 1990: 249–252; Drotvinas 1998: 157–171). Clearly, the Halle seminar could fulfill its purpose only by organizing Lithuanian-language instruction properly. This required qualified teachers and suitable textbooks.

The history of Lithuanian grammars tells us that the first Lithuanian grammar, “Grammatica Litvanica,” was published in Königsberg in 1653 by Danielius Kleinas, a Lithuanian pastor from Tilsit and translator of hymns; a year later, a grammar in German, “Compendium Litvanico–Germanicum,” was also published. In 1673, the grammar “Compendium Grammaticae Lithvani

² Others believe that the Halle seminar operated until 1765 (Skrupskelis 1967: 17; Lebedys 1977: 151), but neither the seminar’s earliest historians (Specht 1935) nor present-day researchers (Schiller 1994) give this date. Perhaps this view arose because the Freitisch was funded until 1765, although students of various disciplines made use of its services.

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cae”. Although these grammars did provide some descriptions of the Lithuanian grammatical system and a choice of teaching materials, the first Lithuanian dictionary in Lithuania Minor nevertheless had a much harder time making its way than the first grammars. To be sure, there were people preparing dictionaries and collecting material. In the preface to his grammar, D. Kleinas wrote that he had submitted a Lithuanian dictionary together with the grammars (grammaticam novam una cum annexo Compendio Germanico, ut et Lexico Litvanico, quae ad pedes Serenissime Vestrae Celsitud. Subiectissimi depono), but for a long time Lithuania Minor had no Lithuanian dictionary. The absence of a dictionary hampered efforts to standardize the written language of East Prussian Lithuanians. A dictionary was needed, in D. Kleinas’s words, not only for the benefit of churches and the learned young, but also for “those who associate with Lithuanians or govern and judge them” (Compendium, p. 2). Since the aforementioned dictionary by D. Kleinas, or any other dictionary, had not been published, its preparation and publication became increasingly urgent in the eighteenth century.

Little is known about the circumstances surrounding the creation or preparation of a Lithuanian dictionary in Halle. Although theologians and universities in Halle and Königsberg engaged in a kind of competition over the preparation and publication of religious literature in Lithuanian, no concrete plans for preparing a dictionary were discussed.³ Circumstances meant that the role of midwife to the first printed Lithuanian dictionary in Lithuania Minor fell not to Königsberg but to the Halle Lithuanian Language Seminar. The circumstances of the dictionary’s creation become somewhat clearer through an overview of the lives and Lithuanian-related pedagogical and scholarly activities in Halle of two Lithuanian literary and linguistic figures who worked there—Johann Richter and Friedrich Wilhelm Haack.

Perhaps the first hint of dictionary preparation is found in a letter dated January 26, 1727, from Johann Arnoldt Pauli (1682–1741), superintendent of Klaipėda, to Francke. In it, Paulis wrote that two of his men were collecting words from printed Protestant writings and compiling a dictionary. It may be surmised that the dictionary was intended to reflect the vocabulary of the religious writings of the time (Winter 1954: 44–47).

We would probably not be mistaken in saying that linguistic works—and dictionaries in particular—prepared in the first decades of the eighteenth century were connected with the translation into Lithuanian, preparation for print, and publication of Protestant writings, which had intensified at that time. Lithuanian-language publications appearing then included Luther’s Small Catechism (1722), the New Testament (1727), the second edition of Jonas Rėza’s hymnal “Pſalteras Dowido” (1728), the Bible (1735), and others; these works prompted lexicographical activity. For some, they were a convenient source for compiling dictionaries; for others, they opened their eyes to the fact that they should not restrict themselves to bookish vocabulary alone, but needed to collect material from living speech.

³ For more on Francke’s plans to prepare a Bible translation and other Lithuanian-related publications in Halle, see Kaunas 1996: 120.

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The first to teach Lithuanian at the Lithuanian language seminar was Jonas Richteris (Johann Richter, 1705–1754), a native of Klaipėda. He began his theological studies at the University of Königsberg and most likely also attended the Lithuanian language seminar there. Richteris matriculated at the University of Halle on 12 May 1727, graduated from the university with the magister artium degree, and was appointed head and teacher of the seminar, but did not work there long, only until the autumn of 1728. It is thought that the German–Lithuanian dictionary of 1728 by an unknown author, now held in the library of the Francke Foundations in Halle (Hauptbibliothek der Franckeschen Stiftungen), is a copy made by Richteris.

Another native of Klaipėda, Friedrich Wilhelm Haackas (1705–1754), was appointed to replace Richteris. He was the son of Erdman Haack, pastor of the Lithuanian parish in Kretingalė, who had participated in editing Lysius’s 1719 catechism. From 1724 he studied at Königsberg and, from 1727, at the University of Halle, where he attended lectures at the Lithuanian language seminar; in 1728, after Richter’s departure, he himself taught Lithuanian at the seminar and headed it until 1732 (Biržiška 1963: 67–69). No new information about Haack’s life and activities has been published recently. It is true that he is mentioned in the latest German biobibliographical dictionaries, for example, in the “Dictionary of Biographies and Bibliographies of Teachers of Foreign Languages in the German-Speaking Region” (Schröder 1989: 179). Haack’s life (though without new facts) and works are described in somewhat greater detail in the “Biobibliographical Handbook of Linguistics in the Eighteenth Century” (Bio–bibliographisches Handbuch 1996: 2–3).⁴ Although Haack’s biography resembles Richter’s (Lithuanian ancestry or at least knowledge of Lithuanian from childhood, theological studies in Königsberg and Halle, and the same work of spreading Pietist ideas in Lithuanian parishes), his activities lasted somewhat longer and were therefore more productive. Haack’s first Lithuanian print work was probably his translation, made with his students, into Lithuanian of “Ordentliche Lehre des Heyls der Seele” (1714) by the prominent German theologian and hymn writer, Francke’s associate Anastasius Freylinghausen (1670–1739), known as “Dawádnas Mókſlas apie Duſ́iós Iſ́gánimą […] iſ́bdútas nůg Draugů Lietuwiſ́kôs Iſ́kalôs […]” (1729). Its publication showed how difficult it was to establish a school for preparing and publishing Lithuanian texts in Halle, and demonstrated that there were not many people capable of translating Pietist hymns into Lithuanian. For the first edition of “Dawádno Mókſlo […]” included four hymns, and the second five—not newly composed ones, but hymns translated into Lithuanian earlier (Drotvinas 1997: 461–468).

⁴ From 1728 to 1732 Haackas was sent to Įsrutis as an interpreter and escort for the Salzburg colonists. No information about this period could be found in the archives of the Salzburg region (Landesarchiv). In 1733 Haackas was ordained a pastor in Berlin; he then served as a deacon in Gumbinė and as a pastor in Gerviškėnai, and from 1734 until his death he was pastor in Pilkalnis.

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It is therefore concluded that Halle lacked scholars in Lithuanian studies with the necessary qualifications (Gineitis 1995: 63).

Haackas worked under somewhat more favorable conditions, but he had to carry out a task that Richteris had not completed. Drawing on the New Testament (1727) and Psalter (1728), which had by then appeared in Königsberg, Haackas compiled a two-part dictionary, “Vocavblarivm Lit–thvanico–Germanicvm, et Germanico–Lit–thvanicvm, Darin alle im Neuen Teſtament und Pſalter befindlichen Wörter nach dem Alphabet enthalten ſind, Nebſt einem Angang einer kurtzgefaßten Litthauischen Grammatic ausgefertiget von Friedrich Wilhelm Haack […]. Halle: Druckts Stephanus Orban, Univerſ. Buchdr. 1730.”, with a brief appendix on Lithuanian grammar.⁵ This was the first printed Lithuanian dictionary for all of East Prussia. Its parts are unequal: the first, Lithuanian–German, is larger (pp. 1–151) and contains 4,886 words (Abąs, źo das Lager – źywa-tas, o der Leib); the second, German–Lithuanian, is smaller (pp. 152–230) and contains 4,361 words (Aaron – Aornas – Zwölffte – Dwyliktas).⁶ More than 100 words occur only in the Lithuanian–German part; over 50 words in the two parts have different German (or Lithuanian) equivalents, and more than 20 headwords differ in derivation, spelling, and so on.

The German–Lithuanian part shows which Lithuanian word or words (2–5) correspond to a German word, but does not repeat their grammatical characteristics or other features. It is, rather, a kind of index of Lithuanian equivalents of German words.

3. Lexicological survey of the dictionary. The lexical inventory of Haack’s dictionary is determined by its sources. Therefore, the most accurate way to divide its contents into thematic groups and establish their proportions would be to know the inventories of those sources. As researchers indicate, Haackas did not take words from the sources mentioned above in their entirety, but selected them (Palionis 1995: 130). To date, we have no more detailed studies of the dictionary’s lexicon, so here we will attempt to discuss it through a few of its features.

One of the more characteristic thematic layers of the contents is religious and ecclesiastical vocabulary, which is conveniently divided into proper and common nouns. The proper nouns presented first are personal names, more precisely, the names of biblical patriarchs, prophets, and apostles: Abelas, o; Abraomas, o Abraham; Adomas, o Adam; Aaronas, no Aaron; Baltramėjus, jaus Bartholomäus; Dowidas, do der David; Jókubas, bo Jacob; Jonas, no der Johannes; Powilas, lo der Paulus, and so on. Some of these retain the influence of Polish as an intermediary language, for example, Alioźus, ßaus; Elioßus, ßaus der Elias; Eźaioßus, ßaus der Esaias; Malakioßus, ßaus der Malachias; Jeźus,

⁵ The dictionary’s preface (Vorbericht) was written by the head of the foundation, Gothilf August Francke, and surveys the work of the Lithuanian language seminar (Koženiauskienė 1990: 463).

⁶ Nurodomas ir dvigubai didesnis žodžių skaičius (Palionis 1995: 131).

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zaus Jėſus; Jobas, bo der Hiob, Kristus, ſtaus Christus; Matteuſbas, šo der Matthäus; Meſſioſbus, šaus der Meſſias; Moizieſbus, šaus. Retesni moterų vardai, pavyzdžiui, Marya, ôs die Maria; Rebekka Rebecca; Žore, ês die Sarah; Zuzane, nês die Susanna.

Far fewer place names occur in the dictionary, for example, Akaja, jôs Achaja; Egiptas, to Aegypten; Epėzas, žo Ephesus; Judėa, ôs Judea; Jėruzale, lês Jerusalem; Kenкrea, ós Cenchrea; Zodoma, môs Sodom, etc. It is noteworthy that the dictionary contains not a single personal name or place name from Prussia or Lithuania Minor.

The dictionary’s general vocabulary can be illustrated by some lexemes denoting particular religious concepts:

heaven: Dangus, gaus Der Himmel; Dangiškas, ko himmlisch; Dangiškasis, kojo der Himmlische; Dangún’=Žengimas, mo die Himmelfahrt;

God: Dievas, o Gott; Dieviškas, ko göttlich; Dieviškasis, kojo der Göttliche; Diewo=Niekintojis, jo ein Gottes=Verachter; Diewo=neſibijęs, jancio ein Gottloſer; Diewo=neſibijaſis, janciojo der Gottloſe; Diewo=Skryne, nês der Gottes=Kaſten; Diewyſte, ſtes die Gottheit; cf. Bediewis, wjo ein Gottloſer; Bediewiškas, ko gottloß, Bediewyſte, ês die Gottloſigkeit;

sin: Griekas, kô die Sünde; Griekingas, ga ſündlich; Griekininkas, ko ein Sünder; Griekininke, es eine Sünderin; Griek=Twanis, nio die Sünd-fluth; Grieku=Apiera, rós Sünd=Opffer; Grieſiti jündigen; Grieſnas, no ſündlich; Grieſnaſis, nojo ein Jündlicher;

prophet: Prárakas, ko der Prophet; Prarakauti weiſſagen, prophezeȳen; Prarakawimas, mo die Weiſſagung; Prarakiene, ês die Prophetin; Prarakifkas, ko prophetisch; Prarakyſte, ês die Weiſſagung, die Prophezeȳung; cf. Blužnijimas, mo die Läſterung; Blužniti läſtern; Blužnitojis, jo der Läſter.

Of course, this is by no means the entire religious vocabulary, since some words can have both a literal (“secular”) and a religious (more abstract) meaning, for example, to rejoice (examples are given in contemporary spelling and without German equivalents), to take revenge, to suffer, to mourn; sorrow, revenge, deceit, conscience, hypocrite and so on.

We can next mention several more common thematic subgroups, such as animal names, among which the most numerous are ewe, ram, lamb, sheepfold, sheep, sheep pen, yearling lamb, as well as donkey, deer, pig, goat; bird names: genšė “heron, stork,” rooster, dove, eagle, corncrake, capercaillie, quail, crow, sparrow etc.; plant names: vegetable, spruce, rosehip, willow, juniper grove, wheat, mint, barley, Pyga eine Feige, cf. Pygôs=Medis; willow switch

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“ein Palm” and so on; kinship terms: brolis, tėvas, uošvis, vaikas, vaikaitis; duktė, marti, merga, motė, moteriškė, motina, našlė, nuotaka, sesuo, uošvė and so on; names of professions and occupations: aukškal(is), bernas “der Knecht,” darbininkas, daržininkas, kalvis, ker džius, kūlikas, medžiotojis, muitininkas, puodžius, vartininkas, vamzdininkas; compare also the loanwords cimerninkas, kažemėkas and so on; compare also the overview of book-related vocabulary (Kaunas 1996: 141–142).

Continuing the lexicological overview of the dictionary, we should turn to synonymy. The dictionary contains few synonyms that are independent lexemes, for example, Banga, gôs eine Woge and Welle (“a wave”)—and Wilnis, iês eine Welle (im Waßer) (“a wave [in water]”); Buttas, to and Nammai, mû das Haus (“the house”); dainoti and giedoti (“to sing”), and so on.

There are many more derivational synonyms (variants). These are suffixal derivatives from the same root, with closely related or similar meanings, for example, Atmintis, ties, Atminnimas, mo and Paminklas, klo are translated by the same German word, das Gedächtnis (“memory”); Pafekkejas, jo, Sekkejas, jo, Sekkiotojis, jo—ein Nachfolger (“a successor”); Sutwerejas, jo, Sutwertotojis, jo—der Schöpfer (“the Creator”); Aukštybė, bės, Aukštummas, mo—die Höhe (“height”); Daugybė, bės, Daugummas, mo—die Menge (“quantity”); Gilybė, bės, Gillummas, mo—die Tiefe (“depth”); Jaunystė, ės, Jaunummas, mo—die Jugend (“youth”); Išganytas, Išganytingas—“blessed”; Waikaitis, cio—ein Kindlein (“a little child”; not Enkelkind, “grandchild!”), and Waikelis, lio—ein Kindlein (“a little child”), and so on; compare also Surinkimas, mo eine Gemeine, eine Versammlung (“a community, an assembly”) and Sußirinkimas, mo die Versammlung (“the assembly”); Szwieša, šôs, Szwiešybė, ės das Licht (lux) (“light [lux]”), and so forth. Synonyms with different but similar-meaning suffixes are also formed from foreign words (their origins had not yet been recognized and distinguished): Miernyštė, ės, Miernumas, mo—die Mäßigkeit (“moderation”); Wiezlybystė, ės—die Tugend, die Keuschheit (“virtue, chastity”); Wiezlibummas, mo—die Ehrbarkeit, die Tugend (“respectability, virtue”). The dictionary uses not only two Lithuanian words synonymously, but also words of different origins, for example, Wálanda, dôs eine Weile (“a while”); compare Walandėlė, ės eine kleine Weile (“a little while”) and Adyna, nôs eine Stunde (“an hour”); Tikkejimas, mo der Glaube (“faith”); Wiera, rôs der Glaube, die Religion (“faith, religion”); compare tikketi glauben (“to believe”), wieriti glauben, zutrauen (“to believe, trust”), while Wiernyštė, ės, Wiernumas, mo is translated as die Treue (“loyalty”).

A review of the examples suggests that the synonyms cited were drawn from different sources, whose translators rendered the same content differently in Lithuanian. Determining which synonyms belong to which translator and source would be a separate research task.

A number of words used in eighteenth-century writings and still used with the same meaning in contemporary language can be identified, for example, Ateiwis, wio ein Fremdling (“a stranger”); Karžygis, gio ein Held, ein Streiter (“a hero, a combatant”); Kaukaras, ro ein Hügel (“a hill”); Negale, ės die Seuche, das Unmögen (“the plague, incapacity”); Palaima, môs die Glückseeligkeit (“bliss”);

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Palukana, nos der Wucher, der Zinsch (“usury, interest”); Patyrimas, mo die Erfahrung (“experience”); Sielwartas, to die Angst, Trübsal (“fear, distress”). Among the neologisms, the calques mentioned above deserve attention first, for example, Dangaus=Jūšta, ôs die Regenbogen (“rainbow”); Jaun=Mienū, neħio Neu Mond (“new moon”); Menežio=Ligga Jergas, ancio ein Mondjüchtiger (“a lunatic”); Pirmgiedoti Voržin-gen (“to sing beforehand”); Pirmtakunas, no der Vorläuffer (“the forerunner”); Priežkrištis, ścio der Antichrist (“the Antichrist”). Lexical archaisms can be illustrated by the following examples: Jūdikkis, kio ein Heller; Jcharfflein (“a heller; a small coin”); Minau ja nicht adv. neg. (“not,” negative adverb); Nūtartis, ties ein Tadel (“a rebuke”); Pakalba, bos eine Affterrede (“slander”), but Pakalbetojis, jo ein Schmäh er (“a slanderer”); Pamokſlas, ló eine Lehre (“a teaching”); Tekkumas, no ein Läuffer (“a runner”); Žadas, do die Sprache, die Rede (“speech, discourse”); Žweja, jôs ein Fischzeug (“fishing gear”).

Alongside lexical archaisms, semantic archaisms should also be distinguished. These are words still used in contemporary Lithuanian but which have acquired different meanings, for example, Apkaba, ôs der Vorhang (“the curtain”), now meaning (1) a hook or clasp, (2) a clip for holding cartridges together and inserting them into a firearm; Apſakimas, mo die Verkündigung, Bothſchafft (“proclamation, message”), now meaning (1) a narrative, (2) a short work of prose fiction; compare also Atſarga, ôs der Schild (Schutz) (“shield, protection”); Dallykas, ko ein Stück (“a piece”); Narſas, so der Zorn, Griff, Ernſt (“anger, grip, seriousness”); Paraſas, ßo die Handschrift, it. Überschrift (“handwriting, also heading”); Patranka, kôs eine Raupe (“a caterpillar”); Pawadinimas, mo die Berufung (“the calling”); Reikmene, ês die Nothdurff (“necessity”), compare Reikmuo; Sawiſke, ês das Eigentum (“property”), and so on.

4. Lexicographic method. An entry in the Lithuanian–German section of Haack’s dictionary consists of a Lithuanian and a German part. The Lithuanian part comprises the headword (or phrase) and the grammatical characterization of inflected parts of speech, given using standard Latin abbreviations. The German part comprises the German equivalent(s), sometimes accompanied by usage notes in German or Latin. A few remarks about the relationship between the Lithuanian and German parts of a dictionary entry are in order.

Besides the predominant type, in which the headword is a single lexeme, a certain proportion of headwords are phrases. They differ in terms of motivation and structure. Almost no entirely original Lithuanian phrases were found; translated phrases are more common, for example:

Supraſytos=Dūnos Allmoſen

Gelmes=is hurt=Sβwinnas, no ein Bleywurff

Secret=Ražbaju=Muſas, βancio ein Meuchel=Mörder. G.M. βanti, cios. G.F.

The nature of a Lithuanian phrase functioning as a headword—more precisely, its structure—is generally determined by the German part of the entry. Depending on what in the German part corresponds to the Lithuanian headword, roughly three prominent cases may be distinguished:

a) a phrase corresponds to one German word,

b) a phrase corresponds to a German phrase, and

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c) a word combination—a German compound word.

a) For Lithuanian headwords, Haackas gives one, two, or more German equivalents. Most often, one equivalent is given, for example,

Needle, tos a sewing needle

Eye, ės the eye

To multiply multiply

Divinity, ftės the Godhead

To hear hear

To bury bury

To praise praise

Pentecost, nû Pentecost, and so on,

two equivalents, for example,

Church, čios the temple, the church

Boaster, nio a braggart, an ambitious person

Prince, cio a prince, a duke

Forecourt, gio the forecourt, the hall

Proclamation, mo the announcement, the preacher

Gathering, mo a congregation, an assembly

Wotis, ties a gland, an abscess, etc.,

less often—three or four, for example,

Separation, mo division, factions, sect

Wirſus, ſaus a peak, the upper hand, advantage, the exterior.

Quite often, the second or third German equivalent is further explained by the Latin abbreviation it. (=item).

A wave, gôs a wave it. Welle (sometimes after it. comes a Latin equivalent,

Eternity, Amžio eternity it. Seculum)

A cave, dôs a crypt, it. Hell, pit

German equivalents often help distinguish the polysemy or shades of meaning of the Lithuanian headword, for example,

Life, tôs life

Living, mo life, dwelling

To live to live, to dwell, etc.

For some words, the lexical meaning is also explained in German, in addition to the German equivalents, for example,

To cut shear, cut (with shears)

To row toward row closer, approach (by ship)

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Dense, thick often, thick (of grain) masculine thick, dense feminine.

To flow to run, stream, flow (of women=).

To squat to sit (of animals).

A hole a hole, a pit (of animals), etc.

or an additional equivalent in Latin, for example,

To weave to weave, (texere)

A rumor a rumor, (fama), also

Gossip a rumor, (fama)

To give birth to beget, (generare)

Living creature an animal, (animal)

To become to become, (fieri)

Advice counsel, (conſilium)

Sight a sight, (uiſio)

Light the light, (lux)

To look up to look up, pay attention (inſpicere)

Cancer disease cancer, (morbus)

Wieźys, źio a crab (piſcis), etc.

There are examples where the usage of a word is explained in Latin, for instance,

Skliddinas, no completely full (de liquid.)

b) Sometimes a Lithuanian phrase corresponds to a German phrase and serves as an illustration of the headword’s usage, for instance,

Atſkirti separate (banish) and

Atſkirti nū ſurinkimo put under the ban.

It sometimes happens that a fixed and vivid phrase, equivalent to an idiom, serves as the Lithuanian headword and is matched by a German phrase of similar structure and closely related meaning, for instance,

Dėti į Sźirdį take to heart

Dėti į Auſis take to one’s ears

Naggan ką imti lay hands on someone.

Alongside Lithuanian phrases corresponding to a German phrase, for instance,

Kaurus auſti make a carpet

Per mierą exceedingly, beyond measure, adv.

Perkunas grauʒa it thunders, praeter. Perkunas growe, fut. Perkunas graus,

Sąźinnę paźeisti trouble one’s conscience

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Being bound to a woman an einem Weibe gebunden ſeyn to drive stakes Furchen ziehen to eke out a living=pennetiſi ſich kümmerlich nähren to and fro hin und her and so on.

a Lithuanian verbal phrase is rendered by a single German verb, for example,

to stone to death ſteinigento flee by boat=begti (on the spelling, see below) ſchiffento beat with rods=plakti geiſſelnto build nests niſtento make a bed bettento cast lightning blitzen, cf. to flash lightning blitzento give a sign anzeigen and so on; cf. also to turn into nothing — „—pawerſti } to despise, scorn, annihilate.

Incidentally, one German word also corresponds to a phrase formed from other parts of speech, for example, Motərißke=Gimdanti, cioš eine Gebährerin; Seſſer’s=Waikas, ko Neffe; Wyrauſajis ant Raſtininninkų Cantzler, Žydų Wierą priemęs, muſio ein Judengenoß; Žmogus netikçro Mokſlo ein Ketzer, etc.

c) The relationship between the headwords and their German equivalents in terms of compound words is somewhat more varied. As we know, until the eighteenth century, attributive nominal constituents in German compounds were joined by two hyphens (Pavlov 1972: 110–114). Haack’s dictionary follows this German spelling convention. This spelling method is also applied to Lithuanian phrases or compound words. For example:

Awjû= Gardas, do Schaff=Stall Kurpjû=Dirželis, lio ein Schuh=Riemen Liggos=Pátalas, lo das Krancken=Bett Marriû =Dywai, wû die Meer=Wunder

Hyphens are also used to join the elements of a Lithuanian phrase when the corresponding elements of the German compound noun (less often, adjective) are written without a hyphen, for example,

Bangôs=Žuwis, eš The whale, Laupjes=Gieſme, eš a hymn of praise Paſwentinimo=Sſwente, eš the church consecration Peklon’=Nużengimmas, mo the descent into hell

Hyphens are also used between the components of Lithuanian compounds formed from a noun and a verb, for example, Barzd=Skuttys, cio ein Scheer-

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from a noun, or from an adjective and a verb, for example, Maž=tikkis, kincio ein Schwartz3glaubiger, Kleinglaubiger G. Maſ. kinti, cios Gen. foem. (for a fuller discussion of calques, see Drotvinas 1989: 75–82).

The structure of the dictionary entries varies according to the part of speech to which the headword belongs; we will therefore discuss it in greater detail by parts of speech.

Nouns are presented in the singular nominative form, with the genitive endings added and the declension and gender indicated, for example,

Doubt, mo der 3weifel 1 Decl. gen. maſc.

Field, wôs der Acker 2 Decl. gen. foem.

Canvas, êś der Leinwand 3 Decl. Gen. foem.

Wajſus, ſaus die Frucht 4 d. g. m. and so on.

For nouns, two genitive forms are indicated:

A stone ein Stein

A plant ein Gewächs

A drum eine Paucke, Trummel

A cloud die Wolcke

Daughter, eries (ter’s) die Tochter

Edge, menio (nies) die Schneide

Wife, teriês (ter’s) ein Weib

Firmament, gio (gies) der Luft=Himmel

Priżaſtis, c’io (ſtiês) the cause

Smaginnei, nû (nes, nû) the mark

Smertis, ties (c’zo) death

Wandų, den’s (denio) water, etc.

The headword form of adjectives is the masculine nominative with the syllable of the genitive ending, followed by the German equivalent and an abbreviation indicating gender G., g. m., after which the syllable of the feminine ending and an abbreviation indicating gender are added G. F., G. f., G. foem, gen. foem., for example,

Dailus, liaus neat, masculine gender, li, lios feminine gender.

Diewiſkas, ko divine, masculine gender, ka, kôs. feminine gender.

Jaunas, no young, masculine gender na, nôs feminine genitive.

Maloningas, go gracious, masculine gender ga, gôs. feminine gender.

Verbs are presented in four forms, following the infinitive with its German equivalent. Latin abbreviations indicate forms or ending syllables of the present tense (praeſ., pr.), past tense (praet., prt., pr.) and future tense (fut., futur., F., f.), for example,

Abbejoti to doubt, Praef. joju, Praet. jojau, Fut. joſu

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Alkti to hunger, Praef. kſtu, Praet. alkau, Fut. alkſu

Apginti to protect, Praef. ginna, Praet. ginniau, Fut. giſu

Buti to be, Praeſ. eſmi, Prt. buwau, Fut. buſu

Pulti to fall, prſ. pûliu, prt. pûliau, fut. pulſu

Swéikinti to greet, prſ. nu, prt. nau, fut. kįſu.

Adverbs are indicated by an abbreviated Latin part-of-speech label

Adverbium, adverb., adv., for example,

Drąſey boldly, courageously adv.

Drauge together, in company, at the same time adv.

Galiauſey finally adv.

Kantriai patiently adv.

Lygiai equally adv.

Maž little adv.

For some adverbs, the type is also indicated, for example,

Aukštai high adv. loci

Daug (Daugel) much adv. quant.

already ſchon adv. temp.

where wohin adv. inerr. and so on.

Similarly, the types of conjunctions are also indicated, for example,

Bey and conj. copul.,

Bet but conj. advers.,

Kad auf daß conj. cauf. and so on.

Alongside the German equivalent, prepositions are also marked with conventional abbreviations indicating which case they govern, for example,

Per through prep. governing the accusative.

Su mit, praep. reg. Abl.,

in addition, a Latin translation is often also provided:

Del wegen

Deley (because of) prep. governing the genitive.

After under (ſub.) governs the ablative; before (coram) governs the genitive and ablative; after (poſt it. juxta) governs the genitive and accusative.

Straight against (verſus), a preposition governing the genitive and ablative.

Pronouns similarly have Latin equivalents, for example,

Of oneself his/her (ſui), reflexive pronoun.

The forms of degrees of gradable parts of speech are also given as headwords, e.g., alongside Brangus, gįaus *theuer* G. maj., gi, giôs Gen. F.

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we find Brangiauſas, ſo *der Theuerſte* Gen. m. giauſa, ſôs Foem. and Brangeſnis, nio *theuer* G. mas. ne, nês Gen. Foem., cf. also alongside Daug (Daugel) *viel* adv. quant. and Daugiaus *mehr, allermeist*, Daugiaufiey *allermeist*. Although such cases are not numerous, in a certain sense they reduce the number of the dictionary’s independent lexemes.

The dictionary reflects a characteristic feature of the language of old Lithuanian writings—the variation of nominal stems. Some nouns had a different stem than in present-day Lithuanian, for example,

Amžias, Amžio *die Ewigkeit* and *seculum*

Glūſnis, nies *ein Weydenbaum*

Gomuras, ro the palate

Kempinnis, nio a sponge

Pakellis, lio the roadside corner

Paſzonis, nio the side; cf. Sʒona, nôs, the side

Páʒada, dôs a vow

Skunda, dôs a complaint

Skutta, tôs a beard

Sopaga, gôs a boot, etc.

Among the differences in adjective stems, the following are noteworthy:

Drumſtus, ſtaus *dicke* Gen. Masc. ſti, ſtôs Gen. F.

Erdwas, wo *weit, breit* M. wa, wôs Gen. Foem.

Calm, mo sanfftmüthig G. M. ma, ôs, G. F.

Clear, to helle, klahr G. M. ſta, ſtôs, G. F.

Lazy, go faul g. m. ga, gôs. g. f., cf. also

Lazy, giaus träge g. m. gi, giôs, g. f.

For verbs, older athematic and newer thematic forms are given:

To weave wircken (texere) pres. dmi (dʒiu) pret. dʒiau, fut. auſu

To forgive vergeben, erlaſſen pres. dmi (dʒiu) pret. dau, fut. lêiſu

To grow wachsen, pres. augu, (gmi), pret. augau, fut. augſu

To repay vergelten, wiedergeben, pres. dûmi, pret. dawjau, fut. dûſu

To eat freſſen, pres. êdʒiu (edmi), pret. êdʒiau, fut. êſu

To let laſſen pres. (leidmi) dʒiu, pret. dau, fut. leiſu

To lay to put pres. demmi (deddu) pret. dėjau fut. deſu

To be lacking fehlen pres. deddu (demmi) pret. dejau, fut. deſu

To descend sich herablaſſen, untergehen (in astronomy) pres. dʒiu (dmi), pret. dau (dʒiau), fut. leiſu

To help helfen, also to lay down, pres. demmi (deddu), pret. dėjau, fut. deſu

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Prijidėti to increase, to be added. prf. deddu demmi, pr. dejau, fut. deƒu.

5. Etymological groups. As researchers have noted, Haack’s dictionary is not characterized by a wealth of colloquial vocabulary; bookish literary vocabulary predominates in it. Nevertheless, most words have a history of use dating back to the time of M. Mažvydas and J. Bretkūnas, that is, to the sixteenth century. A certain proportion of the words were adopted from colloquial speech. Therefore, determining which words in Haack’s dictionary are characteristic of the written language of the first half of the eighteenth century, and especially identifying which are original words of Haack’s own, would be possible only through specialized studies of the lexical sources of Haack’s dictionary. For example, translated neologisms Draug=Karaujas, jancio ein Mitstreiter; Draug=Kallinys, no ein Mitgefangene; San=Darbininkas, ko ein Mitarbeiter; San=Kareiwis, wjo ein Mitgenoß are characteristic of the written language of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In this article we will limit ourselves to reviewing a few etymological groups in the dictionary.

Of the borrowed vocabulary, the largest and most diverse stratum consists of Slavicisms. Besides older Slavicisms, such as alieju̇s, muilas, muitas, etc., Slavicisms can be classified primarily by content as denoting: a) religious concepts, for example, balvonas (examples are given in modern spelling and without German equivalents), kozonis, kryžius, pagonas (and pagonis), pekla, prarakas, etc.; compare also the names of Christian holidays Gavenės, Kalėdos, Velykos; b) names of the days of the week, for example, nedelė, nedelia, četvergas; compare also žalias četvergas, petnyčia, sabata; c) names of objects and implements, for example, abrazas, bačka, bliūdas, botagas, lenciūgas, izbonas, kauras “Teppich,” prastynia, seidokas, sopaga, strėla, struna, etc.; d) names for persons and occupations, for example, gaspadinė, gaspadorius, sirata, paslas, špiegas, žalnierius, etc.; e) names of qualities and characteristics, for example, bagotas, biednas, bloznas, čielas, davadnas, durnas, gatavas, nobážnas, noprosnas, pakarnus, smutnas, etc.; f) names of actions, processes, and states, for example, balamutyti, čystyti, dūmoti, gaspadinauti, gatavyti, pasnikauti; compare also verbs with the prefixes apčystyti, apkarūnavoti, apkrapinti, etc.

Jonas Palionis has attempted to estimate what proportion of Haack’s dictionary consists of loanwords. He reports that among approximately 400 words under the letter “A” in the Lithuanian–German section of the dictionary, about 50 are borrowings, while of the 143 words under “B,” about 40 are (Palionis 1995: 131).

Slavicisms also occur as components of hybrids. By far the largest number of hybrids are nouns formed from borrowed verbs (almost exclusively Slavic ones), for example, Cзyƒtijimas (: cзyƒtiti, cf. cзyƒtas), Iƒpuƒtijimas (: iƒpuƒtiti), Pakoznijimas (: pakozniti), Paƒblūjimas (: paƒblūjiti), Suwen-cзawojimas, mo (: suwenзawoti’), and the like. Among other nouns, hybrids with the suffix –ininkas should be mentioned, for example, Balwonininkas (: balwonas), Grieki-

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ninkas (: griekas), Kromininkas (: kromas), Swodbininkas (: swodba), etc.; with the suffix –ybė: Cζyſtybė (: cζyſtas); with the suffix –ystė: Durnystė (: durnas), Smertelnyſtė (: smertelnas), Wieζlibyſtė (: wieζlibas); with the suffix –(in)yčia: Awi-nyczia (: awis); with the suffix –umas: Wieζlibummas (: wieζlibas), and other hybrids. Some Slavicisms occur as elements of compound hybrids, for example, Griek=Twanis, nio (: griekas+tvanas), Strun=ζaiſlai (: strūna+žaislas).

The more frequent suffixes of adjective hybrids are –iſkas: Cζeſliſkas (: cζeſas), Pekliſkas (: pekla), ſmertiſkas (:ſmertis), ſwodbiſkas (:ſwodba); the suffix –ingas: Macningas (: macnus), Pakajingas (: pakajus). Adverbs are also often formed from the hybrid adjectives mentioned, for example, Cζeſliſkay, Macningay, Pakajingay, Sylingay, etc.

Germanisms are divided into two types: older and more recent. Besides the older ones, Buddelis, lio ein Büttel, Hencker; Kunnigas, go ein Prediger; Pinnigai, gū das Geld; compare also Pinnigelis, lio ein Pfennig; and Pinnig=Mainis, nio ein Wechſler, the more recent Germanisms are far more numerous, e.g. Dillos, lû der Till; Gwolta, tôs die Gewalt; Kalkė, ės der Kalck; Kelnore, rês Keller; Skune, ės die Scheune; Styras, ro ein Ruder; Stukkis, kio ein Stück; Skrybele, ės ein Schreiber; Sζiporus, raus der Schiffer; Sζturmas, mo der Sturm; Sζuile, lês eine Szule; ζakas, ko ein Sack, etc.

Another group of loanwords consists of Lithuanian forms of German words derived from Latin or Greek. These words are widespread in other languages as well and are therefore called internationalisms. They entered Lithuanian beginning in the sixteenth century through Slavic languages, and later also through German. In Lithuanian, these words have been adapted phonetically or morphologically, for example, Beſtya, ôs ein Thier, Bestie; Cimbalas, lo ein Cimbel; Elementas, to das Element; Pyga, os eine Feige; Persona, nos die Perſon; Purpuras, ro der Purpur; Sceptras, ro Szepter; Smaragdas, do der Smaragd; Teſtamentas, to ein Teſtament, etc.

Indeed, some of these international words were not “accepted” in Haack’s dictionary: several are translated into Lithuanian, for example, Sζikſna, nos das Leder, Pergament; or explained, compare Skirta=Wiera, os, Skirtas=Mokslas, lo eine Secte; compare ζodζius keiſti diſputieren; ζodζiu=Keitimas, mo eine Diſputation.⁷

⁷ For how Haack’s dictionary was used in the Lithuanian language seminar, see the author’s article “Manuscript additions to F. W. Haack’s Vocablarium Litthvanico–Germanicvm et Germanico–Litthvanicvm (Halle, after 1730), additions” (forthcoming in Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, vol. XL).

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6. Conclusions.

1. F. W. Haack’s „Vocabvlarivm...“ remains in the history of Lithuanian philology and culture as evidence of the operation of the Lithuanian language seminar in Halle and as a witness to German-Lithuanian cultural relations in the first half of the 18th century.

2. Haack’s „Vocabvlarivm...“ is the first two-part (Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian) dictionary printed in Prussia, encompassing the most important vocabulary of the Protestant writings of Lithuania Minor in the first half of the 18th century and serving for nearly two decades as the only published lexicographical work. Having compiled a two-part dictionary, Haack continued the 17th-century tradition of manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionaries, but was the first to create a Lithuanian headword list and provide German equivalents for it, thereby making Lithuanian vocabulary accessible to German-speaking clergy and others.

3. In scope, coming close to the first Lithuanian-language dictionary—Konstantinas Sirvydas’s „Dictionarium...“—Haack’s „Vocabvlarivm...“ provided a worthy counterbalance to it in Lithuania Minor and contributed to the indivisibility and integrity of the entire Lithuanian lexicon.

4. Haack’s dictionary may be regarded as a kind of milestone in 18th-century Lithuanian lexicography in Lithuania Minor: later 18th-century lexicographers took their bearings from its Lithuanian headword list, compiled by selecting vocabulary from the Protestant writings of the time, and some of this vocabulary passed through them into dictionaries of the mid-19th century. It was used as a source of information on the Lithuanian language in the works of European historians and was known to philologists in Lithuania Major.

5. Since the dictionary is based on limited sources and intended for learning, it contains relatively little Lithuanian folk vocabulary and very few phraseological expressions. Its contents reflect the religious and abstract vocabulary characteristic of the written language of the period, as well as the principal terms for nature (flora and fauna), human social status, kinship, occupations, and so on. In terms of origin, besides translated neologisms, there are newer Slavisms and Germanisms, as well as so-called international words.

6. The lexicographical method is characterized by the fact that a „Vocabvlarivm...“ entry consists of: 1) a headword (a separate lexeme, less often a phrase), 2) systematically presented grammatical notes (for example, a noun is given in the nominative form with the genitive ending or its syllable and the declension number, the gender indicated by a Latin abbreviation, and so on), and 3) the equivalent(s) in German (occasionally, equivalents of meaning are given in Latin or explanations of realia in German).

Received 1998 08 26

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LITERATŪRA

Bense 1974 – B e n s e Gertrud. Lithuanica in Halle. – Zeitschrift für Slavistik 19 (2).

Biržiška 1963 – B i r ž i š k a Vaclovas. Aleksandrynas 2, Chicago.

Bio-bibliographisches Handbuch 1996 – Bio-bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachwissenschaft des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Grammatiker, Lexikographer und Sprachtheoretiker der deutschsprachigen Raums mit Beschreibung ihrer Werke. Bd. 4. H–L: Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen.

Drotvinas 1989 – D r o t v i n a s Vincentas. Dėl sudurtinių vertinių Mažosios Lietuvos žodynuose. – Baltistica 11 (1).

Drotvinas 1997 – D r o t v i n a s Vincentas. „Hallifškos Giefmes“: Zur Frühgeschichte der Halleschen Kirchenlieder in litauischer Sprache. – Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit. Festschrift für Günter Mühlpfordt. 3. Aufbruch zur Moderne. Hrsg. von Erich Donnert. Weimar–Köln–Wien: Böhlau Verlag.

Drotvinas 1998 – D r o t v i n a s Vincentas. Das Seminarium Litvanicum an der Universität Halle (1727–1740) in seinem Einfluß auf die Herausbildung der litauischen Philologie. – Hallesche Forschungen 1: Halle und Osteuropa. Zur europäischen Ausstrahlung des hallischen Pietismus. Hrsg. von Johannes Wallmann und Udo Sträter: Verlag der Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle im Max Niemeyer Verlag.

Gineitis 1990 – G i n e i t i s Leonas. Kristijonas Donelaitis ir jo epocha, Vilnius: Vaga.

Gineitis 1995 – G i n e i t i s Leonas. Prūsiškasis patriotizmas lietuvių literatūroje, Vilnius: Pradai.

Kaunas 1996 – K a u n a s Domas. Lietuviškos knygos istorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Koženiauskienė 1990 – K o ž e n i a u s k i e n ė Regina. XVII–XVIII a. prakalbos ir dedikacijos, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Lebedys 1977 – L e b e d y s Jurgis. Senoji lietuvių literatūra, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Palionis 1995 – P a l i o n i s Jonas. Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos istorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Pavlov 1972 – P a v l o v V.M. Die substantivische Zusammensetzung im Deutschen als syntaktisches Problem, München: Max Hueber Verlag.

Schiller 1994 – S c h i l l e r Christiane. Das litauische Seminar in Halle (1727–1740) und seine Mitglieder. Auf Spurensuche. – Acta Baltica 32.

Schröder 1989 – Biographisches und bibliographisches Lexicon der Fremdsprachenlehrer des deutschsprachigen Raumes. Spätmittelalter bis 1800. Bd. 2. Buchstaben D bis H. Augsburger 1×1. Schriften, hrsg. von Thomas F i n k e n s t a e d t und Konrad S c h r ö d e r. Bd. 51, Augsburg.

Skrupskelis 1967 – S k r u p s k e l i s Ignas. Lietuviai XVIII a. vokiečių literatūroje, Roma: Lietuvos katalikų mokslų akademijos leidinys.

Specht 1935 – S p e c h t Franz. Das litauische Seminar an der Universität Halle. – Archivum Philologicum, 5, Kaunas.

Winter 1954 – W i n t e r Eduard. Halle und die Pflege der litauischen Sprache. – Die Pflege der west- und südslavischen Sprachen in Halle im 18. Jahrhundert, Berlin: Academie–Verlag.

Zinkevičius 1990 – Z i n k e v i č i u s Zigmas. Kalbotyros darbai: Frydrichas Vilhelmas Hakas. – Lietuvių kalba XVIII–XIX a., Vilnius: Mokslas.

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DAS „VOCABVLARIVM LITTHVANICO-GERMANICVM, ET GERMANICO-LITTHVANICVM“ VON F.W.HAACK (HALLE, 1730)

Zusammenfassung

Das erste in Preußen gedruckte „Vocablariivm Litthvanico–Germanicvm et Germanico–Litthvanicvm“ wurde von dem Dozenten des Litauischen Seminar an der Universität Halle (1727–1740) Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (1705–1754) verfasst und als Lehrmittel der litauischen Sprache für künftige Prediger der litauischen Gemeinden in Ostpreußen vorgesehen. Für sein Inventar ist das Wortschatz der litauischen protestantischen Drucken in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 18. Jh. verwendet worden. Der litauische Teil umfaßt 4486 Lemmata mit den deutschen Entsprechungen; deutsch–litauischer Teil etwa 500 Wörter weniger. Obwohl es im „Vocablariivm“ die Illustrationen der Verwendung der litauischen Wörter, so wie die Wörter aus der litauische Umgangsprache fehlen, war es für die weitere Lexikographie im Laufe des 18. Jh. von großen Bedeutung. Das Wortschatz des „Vocablariivm“ wurde in den Wörterbüchern von Phillip Ruhig (1747), Jakob Brodowsky (vor 1744), Christian Gottlieb Mielcke (1800) benutzt.

Im Beitrag ist das litauische Wortgut nach dem Inhalt und Herkunft analysiert, z.B. sind die Substantiva am meisten die Benennungen der religiösen und abstrakten Begriffe und anderer biblischen Denotaten, auch die Berufs– und Verwandtschaftsnamen, die Namen der Pflanzen und des Viehs usw. Neben den Wörtern der litauischen Herkunft sind die Lehnübersetzungen nach dem deutschen Vorbild, so wie die lexikalischen Slavismen und einige Germanismen vorhanden. Die grammatische Charakteristik der litauischen Redeteile ist mit den traditionellen lateinischen Abkürzungen dargestellt, z.B. Genus mit Gen. M., Gen. Foem. und die Deklinationstypen mit den Nummern der Deklination für Substantiva, neben dem Modus Indicativus auch die Formen des Präsens, Praeteritum und Futurum usw.

Im Beitrag ist die Korrelation der litauischen und deutschen Wörter in dem Wörterbuch analysiert, und zwar die Gemeinschaften und die Unterschiede der Übereinstimmung der Semantik.

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