229s aipsniai / a icles
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: pie ų aukš aičiai, Va ėnos šnek a, na ū alioji mo ologija, giminės
Ca ego y, a ia ion o he genus.
keyWo ds: sou he n highlands, Va ėna sub-dialec , na u al mo phology, he gende
ca ego y, a ia ions in gende .
Vi aLija ka aciejŪ ė
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include con empo a y mo phology, mo phology
o dialec s, dialec ology.
No es by M
daik aVa dŽio
giMinės ka ego ija
he ca ego y o gende o noun
in Va ėna sub-dialec
Šnek os
The ca ego y o he genus o he male snail has no been s udied and desc ibed om he poin o iew o
na u al mo phology un il now. The main pu pose o he a icle is o discuss he s uc u e o he
ca ego y o he genus o his snake, based on empi ical ma e ial, o gi e he seman ic and mo phological
cha ac e is ics o he genus o daik a a ds, o iden i y cases o a ia ion o he genus. The analysis
ca ied ou showed ha : (1) he genus o masculine and eminine wo ds in he Va enian slang is no
s ic ly di e en ia ed by s ems, which oge he wi h he lexions only pa ially ma k he genus; I is
also inaccu a e o speak o a special "geni al mo pheme" in he s uc u e o he wo ds o he Va ėna snail; 2) Va ia ion o he o ms o he genus is cha ac e is ic o he in es iga ed snake.
anno a ion he ca ego y o gende o Va ėna sub-dialec has no been esea ched and desc ibed
om he pe spec i e o na u al mo phology up o now. The main aim o his a icle is o discuss
he s uc u e o he ca ego y o gende in his subdialec , on he basis o empi ical ma e ial, o
p esen seman ic and mo phological cha ac e is ics o he gende o noun and o iden i y cases
o a ia ions in gende . The analysis e ealed ha : (1) he e is no s ic di e en ia ion in
(masculine and emale) gende o he sub-dialec o Va ena acco ding o s ems, which only
pa ially ma k he gende oge he wi h lexions. i is inaccu a e o poin o speci ic ‘gende
mo pheme in he s uc u e o nouns o he Va ėna sub-dialec . 2) Va ia ion in o ms o gende
a e cha ac e is ic o he sub-dialec unde he esea ch.
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The ca ego y […] a pa icula sys em o language elemen s […] has a g amma ical meaning and a
g amma ical o m ha indica es i , i.e. a o mal indica o (plg. hocke 1965: 211; Lkg i 1819; Paulauskienė
1983: 157; Ma hews 1997: 48)1. In o de o de ine wha mo phological ca ego ies one o ano he language
has, one mus i s look a he di e en ( lexible) o ms in ha language. In o he wo ds, in mode n
mo phological heo y, wo ds a e ca ego ized acco ding o syn ac ic unc ions, ac ion, g amma ical
ka ego ija egzis uoja en, ku ji o maliai kaip okia pasi odo (Wu zel 1989: 53).
con en and con ex ( o mo e on he ca ego y and i s ea u es, see Ca s ai s-Mcca hy 2000: 264 […]
272). The g amma ical ca ego ies o noun, e b, and ad e b a e ela ed o each o he ; he g amma ical
mo pheme o he e b o m always encodes he noun and ad e b ca ego ies, and he ac ha he
noun g amma ical ca ego y has a ela ionship o he ad e b ca ego y con i ms he uni e sal
language, which s a es ha e e y language ha has a noun ca ego y always has a ad e b ca ego y. I
is common o hink ha he genus o a noun indica es he g amma ical mo pheme o a singula noun4.
In he case o male speech, he special s a us o he "male genus" mo pheme should be gi en o a, a1,
a2, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u,
u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u, u. The g amma ical mo phemes o he o ms o he i and C singula nouns o he
s ones should no ha e such a s a us (plg. osinas 2005: 45). The g amma ical ca ego y o he genus is
also symbolized by he singula p onoun, e.g. a, a1, a2, im, u, u lex class p onoun o ms: n.m-o., k.-o., ù-o.,
d.be-o., su.n-ås, pie-ås. Howe e , by compa ing he o ms o he same lexional classes o he singula
e b n[…]m-u, k[…].[…]-u, sú·n-u, […]piẽ[…]-u, ùg-i, d[…].bes-i. and he eminine o ms o eminine nouns
dαn-u., mα-u., žõ·l-ы., .k-i., s.se -i., we would see ha he g amma ical mo phemes o hese o ms do no
ha e such supe cha ac e is ics (plg. osinas 2005: 46). The p oblem o he genus is hus encoun e ed
when he g amma ical mo phemes o he in lec ed o ms, due o oo much sync e ism, canno always
symbolize he genus, which means ha in speech hey a e no ully di e en ia ed by he genus (c .
Rosinas, 2005: 44). 1 o he di e en use o he e m ca ego y, see Ca s ai s-Mcca hy 2000: 267;
Plungian 2010: 20. 2 abou he genus and he numbe and he in e ac ion o he genus and he chee ul
see co be 1991: 132, 154 […] 157. 3 Mo phological ca ego ies, acco ding o Wol gang Ul ich D essle , can
be p oduc i e o non-p oduc i e. Fo example, in Ge man, he numbe is as p oduc i e as he chee ul,
and he genus is symbolized only mo phosyn ac ically (D essle 2003: 34). 4 The humb o he one-a med
man is also called he hema ic ma ke (sa ickienė, kazlauskienė, kamanduly ė 2004: 5).
Va ėnos šnek os daik a a džio giminės ka ego ija
231 a icles by a icles
The heme o he map o P. V. Va ena and i s su oundings is ele an no only
because o he p oblems o he genus aised, bu also because he sou he n
highlands a e classi ied as Va ena and i s nea es illages […] s one, bab ski, bači,
be žūpio, gi ái , kaš , Megeže io, Ma ùizų, Žilojõs, Pauosup, ùdnios, Va õsios
Va õnõs, Pe õs, ze ū nai, ( . 1.) The he i age o hese illages has no been s udied
no desc ibed om a adi ional no a mode n […] na u al mo phology poin o iew.
he seman ic and mo phological cha ac e is ics o he genus, he cases o
s aipsnio ikslas – ap a i šnek os giminės ka ego ijos s uk ū ą, emian is em-
a ia ion o he genus. 5 The map was compiled by Lau a Ge žo ai ė. 6 o he
ca ego y o he numbe o male snails, see Ka aciejū ė 2012: 5359.
232 o he
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he esea ch ma e ial consis s o he au ho 's indi idually collec ed sho ex s om Va ena and nea by
illages om 2005 o 2013 ( he du a ion o he eco ding is abou 70 hou s). da a on he language o
ep esen a i es o he olde gene a ion bo n be ween 1913 and 1939 and li ing pe manen ly in he a ea
unde in es iga ion. The s udy is based on he p inciples o he heo y o na u al mo phology, which a ose
om he combina ion o he concep s o signi icance and phonological na u alness (D essle 2000: 289).
desc ip i e, opposi ion and compa a i e me hods a e used in he wo k. The s uc u e o he male geni al
ca ego y 7 is made up o he male (e.g. sheep […] sheep[…], oak […], ho se […], ho se […], goa […], goa […], goa
[…], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […],
goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […], goa […] The cu en
ca ego y o geni i e wo ds is bina y, bu p e iously, in addi ion o he masculine and eminine (non-nominal
and signi ican ) geni i e wo ds, whi es had a non-nominal genus9. T adi ionally, nouns a e di ided in o
gene a on seman ic and mo phological g ounds (Laigonai ė 1961: 122123; see also dLkg 6263)10. The
seman ically di e gen genus o nouns, based on lexical meaning and gende di e ence11, can be no only
di e en s ems, links, ends, de i a i es, bu also o he oo s, e.g. kà sušeimù [man] .ko. […] buc […]
[…] as […] mamà jõ[…] […] when he amily [man] had o be. a he , mo he jo (M g); I 's a cow. This is my
husband Anas (P l) and his is my mo he Ne á-ikš o. […] […] So now his woman, i 's he mo he who doesn'
walk […] (English) I 's he , he b o he , his b o he (V n) and so on. I 's he . I 's he . I 's he . o he
ca ego y o genus in he no he n b oad-lea ed, b oad-lea ed and b oad-lea ed gene a, see The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o
A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. Acco ding o 8 aldonos Paulauskienė (2007: 23), "whe e he e is opposi ion, he e
mus also be he possibili y o neu aliza ion, i.e. he app ochemen o he opposing membe s o he poin
o synonymy o e en he comple e disappea ance o he opposi ion". In his book, "A New Hope o he
Fu u e," Da id C ys al (1999) and his colleague, he au ho o "A New Hope o he Fu u e," Da id C ys al
(1999) and his colleague, he au ho o "A New Hope o he Fu u e," Da id C ys al (1999) and his colleague,
he au ho o "A New Hope o he Fu u e," Da id C ys al (1999). The masculine and eminine classes o
nouns a e hough o ha e o med om he ac i e, li ing nouns (genus ac i um), whose deno a ions a e
i idly ac i e, and he inac i e classes o nouns o which he inac i e, in o he wo ds, passi e, non-li ing
nouns (genus pasi um),
deno a ai y a gy ybinio ciklo ne u in ys objek ai ( osinas 2005: 156; da ž .: ku yłowicz 1964: 207;
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
10 alexand a yu ie na aikhen ald (2004: 1034[…]1036) along wi h he seman ic, o mal mo phological
c i e ia o he classi ica ion o ela i es in he mini phonological.
11 Plg. o Russian language […]belyčius[…] (English epicenes) he adjec i es k olik […] iušis[…] and sobaka
[…]šuo[…], he i s o which is combined wi h he masculine, he second […] wi h he eminine genus, bu bo h
can e e o animals o any gende . The abo e example shows ha he e can be di e en sys ems o
conjuga ion o di e en wo d classes in he same language (Aikhen ald 2004: 1033).
Va ėnos šnek os daik a a džio giminės ka ego ija
233 a icles abou him, ha his sis e is ma ied (P l); No, i 's he peace o Li huania.
Al hough he was Li huanian himsel , he was al eady conside ed a Polish eache (Ž )
and nù i pasku s.ko. And hen he says, "We' e all si ing in he class oom, and he
eache asks, 'Child en, whe e did you ge hese oys?'" (V)
Domes ic and wild animals and pai s o bi ds a e men ioned, whose young a e always
male, e.g. jm d. . I'm going o kill you. […] […] he ga e he a ca […] (V n) and […] he didn'
gi e he a ca […] (bb ); α and ka · [was] and kaùku. [ u ne ] […] […] ai and ka ė [was],
and he ca [ u ne ] […] (bb ) (also see also Laigonai ė 1961: 124[…]126; jakai ienė,
Laigonai ė, Paulauskienė 1976: 33; Paulauskienė: 179[…]187; 1989: 173[…]174; 1994: 63; 2006:
70[…]73; dL 1983 kg; Valeckienė 1998: 161 […] 235[…]236).
All nouns ha do no e e o pe sons o he opposi e sex, animals o bi ds, ha e an
unmo i a ed genus (pl. sakå αigijs ù i mašin·lы. I 's no like I'm going o die. he
bicycle. I say, so he has a ca and ano he mo o cycle (P l); he child en's nupiaki.
Tha 's i . I'm no going o lie o you. They' e bough a able like his, and now hey' e
he e. And i 's go hese keys, and i 's mos ly going o ea (P l) and so on. These
nouns a e no ela ed o he nouns, e.g. machine […]·l[…]. and **machin[…]lis14;
ma […]cycle and **ma […]cycle; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union.
The mo phologically di e gen ypes o wo ds de e mine hei mo phological
cha ac e is ics, i.e. hei o m: s ones, links, ends (Laigonai ė 1961: 122123; see also pl.
dLkg 62 and 63.
Male and emale su names a e indica ed based on a syn ac ic o syn agma ic c i e ion ha de e mines
he combina ion o o ms, e.g. mli.na isà àkš Mėlyna š iesa akš (P l); g. as o·ks cl as oibùo. "I was
a good b idge". 12·ki. o.jes and mo·ki. o.je ypes o nouns a e called subs an i a mobilia (see Valeckienė
1998: ž 240; hol oe , semėnienė 2006:110; see also 236: zump 1846: 17; jacob 185:1 146; see Paulauskienė 1994: 159
o nouns ela ed o nouns by nouns). Mo ie ung (sexual di e en ia ion), also known as examples p o ided
by Philippo Conze o: […]lieu-is ([…]male Li huanian[…]) […] […]lieu-ė ([…] emale Li huanian[…]) […] 148[…]149); Fo
examples o Spanish and Ge man, see Co be 1991: 67; Lohde 2006: 124 […] 126). 13 Compa e he F ench
(p aleis a – au . pas .); „pedagòg-as (ʻmale eache ʼ)“ – „pedagog-ė (ʻ emale eache ʼ)“ (conze 2010:
examples o maison (house) and châ eau (cas le). These objec s a e non-li ing, i.e. hey ha e no connec ion
wi h he male and emale sexes (Aikhen ald 2004: 1031). The ou een s a s a e heo e ically possible, bu
no necessa y in speech. In gene al, all nouns a e classi iable and ha e a genus, bu nouns a e no
classi iable.

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Le us also compa e he cases o he ha moniza ion o o ms when he limbs a e no
di e en ia ed by genus: nuú· åu kapj d. o. ♪ I'm going o do i ♪ ♪ I'm going o do i ♪ I
don' see how he does i , and I don' see how Mikey does i . I 's called s[…]. […] ha […] is […]
á·lka a ‖ „sakė, kad jis alka a“ (sV n).
Mo ologinis, a ba o malusis, k i e ijus emiasi kamienais i nuo jų p iklausan-
wi h hese lexions. Fo example, he objec wo ds o he s one a e always masculine:
su·n-ù d ·ba * ·un sūnus wo ks in Vilnius (Ž ); […]dab[…] […] i […]pα duo ù […].s […]
i […] u[…]g-u[…] d[…] iẽ o.[…] […] […]skas ená·i iẽ o.[…]dab[…] […] o […] is now also a s o e,
i u gus daba ie oje, iskas enai ie oje daba “ (V n).
Va ėnos šnek oje, kaip i ki ose na ū aliosios mo ologijos me odais i ose lie-
u ių (i la ių) šnek ose (plg.: osinas 2005; Ma ke ičius 2009; kaika y ė 2010),
daik a a džių giminė nė a g iež ai di e encijuo a pagal kamienus, ku ie ka u su
he amily is only pa ially ma ked by lexions (see Valeckienė, 1998: 234). In speech he e
a e nouns (exp essing kinship ela ions, du ies, su names) ha ha e he eminine o m
[…]ā, he g amma ical mo pheme o ē kamienų ( leksiju), al hough acco ding o seman ics
he e a e he masculine o m16, e.g. sakå[…] […] màno. […] […]. Wha is i ? Thank you. The
ca pen e […] I said, my aun was a ca pen e […] (sV n); I 's all igh . I 's all igh . g. as
[…] […]I was e y good […] (b č); I'm going o kill you. d[…]d[…]. Wha is i ? Mommys b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he s
b o he s b o he s b o he s b o he […] A e my uncle, my mo he 's b o he , i was a e y beau i ul kni e ha was used in all kinds o w i ing […] (M z); I'm going o kill you. I'm going o kill you. He ga e i o me. I'm no going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. And he ook i ou o he hand o he king, and ga e i o he blind, and ga e i o he lame, and ga e i o he blind. I'm elling you, ha 's wha i ook o ge e e ybody's asses kicked in he ass.
Va ėniškiai ells o wo ds ha a e pe cei ed as masculine wi hou con ex . he con ex
in which such nouns indica e he genus o he a ec ed dependen wo ds; The o m o
such wo ds emains he same, al hough he unc ion changes (plg. s undžia 1979: 82;
Valeckienė 1998: 240), e.g. ko·ks is · búož.20 bùo. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie
o you. I 's a ca . "How he was he e, bu he land was, i was aken away". He's he one
who's been bea en. […] […] he was a man […] he was a man […] (b č); bu […] ik a[…]
16 Šis eiškinys da adinamas g ama inės giminės i ly ies kon lik u (ž . Ma ke ičius 2009: 19–22; apie
usų kalbos daik a a džių g ama inės giminės i ly ies kon lik ą ž . Ls 138–141).
17 a he o a he o a man.
Eigh een o hem a e blind.
19 boo s. I 's called Sla ism.
20 iches a me s in he wo ld.
21 A male snake is a dis inc i e swi ch, mos commonly used in opposi ion o, o example,
Va ėnos šnek os daik a a džio giminės ka ego ija
[…] Bu you eally a e you own agis, ha is, you a e, you a e he one who has been
decei ed […] (sV n) […] (sV n) […]. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . The ca was so
mad a he bu e , and a he cupboa d, and all o e he place. I 's called "Vadaba" o
"Mano". The e we e people he e. I 's called a "boo-boo". […] […]And now in my illage
[ he e a e people] whe e, whe e he e we e such enemies, he e we e exiles[…] (V n). I
is clea ha he wo ds men ioned ha e a nega i e, de oga o y conno a ion (e.g.
s undžia 1980: 79; gudzine ičiū ė 2009: 273; see gudzine ičiū ė 2008 o mo e examples).
I ems such as buoys, muske s, wagons, wagons, z azica, zgama do no ha e hei own
s one, lexions; The e is no special "gene al genus" class o adjec i es (s undža 1980: 82),
bu i has wo gene a and is he e o e adi ionally called hyb id (angl. hyb id nouns26)
(plg. co be 1991: 38, 66; judžen is 2002: 43), o dual (lenk. dwu odzajowe zeczowniki)
daik a a džiais (plg. o ębski: 1956 5; inkauskienė 1999: 13; judžen is 2002: 43).
In he Li huanian language, he eminine gende o wo ds ha do no ha e he s a us
o he g amma ical ca ego y "common gende " (La in subs an i a communia, English
common gende ) is almos no used in he Va ėnos slang. he unnamed male o m o he
genus is mo e commonly epo ed by ep esen a i es o he genus27.
he genus o some nouns is no always clea , hey do no show any g amma ical ma ke s, e.g.
isù gmines isùs | kapko·kè kal·imes · | sku. I know. […] […]All he ela i es, all o hem, how
she was, in p ison he e, she knew e e y hing[…] (bb ) (plg. gi. […]n o.je[…] bù[…]ɔ. […] p ẽ […]
pà *u·lõ[…]s […] i […]dá· […] dá· jõ[…] gimi[…]ũ[…] a[…]cà skα[…] […].s [y a] […] […] he li ing was
a he oo o he hill and ye , bu his ela i es he e we e coun ing on him [y a][…] (Ž )); I' e
hea d ha his man has al eady sold his house, bu I' e hea d ha he's al eady sold his
house. I don' know i I'm going o be able o do i .
22 and Sla ism.
23 The compa ison is summa ized in he o m used in he meaning: pe haps […] […]ik[…] is […] bu […]dα[…] […]
be[…] […] isó[…]u. and […] a[…]u[…] shi yu[…] […]gali meaning, bu now you a e a aid o all kinds o hie es […] (Z ).
24 Padauža, nenuo ama.
25 cupboa ds o dishes o ood o pu in.
The use o he masculine o m o he eminine noun is o en associa ed wi h he ex ension o he na u al
masculine g amma ical gende o he eminine noun (Hol e , Semien 2006: 106). 27 on G eek wo ds o common
gende see Hol on and k . 1997: 6162.
28 is good.
29 wo ked, wo ked.
30 is calm.
236 ac a
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The child (V n) (plg. ac[…]menu […] […] α[…]ku […] dúono.s […] suk α[…] e[…]. This is he i s
ime I' e seen his. You' e going o die. I'm going o kill you. I'm going o kill you. […] I'm
going o kill you. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . […] […] b ead o he child, b ead,
b ead, i 's called a wo d; He pu s suga in a li le bowl and gi es i o he like a sandwich,
and he child pulls ou ha b eadc umb.
nelinksniuojamieji, . y. nekin amą o mą u in ys, daik a a džiai ne u i mo -
The cha ac e is ics o he ca ego y o phylogical gene a, hei genus is
exp essed syn ac ically (Paulauskienė 2001: 6; judžen is 2002: 39; dLkg 64; abou he
mo phologically unadap ed genus o objec s see 184 imku ė 2011: […]201). These
i ems a e no eco ded in he in es iga i e discou se.
Howe e , he examples show ha some o eign-language nouns ha should be used in a
sen ence a e used as non-linked, i.e., no in he lex sys em. hey can be bo h male and
emale, plg. i à pap aå *b o·ùl.s pαneš. I'm going o ask you o p o ec me, and I'm going o
gi e you hese wo, as he e, in he g een whe e hey' e lying. The kiwis, he kiwis ha e
ea en wo […] (sV n) and he apple. I'm going o ea . I sliced i up, cu i in o small pieces, and
a e hose wo kiwis. Such deb - ela ed amily luc ua ions may be due o he igno ance o
he olde gene a ion o people abou he shape o he amily.32 The e a e ins ances o
gende inapp op ia eness eco ded in he Va nian dialec , e.g. nukàs se n. in. I 's all igh .
I 's all igh . […] ai[…] à […] […]na wha , he old joy was, his a[…] (sV n); This is i . I 's called
"ad a da". I 's called "swa da". Tha 's him, ha 's Edwa d, he says. […] wi h ha peacock
[…] wi h ha peacock […] (g ); I don' know wha o do. I don' know wha o do. I don' know
wha o do. And hen when he comes, he explains i o hem. Tha 's whe e he ball is. oxic
sou ce […] (p obably)34. Such ins ances o gende inapp op ia eness a e one-o , hank you,
appa en ly, andomly gene a ed.
A sepa a e men ion should be made o he daik a a ds used in he iadic syllable, he genus o which is
some imes di e en om ha o some o he syllables (e.g., joniškio, šiau inių 31 Va ėnos syllable) he
daik a a d child is some imes used in he meaning o a son, e.g. αi αku. I'm going o smoke a ciga e e. I'll ake
ca e o i . Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, wha is i , wha is i , wha is i , wha is i , wha is i , wha is i , wha is i , wha is i ? Well, h ee daugh e s and a son.
Acco ding o he you h su ey, he e m k[…] i belongs o he g oup o deb o s mos o en ha assed.
(Remo ed, cu o in 2010).
33 ibbons o he baby o ie. 34 Le us compa e ano he example w i en on he ba s: ko·k bùɔ p adz
o·k bùs i p·gi.nαs as was he beginning, so will be he end (b č) (Ma ke ičienė 1999: 32).
Va ėnos šnek os daik a a džio giminės ka ego ija
237s aipsniai a icles ši in iškių35) and he common language o he genus o
dic iona ies. Va niškiai (mos ly because o he in luence o Sla ic languages)
changes he genus when i speaks o : 1) ood, d inks, e.g. o. […]sù bubn[…].m blno.m […]
à […] pigine[…] ce[…] gá· du.s […] o wi h bul inas bly[…] hose spi i s (Ū ); I 's no like I
don' know wha I'm doing. I'm going o ake a showe . I'm going o ake a showe . I'm
going o ake a showe . […] he b eeding s ock, he p ima y milk, and in ha milk, he
main milk, he p i ilege […] (Ū ); I'll gi e you suga .
eke ‖ „Va čia cuk us, jei eikia“ (V n);
(2) subs ances o esidues he eo , e.g. d u·c38 .s αi | cgpa-- p.leno.s [was] d ū i
ąs ai, only ashes [was] (M g); The sand is di y, bu he e's a lo o sand he e. The
sand is di y, bu he e's a lo o sand he e. The sand is di y, bu he e's a lo o
sand he e. I used o be. I was glowing. […] […] u pen ine, which used o be gli e
[…] (g );
3) place names, e.g. one daugh e […]jõ[…] […] *ba[…]biẽ i[…]k[…].n [li ing]| mo.ki. o.jè […] […]One daugh e in his
nu se y [li ing], eache […] (P l); Oh, my God. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm going o p ay. I'm going o school.
"Bu you' e going o ge i ". "You' e going o ge i ". "You' e going o ge i ". "You' e going o ge i ". […]
[…] h ough […]*k[…] he cheese aw. No applicable. And my mo he -in-law p ayed ano he p aye like ha ,
bu I only said hese wo ds: "Wine, wine, wine om Galilee". And hey had oo much ed wine. I'm no going
o lie o you. The e we e h ee houses in Be župija. and mùs and up.lis i . a *duobup. […] he hole […] he hole
[…] he hole […] he hole. I 's nice o mee you. I s wi h us, he es a s eam. he hole. I 's been dug, i 's been
dug. Ou i e was beau i ul […] (M z)42; 35 See mo e. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. 36 mo e plg. Va ian s o
he numbe eco ded in he male speech (plg. po.*kal·dαi ‘a e Ch is mas and lenk. kolęda, us. кoляда),
he gende (plg. kiš.us ‘kišenė and lenk. kieszeń). 37 When ansposing examples o a genus o he han some
slang and common speech, a mo e common, mo e equen o m o slang is used.
Thi y-eigh s ong.
Thi y-nine sands.
40 mo e plg. he milk. "When he e's sand, he e's e e y hing", he said. 41 Plg. o he pen. I 's called ká· i. I'm no
going o lie o you. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I'm going o gi e you my name. He bough a cow and
wen back o li e in his illage, and he house is s ill he e. No only he hyme o he o ms o he place name
a ies, bu also he spelling, e.g. i […]s pa a[…] as […] ka […]bù[…]o. be ja[…] […]del[…] […] […]pa i-- […] pa a[…] as
[…]be[…]žu-- […] *be[…]župis […] […]and i ( he apple) is named because i was a la ge be ja, i is called be župis[…]
(b p); I 's a was e o money. I 's called a pad. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. was made b župis [ alks
abou ci cumcision au . pas .] (b k). 42 Plg. and up. I'm going o ake a showe . […] i s […]use his up[…].l[…]. This
is he i s ime I' e been able o do his in my li e. I'm going o do i . I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i ,
bu I'm going o do i . Come on, he s eam is coming. o a duobio. Fi s , his s eam lows in o he s eam. And
when you go o Molius his way, h ough he woods, o he illage o Molius, you also c oss he i e ha goes
o Me ki (M z).
244 ac a
Vi aLija ka aciejŪ ė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
"Pau la Uskienie Aldona: Opposi ions and hei neu aliza ion in he pa adigms o
g amma ical ca ego ies" (p. Language heo y and p ac ice. Theses o con e ence epo s.
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Pliny he Younge , in his book, The Typology o G amma ical Ca ego ies: Vilnius:
The Uni e si y o Vilnius.
In he case o he Rhae ians, he wo d o "c ossing" is used in he con ex o he sou he n
highlands and eas e n highlands o he Vilnius egion. he manusc ip o he doc o al
disse a ion. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
The e m is de i ed om he mo phologically inapp op ia e nouns. Cul u e o
language 84, 184 […]201.
"Rimku ė e ika, a iž y ė jū a ė" (2010): Mo phological adap a ion o loanwo ds in he
Li huanian language. […] Li huanian language 4 (a ailable on he In e ne a h p: www.lie u iukalba.l index.php?id=162)
[Re iewed by 22 Ap il 2014]
Rinkauskienė egina 1999: Ry ų aukš aičių u eniškių a dažodis: he cu en si ua ion and he
his o ical de elopmen . he manusc ip o he doc o al disse a ion. Vilnius: Vilnius
Pedagogical Uni e si y is loca ed in Vilnius. The La ian language's sys em o punc ua ion:
synch onici y and diach onici y. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing s un
dž ia b oni acas 1979: amily ca ego y in he g amma o he Li huanian language. […] Cu en
p oblems wi h speech. In i a ion o a scien i ic con e ence - p og am and hesis. Vilnius: The
Uni e si y o Vilnius V. Kapsukas, 80 o 83. In he 1980s, Vadinamosios be a dės giminės ook i s
place in he mo phological sys em o he Li huanian language. expe imen al esea ch. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In he 2010 edi ion o he Ramak ishna Jana a Daik a a dis: A sociolinguis ic s udy.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Valy skyi-Adelė (Li huanian: Valy skyi-Adelė) was a Li huanian g amma school ounded in 1984. The genus ca ego y. The Vilnius:
I 's science.
Valeckienė adelė 1998: Func ional g amma o he Li huanian language. Vilnius:
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
WaLs […] co b e g. g. numbe o gende s. […] The Wo ld A las o Language
S uc u es (a ailable online a www.in o ea u e.30) [ iew om 22 Ap il 2014]
Wol gang Ull ich, In la iona y mo phology and na u alness, published in 1989. he
do d ech : he clawe .
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1980): His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language Vilnius:
The science. Ca l Go lob (1846): A school-g amma o he La in language. London:
Longman, b own, g een, and Longmans, Pa e nos e - ow.

Va ėnos šnek os daik a a džio giminės ka ego ija
245s aipsniai / a icles
The place is loca ed in he icini y
o he illage o Pe loja B č, in
he old own o Va ėna, in he
b žp – be žùpis Ū – Ū à
g – gi ái ė V n – Va ėnà
illage o Kaš os Z , in he illage o Ze ýnos.
M g […] Me[…]geže is Ž […] Žiu a[…] He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
M z […] Ma ùizos gi ái ė, kaš[…] os, Megeže is, Ma ùizos, Pe lojà, Pauosup[…], udnià, senõji Va ėna, Ū à,
he ca ego y o gende o noun
in Va ėna sub-dialec
suMMa y
he sub-dialec o Va ėna and illages closes o i (akmuõ, bab škės, bačiai, be žùpis,
ze ýnos, Žiū a[…]), which is asc ibed o sou he n highlands, he ca ego y o gende has no been
in es iga ed and desc ibed om he pe spec i e o na u al mo phology. The main aim o his a icle is
o discuss he s uc u e o he ca ego y o gende in his subdialec , on he basis o empi ical ma e ial,
o p esen seman ic and mo phological cha ac e is ics o he gende o noun and o iden i y cases o
a ia ions in gende . The esea ch conduc ed showed ha : 1) he s uc u e o he ca ego y o gende
in he sub-dialec o Va ena consis s o opposi ion o masculine and eminine gende , which is simila o
o he sub-dialec s (Joniškis, No he n Ši iniškis) esea ched by applying he me hod o na u al
mo phology. 2) he e is no s ic di e en ia ion in (masculine and emale) gende acco ding o s ems;
s ems wi h lexions only pa ially ma k he gende ; 3) use s o he sub-dialec o Va ėna usually eplace
gende e e ing o ood and d inks (e.g., subl·no.m, aguõnpien.n); o ma e ials and hei e uses (e.g.,
p.leno.s, aglei); place-names (e.g. *ba[…]biẽ i[…]k[…].n, *dúobup[…]) and o he names; plan s (e.g., α nalέ·šas,
amun·lei); and pa s o clo hes (e.g. kiš.un, αŋkó·u); ce ain spaces and p emises (e.g., […] u is;
po.lekl[…]nikas); o gans o human body (e.g., li e […], […]megen[…]) and o he s; 4) i is inaccu a e o e e
o a speci ic ‘gende mo pheme in he s uc u e o nouns o he sub-dialec o Va ėna because he
lexical mo pheme is insepa able om one o ano he g amma ical meaning o gende .
Deli e ed on 11 June 2014
Vi aLija ka aciejŪ ė
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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