DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research areas: onomastics (the formation and origin of proper names).

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF AGRONYMS OF ANTHROPONYMIC ORIGIN IN MARIJAMPOLĖ COUNTY

Characteristic Features of the Formation of Agronyms of Anthroponymic Origin in Marijampolė County

A B S T R A C T

The article presents a detailed derivational analysis of one subclass of place names (agronyms) from the interwar period in Marijampolė County, formed from personal names, appellative designations of persons, ethnonyms, and the like. Agronyms are examined from the perspective of word formation using a classification developed for the study of hydronyms, according to which they are divided into primary and secondary forms, the latter comprising derivatives (formed with prefixes, suffixes, or endings), compounds, and complex formations. In explaining their origins, the analysis seeks the most precise possible base word (etymon) from which agronyms derive or with which they are associated. Personal names clearly predominate among these. In the area under study, they may be Lithuanian (still in use or extinct), Polish, or, in isolated cases, German lexical items.

A B S T R A C T

The article offers a detailed analysis of the formation of place names (agronyms) of one sub-class in the interwar Marijampolė County, which have been formed out of anthroponyms, appellatives names of persons, ethnonyms, etc. Agronyms are examined in the context of formation applying classification compiled for hydronyms, by which they are divided into primary and secondary, and the latter are further divided into derivatives (with prefixes, suffixes or endings), compounds and phrasal hydronyms.

K E Y W O R D S: interwar period, place names, word formation, origin, anthroponyms.

K E Y W O R D S: interwar period, place names, word formation, origin, anthroponyms.

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While clarifying the origin, the most precise primary word (etymon), from which the agronyms are derived and to which they are related is sought. Anthroponyms markedly prevail among the latter. In the investigated area, they may be the facts of the Lithuanian (still functioning or already extinct) as well as of the Polish or in certain cases of the German lexis.

0. INTRODUCTION

Few studies provide a detailed analysis of the formation of one subclass of place names in a specific region or locality. Worth mentioning are the doctoral dissertations by Ilona Mickienė (Mickienė 2001) and Nerija Bartkutė (Bartkutė 2008), which investigate areal toponymy. Among other toponym classes (subclasses), agronyms in the Telšiai and Joniškis districts have also been studied from a derivational perspective (Bartkutė 2008: 147–176; Mickienė 2001: 109–137): their most productive derivational types and more common sources of origin have been identified. An analysis of agronyms in the Telšiai district was published as a separate article (Mickienė 2006: 27–30). According to the author, such investigations reveal the derivational specifics of microregional toponyms and the derivational features characteristic of the toponym class under discussion.

Local studies are also complemented by a study of agronyms in north-central Lithuania (Endzelytė 2004: 80–89). This article discusses the currently known and extant agronyms of the Joniškis, Pakruojis, and Pasvalys districts in terms of their derivation, structure, and semantics. Place names in the territory of north-central Lithuania with the suffix –išk– (variants of both genders and numbers) are examined in another article by the same author (Endzelytė 2004a: 1–10). According to the author, the toponyms assessed from the perspective of derivation and origin are attested in all place-name classes: settlement names, names of bodies of water, and land names.

Also worth mentioning are articles by Grasilda Blažienė, which examine the field names of the Kirpėnai estate (Blažienė 1986: 37–42) and survey the names of fields, meadows, hollows, forests, hills, roads, and other features recorded in collections of Prussian names (Blažienė 2005: 27–41). The author proposes calling these toponyms, collected from written sources, land names or names of uninhabited places.

In the terminology of Slavic toponymy, the international term agronym is used to designate one type of toponym. These are names of different lands, plots of land, tracts, ploughed fields, cultivated fields, fields, and strips of land (Greek ἄγρος – field, ploughed field) (Podoļskaja 1978: 27). Since this article will discuss one subclass of place names denoting certain similar features of the land surface (ploughed fields, cultivated land, fields, pastures, meadows, plots, lands, etc.), or agronyms, the term agronym will be used consistently below. Where necessary, the terms place name, toponym will be used synonymously. It is assumed that, in further investigating agronyms derived both from appellatives and from other place names, discussing the most common ways in which formations arise, drawing conclusions about the main trends in their derivation, and so on, for stylistic

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reasons, in addition to those already mentioned, the term land name (land names) will be used in a narrow sense¹.

The article is organized according to the origin of place names (agronyms), that is, it presents place names of the same origin² but formed according to various derivational types and methods. First, primary and plural agronyms are presented, followed by all secondary agronyms formed by means of endings, suffixes, and a prefix, as well as compound and complex agronyms³. The aim is to identify derivational tendencies in agronyms of anthroponymic origin recorded from spoken language in the interwar period. The article seeks to establish the features of the aforementioned derivational types and methods in this area, identify which suffixes are used to form suffixal derivatives and how productive they are, and highlight derivational tendencies among agronyms formed by compounding and composition, among other things.

When deriving agronyms from personal names, the latter are first sought in Lithuanian anthroponymic sources: Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames (LPŽ), Dictionary of the Origins of Lithuanian Names (LVKŽ⁵), and the index of personal names in Zigmas Zinkevičius’s monograph Lithuanian Personal Names. Where needed, as in cases involving appellative designations of persons, ethnonyms, and similar categories, the electronic edition of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe) is used. A particularly important source supporting the reconstructed personal names is the alphabetical card index of historical personal names held in the collections of the Onomastics Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (IAK). It was consulted in 48 cases (~7%). This collection of personal names was also used when it was necessary to substantiate a reconstructed personal name⁴ formed on the basis of an appellative designation of a person indicating an occupation, origin, appearance, character traits, or similar features (Desetnikowa, Kalwis, Kažameks, Krewcius, Kudrys, Rymarž, Szaltyłz, Źziauciowa, etc.).

¹ The author (Sviderskienė 2005: 94) classified all the place names of one rural district in Marijampolė County into three broad groups according to the type of feature they designate: hydronyms, settlement names, and names of various other features of the land surface (ploughed fields, elevations, cultivated lands, fields, pits, peat bogs, pastures, mountains, hills, roads, fields, plains, forests, meadows, islands, paths, etc.). In the article, these latter place names, that is, the group as a whole, were called land names, on the assumption that this term best describes proper names of landforms, both larger ones (drimonims, oronyms, etc.) and smaller ones (agronyms, dromonyms, etc.). It is assumed that this position will also be maintained in the future. The term land name will be used in both a broad sense (referring to the group of features on the land surface) and a narrow sense (referring to units of one subclass of place names—agronyms).

² In terms of origin, agronyms are divided into those of clear origin (derived from personal names or from appellative designations of persons) and those of possibly dual origin.

³ The structural-grammatical classification developed by Aleksandras Vanagas for the study of hydronyms is followed (Vanagas 1970: 25).

⁴ In studying agronyms of anthroponymic origin, considerable attention is paid to the distribution data both for the appellatives and onyms from which they are derived and for the agronyms under study themselves. Reconstructed personal names are most often substantiated by historical personal names attested in the same area or nearby localities (see also Section 3).

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In addition to the cases already mentioned, other cases are also important, where the reconstructed etymon could be substantiated only by the available historical anthroponymic data, that is, by personal names that have not survived. This increases the value of the published material. Moreover, many of the explanations of the origins of the agronyms described in the article are published for the first time.

The study showed that, when searching for personal names, appellative terms for persons, or similar forms, to substantiate a base word (etymon), Polish sources of personal names (28 – ~4%)⁵ should also be mentioned, and in isolated cases, German sources (4 – ~0.6%) as well. Thus, the personal names from which the agronyms of Marijampolė County recorded during the interwar period are derived occur not only in Lithuanian, but also in the naming systems of the aforementioned languages—that is, they are not only Lithuanian, but also Polish⁶ or German personal names. It should be noted that the terms Lithuanian, Polish, German personal names refer to the totality of Lithuanian, Polish, and German personal names, rather than to their genetic origin⁷.

The analysis of agronyms is based on 725 recorded place names documented during the interwar period in thirteen rural districts of Marijampolė County⁸. The article explains the formation and origin of 627 distinct place names (recurrent lexemes account for only ~13% (98 items)). It is believed that the base words (etymons) presented here could also be regarded as the beginnings of etymologies for the place names analyzed in this article, which might supplement or even support explanations of the origins of other Lithuanian place names that have not yet been studied.

The article presents authentic land names recorded from living speech, together with their accentuation and gender variants. If, according to interwar data, a place name is unaccented or its accentuation is unclear or unreliable, it is left unaccented in the article. References identifying the named objects and their locations are provided for each place name⁹. After these, once the origin of the agronym has been explained, references to sources are given only in certain cases¹⁰, in order to avoid repetition.

This study of areal toponymy begins with an analysis of primary and plural agronyms.

⁵ In this and other cases, to express the study’s results not only as numbers but also as percentages, the number of representatives is given first in parentheses, followed by a dash and the percentage.

⁶ Vitalija Maciejauskienė was the first to draw attention to the Lithuanian layer of toponyms, which attests to the close links between Lithuanian and Polish onymy (Maciejauskienė 2006: 218–236). The onomastician described the importance of Polish surnames and other personal names in explaining the origins of some of the place names included in the Dictionary of Lithuanian Place Names (hereafter LVŽ).

⁷ Plačiau žr. Maciejauskienė (1997: 108–109).

⁸ Plačiau apie tarpukario Lietuvos anketų duomenis žr. Sviderskienė (2005: 93).

⁹ The already compiled lists of LVŽ abbreviations were used.

¹⁰ References are provided to the alphabetical card index of historical personal names held in the collections of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Department of Names (abbreviated IAK), as well as to several collections (dictionaries) of Polish and German anthroponymy and dictionaries of appellative vocabulary in these languages, many of which comprise multiple volumes. A list of the abbreviations corresponding to these references is provided at the end of the article, alongside references to other sources.

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1. AGRONYMS DERIVED FROM PERSONAL NAMES

In Marijampolė County, 549 of them have been recorded (~76% of all place names selected for the study).

1.1. Primary agronyms

These are agronyms that have not acquired additional formants in the derivational process. These place names are identical in form to the personal names from which they are derived: Barbāra e.g., Lbv: personal name *Barbara, cf. Polish name Barbara (SIP 44), Polish surname Barbara (SNP I 171); Bagdžius e.g., Gdl: surname Bāgdžius, Bagdžius¹¹; Brūžikas field name Vv: surname Brūžikas¹².

One plural agronym, the so-called pluralia tantum, has been recorded. Its formal derivational marker is number: Duōbiniai e.g., Ldvn: surname Duōbinis.

1.2. Derived forms

1.2.1. Suffixless derivatives. The derivational feature of these derivatives is the ending, which is associated with a change in gender. Derivatives with the endings -a and -ė(s), derived from personal names, have been recorded: -a: Kasčiuk-a e.g., Igl: surname Kasčiūkas; -ė(s): Alvitišk-ė e.g., Klvr: personal name *Alvitiškis, cf. personal name Stanislauм Alwiciel3kaitis 1631 (IAK); Baranaūsk-ė e.g., Klvr: surname Baranaūskas or similar; Delnick-ė e.g., Prn: surname Delnickas; Gōtlib-ė e.g., Gdl: surname Gōtlibis; Graīn-ė e.g., Igl: surname Grainys; Grīn-ė e.g., Igl: surname Grīnius; Rol-ė e.g., Krsn: surname Rolys; Šmarlak-es e.g., Prn: personal name *Šmarlakas or similar, cf. personal name Jurgis Szmorlak 1629 (IAK); Šeškausk-ė e.g., Klvr: surname Šeškauskas or similar.

1.2.2. Priesagų vediniai. Jų darybai naudojama 20 priesagų (skaičiuojant abiejų giminių ir skaičių variantus): 14 lietuviškos (baltiškos) kilmės -aitė, -ėlis, -iena, -ienė, -ija, -inė(s), -inis, -ynė, -iškė(s), -iškiai, -iškis, -lė, -okas ir 8 slaviškos kilmės -anas, -auka, -ava, -avas, -čizna, -enk-, -k-, -ova. Agronimai toliau teikiami abėcėliškai, pagal priesagas: -aitė: Dibišk-aitė pv. Lbv: avd. *Dibiška ar pan., plg. avd. Dibā (Zinkevičius 2008: 576), lenk. pvd. Diba (SNP II 423); Kratuk-aitė ar. Vv: avd. *Kratukas ar pan., plg. pvd. Kratiūkas; -anas: Kališ-anas ar. Klvr: pvd. Kališius;

¹¹ The meadow name could also be regarded as a derivative with the ending -(i)us from the surname Bagdýs.

¹² The name of the flatland could apparently also be analyzed as a derivative with the suffix -ikas from the surname Brūžas.

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-auka: Nan-áuka in the district of Ldvn: farmstead name Nanis, Nanỹs; -ava: Scin-avà in the village of Lbv: farmstead name *Scina or surname, cf. farmstead name Scìnskas; -avas: Kasper-āvas in the village of Lbv: farmstead name Kāsperas; -čižna: Dumašev-čižna in the district of Prn: farmstead name *Dumaševas or surname, cf. (?) Russian surname Думашов (SA II 364), surname Dumašius; -ėlis: Martyn-ėlis in the district of Ldvn: farmstead name Martýnas; -enk-: Žōj-enkos a village, farmstead name in Klvr – probably related to the Polish personal name Zoja (SIP 432–433); -iena: Glambok-iena in the village of Igl: surname Glambokas; Kabak-iena in the district of KzR: surname Kābakas; Palčijon-iena in the village of Igl: farmstead name *Palčijonis or surname, cf. surname Palcas; -ienė: Aud-ienė in the district of KzR: farmstead name *Audys or surname, cf. Polish surname Auda (SNP I 94), surname Audickas; -ija: Grič-ijà in the village of Igl: surname Gričius; -inė(s): Abrom-inė woodland in Mrj district: farmstead name Abrōmas; Aiduk-inė woodland, village in Igl: surname Aidūkas or similar; Arminait-inė woodland in Mrj district: surname Armináitis; Bender-inė in Mrj village: surname Bẽnderis; Bielsk-inė in Mrj village: surname Bíelskis or similar;

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-ynė: Abrom-ynė (|| Žydynė) 1. in Mrj: farmstead name Abrõmas; Alaburd-ynė in the district of Vv: surname Alabùrda; Aleksait-ynė or. in KzR: surname Aleksáitis; Ališausk-ynė in a village: surname Ališáuskas or similar; Andriulait-ynė woodland in Ldvn district: surname Andriuláitis; Andriuš-ynė (|| Bačynė) or., village in KzR: surname Andriušis; Antan-ynė or. in Klvr, woodland in Mrj district, village in KzR: see Antãnas; Avižien-ynė in the district: surname Avižienis or similar; Ažuolait-ynė in a village: surname Ažuoláitis; Babijon-ynė woodland in Vv district: surname Babijõnas; Bacevič-ynė or. in Klvr: surname Bacẽvičius; Bač-ynė (|| Andriušynė) or., village in KzR: surname Bačỹs; Baltait-ynė woodland in KzR district: surname Baltáitis; Baltrukon-ynė or., woodland in Mrj district: surname Baltrukónis; Baluk-ynė woodland in Ss district: farmstead name *Balukas or similar, cf. surname Balukẽvičius; Barisausk-ynė woodland, village in KzR: surname Barisáuskas; Barkausk-ynė in Klvr village: surname Barkáuskas or similar; Bartušk-ynė in the village of Igl: surname Bartuška; Baumon-ynė 1. in Ss: surname Baũmonas; Bazil-ynė or. in KzR, village in Igl: surname Bazìlius; Belick-ynė in Ss district: surname Belìckas; Bubel-ynė in Ss village: surname Bùbelis; Bùčait-ynė in Ss district: surname Bučaitis; Bučinsk-ynė woodland in Mrj district: surname Bučinskas or similar; Car-ynė or. in KzR: farmstead name *Carys or similar, cf. Polish surname Caris (SNP II 13); Čirvinsk-ynė woodland, village in Ss: surname Čirvinskas or similar; Damansk-ynė in Klvr village: surname Damánskas or similar; Degut-ynė or. in KzR: surname Degùtis, cf. Lithuanian degùtis, -ė, one who makes tar, engages in tar-making; Dembinsk-ynė woodland, village in Ss: surname Dembinskas; Draugel-ynė or., village in KzR: surname Draugẽlis; Doyd-ynė or. in Šil: farmstead name Dõydas; Dubick-ynė woodland, village in Ss: surname Dubickas or similar; Ferenc-ynė in Klvr village: surname Fèrenca or similar; Frank-ynė in KzR village: surname Fránka or similar; Garkausk-ynė in KzR district: surname Garkáuskas; Gelėž-ynė in Klvr village: surname Gelẽžius; Girait-ynė woodland, village in Mrj: surname Girãitis; Gražul-ynė in Klvr village: surname Gražùlis; Grig-ynė in Ss district: farmstead name Grìgas; Grin-ynė in Mrj village: farmstead name Grìnius; Grisk-ynė 1., village in Lbv: surname Grìška; Gutausk-ynė woodland in KzR district: surname Gutáuskas or similar; Jakait-ynė 1. in Lbv: surname Jakáitis; Jakšt-ynė in Ss district: surname Jãkštas; Janulait-ynė woodland in Mrj district: surname Januláitis; Janut-ynė 1. in Ss: surname Janùtis; Jãsait- ynė in Ss district: surname Jasáitis; Jaudeg-ynė or. in Mrj: surname Jáudegis; Jer-ynė woodland in Mrj district: surname Jerỹs; Jes-ynė in Ss village: surname Jesỹs; Jonkait-ynė in Ldvn district: surname Jonkáitis; Jurg-ynė woodland in KzR district: see Jùrgis; Jūr-ynė woodland, village in Igl: surname Jū̃ras; Jurgelevič-ynė woodland in Lbv district: surname Jurgelẽvičius; Jurgel-ynė woodland in Mrj district: surname Jur̃gelis or similar; Jurkš-ynė in Ss district: surname Jur̃kšas or similar; Jusel-ynė woodland in Mrj district: surname Jùselis; Jušk-ynė woodland in Igl district: surname Juška; Kačion-ynė in Ss village: surname Kačiõnis or similar; Kasparait-ynė woodland in KzR district: surname Kasparáitis; Kazl-ynė or. in KzR: surname Kãzlas; Kerut-ynė or., woodland in KzR district: surname Kerùtis; Konstant-ynė woodland in KzR district: personal name Konstantìnas; Kvietkausk-ynė or. in KzR: surname Kviet-káuskas or similar; Lazausk-ynė or. in Šil: surname Lazáuskas; Leib-ynė woodland in Ss district: farmstead name *Leibys or similar, cf. farmstead name Andrea Leybus 1685–1731 (IAK); Listapėdsk-ynė in KzR village: surname Listapėdskas; Mač-ynė woodland in Ss district, woodland in KzR district: surname Mačỹs; Matuk-ynė woodland, village in KzR: farmstead name Matùkas; Maus-ynė 1. in Ldvn, village in Mrj: farmstead name *Mausis or similar, cf. farmstead name Wojciech Mauszas 1662 (IAK); Mažet-ynė woodland in Ss district: surname Mažė̃tis; Mejer-ynė farmstead in Vv district: surname Mejeris or similar; Mendel-ynė in Lbv village: surname Meñdelis; Migausk-ynė 1., village in Klvr: surname Migáuskas or similar; Miliausk-ynė (also Miliauckynė) woodland in Mrj district: surname Miliáuskas or

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etc.; Minuk-ynė farmstead Mrj: surname *Minukas, cf. surname Miniùkas; Mokol-ynė village, inhabited place Mrj: surname Mõkola or similar; Motiej-ynė farmstead, inhabited place KzR: personal name Motiejus; Navik-ynė inhabited place Šil: surname Navìkas; Neimon-ynė farmstead, inhabited place Ss: surname Neĩmonas; Oliadrisk-ynėinhabited place Mrj: surname *Oliadriskis, cf. surname Òlis and Lith. drìskis, -ė, drìskius, -ė, ‘ragged’; Ol-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname Òlis; Pilyp-ynėinhabited place Klvr: surname Pilỹpas; Plėčkait-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname Plečkaitis; Rapuk-ynėinhabited place KzR: surname *Rapukas, cf. surname Daniel Rapukienas 1678 (IAK); Raudon-ynėinhabited place Klvr: surname Raudonis or similar; Raul-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR, site Mrj: surname Raũlas; Ražānsk-ynėvillage, inhabited place Šil: surname Ražānskas; Rubinsk-ynėfarmstead Vv: surname Rubìnskas or similar; Rupeik-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Klvr: surname Rupeĩkis or similar; Rūšk-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname Rūškys; Rutkausk-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname Rutkāuskas or similar; Senk-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname Señkus; Silvestr-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: personal name Silvèstras or similar; Skink-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname Skiñkis, Skinỹs; Skuč-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname Skučas or similar; Smail-ynėvillage KzR: surname Smailỹs; Smalensk-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname Smalénskas; Stalakoj-ynėfarmstead Ss: surname Stalakójis; Šab-ynėinhabited place Ss: surname Šãbas; Ščiuk-ynėinhabited place Klvr: surname Ščiùka or similar; Šmerk-ynėinhabited place KzR: surname *Šmerkys or similar, cf. Polish surname Szmerk, Szmerka (SNP IX 306); Šnarsk-ynė(also Šnarckynė) village, inhabited place KzR: surname Šnárskis; Šneider-ynėinhabited place KzR: surname Šneĩderis; Šumausk-ynėfarmstead Šil: surname Šumāuskas or similar; Tamoš-ynėvillage Mrj: surname Tamošius; Taput-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Ss: surname Taputỹs; Traškausk-ynėvillage KzR: surname Traškāuskas; Ulčinsk-ynėfarmstead Ss: surname Ulčinskas or similar; Vaitkevič-ynėfarmstead Ss: surname Vaitkevičius; Vasiliausk-ynėinhabited place Lbv: surname Vasiliāuskas or similar; Veličk-ynėfarmstead Igl: surname Velička; Vil imait-ynėfarmstead Ss: surname Vil imáitis; Virbick-ynėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname Virbickas; Vyšniausk-ynėfarmstead Ss: surname Vyšniáuskas or similar; Zelik-ynėvillage, inhabited place KzR: surname *Zelikis or similar, cf. Polish surname Zelik (SNP X 476), also cf. surname Beniamin Zel ikewicz 1810 (IAK); Žebrausk-ynėfarmstead Ss: Žebrāuskas or similar; -inis: Bazil-inisfarmstead Ss: surname Bazìlius; -iškė(s): Abrõm-iškėinhabited place Gdl: surname Abrõmas; Adõm-iškėsinhabited place Ldvn: surname Adõmas; Ainor-iškėsinhabited place Prn: surname Ainõris; Akėl-iškėinhabited place Ldvn: surname Akėlis; Aksón-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Klvr: surname Aksónas; Aleksyn-iškėvillage Šil: surname Aleksýnas; Ančiõr-iškėsinhabited place Ldvn: surname *Ančioris or similar, cf. surname Jančiora, Polish surname Anczar (SNP I 44); Andžión-iškėinhabited place Ldvn: surname *Andžionis, cf. surname Christophorus Andzionis 1679 (IAK); Apatkin-iškėvillage Šil: surname *Apatkinis or similar, cf. Russian surname Апаткин (SA I 370); Apraim-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname *Apraimas, cf. surname Efraim (SIP 322); Ašmin-iškėinhabited place Prn: surname *Ašminis or similar, cf. Mathias Aſzminskas 1685–1731 (IAK); Ašmon-iškėfarmstead Mrj: surname Ašmona, Ašmonas; Ausen-iškėvillage Ss: surname Ausėnas; Bagdõn-iškėvillage Klvr: surname Bagdõnas; Bagdž-iškėinhabited place Igl: surname Bãgdžius or similar; Baliūn-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Baliūnas; Ba lk-iškėvillage, inhabited place Klvr: surname Bãlkus or similar; Baltok-iškėinhabited place Šil: surname Baltókas; Baltráit-iškėvillage Krsn: surname Baltráitis; Barbėn-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname *Barbėnas, cf. personal name Barbė; Bārtel-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Klvr: surname Bārtelis; Bautr-iškėinhabited place Klvr:

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surname *Bautrusor similar, cf. surname Catharinam Bawtrucia 1691–1672 (IAK); Bazil-iškėsvillage Šil: surname Bazilius; Belgird-iškėfarmstead Prn: surname Belgirdas; Bendār-iškėsfarmstead, farmstead hamlet Lbv: surname *Bendaris or similar, cf. surname Martinus Bendaris 1652–1672 (IAK); Bendorait-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Brb: surname Bendoráitis; Benedikt-iškėvillage Krsn: personal name Benediktas; Bergel-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Bėrgelis or similar; Bér-iškėinhabited place Gdl: surname Béris; Bērnot-iškėfarmstead Krsn: surname Bērnota or similar; Bielėvič-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Gdl: surname Bielėvičius; Bìgel-iškėinhabited place Klvr, inhabited place, site Ldvn: surname Bìgelis; Bilbōk-iškėinhabited place Lbv: surname Bìlbokas; Bìž-iškėinhabited place Ldvn: surname Bižys; Blionc- -iškėsfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname *Blioncius or similar, cf. (?) surname Blionskis; Bòbin-iškėvillage, inhabited place Klvr: surname Bòbina or similar; Botýr-iškėvillage, inhabited place Gdl, inhabited place Klvr: surname Botýrius; Braìdž-iškėinhabited place Krsn: surname *Braidžius or similar, cf. surname Nicolaus Braydzius 1604 (IAK); Braūk-iškėfarmstead Klvr: surname Braukýs or similar; Brìl-iškėinhabited place Lbv: surname Brìlius; Bukaun-iškėinhabited place Igl: surname *Bukaunis or similar, cf. (?) surname Bukāvičius or similar; Bulot-iškėsinhabited place Igl: surname Bùlota or similar; Buñk-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Bunkis or similar; Čepùl-iškėinhabited place Krsn: surname Čepùlis; Dapkiūn-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Dapkiūnas; Denkēvič-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname Denkēvičius; Dìdbal-iškėinhabited place Lbv: surname *Didbalis, cf. surname Dìdžbalis; Dìmš-iškėinhabited place Ldvn: surname Dìmša; Drángin-iškėvillage, inhabited place Gdl: surname Dránginis; Gaĩm-iškėvillage Brb: surname Gaĩmus; Galìn-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Galìnis; Gavėn-iškėsite Klvr: surname Gavėnas; Géldot-iškėinhabited place Ss: surname Géldotas or similar; Grìg-iškėinhabited place Klvr, Grig-iškėsvillage Ss: surname Grigas; Grigon-iškėfarmstead Šil, site Prn: surname Grigónis; Grūb-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname *Grūbis or similar, cf. (?) surname Grùbis, Grubýs; Gurevič-iškėvillage Krsn: surname Gurėvičius; Ìl-iškėinhabited place Prn: surname Ìlius; Yl-iškėsinhabited place Prn: surname Ýla; Ymant-iškėinhabited place Vv: surname *Ymantas or similar, cf. surname Imant (SIP 178); Ind-iškėinhabited place KzR: surname Ìnda; Ivoš-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname *Ivošius or similar, cf. surname Ivoškà; Jùc-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Jùcius or similar; Jakučion-iškėsite Prn: surname Jakučiónis; Jenkel-iškėinhabited place Krsn: surname Jenkelis; Kačiùl-iškėvillage Brb: surname Kačiùlis; Kalēd-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname Kalėdà; Kamenč-iškėinhabited place Lbv: surname *Kamenčius or similar, cf. (?) Polish surname Kamienczak (SNP IV 461); Karal-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Karālius; Kātar-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Mrj: surname *Kataris, cf. surname Stanislaw Katarunes 1638 (IAK); Kavaliauč-iškė(< *Kavaliauciškė < *Kavaliauckiškė < *Kavaliauskiškė) inhabited place Ldvn: surname Kavaliaúskas or similar; Kazel-iškėinhabited place Igl: surname Kazēlis; Kazlaūč-iškė(< *Kazlaūciškė < *Kazlaūčkiškė < *Kazlaūskiškė) village Vv: surname Kazlaūskas or similar; Kaz-ìškėvillage Mrj: surname Kažýs; Kirìėl-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Kirìėlius; Kisiėl-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Kisiėlius; Kubelč-iškė(< *Kubelciškė < *Kubelckiškė < *Kubelskiškė) village Gdl: surname Kubélskas or similar; Kùdab-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Kùdaba; Kuk-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place KzR: surname Kùkas; Labùl-iškėsinhabited place Ldvn: surname Labùlis; Lang-iškėfarmstead Vv: surname Lángis; Lank-iškėinhabited place Klvr: surname Lankis; Lātu-iškėfarmstead Vv: surname Latvýs; Lebed-iškėsite Prn: surname Lebedýs or similar; Leimon-iškėsfarmstead, inhabited place Igl: surname Leĩmonas; Lenc-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place Brb: surname Lèncas; Lietūvn-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname *Lietūnis or similar, cf. surname Lietuvnikas; Lipinč-iškė(< *Lipinciškė < *Lipinckiškė < *Lipinskiškė) farmstead Gdl: surname

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Lipińskas; Lukaševič-iškė village. Klvr: surname Lukaševičius; Lukin-iškės village, homestead. Lbv: personal name *Lukinis or similar; cf. Polish surname Łukin (SNP VI 76); Lukoš-iškė homestead. Prn: surname Lukošius; Mačiulion-iškė homestead. Igl: surname Mačiuliónis; Malažinč-iškė (< *Malažinčiškė < *Malažinckiškė < *Malažinškiškė) farmstead. Ss: surname Malažinskas; Martyn-iškė homestead. Klvr: personal name Martýnas or similar; Mažeik-iškė village. Gdl: surname Mažéika; Medel-iškės homestead. Prn: surname Medẽlis; Mikelion-iškė homestead. Klvr: surname Mikeliónis or similar; Miketón-iškė homestead. Lbv: personal name *Miketonis or similar; cf. Lithuanian mikė́tis ‘one who stammers, stutters, gets stuck while speaking’; Mil-iškė (|| Navickiškė) farmstead, homestead. Krsn: personal name Mìlius; Miniūk-iškė homestead. Krsn: surname Miniūkas; Misel-iškė homestead. Gdl: surname Miselis; Misiūn-iškės homestead. Ldvn: surname Misiūnas; Miškin-iškės farmstead. Prn: surname Miškinis; Mockapetr-iškė farmstead. Prn: surname Mõckapetris; Motiej-iškė homestead. Prn: personal name Motiejus; Nagaž-iškė homestead. Ldvn: personal name *Nagažis or similar; cf. Polish surname Nagażyna (SNP VI 526); Naujāl-iškė homestead. Lbv: surname Naujālis; Navičk-iškė (|| Mìlišḱė) farmstead, homestead. Krsn: surname Navičkas or similar; Navik-iškė homestead. Ldvn: surname Navikas; Palion-iškė homestead. Šil: surname Paliónis; Paūl-iškė homestead. Klvr: personal name Paūlius; Pečiūl-iškė homestead. Lbv: surname Pečiūlis; Pėtr-iškės homestead. Klvr: village Pėtras; Pietėl-iškė homestead. Ldvn: surname Pietėlis; Pilȳp-iškės homestead. Lbv: personal name Pilȳpas; Pȳl-iškė homestead. Klvr: surname Pȳlis; Plautūč-iškė || Plautut-iškė homestead. Krsn: personal name *Plautūčius, *Plautūtis or similar; cf. surname Plaučiūnas, personal name Plauczyc 1616 (IAK); Prabul-iškė homestead. Klvr: surname Prabūlis; Prank-iškė farmstead, homestead. Prn: surname Pránka; Radūš-iškė homestead. Ss: surname Radūšis; Rakuč-iškė farmstead. Klvr: personal name *Rakučius or similar; cf. Polish surname Rakuć (SNP VIII 36); Raūl-iškės homestead. Lbv: personal name Raūlas; Ražānč-iškė (< *Ražānčiškė < *Ražānckiškė < *Ražānškiškė) farmstead. Gdl: surname Ražānskas; Saduk-iškė farmstead, homestead. Gdl: surname Sadūkas; Salanek-iškė homestead. Prn: surname Salanekas; Savùl-iškė homestead. Krsn: surname Savùlis; Serẽd-iškė homestead. Klvr: surname Serẽdis or similar; Simanait-iškė homestead. Prn: surname Simanáitis; Simanáuč-iškės (< *Simanáuciškės < *Simanáuckiškės < *Simanáuskiškės) homestead. Lbv: surname Simanáuskas or similar; Skap-iškė homestead. Igl: surname Skāpas; Skarlūn-iškės homestead. Igl: personal name *Skarlūnas or similar; cf. Baltromiev Skarliavitis 1619 (IAK), also cf. Skarla (SNP VIII 442); Smẽlstor-iškė homestead. Ldvn: surname Smẽlstorius; Smetõn-iškė homestead. Klvr: surname Smetõnius or similar; Sodon-iškė farmstead. Šil: surname Sodónis; Stān-iškės homestead. Lbv: surname Stanȳs or similar; Stegniūn-iškė village, homestead. Gdl: surname Stegniūnas; Strukānč-iškė (|| Strukānčiškė) homestead. Igl: personal name *Strukānčius or similar; cf. (?) personal name Marianna Strukanayczia 1764–1786 (IAK); Strukānc-iškė (|| Striukānčiškė) homestead. Igl: personal name *Strukāncius or similar; cf. (?) Polish surname Strukan (SNP IX 109); Svitaj-iškėfarmstead. Klvr: personal name *Svitajus or similar; cf. Polish surname Switaj (SNP IX 181); Šaln-iškė homestead. Mrj: surname Šalnà; Šapal-iškė homestead. Igl, Prn: surname Šapalis or similar; Šerėl-iškė village. Klvr: surname Šerẽlis; Šklēr-iškė village, homestead. Brb: surname Šklērius; Švern-iškė homestead. Klvr: personal name *Šverny s or similar; cf. Polish surname Szwerner (SNP IX 385); Tamùl-iškėfarmstead, village, homestead. Brb: surname Tamùlis; Treb-iškė farmstead. Vv: surname Trebas or similar; Tuinȳl-išlė farmstead. Krsn: surname Tuinylà; Ubar-iškė farmstead. Šil: personal name *Ubaras, cf. surname Ubaraūskis; Ukėl-iškė farmstead. Ldvn: surname Ukelis; Uliau š-iškė homestead. Šil: personal name *Uliau-

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šius or similar; cf. surname Uliáuskas; Uok-iškė homestead. Lbv: surname Uoka; Urbanč-iškė farmstead. Gdl: personal name *Urbančius or similar; cf. surname Urbantas; Ūrlik-iškė homestead. Krsn: surname Ūrlikas; Ūtman-iškė village, homestead. Gdl: surname Ūtmanas; Vaitkūn-iškė homestead. Ldvn: surname Vaitkūnas; Valiūk-iškė homestead. Igl: surname Valiūkas; Varnágir-iškė farmstead. Ldvn: surname Varnagìris or similar; Vasil-iškė farmstead. Klvr: surname Vasilis or similar; Vekč-iškė farmstead. Klvr: personal name *Vekčius or similar; cf. Lithuanian vekčioti, -iója, -iójo ‘to fidget’; Verbyl-iškė village, homestead. Gdl: surname Verbylà; Vie-vēr-iškė homestead. Krsn: surname Viēveris; Vilnón-iškė homestead. Brb: surname Vilnónis; -iškis, -iškiai: Baĩn-iškis homestead. Ldvn: surname Baĩnis or similar; Brīd-iškis homestead. Mrj: personal name *Bridys or similar; cf. Polish surname Brida (SNP I 484), surname Bridžius; Bubn-iškiai farmstead, homestead. Brb: surname Bubnys; Dūd-iškis farmstead. Prn: surname Dūdà; Dzing-iškis homestead. Ldvn: surname Dzinga; Juozel-iškiai homestead. Igl: personal name Juozėlis; Krivìn-iškis homestead. Igl: personal name *Krivinis, cf. Polish surname Krzywiń (SNP V 349), surname Krivinskas; Kuriel-iškis homestead. Ldvn: personal name *Kurielis or similar; cf. Polish surname Kurieła (SNP V 438); Laumak-iškis homestead. Igl: surname Laũmakis; Legẽnz-iškis homestead. Brb: surname Lėgenza; Manel-iškis homestead. Klvr: surname Manẽlis; Mańtvil-iškis homestead. Mrj: surname Mańtvila or similar; Marcin-iškiai (also Marciniški) farmstead, homestead. Lbv: surname Marcinas; Motiej-iškis farmstead. Ldvn: personal name Motiejus; Pakrūop-iškis homestead. Klvr: surname Pakrūopis; Paulel-iškis homestead. Mrj: personal name Paulėlis; Petr-iškis homestead. Gdl: village Pėtras; Rūd-iškis homestead. Ldvn: surname Rūdis or similar; Stōkn-iškis homestead. Ss: surname Stoknius or similar; Šipel-iškis homestead. Igl: surname Šipelis; Švern-iškė homestead. Klvr: personal name *Švermys or similar; cf. Polish personal name Szwerner (SNP IX 385); Žynel-iškis farmstead, homestead. Ss: surname Žynėlis; -k-: Danìl-k-a homestead. KzR: surname Danilà; David-k-a homestead. Lbv: surname Dãvidas; Mari-ján-k-a homestead. Lbv: personal name *Marijana or similar; cf. Polish surname Marian (SNP VI 201), village Marijonà, surname Marjánskas; Tomaš-k-à homestead. Lbv: surname Tomašius; -lė: Šnapšt-lė farmstead. Gdl: surname Šnapštys or similar; -okas: Šver-okas homestead. Brb: surname Šverys; -ova: Lapuk-òva homestead. Lbv: surname Lapùkas.

Data on the productivity of the suffixes found in the agronyms studied are provided in Table 1 of the appendix, where suffixes are classified by origin and arranged according to the number of derivatives. The table shows that the most productive suffixes in the formation of agronyms derived from personal names are -iškė(s) (167 — ~44%) and -ynė (122 — ~33%); somewhat less productive are -inė(s) (46 — ~12%) and -iškis, -iškiai (22 — ~6%). Only isolated examples attest to the variety of other Lithuanian (Baltic) and Slavic suffixes mentioned.

The most productive agronym suffixes containing -in-, -išk- perform a possessive function. Derivatives in -ynė formed from personal names denote places where people live or have lived in the area under study (cf. Ambrazas 2000: 55).

The study showed that Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes predominate in the formation of agronyms, while few derivatives are formed with Slavic suffixes.

1.2.3. Only one prefixed derivative is recorded — Pa-lišenkÿs homestead. Lbv: personal name *Lišenka or similar; cf. Polish surname Liszeńska (SNP V 616).

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1.3. Compound agronyms (compounds)

Since compounds are determinative formations¹³, whose first constituent¹⁴ defines or specifies the second, attention is directed to the second, defining constituent. An examination of the second constituents of compounds revealed that they are common nouns: 1) various physiographic and topographic terms (balà, daržas, kálnas, kãmpas, laũkas, miškas, pieva, raistas, šaltinis, ùpė, vietà); 2) names of objects and other designations associated with the human environment, activity, etc. (alksnynas ‘alder forest, small alder grove’, márgas ‘measure of land’, pagirỹs ‘edge of a forest; field beside a forest’, pìlvas ‘a protrusion or swelling on an object’; pošnė ‘field, cultivated land; crops’; skynimas, skýnimas ‘a cleared, felled area of forest’). It should be noted that agronyms whose second constituents are some of the latter lexemes may be metaphorical.

The compounds are presented below in alphabetical order according to their second constituents:

-alksnyn-: Biélk-alksnynis field, Ss: cf. surn. Biėlkus or the like; -bal-: Adõm-balė meadow, Lbv: pers. name Adõmas; Ánz-a-balė meadow, Lbv: cf. pers. name Ánza; Bakš-iā-balė meadow, Krsn: cf. surn. Bakšỹs; Barỹs-balė meadow, Krsn: cf. pers. name Barỹsas; Brazak-balėmeadow, Mrj: pers. name *Brazakas or the like, cf. Polish surn. Brazek, Brzezak (SNP I 472, 521), Brzozak (ibid., 525); Bùtk-a-balė meadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Bùtkus or the like; Čerešk-ā-balė meadow, Lbv: cf. pers. name Čereškà; Česn-a-balis meadow, Prn: cf. pers. name Česnà; Čiáušk-a-balėmeadow, Krsn: cf. pers. name Čiáuška; Daũkš-ia-balėmeadow, Mrj: cf. pers. name Daukšỹs or the like; Derėnič-balėmeadow, Lbv: cf. pers. name Dėrenčius; Dìl-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. pers. name Dìlius; Dulinsk-a-balė (also Dulಿನckabalė) meadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Dulinskas; Gavien-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. pers. name Gavienas; Gib-a-balė || Gi-balė (also < Gib-balė) meadow, Klvr: cf. pers. name Gìbas; Grablik-a-balėmeadow, Krsn: cf. surn. Grãblikas; Graiči-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Graičius; Grìšk-a-balėsmeadow, Krsn: cf. pers. name Grìškà; Guod-balėmeadow, Krsn: cf. pers. name Guoda; Ìrš- -a-balėmeadow, Krsn: pers. name *Irša or the like, cf. pers. name Joannes Irſza 1671 (IAK); Jãs-ia-balėmeadow, Krsn: cf. surn. Jãsius or the like; Jõkš-balėmeadow, Gdl: cf. pers. name Jõkšas or the like; Jõn-balėmeadow, Krsn: village of Jõnas; Jùrg-a-balėmeadow, Gdl; Jùrg-ia-balėmeadow, Krsn: village of Jùrgis; Kalėd-balėmeadow, Ldvn: cf. pers. name Kalėdà; Kalėdž-balėmeadow, Ldvn: pers. name *Kalėdžius or the like, cf. surn. Kalėdà; Katarsk-a-balėmeadow, Gdl: cf. surn. Katárskis; Kerùt-a-balė (also Kerùčabalė) meadow, Krsn: cf. surn. Kerùtis; Kėž-a-balėmeadow, Gdl: pers. name *Kėzas or the like, cf. surn. Kéželis, pers. name Stanislawowi Kieżiź 1565 (IAK); Kliuč-balėmeadow, Mrj: cf. surn. Kliūčius; Lapinsk-a-balėmeadow, Gdl: cf. surn. Lapìnskas or the like; Levón-balėmeadow.

¹³ Dėl termino žr. DLKG (1996: 151); Gaivenis, Keinys (1990: 196); Urbutis (1978: 173).

¹⁴ In this section, the source of the first constituents of compound agronyms is, in every case, a personal name.

¹⁵ The origin of the second constituents and components balà, daržas, duobė, kálnas, kãmpas, kãpai, kãpinės, krántas (krántas), lankà, laũkas, miškas, pieva, raistas, šaltinis, ùpė, vietà, žẽmė, which recur particularly frequently and derive from geographical nomenclature terms widespread throughout the Lithuanian language and their diminutive forms (see 4.1, 4.2), is not discussed in the article.

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Ldvn: pers. name Lev onas; Makaúsk-a-balė (also Makaúckabalė) meadow, Lbv: cf. surn. Makaúskas; Māt-a-balėmeadow, Klvr: pers. name Mãtas; Nẽmur-balėmeadow, Mrj: cf. surn. Nẽmuras or the like; Noc-iã-balėvillage, county, Lbv: cf. surn. Nocỹs; Padel-balỹsmeadow, Brb: pers. name *Padelis or the like, cf. pers. name Padeleytis 1704 (IAK); Pálš-ia-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Pálšis or the like; Paũl-ia-balėmeadow, Ldvn: pers. name Paũlius; Pētr-a-balėmeadow, Lbv: village of Pētras; Plauč-ia-balėmeadow, Krsn: pers. name *Plaučius or the like, cf. pers. name Plauczyc 1616 (IAK); Puzin-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Pūzina or the like; Rōž-balėmeadow, Lbv: cf. pers. name Róžas; Saliamón-balėmeadow, Lbv: cf. surn. Saliamonas; Sausān-balėmeadow, Lbv: pers. name *Sausanas or the like, cf. pers. name Sawsiąs second half of the 16th c. (IAK), surn. Sausanãvičius; Slavik-balėmeadow, Klvr: cf. surn. Slavikas; Smaits-balė (also < Smaitskbalė) meadow, Krsn: cf. surn. Smaitskis; Šāb-a-balėmeadow, Mrj: cf. surn. Šābas; Šilan-balėmeadow, Mrj: pers. name *Šilanas, cf. surn. Šilánskas; Šipūn-balėmeadow, Ldvn: pers. name *Šipūnas, cf. surn. Šipas, Šipūlis; Šlek-balėmeadow, Mrj: cf. surn. Šlekỹs; Štuk-ia-balėmeadow, Igl: cf. surn. Štukà or the like, cf. German pers. names Stucke, Stuke, Stugk (Gottschald 1954: 560–561); Tranciūn-balėmeadow, Lbv: pers. name *Tranciūnas, cf. Polish surn. Tranc (SNP IX 573); Tričk-a-balėmeadow, Lbv: pers. name *Trička, cf. Polish surn. Triczka (SNP IX 584); Valiūn-balėmeadow, Gdl: cf. surn. Valiúnas; Žiūžǯd-a-balėmeadow, Ldvn: cf. pers. name Žiūǯždà; –darž-: Adom-daržisfield, KzR: village of Adōmas; Jurk-a-daržismeadow, Igl: cf. surn. Jurkus or the like; Liauk-a-daržisfield, Igl: cf. surn. Liáukas; Marāž-daržisfarmland, Klvr: cf. surn. Marāžas; Mauš-ia-daržisfield, Ss: pers. name *Maušis or the like, cf. pers. name Wojciech Mauszas 1662 (IAK); Saldūk-daržisfield, Mrj: cf. surn. Saldūkas; Šaln-ā-daržiscounty, KzR: cf. pers. name Šalnà; Šyvōk-daržisfield, Gdl: cf. surn. Šyvōkas; Vasil-daržismeadow, Ss: cf. surn. Vasilis or the like; –died-: Step-ā-diedisfield, Gdl: village of Stēpas; –kaln-: Baidō-kalnis (< *Baidok-kalnis) county, Krsn: cf. surn. Baidōkas; Dal-i-kalniscounty, Klvr: pers. name Dalis (Zinkevičius 2008: 593) or the like; Jezupat-kalniscounty, Klvr: pers. name *Jezupatas or the like, cf. village of Juozapãtas, Juozapatà; Kāč-ia-kalnisfield, Gdl: cf. surn. Kāčas or the like, cf. Polish pers. name Kacz (Rospond 1973: 236), German pers. name Kaatz (Gottschald 1954: 356); Marm-a-kalnisfield, Brb: cf. pers. name Marmà or the like; Stasiu-kalnis (< *Stasiuk-kalnis) field, Igl: pers. name Stasiūkas; Vaičiūn-kalnisfield, Igl: cf. surn. Vaičiūnas; –kamp-: Dùl-ia-kampisfield, meadow, Gdl: cf. surn. Dulỹs or the like; –lauk-: Gudỹn-laukėmeadow, Mrj: cf. surn. Gudỹnas; Kuk-a-laukėmeadow, Gdl: cf. surn. Kùkas; –marg-: Kazūk-margiscounty, Mrj: pers. name *Kazukas or the like, cf. surn. Kazukaitis; Liči-margiscounty, Šil: cf. surn. Liči s; –mišk-: Pald-a-miškėmeadow, Igl: pers. name *Palda or the like, cf. German pers. name Pold (Gottschald 1954: 469), surn. Paldáuskas; –pagir-: Gavīen-pagiriscounty, Krsn: cf. surn. Gavīenas; –piev-: Bagdōn-pievėmeadow, Ss: cf. surn. Bagdōnas; Balýn-pievėmeadow, Brb: cf. surn. Balýnas; Biėlsk-a-pievėmeadow, Igl: cf. surn. Biėlskus; Bosek-pievėsmeadow, KzR: pers. name *Bosekas or the like, cf. Polish surn. Bosek (SNP I 449); Bračūt-pievėmeadow, Ldvn: pers. name *Bračūtis or the like,

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cf. anthroponym Ewa Brazutayte 1669 (IAK); Bùbn-ia-pievė meadow in Prn: anthroponym pvd. Bubnys; Bulōt-pievės meadow in KzR: anthroponym pvd. Bùlota or similar; Čùpl-ia-pievė meadow in Lbv: anthroponym pvd. Čùplis; Daniėl-pievė meadow in Gdl: anthroponym Daniėlius; Faùst-a-pievė meadow in Klvr: anthroponym Fáustas; Griẽš-pievė meadow in KzR: anthroponym Griẽšius; Ignas-pievė meadow in Klvr: anthroponym Ignãsius; Jūr-a-pievė meadow in Brb: anthroponym Jura; Jūr-a-pievė meadow in KzR: anthroponym Jūras; Juršk-pievė meadow in Ss: anthroponym Jurškas or similar; Kalẽd-pievė meadow in Gdl: anthroponym Kalẽda; Karál-pievė meadow in Igl: anthroponym Karãlius; Krìnsk-a-pievė meadow in Lbv: surname *Krinskas or similar, cf. Polish surname Krynski (SNP V 321); Lung-a-pievė farmstead in Gdl: anthroponym Lungas or similar; Lùkš-a-pievė meadow in Lbv, Lùkš-a-pievė || Lùkš-a-pievis meadow in Lbv: anthroponym Lukša; Marč-pievis meadow in Klvr: anthroponym Marčius; Mìkn-a-pievė meadow in Krsn: anthroponym Miknà; Pẽck-a-pievė meadow in Gdl: anthroponym Pẽckus; Ragaĩš-pievės meadow in Šil: anthroponym Ragaĩšis; Ročk-a-pievė meadow in Prn: anthroponym Ročkà; Runk-pievė meadow in KzR: anthroponym Runkỹs or similar; Šemš-ia-pievė meadow in Mrj: anthroponym Šemšỹs; Šim-pievė meadow in Klvr: anthroponym Šìmas; Turūt-pievė meadow in Klvr: anthroponym Turūtà; Vaičiūn-pievė meadow in Igl: anthroponym Vaičiūnas; Vizbar-pievė (|| Vizbarìnė) meadow in Igl: anthroponym Vižbaras or similar; Zar-a-pievė meadow in KzR: anthroponym Žãras; Ziẽn-pievė meadow in Šil: anthroponym Ziẽnius;

-pilv-: Jon-pilvis meadow in Klvr: first name Jõnas;

-pošn-: Grink-a-pošnė meadow in Gdl: anthroponym Grìņkus;

-raist-: Abrōm-raistis bog in Prn: anthroponym Abrōmas; Balk-a-raistis bog in Brb: anthroponyms Bãlkė, Bãlkis or similar, cf. Polish surnames Bałka, Bałko (SNP I 150); Kajẽck-a-raistisbog in KzR: anthroponym Kajẽckas; Kald-a--raistisbog in Brb: anthroponym *Kalda or similar, cf. Polish surname Kolda (SNP V 70); Kāv-a-raistis (|| Kālviairaistis) bog in Gdl: anthroponym Kavà or similar; Kundok-raistisbog in Vv: anthroponym Kuñdoka or similar; Miciūt-raistisbog in Gdl: anthroponym Miciūta; Pijōn-raistisbog in Vv: anthroponym *Pijonas or similar, cf. Polish surname Pion (SNP VII 362), German surname Pijan (Gottschald 1954: 467); Rudž-ia-raistisbog in Gdl: anthroponym Rùdžius or similar; Stan-a-raistisbog in Klvr: anthroponym Stanỹs or similar;

-skynim-: Akleĩ-skynimis field in Prn: anthroponym *Aklejus or similar, cf. German surname Ackley (Gottschald 1954: 160);

-šaltin-: Gieb-šaltinis spring in Klvr: anthroponym Giẽbas;

-(i)up-: Samuol-iupisriver in Prn: anthroponym Samùolis;

-viet-: Blaz-a-vietė field in Klvr: anthroponym Blãžas;

It was observed that, in the area under study, agronyms of this group are formed by compounding with a common noun that more often describes the area's geographical situation (126 – ~94%) than names associated with the human environment (8 – ~6%). A particularly large number of compounds with the lexemes balà ‘swamp’ (57 – ~43%) and pieva ‘meadow’ (25 – ~19%) in the second constituents were recorded. This most likely reflects changes in natural conditions and the landscape, whereby many wet places (in this case, swamps) acquired a different object status and became part of the group of the studied onyms denoting other land-surface features (most often meadows).

In terms of their derivational meaning, the agronyms discussed in this section are considered possessive formations, that is, formations denoting possession.

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1.4. Compound agronyms

Within this group of secondary place names, genitive and qualifying agronyms are distinguished¹⁶.

1.4.1. Genitive agronyms. Genitive agronyms constitute the majority in relation to qualifying agronyms (a ratio of 19:1 numerically, and 99%:1% in percentages). Their first constituents, apparently expressed in the genitive case of the surnames of former owners, are followed by geographical nomenclature terms and names of objects or other things associated with human surroundings and activities (the latter categories are approximately equal in proportion to one another): Baikio duobė pv. Prn: pvd. Baikỹs; Daņgėlo lankūtė pv. Ss: avd. *Dangėlas, cf. surname Dangels 1769–1822 (IAK), pvd. Dangėlaitis; Jonėlio kalnas dr. Igl: surname Jonėlis; Karalių pievukės pv. Klvr: pvd. Karãlius; Kãsparo pieva pv. Lbv: avd. Kãsparas; Krasėnkos kal̃nas ar. Krsn: surname *Krasenka, cf. Polish surname Krasienko (SNP V 263); Kurmanãvičiaus žẽmė ar. Prn: pvd. Kurmanãvičius; Magdės alksnynas pv. Klvr: v. Magdė and Lith. alksnynas ‘alder forest, small alder grove’; Pauliuškos uosynas ar. Krsn: surname *Pauliuška, cf. Polish surname Pawluszko (SNP VII 242), and Lith. uosynas ‘ash forest’; Pečiūko plỹnė pv. Klvr: pvd. Pečiukas and Lith. plỹnė ‘open, level place’; Ruodžių krantas dr. Brb: surname *Ruodys or similar, cf. surname Petrelis Ruodaitys 1662 (IAK); Senkų rėvas pv. Igl: pvd. Señkus and Lith. rėvas ‘ravine, gully, hollow’; Smailiaus alksnynas pv. KzR: pvd. Smailius or similar and Lith. alksnynas ‘alder forest, small alder grove’; Spūdžio kalnėlis l. Prn: pvd. Spūdỹs; Šalkauskų senovė ž. Ss: pvd. Šalkáuskas or similar and Lith. senóvė ‘a field fertilized long ago’; Ulkòvo balà pv. Lbv: surname *Ulkòvas, cf. Polish surname Ulkowski (SNP X 17); Urbonų alksnynas pv. Igl: pvd. Ūrbonas and Lith. alksnynas ‘alder forest, small alder grove’; Vaičiulio Rečius pv. KzR: pvd. Vaičiulis and Lith. rėčius ‘a mark of a healed wound, scar’; Veñco balà pv. Klvr: pvd. Veñcas. As the recorded forms show, possessive meaning is characteristic of personal-name genitive agronyms.

1.4.2. One qualifying agronym is recorded. Its two constituents appear to have fused into a single word. The distinguishing feature expressed by the first constituent is not accidental or unrelated to the object being defined (cf. Vanagas 1970: 274): Šventas Jõnas pv. Klvr: Lith. šveñtas, -à ‘in Christian belief, a person renowned for exceptional piety and, after death, proclaimed by the Church a holy patron of the faithful’ and name Jõnas.

The study showed that derivatives are the most productive formation type among agronyms derived from personal names (391 – ~71%). Suffixal derivatives make up the vast majority of these (380 – ~97%)¹⁷.

¹⁶ For the source of the second constituents, their productivity, etc., see 1.3.

¹⁷ For the productivity of the agronym-forming suffixes examined in this section, their derivational meanings, etc., see 1.2.2.

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Low-productivity ending derivatives (10 – ~2.5%); only one prefixal derivative is recorded.

Agronyms in the less frequent groups are formed by compounding (134 – ~24%)¹⁸ and composition (20 – ~4%). Few agronyms formed without additional fieldwork methods have been recorded (4 – ~0.7%).

2. AGRONYMS DERIVED FROM COMMON NOUNS DENOTING PERSONS

In Marijampolė County, 76 of them have been recorded (~10% of all place names selected for the study). The common nouns denoting persons from which the agronyms analysed in this section are thought to have originated describe an occupation or activity, appearance or character traits, origin (ethnonyms)¹⁹, etc. The subsections are organized accordingly.

From the perspective of word formation, these agronyms are divided into groups: primary, suffixed, compound, and complex. Suffixed derivatives are arranged alphabetically by suffix, while compounds are arranged alphabetically by their second components. The recorded complex agronyms in this group are all genitive constructions. They all have a possessive meaning: the genitive case indicates that the place belongs to a person denoted by a common noun (cf. Savukynas 1963: 239).

2.1. Agronyms derived from common nouns denoting persons by occupation, activity, or the like

2.1.1. Suffixal derivatives:

-ynė: Daktar-ynė, a village in Šil. district. Lithuanian dãktaras ‘doctor’; cf. surnames Dãktaras, Daktaris²⁰; -iškė: Grunrãk-iškė, a village in Lbv district – a place name of Germanic origin, associated with German grünrock ‘forester, hunter’ (Križinauskas 1992: 457); Kapiton-iškė, a village in Krsn district. Lithuanian kapitõnas ‘military rank; an officer holding that rank’.

2.1.2. Compound agronyms:

-bal-: Laũn-a-balė, a village in Ldvn district – probably associated with Polish łowny ‘a good, skilful, nimble angler or hunter’ (SJP II 818); Striėlč-ia-balė, a village in Krsn district. Lithuanian striėlčius ‘hunter; gamekeeper’.

¹⁸ For the source of the second components, their productivity, etc., see 1.3.

¹⁹ Dėl termino žr. Gaivenis, Keinys (1990: 60, 208).

²⁰ In this and other cases, surnames formed from the corresponding common nouns denoting persons are provided for comparison. According to LPŽ data, they are not widespread in the area under study, but they are used in our name inventory.

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2.2. Agronyms derived from appellative designations of persons describing appearance, character traits, etc.

All recorded place names are suffixal derivatives:

-inė: Šmākš-inė meadow, Prn: Lithuanian šmākšas ‘chatterbox, babbler’; -ynė: Kibyz-ynė meadow, Mrj: Lithuanian kibyza ‘a thin, tall person; beanpole’; -iškė: Guogl-iškė cultivated plot, Prn: Lithuanian guoglỹs ‘a person with a long neck’; Murmul-iškė meadow, Šil: Lithuanian murmùlis ‘one who speaks indistinctly, muttering’, cf. surname Murmùlis.

2.3. Agronyms derived from appellative designations of persons indicating origin (ethnonyms), etc.

2.3.1. A primary agronym is recorded on its own: Cigankà meadow, Lbv: Lithuanian cigankà ‘Gypsy woman’.

2.3.2. Suffixal derivatives:

-inė(s): Dzūk-inė field, Ss: Lithuanian dzūkas, -ė ‘speaker of the Dzūkian dialect’; Prūs-inė meadow, Klvr: Lithuanian prūsas, -ė²¹; Turk-inė arable land, Ldvn: Lithuanian tur̃kas, -ė ‘a person of the Turkish nation’, cf. surname Tur̃kas; Žyd-–inė arable land, Klvr, Lbv, cultivated plot, Ldvn: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė; -ynė: Žyd-ynė meadow, Klvr; Žyd-ynė (|| Abromynė) field, Mrj: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė; -iškė: Mozūr-iškė arable land, Prn: Lithuanian mozūras, -ė, cf. surname Mozūras; Žyd-iškė arable land, Klvr; arable land, Gdl: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė.

2.3.3. Compound agronyms (compounds):

-bal-: Cigōn-balės meadow, Brb: Lithuanian cigōnas, -ė; Maskōl-balė meadow, Klvr, Krsn: Lithuanian maskōlis, maskōlius, cf. surname Maskōlis; Mozūr-balė meadow, Klvr: Lithuanian mozūras, -ė, cf. surname Mozūras; Prancūz-balė meadow, Lbv, Mrj: Lithuanian prancūzas, -ė; Prūs-balė meadow, Igl, KzR, Mrj: Lithuanian prūsas, -ė; Žyd-balė2 meadows, Klvr, meadow Krsn, Lbv: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė;-darž-: Žyd-a-daržis arable land, Gdl, Šil; Žyd-ā-daržis arable land, Igl; Žyd-a-daržis arable land, meadow, Igl: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė;-kaln-: Maskōl-kalnis arable land, Krsn: Lithuanian maskōlis, maskōlius, cf. surname Maskōlis; Prancūz-kalnis arable land, KzR: Lithuanian prancūzas, -ė;-kapin-: Prancūz-kapinės field, Mrj: Lithuanian prancūzas, -ė;-kar-: Žyd-karis arable land, Ss: Lithuanian žýdas, -ė;

²¹ To avoid repetition, the meanings of the frequently used appellative designations of persons cigōnas, -ė ‘a person of Roma ethnicity’, maskōlis, maskōlius ‘Russian’, mozūras, -ė ‘a person belonging to the Mazurian ethnic group’, prancūzas, -ė ‘a person of the French nation’, prūsas, -ė ‘an inhabitant of former East Prussia or the Klaipėda Region, a German; a Lutheran’ and žýdas, -ė ‘a person of Jewish ethnicity’ are not given further in the article (see 2.3).

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-lank-: Žyd-lankė meadow Mrj: Lith. žydas, -ė; –lauk-: Žyd-laukis field Brb: Lith. žydas, -ė; –piev-: Cigōn-pievė 2 meadows Brb: Lith. cigōnas, -ė; Maskōl-pievė meadow Lbv: Lith. maskōlis, maskōlius, cf. surname Maskōlis; Žyd-pievė 2 hamlets Igl, 3 meadows Klvr, meadow Lbv, 2 meadows Ldvn, meadow Mrj, Šil, Vv; Žyd-pievės meadow Lbv: Lith. žydas, -ė; –raist-: Cigōn-raistis meadow Šil: Lith. cigōnas, -ė; Žyd-a-raistis meadow Klvr: Lith. žydas, -ė; –rev-: Žyd-revis hamlet Ž., meadow Brb: Lith. žydas, -ė.

One compound meadow name has been recorded whose second constituent is the name of a river, Šešupė Mrj (LUEV 163): Žyd-šešupė meadow Mrj: Lith. žydas, -ė.

2.3.4. Compound genitive agronyms: Prancūzų Kapaï meadow Prn: Lith. prancūzas, -ė ‘Frenchman, Frenchwoman’ and kapaï; Žydo márgas hamlet Lbv: Lith. žydas, -ė ‘Jew’ and Lith. márgas ‘measure of land’.

2.4. Agronyms derived from appellative designations of people

2.4.1. Derivatives with the suffix -iškis: Bób-iškis meadow Mrj: Lith. bóba ‘married woman; old woman’, bōbė ‘old woman’; Ubag-iškis hamlet Šil: Lith. ùbagas ‘beggar’.

2.4.2. One compound agronym from this subgroup has been recorded: –piev-: Mērg-a-pievė meadow Mrj: Lith. mergà ‘adult unmarried woman, young woman; a female laborer hired by a farmer or wealthy peasant, a hired hand, servant’.

2.4.3. Compound genitive agronyms: Diēdo rugienėlė hamlet Ss, Diēdo skýni-mas hamlet, meadow Prn – the first constituents derive from Lith. diēdas ‘father’s or mother’s father, grandfather; old person, old man’; the second constituents are: rugienėlė from Lith. rugienėlė, cf. rugiena ‘field where rye grew’; skýnimas from Lith. skýnimas ‘cleared or cut-over area of forest’; Ponių rais-tėlis meadow Gdl: Lith. ponià, cf. põnas ‘a person of privileged status; a wealthy person, landowner, proprietor; master; someone who does not do manual labor, official’.

The study showed that agronyms derived from appellative designations of people are most often formed by compounding (48 – ~63%). The first constituents of the compound agronyms examined in this section are in all cases appellative designations of people; the second are most often (45 – ~94%) physiographic or topographic terms (balà, dãržas, kálnas, kãpinės, lankà, laũkas, piẽva, raístas), while the others (3 – ~6%) are names of objects associated with the human environment or similar (the element -kar- is probably related to kárti, kãria, kõrė ‘take a life by putting a rope around the neck or legs and hanging’; rêvas ‘gorge, ravine, hollow’). The most productive compounds have the lexemes balà and piẽva as their second constituent (15 and 16 – ~31% each).

Derivatives are less productive in this group of agronyms (21 – ~28%); in this area they are all formed with suffixes. More productive are those performing a possessive function

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Suffixes –in(e)s, –iškė, –iškis (8 – ~38%; 7 – ~33%; 2 – ~9%;); 4 derivatives formed with the suffix –ynė were recorded – ~19%.

Even fewer agronyms are formed by compounding (6 – ~28%). All recorded compound place names are genitive constructions.

One primary agronym was recorded.

Suffixal and prefixal derivatives are not characteristic of agronyms in the area under study that originate from appellative designations of persons.

3. AGRONYMS OF POSSIBLE DUAL ORIGIN

100 of these were recorded in Marijampolė County (~14% of all place names selected for the study).

These agronyms may be associated either with a personal name formed from an appellative designation of a person or with an appellative designation of a person. Since both possible origins are equally probable and may be equivalent, they are presented side by side, separated by the conventional symbol /, meaning “alternatively, a possible origin from.” This notation was chosen to avoid the very frequent use of this phrase in the article.

In the group of agronyms derived from personal names or appellative designations of persons indicating their origin (ethnonyms) (see 3.3), the author prefers the appellative-origin explanation, which in most cases is also given first.

In determining the base word (etymon), considerable attention was paid to the areal distribution both of appellative designations of persons and of personal names from which agronyms in Marijampolė County could have been derived. Data on the distribution of appellative designations of persons, as well as of other common words (appellatives), are found in Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. When necessary, as already mentioned, its electronic edition is used. Data on the distribution of Lithuanian surnames are sought in LPŽ. However, these sources were insufficient for explaining the origins of the toponyms in this section. In 20 cases (~20%), it was necessary to rely on the historical personal-name card index. The reconstructed base words are most often supported by historical anthroponymic data recorded in the same area or nearby, which entered this card index (as excerpts) from lists of residents belonging to the parish of Daugai, the marriage registration book of Lankeliškiai Parish (Vilkaviškis District)²², the baptismal register of Nočia Parish, the church books of Krosna, the inventory of Valkininkai eldership, and other sources.

²² Dėl šaltinio apibūdinimo plačiau žr. Maciejauskienė (2008: 138–140).

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From the derivational perspective, the agronyms of Marijampolė County under discussion are divided into groups: primary forms, suffixal and ending derivatives, compounds, and composite formations. Suffixal derivatives are arranged alphabetically by suffix, and compounds alphabetically by their second constituents. The composite agronyms in this group are all genitive constructions. They all have possessive meaning. The first constituent is the genitive of the personal name of the former owner of the place they denote, or the genitive indicates that the place belongs to a person designated by an appellative (cf. Savukynas 1963: 238, 239).

3.1. Agronyms derived from personal names or appellative designations of people denoting a trade, occupation, etc.

3.1.1. Primary agronym (in the pluralia tantum form): Pinčiukai village, Klvr: personal name *Pinčiukas, cf. personal name Symon Pinczuk 1777 (IAK) / Lithuanian pinčiukas ‘raft driver’.

3.1.2. Suffixal derivatives:

-inė: Kriauč-inė farmstead, KzR: *Kriaučius, cf. personal name Adam Krewčius 1604 (IAK) / Lithuanian kriaučius ‘tailor’; Launink-inė village, Igl: personal name *Launinkas, cf. personal name Adam Łaunik 1625 (IAK) / Lithuanian lãuninkas (–ykas) ‘district head; elder; assistant to an elder’;

-ynė: Bendõr-ynė village, Ss: personal name Beñdorius / Lithuanian beñdorius ‘cooper’; Dielinink-ynė inhabited place, feminine gender, KzR: personal name Diẽlininkas / Lithuanian diẽlininkas (–nykas) ‘board cutter, sawyer’; Katil-ynė hamlet, Mrj: personal name Katilius / Lithuanian katilius ‘maker, repairer, or seller of cauldrons’; Kubil-ynė farmstead, KzR: personal name Kubilius / Lithuanian kubilius ‘maker of tubs; tub seller’; Rač-ynė village, Lbv; inhabited place, feminine gender, Klvr, KzR; farmstead, Lbv: personal name Rãčius / Lithuanian rãčius ‘maker of wooden cart parts and wheels’; Tekor-ynė village, Ss: personal name Tẽkorius / Lithuanian tẽkorius ‘one who turns or carves’;

-iškė(s): Dešėtnink-iškė village, Krsn: personal name *Dešėtninkas or similar, cf. personal name Barbara Desetnikowa 1678–1693 (IAK) / Lithuanian dešėtninkas ‘village bailiff, elder’; Gelãž-iškė farmstead, Krsn: personal name Gelãžius / Lithuanian gelãžius ‘ironworker’; Kálv-iškė farmstead, Lbv: personal name *Kalvis, cf. personal name Tomas Kalvuis 1630 (IAK) / Lithuanian kálvis ‘one engaged in metal forging’; Katil-iškė inhabited place, feminine gender, Klvr: personal name Katilius / Lithuanian katilius ‘maker, repairer, or seller of cauldrons’; Krauč-iškė farmstead, Lbv: personal name *Kraučius or similar, cf. personal name Nicolao Krauczius 1639 (IAK) / Lithuanian kraučius ‘tailor’; Kubil-iškėfarmstead, inhabited place, feminine gender, Ldvn, Kubil-iškės village, Krsn: personal name Kubilius / Lithuanian kubilius ‘maker of tubs; tub seller’; Kudr-iškė village, Prn: personal name *Kudrys, cf. personal name Bartłomiej Kudrys 1835 (IAK) / Lithuanian kudrỹs ‘thief, robber; swindler, deceiver; rascal, hooligan, good-for-nothing’; Kukor-iškė farmstead, Šil: personal name Kùkoris / Lithuanian kùkorius, -ė ‘cook’; Kùmet-iškė farmstead, Klvr: personal name Kùmetis / Lithuanian kùmetis ‘a peasant hired by a landowner or wealthy farmer, working for lodging and payment in kind;

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‘gardener, smallholder’; Mėlnyk-iškė farmstead, Mrj: personal name Mėlnykas / Lithuanian mélnykas ‘miller’; Mlinar-iškė village, Klvr: personal name *Mlinaris or similar, cf. personal name Andreas Mlynarz 1675 (IAK) / related to Polish młynarz ‘miller’ (SJP II 1013); Pakul-iškė smallholding, Prn: surname Pakùlis / Lithuanian pakùlius, -ė ‘one who works with tow; a disheveled, slovenly, untidy person’; Puõdž-iškė village, Ldvn: surname Puõdžius / Lithuanian puõdžius ‘potter’; Ribõk-iškė village, Klvr: surname Ribõkas / Lithuanian ribõkas ‘fisherman’; Rimor-iškė village, Krsn: personal name *Rimorius or similar, cf. personal name Sebelthian Rymarz 1552 (IAK) / Lithuanian rimorius ‘one who makes harness’; Trečiõk-iškės 2 villages, Lbv: surname Trečiõkas / Lithuanian trečiõkas, -ė ‘peasant holding one-third of a valakas’;

–iškis, –iškiai: Bendõr-iškis village, Krsn: surname Bendorius / Lithuanian bendorius ‘cooper’; Kálv-iškiai 2 villages, Ldvn: personal name *Kalvis, cf. personal name Tomas Kalwis 1630 (IAK) / Lithuanian kálvis ‘one engaged in metal forging’; Šiaučiùk-iškis village, Mrj: surname Šiaučiùkas / Lithuanian šiaučiùkas ‘shoemaker’s son’.

3.1.3. Compound agronyms (compounds):

–bal-: Kažemėk-a-balė field name, Krsn: personal name *Kažemėkas or the like; cf. personal name Petry Kažamekas 1691–1719 (IAK) / Lithuanian kažemėkas ‘leather worker, tanner, leather dresser’; Kriauč-ia-balė field name, Klvr: personal name *Kriaučius, cf. personal name Adam Krewcius 1604 (IAK) / Lithuanian kriaučius ‘tailor’; Mėduiš-balė meadow, Brb: personal name Medvišas (Zinkevičius 2008: 114) / Lithuanian meduišius ‘hunter, forester’; Skiẽč-balė field name, Igl: surname Skiẽčius / Lithuanian skiẽčius ‘maker and seller of weaving reeds’;

–kaln-: Šaltyš-kalnis meadow, Krsn: personal name *Šaltyšius or the like; cf. personal name Simonis SzaltyJz 1685–1731 (IAK) / Lithuanian šaltyšius ‘village elder’;

–lauk-: Vait-laukis farmstead, Ss: surname Vaitas / Lithuanian vaitas ‘leading official of a rural district, headman’;

–marg-: Šiauč-margis wooded meadow, KzR: personal name *Šiaučius or the like; cf. personal name Helena Jziauciowa 1678 (IAK) / Lithuanian šiaučius ‘shoemaker, cobbler’;

–piev-: Skerdž-ia-pievė field name, Ldvn: personal name *Skerdžius; cf. personal name Laurenty Skierdziunas 1667 (IAK) / Lithuanian skerdžius ‘chief shepherd, herd keeper’; Trečiõk-pievė field name, Klvr: surname Trečiõkas / Lithuanian trečiõkas ‘peasant holding one third of a plot of land’;

–raist-: Kálo-ia-raistis (|| Kãvaraistis) field name, Gdl: personal name *Kalvis; cf. personal name Tomas Kalwis 1630 (IAK) / Lithuanian kálvis ‘one who practices the trade of forging metal.’

3.1.4. Compound agronyms in the genitive: Bãrtininko kálnas meadow, Igl, Bãrtininko senõvė meadow, Ss – the first elements derive from the surname Bãrtininkas / Lithuanian bãrtininkas ‘tree-beekeeper, beekeeper’; the second element senõvė comes from Lithuanian senõvė ‘field fertilized long ago’; Kálvio daržas farmstead, Mrj: personal name *Kalvis; cf. personal name Tomas Kalwis 1630 (IAK) / Lithuanian kálvis ‘one who practices the trade of forging metal’; Rãčiaus raistas field name, Vv: surname Rãčius / Lithuanian rãčius ‘maker of wooden cart parts and wheels’; Šinkorių balaitė field name, Klvr: surname Šinkoris / Lithuanian šinkorius, -ė ‘tavern keeper’.

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3.2. Agronyms derived from personal names or from appellative designations of people denoting features of appearance, character, etc.

3.2.1. Primary agronym (pluralia tantum form): Tupikai village, Brb: surname Tupi-kas / Lithuanian tupikas, -ė ‘one who squats, sits; one who lingers in one place, works slowly, a slow worker’.

3.2.2. Suffixal derivatives:

-inė: Blūs-inė manor, Ldvn, village Klvr, Blus-inė village Vv: surname Blūsius or the like / Lithuanian blūsius ‘one who has many fleas; a small, weak, insignificant, poor person’; Šašk-inė village Lbv: surname Šaška / Lithuanian šaškus, -ė ‘one with scabies, a scabby person’;

-ynė: Juodvirš-ynė farmstead, KzR: surname Juodviršis / Lithuanian juodviršis, -ė ‘one with a black top; one with a black back’; Žvair-ynė farmstead, Ss: personal name *Žvairys or the like, cf. personal name Waliul Zwayris 1610 (IAK) / Lithuanian žvairys, -ė ‘one whose eyes are squinting, a squint-eyed person’;

-iškė(s): Babil-iškė village Krsn: surname Babilius / Lithuanian babilas ‘a fat person’; Čėpl-iškė village, Krsn, 1. Ldvn: surname Čėpla / Lithuanian čėpla ‘a gaunt woman’; Juodsnuk-iškė farmstead, Prn: surname Juodsnūkis / Lithuanian juodsnūkis, -ė ‘one with a black muzzle, a black face; a foul-mouthed person’; Kupr-iškė farmstead, Šil: surname Kuprys / Lithuanian kūpris, -ė, kuprys, -ė, kūprius, -ė ‘one with a hump, hunchbacked’; Kušl-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname Kušlys / Lithuanian kušlỹs, -ė; kūšlius, -ė ‘one with poor eyesight; a blind person, a squinter, a person with defective vision’; Mėšl-iškėvillage Klvr: surname Mėšlius / Lithuanian mėšlius, -ė ‘a dirty, dung-stained, unclean person’; Naudž-iškėvillage, Ss: surname Naūdžius / Lithuanian naūdžius ‘a selfish person, a miser, an exploiter’; Pyrag-iškėvillage Ldvn: surname Py-rāgius / Lithuanian pyrāgius ‘a lover of cakes’; Šlub-iškėfarmstead, Šil: personal name *Šlubis or the like, cf. personal name Jasius Szlubis 1637 (IAK) / Lithuanian šlubis, -ė ‘one who limps, a lame person’; Verksn-iškėsvillage Klvr: surname Verksnys / Lithuanian verksnys, -ė ‘one who cries constantly or is quick to burst into tears’; Žil-iškėsvillage Mrj: surname Žilius or the like / Lithuanian žilius, -ė ‘a gray-haired person, an old man’;

-iškis: Klip-iškis farmstead, KzR, Klip-iškis village Šil: personal name Klipà (Zinkevičius 2008: 565) or the like / Lithuanian klipius, -i ‘one who walks with a limp’; Riogl-iškis village Vv, Riogl-iškis village Igl: personal name *Rioglẏs or the like, cf. personal name Valentinum Roglis 1639 (IAK) / Lithuanian rioglẏs, -ė ‘an awkward, clumsy, cumbersome person, a lout’;

3.2.3. Compound agronyms (compounds):

-bal-: Bindōk-balėvillage Klvr: surname Bindōkas / Lithuanian bindōkas ‘a slovenly person, a lazybones’; Dund-a-balėvillage Klvr: surname Dùnda / Lithuanian dùndà ‘a blockhead, a troublemaker’; Pamp-a-balėvillage Krsn: personal name *Pampa or the like, cf. German personal name Pampe (Gottschald 1954: 458) / Lithuanian pámpė ‘a fat, swollen person’; Stālg-ia-balėvillage Krsn: surname Stalgỹs / Lithuanian stalgùs, -ì ‘strict, persistent, brazen, proud’; Stung-a-balėvillage Prn – perhaps from the surname Stungỹs / Lithuanian stungỹs ‘a lazy, clumsy person, a good-for-nothing’;

-piev-: Dumč-ia-pievėvillage Mrj: surname Dumčius / Lithuanian dumčius ‘a thinker, an adviser’;

-žard-: Gab-a-žardėvillage Igl: personal name *Gabas or the like, cf. personal name Michulis Gaba 1678–1693 (IAK) / Lithuanian gābas ‘a greedy, stingy person, a miser’.

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3.3. Agronyms derived from personal names or appellative designations of persons denoting origin (ethnonyms), or the like

3.3.1. Derivatives with suffixes:

-ine: Gud-ine e.g. Klvr: Lithuanian gùdas²³ / surname Gùdas; Kazok-ine cf. Vv: Lithuanian kazõ-kas, -ė / surname Kazõkas;

-ynė: Lietùvinink-ynė forest, Ss; forest land, KzR: Lithuanian lietùvininkas, -ė ‘Lithuanian’ / surname Lietùvininkas; Paliok-ynė forest land, Mrj: Lithuanian paliõkas, -ė ‘Pole’ / surname Paliõkas;

-iškė(s): Gud-iškė field name, Prn: Lithuanian gùdas / surname Gùdas; Kazok-iškės forest, Šil: Lithuanian kazõkas, -ė / surname Kazõkas.

3.3.2. Compound agronyms (compounds):

-bal-: Kazõk-balė field name, Klvr: Lithuanian kazõkas, -ė / surname Kazõkas;

-kaln-: Kazõ-kalnis (< *Kazõk-kalnis) forest, Ss: Lithuanian kazõkas, -ė / surname Kazõkas;

-piev-: Bajõr-pievė field name, Brb: Lithuanian bajõras, -ė / surname Bajõras; Gud-ā-pievėfield name, Klvr: Lithuanian gùdas / surname Gùdas; Šved-pievėmeadow, Gdl: surname Švėdas / Lithuanian švėdas ‘a person of Swedish origin (formerly—a Swedish soldier)’;

-raist-: Bajõr-a-raistisfield name, Ldvn: Lithuanian bajõras, -ė / surname Bajõras; Gùd-a-raistisfield name, Gdl: Lithuanian gùdas / surname Gùdas.

3.3.3. Compound genitive agronyms: Gùdo skýnimaifield name, Gdl: Lithuanian gùdas / surname Gùdas and Lithuanian skýnimai, cf. skýnimas ‘a cleared, logged area of forest’; Žemaičių pievafield name, Ldvn: Lithuanian žemaitis, -ė ‘a person from the Samogitian region’ / surname Žemaitis.

3.4. Agronyms derived from personal names or from other appellative designations of persons

3.4.1. A derivative with the ending -ė: Bobin-ė e.g. Igl: place name Bòbina, Bòbinas²⁴.

3.4.2. Derivatives with the suffix -iškis: Liòl-iškis e.g. Prn: place name Liolỹs / dialectal liolỹs ‘a scarecrow used to frighten children, a bogeyman’; Ragan-iškis e.g. Ldvn: personal name *Raganis or similar, cf. personal name Raganãvičius / dialectal ragãnius ‘a bad, wicked person’.

²³To avoid repetition, the meanings of frequently used appellative designations of persons bajõras, -ė ‘a privileged farmer, usually a privileged middle-ranking landowner; a person of privileged descent, a szlachta noble’, gùdas ‘a Belarusian (sometimes a Pole or Russian)’, kazõkas, -ė ‘a peasant, a descendant of inhabitants of the former Don, Kuban, Terek, Orenburg, and other military regions’ are not given again below in the article.

²⁴ It should not be overlooked that the place name may be a derivative with the suffix -inė from Lithuanian bòba ‘a married woman; an old woman’, bòbė ‘an old woman; a wife, mistress, woman’.

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3.4.3. Compound agronyms (compounds):

–bal-: Diėd-balė e.g. Krsn: personal name *Diedys or similar, cf. personal name Petri Diedis 1708–1740 (IAK) / Lithuanian diėdas ‘father’s or mother’s father, grandfather; an old person, an old man’;

–raist-: Vaik-a-raistis e.g. Klvr: personal name *Vaikas or similar, cf. personal name Anna Waikelicia 1668 (IAK) / Lithuanian vaikas ‘a son or daughter of one’s parents’.

The study showed that derivatives are the most numerous in the group of agronyms of potentially dual origin (65 – 65%). Suffixal derivatives make up an absolute majority of these (64 – ~99%). The more productive suffixes are –iškė(s) (33 – ~52%) and –ynė (16 – ~25%); less productive are –inė (8 – ~12.5%) and –iškis, –iškiai (7 – ~11%). One derivative with an ending was recorded. Prefixal derivatives are not characteristic of this group of agronyms.

These agronyms are formed much less frequently by compounding (26 – 26%). The first constituents of the compound agronyms examined in this section may derive either from personal names formed from appellative designations of persons or from appellative designations of persons themselves. The second constituents are most often (24 – ~92%) physiographic or topographic terms (balà, kálnas, laũkas, piẽva, raĩstas); the others (2 – ~8%) are names of objects related to the human environment or the like (márgas ‘a measure of land’ and žárdis ‘an enclosure for livestock’). The most productive compounds have balà as the second constituent (11 – ~42%), followed by piẽva (6 – ~23%) and raĩstas (5 – ~20%).

Even fewer of these agronyms are formed by combining words (7 – 7%); all compound agronyms are genitive constructions.

Two agronyms formed without additional derivational devices were recorded.

It was observed that a similar model of derivational methods and types is characteristic of the first group of agronyms of clear origin examined in the article (those derived from personal names). Thus, it may be assumed that in this group (of potentially dual origin), the agronyms analyzed are more often based on a personal name than on an appellative designation of a person.

The study of agronyms of personal-name origin in Marijampolė County, recorded from spoken language during the interwar period, concludes with Table 2 (see Appendix).

Summarizing the analysis of these place names from the perspective of word formation, several conclusions can be drawn.

4. CONCLUSIONS

4.1. Analysis of the formation of the place names selected for the study showed that the overwhelming majority are secondary agronyms with derivational features (~99%). More than half of these are suffixal derivatives (~64%). Twenty-one suffixes are used in their formation (counting variants of both genders and numbers): 13 of Lithuanian (Baltic) origin –aitė, –ėlis, –iena, –ienė, –ija, –inė(s), –inis, –ynė, –iškė(s), –iškis, –iškiai, –lė, –okas (~97% of all suffixal derivatives), and 8 of Slavic origin –anas, –auka, –ava, –avas, –čizna.

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-enk-, -k-, -ova (~3% of all suffixal derivatives). The derivatives formed with the suffixes -iškė(s) and -ynė stand out in particular for their productivity, accounting for ~45% and ~31% of all suffixal derivatives, respectively. Agronyms in the study area are also formed somewhat more frequently with two other Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes, -inė(s) (~13%) and -iškis, -iškiai (~7%). This reveals the most productive model for forming suffixal agronyms: personal name, appellative designation of a person, etc. + suffixes -in-, -išk- performing a possessive function → agronym expressing possession in relation to the base word. Derivatives in -ynė formed from personal names designate places where people live or once lived in the study area.

Thus, the study showed that Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes predominate in the formation of agronyms (~97%), while few derivatives are formed with Slavic suffixes (~3%). According to the derivational analysis, compound agronyms (compounds) rank second, accounting for about one-third of the toponyms studied (~28%). A particularly large number of compounds were recorded with the lexemes bala (~40%) and pieva (~27%) in the second components. This suggests that these place names once designated features directly described by their topographic term. Over time, as the landscape changed, many features denoting wet places (in this case, pools) most likely acquired a different feature status and entered the group of the toponyms studied that name other land-surface features. Agronyms formed by composition are less characteristic of this area (~5%); ending derivatives (~1.5%) and primary agronyms (~1%) are uncommon.

4.2. Most of the agronyms studied from Marijampolė County (625 – ~86%) have a clear origin. Agronyms of potentially dual origin account for ~14%. Summarizing their analysis in terms of formation and origin, it was observed that the formation patterns of these latter place names are closer to those of the group of agronyms derived from personal names than to those derived from appellative designations of persons. Thus, it can be surmised that a personal name is probably their more frequent source of origin.

4.3. Personal names substantiated as the base words (etymons) of agronyms in this area are found not only in Lithuanian anthroponymic sources, among which the historical personal-name index plays an important role, but also in Polish sources and, in isolated cases, in German personal-name sources. This confirms the observation concerning a particular stratum of Lithuanian toponyms that attests to close links between Lithuanian (Baltic) and Polish (Slavic), or even German, onymy (cf. Maciejauskienė 2006: 234).

These are the features of the formation of agronyms of personal-name origin in Marijampolė County. Once the formation patterns of this group of toponyms derived from appellatives and other place names have been studied, the research findings will be used to establish general trends in the origin and formation of agronyms in the area. It is hoped that this will help not only in explaining the features characteristic of this class of place names, but also in revealing similarities and differences among individual place-name classes (subclasses) in Marijampolė County.

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APPENDIX

TABLE 1. Suffixes of anthroponym-derived agronyms²⁵

Suffixes | Agronyms Lithuanian (Baltic) | Quantitative expression | Percentage expression -išk- | -iškė(s) | 167 | 189 | 44 | 50 | -iškis, -iškiai | 22 | | 6 | -ynė | 122 | 33 -in- | -inė(s) | 46 | 47 | 12 | 12 | -inis | 1 | | 0.2 | -iena | 3 | 0.7 -aitė | 2 | 0.5 -ėlis | 1 | 0.2 -ienė | 1 | 0.2 -ija | 1 | 0.2 -lė | 1 | 0.2 -okas | 1 | 0.2 Total | 368 | ~97 Slavic -k- | 4 | 1 -anas | 1 | 0.2 -auka | 1 | 0.2 -ava | 1 | 0.2 -avas | 1 | 0.2 -ėžna | 1 | 0.2 -enk- | 2 | 0.5 -ova | 1 | 0.2 Total | 12 | ~3

²⁵ Suffixes are listed in descending order according to the number of derivatives; where the number of representatives is equal, alphabetical order is followed.

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TABLE 2. Trends in the formation of anthroponym-derived agronyms in Marijampolė County

Agronyms by origin

Agronyms by formation type

Primary

Derived

Coined (compounds)

Compound

Total

Ending

Suffix

Prefix

Agronyms derived from personal names

4

10

380

1

134

20

549 ~76%

Agronyms derived from appellative designations of persons

1

–

21

–

48

6

76 ~10%

Agronyms of possible dual origin

2

1

64

–

26

7

100 ~14%

Total (quantitative and percentage figures)

7 ~1%

11 ~1,5%

465 ~64%

1 ~0,2%

208 ~28%

33 ~5%

725 ~100%

ABBREVIATIONS FOR LOCALITY REFERENCES

Brb – Balbieriškis (Prienai District) Gdl – Gudeliai (Marijampolė Municipality) Igl – Igliškėliai (Marijampolė Municipality) Klvr – Kalvarija (Marijampolė Municipality) Krsn – Krosna (Lazdijai District) KzR – Kazlų Rūda Lbv – Liubavas (Kalvarija Municipality)

Ldvn – Liudvinavas (Marijampolė Municipality) Mrj – Marijampolė Prn – Prienai Ss – Sasnavā (Marijampolė Municipality) Šil – Šilavotas (Prienai District) Vv – Veiveriai (Prienai District)

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

a. – century ar. – ploughland avd. – personal name drb. ž. – cultivated land dr. – field gn. – pasture

lenk. – Polish lg. – plain lie. – Lithuanian p. – side pan. – similarly plg. – compare ppr. – usually

prk. – figurative meaning pv. – meadow pvd. – surname sklp. – plot skol. – loanword sl. – Slavicism

t. – pronounced v. – name vnt. – unit vok. – German vv. – place name ž. – land

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CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

* – marks reconstructed personal-name forms

~ – approximately

‖ – separates place-name variants

/ – separates one possible interpretation of origin from another

? – uncertainty

ŠALTINIAI

DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996.

Gottschald Max 1954: Deutsche Namenkunde. Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter u. Co.

IAK – LKI Vardyno skyriaus istorinių asmenvardžių kartoteka.

Križinauskas Juozas 1989: Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1. Vilnius: Mokslas.

LKŽė – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Rитutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. www.lkz.lt.

LPŽ – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2, red. Aleksandras Vanagas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989.

LUEV – Lietuvos TSR upių ir ežerų vardynas, ats. red. Elena Grinaveckienė. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1963.

LVKŽ⁵ – Kuzavinis Kazys, Savukynas Bronys, Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2007.

LVŽ – Bilkis Laimutis, Macijauskienė Vitalija, Razmukaitė Marija, Lietuvos vietovardžių žodynas 1. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008.

Rospond Stanisław 1973: Słownik nazwisk śląskich 2. Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich – Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

SA – Список абонентов Московской городской телефонной сети 1, 2. Москва: Связь, 1971.

SIP – Słownik imion współcześnie w Polsce używanych. Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1995.

SJP – Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński, Władysław Niedźwiedzki, Słownik języka polskiego 1–8. Warszawa: nakładem prenumeratorów, 1902–1927.

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SNP – Słownik nazwisk współcześnie w Polsce używanych 1–10, wydał K. Rymut. Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1992–1994.

VK – LKI Vardyno skyriaus vietovardžių iš gyvosios kalbos kartoteka.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas Saulius 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Bartkutė Nerija 2008: Joniškio rajono teritorijos toponimija: daryba ir raidos polinkiai (daktaro disertacija). Šiaulių universitetas ir Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.

Blažienė Grasilда 1986: Keletas pastabų dėl prūsų Sembos mikrotoponimų. – Baltistica 22(2), 37–42.

Blažienė Grasilда 2005: Prūsų žemėvardžių tyrinėjimo problemos. – Baltistica 6 priedas, 27–41.

Endzelytė Renata 2004: Šiaurės vidurio Lietuvos agronimai. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti. Rakstu krājums 8, 80–89.

Endzelytė Renata 2004a: Šiaurės vidurio Lietuvos vietovardžiai su priesaga –išk-. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 50, 1–10.

Gaivenis Kazimieras, Keinys Stasys 1990: Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. Kaunas: Šviesa.

Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1997: Dėl lietuvių pavardžių (asmenvardžių) klasifikavimo. – Baltistica 32(1), 101–109.

Maciejauskienė Vitalija 2006: Lenkų asmenvardžiai Lietuvos vietovardžių žodyne. – Gwary i onomastyka pogranicza polsko-wschodniosłowiańskiego i słowiańsko-bałtyckiego, 218–236.

Maciejauskienė Vitalija 2008: Dėl asmenvardžių su priesaga –(i)ūnas paplitimo XVII amžiuje. – Archivum Lithuanicum, 137–156.

Mickienė Ilona 2001: Telšių rajono toponimų daryba (daktaro disertacija). Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.

Mickienė Ilona 2006: Dėl agronimų darybos. – Kalbų studijos 8, 27–30.

Podol’skaja Natalija 1978: Словарь русской ономастической терминологии. Москва: Наука.

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Savukynas Bronys 1963: Kilmininkiniai lietuvių vietovardžiai, – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 6, 235–246.

Sviderskienė Dalia 2005: Marijampolės apskrities Marijampolės valsčiaus vietovardžių darybos ir kilmės polinkiai. – Acta linguistica lithuanica 52, 91–118.

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Characteristic Features of the Formation of Agronyms of Anthroponymic Origin in Marijampole County

SUMMARY

The analysis of formation of agronyms of the anthroponymic origin in Marijampolė County showed that secondary agronyms having derivational features constitute an huge absolute majority (~99%). Derivatives having suffixes account for more than half of them (~64%). Twenty-one suffixes are used for their formation (including variants of both genders and numbers): 13 are of Lithuanian (Baltic) origin –aitė, -ėlis, -iena, -ienė, -ija, -inė(s), -inis, -ynė, -iškė(s), -iškiai, -iškis, -lė, -okas (~97% of all derivatives with suffixes), eight of Slavic origins -anas, -auka, -ava, -avas, -čižna, -enk-, -k-, -ova (~3% of all derivatives with suffixes). Derivatives with suffixes -iškė(s) and -ynė are especially marked for productivity; they amount to about 45% and 31% of all derivatives with suffixes. Agronyms of the investigated area are slightly more often formed with two more Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -inė(s) (~13%) and -iškis, -iškiai (~7%). It makes it possible to detect the most productive formation model for derivatives with suffixes: an anthroponym, an appellative name of a person, etc. + the suffixes -in-, -išk- fulfilling possessive functions → an agronyme, meaning possessiveness in respect of the primary word. In the investigated area derivatives with the suffix -ynė derived from anthroponyms mean places where people live or used to live.

Thus, the investigation showed that the Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes prevail in the process of formation of agronyms, and a small amount and percentage of derivatives is formed with the Slavic suffixes.

On the grounds of the derivational analysis, compound agronyms (compounds) are placed second, and amount to about one third of the onyms investigated (~28%). Especially many compounds with lexemes balà ‘a marshy place, often with unchanging / unmoving water in it; a swamp, a marsh; a puddle, a pool’ (~40%) and pievà ‘area of land where grass suitable for hay- -making grows’ (~27%) in the second component were recorded. It enables us to suggest that in a period of time and with the change of the landscape the majority of objects marking damp places (in this case bogs, which is profoundly recorded in the second component of the

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXII–LXIII

Marijampolės apskrities asmenvardinės kilmės agronimų darybos bruožai

compounds) most probably have acquired different objective status and were included into the group of investigated onyms, naming other objects on the earth’s surface.

Agronyms formed by composition (~5%), derivatives with endings (~1,5%) and primary agronyms (~1%) are less characteristic of this area.

While investigating the origins, the most precise primary word (etymon), from which the agronyms are derived and to which they are related, was sought. The selected target of research revealed that in all cases agronyms were formed from anthroponyms, appellatives names of persons, ethnonyms, etc. Attention should be paid to the fact that in the investigated area they may be the facts of the Lithuanian (still functioning or already extinct, confirmed only by the historical anthroponymy facts) as well as of the Polish or in certain cases of the German lexis. Therefore it is possible to speak about the layer of place names written down in the interwar Marijampolė County witnessing the Lithuanian (Baltic) and the Polish (Slavic) or even the German onymy interrelations.

Such are the characteristic features of the formation of agronyms of anthroponymic origin in Marijampolė County. With the objective of having a complete view and model of the formation and origin of the area agronyms, these data will be included into analysis of the types of the formation of place names and origin tendencies, and, as hoped, will help to restore the overall pattern of place names in the interwar Marijampolė County.

Įteikta 2010 m. gruodžio 2 d.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

El. paštai: [email protected], [email protected]

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