S aipsniai / A icles 141
PAVEL SKORUPA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Fields o esea ch: oponymy, cogni i e onomas ics
and cogni i e seman ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SEMANTIC OPPOSITIONS IN I is no possible o he Commission o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he Rules o P ocedu e, he Ve i ica ion o C eden ials and Immuni ies.
VILNIUS COUNTY TOPONYMS This is a lis o he municipali ies o he p o ince o Vilnius.
Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų seman inės
o he opposi ion
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The cu en pape deals wi h (seman ic) opposi ions in he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y
oponyms (bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names). Al hough he adi ional esea ch
in o Li huanian oponymy, especially hyd onymy, poin s ou an onymic seman ic ela ionships
in ce ain place names based on dis inc i e elemen s o bo h composi e and compound names,
hese elemen s do no ecei e due a en ion. A o al o 5103 oponyms ( i e , s eam, pond and
se lemen names) ha cu en ly exis in he egion we e collec ed o he esea ch and 400
oponyms in he classes o hyd onyms and oikonyms ha o m 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied.
The opposi ions a e analyzed no only in e ms o hei an onymic seman ic ela ionships, bu
also o mally, i.e., he ole o compound and composi e names componen s is examined a he
syn ac ic (wo d- o ma ion) le el.
KEYWORDS: opposi ion, place name, p esen -day Vilnius Coun y, seman ic
ela ionships, an onymic ela ionships.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle deals wi h he (seman ic) opposi ion o he oponyms (bo h esiden ial and
non- esiden ial) o he Vilnius egion oday. T adi ional Li huanian oponyms, especially
hyd onyms, ha e been s udied, gi ing examples o an onymic place names, bu un il now
hey ha e no been sys ema ically s udied. The s udy collec ed 5,103 cu en oponyms
(su names o i e s, s eams, ponds and se lemen s) and ound ha 400 oponyms (in he
classes o hyd onyms and oikonyms) make up 191 opposi ion. Opposi ions a e analyzed no
only in e ms o hei an onymic seman ic connec ions, bu also o mally, i.e. he ole o
he componen s o compound and plu al nouns is s udied a he syn ac ic (wo d-making) le el.
PAVEL SKORUPA
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 142 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ESMINIAI WORDS: opposi ion, place name, p esen dis ic o Vilnius, seman ic
connec ions, an onymic connec ions.
INTRODUCTION
The adi ional esea ch in o Li huanian oponymy esp. Hyd onomy (Alexande
Vanaga 1981a) poin s ou ha an onymic ela ionships in ce ain adjec i es o
e body names. Some imes e ymologis s sugges ha , o ins ance, quali ying
colou in oponyms a e mo i a ed by he colou , e ili y o o he physical
cha ac e is ics o soil. he p e ailing colou o buildings; he quali ying adjec i es
o size a e mo i a ed by he ac ual size o he named objec , e c. Howe e ,
no mally hese dis inc i e elemen s in oponyms do no ecei e due a en ion
(S achowski 2018).
An onymic ela ionship is o en associa ed wi h he dis inc i e a ibu es o a
compound name, usually quali ying adjec i es o size, age, ho izon al o e ical
posi ion in space, colo , e c., which a e used as p e ix o pos - ix o dis inguish
be ween wo iden ical names. T adi ionally, an onyms a e wo ds wi h he opposi e
meaning, i.e. wo ds in seman ic opposi ion. Acco ding o John I. Saeed (2016: 63),
con a y o […]an onym[…], he e m […]opposi ion[…] is a b oade gene al label ha
indica es he ela ionship be ween wo en i ies ha does no necessa ily mean
ha one en i y is he nega i e o he o he . Thus, opposi ions in cu en esea ch
a e iewed no only as an an onymic seman ic ela ionship be ween he dis inc i e
a ibu es o a name, bu as any ype o ela ionship be ween dis inguishing
cons i uen pa s o names, including he elemen s o compound names ha ha e a
clea ly dis inc unc ion. The esea ch, howe e , does no include he analysis on
he phone ic opposi ions, i.e. he iden ical names ha ollow di e en s ess
pa e ns. Also, due o he scope o he pape and a la ge numbe o opposi ions, i is
impossible o desc ibe he e ymologies and e ms o hei e ymology and
mo i a ion o each p ope name, he e o e, only some o hem a e desc ibed in
mo i a ion.
The objec o he cu en esea ch is opposi ions based on dis inc i e
a ibu es o names in p esen -day Vilnius Coun y oponymy (bo h se lemen
and non-se lemen names).
The aim o he p esen s udy is o examine ypical opposi ions among Vilnius Coun y
oponyms in e ms o hei syn ac ic ea u es and seman ics o dis inc i e
a ibu es.
The a icle is based on he analysis o opposi ions in oponyms ( i e , lake, pond,
se lemen names) ha cu en ly exis wi hin he bounda ies o he p esen -day
Vilnius Coun y, which co e s a la ge pa (abou one- hi d) o he in e wa
A icles o he 143 d
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
Wes e n Vilnius Region, which is now pa o Li huania. The choice o analyze
oponymy o his a ea, de e mined by i s long, u bulen and o en sad his o y,
which leads o he complexi y o he cu en s udy, as place names o he egion
a e a ec ed by language in e ac ions no only due o cul u al pe iphe ies.
e y bu also o long- e m mul ilingualism o he popula ion. Cu en ly, Vilni-
Dis ic Municipali y.
The o al o 400 (8%) place names ha o m 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied in
he co pus o 5103 oponyms, i.e. i e (including s eams), lake, pond and
se lemen (ci ies, owns, illages and s eadings) names in he egion: 25 ou o
335 i e names make 14 (7%) opposi ions. 78 ou o 714 lake names make 37 (20%)
opposi ions; 32 ou o 146 pond names make 12 (6%) opposi ions; 267 ou o 3905
se lemen names make 128 (67%) opposi ions. In he numbe o cases, h ee o
mo e place names in each ca ego y a e in opposi ion. All he selec ed oponyms
ha exis in opposi ions a e wi hin 0,1 o 20 km om each o he .
Toponyms (bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names) we e collec ed om: Vilnius
Coun y dis ic municipali ies web si es; The Ri e s, Lakes and Ponds Cadas e o
he Republic o Li huania (Li h. Lie u os Respublikos upių, eže ų i enkinių
kadas as, UETK, www.ue k.am.l ); Vilnius Coun y maps a h ps: www.geopo al.l ;
The Ca alogue o Li huanian Place Names W i en om he Li ing Language a he
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Onomas ics Depa men (Va dyno b anch o
he Li huanian Language Ins i u e Li huanian place names, w i en om he li ing
language, a chi e) The A chi e o Vilnius Region Land Names Ques ionnai es a he
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Onomas ics Depa men The analysis, he
a ian s o some name o ms we e checked in he Russian Empi e Map o 1872
(he eina e , REM 1872) (h ps://mapi e.eu/enmap-1872- ussia).
1. SYNTACTIC FEATURES
OF OPPOSITIONS IN TOPONYMY
The p esen s udy is based no only on he examina ion o he ypical an onymic
seman ic ela ionships among Vilnius Coun y oponyms, bu also includes hei
o mal analysis, i.e. he ole o (composi e and compound) names, which a e o med
PAVEL SKORUPA
144, Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI componen s on he syn ac ic
(wo d- o ma ion) le el. Thus, he i s pa o he pape analyzes he syn ac ic
ea u es o oponyms.
1.1. P e and pos modi ie s
I has been obse ed ha he majo i y o opposi ions in composi e opo-
by such elemen s as dis inc i e a ibu es ha se e as p e- and pos -modi ie s
o he place name, i.e. au onomous wo ds (e.g. quali ying adjec i es) a e placed
ei he be o e o a e he modi ied name. Op ions based on he an onymic
1.1.1. Au onomous wo ds as p e- and pos -modi ie s
ela ionships o he au onomous wo ds ei he in p e- o pos -posi ion a e made
ollowing hese pa e ns: ze o modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name, p e-modi ie
+ name x p e-modi ie + name, name + ze o modi ie x name + pos -modi ie . F om
he pe spec i e o wo d- o ma ion place names.
oponymic opposi ions wi h p e- and pos -modi ie s a e classi ied as composi e
The ze o modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name pa e n can be obse ed in 28
opposi ions: 2 i e names opposi ions Upėsė x Mažóji Upėsė, Kenà x Mažóji Kenà; 2
opposi ions o he names o he lakes […] An a il […] Lake […] Mažàsis An a il […]
Lake, Gubinas […] Mažàsis Gubinas; The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings
and conclusions o he e iew: (i) he ollowing is a summa y o he indings and
conclusions o he e iew: (i) he indings and conclusions o he e iew: (i) he
indings and conclusions o he e iew: (i) he indings and conclusions o he
e iew: (i) he indings o he e iew: (i) he indings o he e iew: (i) he indings
o he e iew: (ii) he indings o he e iew: (ii) he indings o he e iew: (iii) he
indings o he e iew: (i ) he indings o he e iew:
The p e-modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name pa e n can be obse ed
in 25 cases: 1 i e names opposi ion […] Didsis Pičiupis x Mažàsis Pičiupis; 3 lake
names opposi ions […] Ddelis Macijonėlis x Mãžas Macijonėlis, Didysai Siau […]s x
Mažasai Siau […]s, Dideji Vagiekai x Mažeji Vagiekai; 21 se lemen names
opposi ions […] La ge Baušija […] x Small Baušija […], New Janã as x Sènas
A icles by A icles 145
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he ollowing a e he names o he membe s o
he Boa d o T us ees o he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, who ha e been
appoin ed by he Boa d o T us ees o he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
Pašaminė, Naũjosios Rakliškės x Snosios Rakliškės, Aukš eji Rusokai x Žemeji
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles and Los Angeles.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The name + pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e n can be obse ed in 3
opposi ions: 1 i e names opposi ion Cùdykas Ddelis x Cùdykas Mãžas; 2 lake
names opposi ions […] Ilma Didžióji x Ilma Mažóji, Ne a[…]das Áukš as x
Ne a[…]das Žmas. This is he i s ime ha he name has been used.
As i can be seen in he abo e examples, he ze o modi ie , p e-modi ie , and
p e-modi ie pa e ns a e mos p oduc i e in he class o se lemen name
opposi ions, comp ising 28 and 25 ou o 191 opposi ions, espec i ely.
1.1.2. In a g ea numbe o pond and se lemen names (32 and 114, espec i ely),
numbe s a e used o dis inguish be ween wo iden ical oponyms (in some cases,
among h ee and mo e names). Such oponymic cons uc ions do no o m
seman ic opposi ions and can be obse ed only in ponds and se lemen names
ha mos o en ollow he name + ze o modi ie x name + pos modi ie and name
+ pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e ns, he la e being he in: 1 pond
names opposi ion B ažulės x B ažulės I x B ažulės II; 6 se lemen names
mos p oduc i e ( he o al o 51 cases).
The pa e n name + ze o modi ie x name + pos modi ie can be obse ed
opposi ions […] An ãkalnis x An ãkalnis I x An ãkalnis II x An ãkalnis III, Būdà (T akai
elde ship) x Būdà I x Būdà III, Naujãlaukis II (El D.), mun Naujãlaukis x Naujãlaukis II
(T ak. D.), Nemenč[…]nė x Nemenč[…]nė, Ve sekà x Ve sekà I x Ve sekà II. This is he
i s ime ha he name has been used. The ollowing species a e included in his
ca ego y: he ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: he ollowing
species a e included in his ca ego y: he ollowing species a e included in his
ca ego y: he ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: he ollowing
species a e included in his ca ego y: he ollowing species a e included in his
ca ego y: he ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y:

PAVEL SKORUPA
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
II, Tu nškių I x Tu nškių II, Viesų I x Viesų II x Viesų III, Vikščių I x Vikščių II;
The ollowing is a lis o all- ime a ou i e bands and a is s ha ha e eached
he Top 40 in he Uni ed S a es, based on hei espec i e cha s: The Who,
Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode,
Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode,
Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode,
Kalnu ė VII, Kiauklškis I x Kiauklškis II, Kochano kà I x Kochano kà II x Ko-
Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode,
Depeche Mode, Depeche Mode. The ollowing species a e included in CITES
Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o
endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species,
as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES
Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species.
II, Vaičiūkiškė I x Vaičiūkiškė II, Va nikliai I x Va nikliai II. This is a lis o people who
we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o
Va nikliai. The use o numbe s in place names is cha ac e is ic o he ai ly ecen
nomina ion pa e ns, especially since he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y. I is
impo an o no e ha numbe s a e used only in o icial sou ces (municipali ies
websi es, documen s and maps, e c.) o dis inguish be ween iden ical names,
whe eas locals do no usually use numbe s wi h hese names. Thus, o example,
Bui džiai I and Bui džiai II a e bo h e e ed o as Bui džiai; o […]osininkai I,
[…]osininkai II and […]osininkai III a e known as […]osininkai in he li ing language. The
same usage applies o pond names. All pond names, especially hose modi ied by
numbe s, a e a i icial oponymic objec s, which we e named a e he places
hey a e loca ed in, and hei names a e he esul o ansli e a ion. Thus, hey a e o no in e es and a e no u he analyzed.
1.2. Pos e s and pos e s
In a numbe o cases he place name opposi ion can be o med by a ixes, i.e.
p e ixes o su ixes, esp. diminu i e su ixes as opposed o names wi hou any
modi ying elemen s (names wi h ze o modi ie s).
A icles o he 147 h
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
1.2.1. Su ixes
The g oup o opposi ions based on diminu i e su ixes is he la ges and Luknà x
includes he ollowing 69 cases: 9 i e names opposi ions – Lã ė x La lė,
Luknlė (Bal lė), Kenà x Kenlė (Kinlė), Mūšià x Mūšlė, N upis xuplis (also, see 1.3.), S ūnà
x S ūnlė, Ne alčià x Šalčýk Ščia, Zizd à x Zizd lė, Žeimenà x Žeimenlė; The ollowing
species a e included in CITES Appendix I (A, B, C, D and E): he blue in una, blue in
una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una,
blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una,
blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una,
blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una,
blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, blue in una, and o he species
a e included in CITES Appendix I. The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings and
conclusions o he e iew: (i) The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. (ii)
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. (iii) The Commission conside s
ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle
107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The mos p oduc i e su ixes a e -el- (-is, -ė, -iai) and -el- (-is,
-ė, -ės, -iai) (30 and 13 cases espec i ely) in bo h se lemen and non-se lemen
names. All diminu i e oponyms a e su ix-de i a i es om he oponyms hey a e
in opposi ion o and a e o med unde he in luence o a oponymic con ex .
Acco ding o Vanagas (1970: 75), such oponyms can be conside ed he con inua ion
([…]con inuum[…]) o he p ima y place names. Thei ela ion o he oponymic
x Šalčininkliai ( ), Šiùkš iškiai x Šiukš iškliai, Š enčiónys x Š enčionliai, Tau-
con ex is indica ed by he common oo , whe eas he su ix indica es he
ela ions o belonging (possessi eness) and o igin. These ela ions e lec he
belonging (o quan i a i e) subo dina ion and a e de e mined by he name objec s,
which a e cha ac e ized by hei size and a e smalle han he objec s om
whose names hei diminu i e names we e de i ed. In all he abo e cases, he
opo-objec a e loca ed in a e y close p oximi y o each o he .
ela ionship o he oponymic objec s hemsel es and p o ide ce ain in o ma-
ion (belonging-o igin ela ionship). Diminu i e oponyms lis ed in his sec ion
PAVEL SKORUPA
148 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1.2.2. P e ixes and su ixes
The e a e only wo opposi ions based on p e ix de i a i es ha can be ound among
se lemen names: Ūd ónys x Paūd ónys, Vo e x Pa o e . The p e ix pade i a i es
in he Li huanian language deno e a place below o nea some hing. Ūd ónys and
Paūd ónys a e wo illages in he icini y o he illage Tãba iškės in Tu geliai
elde ship, Šlčn. The D. Mun. Bo h illages a e in close p oximi y and a e loca ed on
opposi e sides o he oad o Tu gẽliai. Acco ding o Ma ija Razmukai ė (2009: 34),
oikonyms wi h he su ix -onys -oniai a e plula ia an um de i a i es om pe sonal
names wi h pa onymic su ixes -ai is, -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas. Thus, i may be claimed ha
he se lemen name Ūd ónys is a de i a i e om he an h oponym Ūd s1. The p e ix
pains he opposi ion o Ud ónys and Paud onys indica es he ela ions o belonging
(possessi i y) and o igin. The second opposi ion in his ca ego y is made by wo
illages Vo e and Pa o e ha a e 4 km away om each o he on he igh bank o
he Vo e ái ė2 ( he igh ibu a y o he Žeimenà) in Pab adės elde ship, Š nč. D. he
moon. Pa o e is loca ed close (0.3 km) o he con luence o he Vo e ái ė and he
Žeimenà, whe eas Vo e is loca ed 4 km away om Pa o e , ups eam he Vo e ái ė.
Bo h Vo e and Pa o e a e su ounded by o es s (Ka elninkų, Kulniškės,
Pa o e ės, Vo e s). These se lemen names we e mo i a ed by he po amonym
hey a e loca ed nex o, whe eas he p e ix pain he name Pa o e no only
indica es he ela ionship o his se lemen wi h he s eam and Vo e illage,
Pa o e ės and Vo e s o es s i is loca ed in close p oximi y o. The p e ix paalso
se es a dis inc i e elemen be ween wo se lemen names and indica es he
ela ions o possessi i y and o igins.
Compound place names 1.3.
Only wo compound name opposi ions wi h no au onomous wo ds used as one compound i e name
p e- o pos -modi ie s we e iden i ied among he analyzed egion’s oponyms,
i.e. one compound se lemen name opposi ion Senãd a is x Naujãd a is and
opposi ion he N upis x he Ne uplis. Each o he wo opposi ions p esen s di e en compound
names o ma ion models: Adjec i e 1 A Li huanian masculine name, which could be de i ed and
mo i a ed by he quali ies asc ibable o 2 The i e Vo e a ė may be de i ed om he diminu i e
d a (o e ) ‘p eda o y aqua ic u animal (Lu a lu a)’.
o m o he zoono ic o e (squi el) […] small, long- ailed oden (Sciu us) […] (LkŽe) and could be
mo i a ed by he place whe e he e we e
The e a e many animals o his species.
A icles by A icles 149
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
+ common Noun (Senãd a is → snas ‘old + d ã as ‘es a e, p ope y as opposed o
Naujãd a is → naũjas ‘new + d ã as ‘es a e, p ope y) and Ve b + common Noun
( he N upis → né i ‘ o di e; o low quickly […] + upis […] i e […] as opposed o case
he Ne uplis → né i ‘ o di e; o low quickly’ + uplis ‘small i e , s eam’). In
o Senãd a is x Naujãd a is he opposi ion is o med by he i s pa s o hese
compound names ← snas […]old[…] and naũjas […]new[…]. The compound i e name
opposi ion is based on he diminu i e su ix de i a i e (see 1.2.1. abo e).
2.SEMANTIC CATEGORIES This is a lis o
OF OPPOSITIONS IN TOPONYMY
As desc ibed abo e, dis inc i e elemen s o p ope names c ea e an opposi ion.
Al hough an onymic ela ionships a e ypical in oponymy, no all o he cases c ea e
a seman ic opposi ion, as he dis inc i e a ibu es o he opposi ion belong o
di e en seman ic ca ego ies, especially when hey a e de i ed om o he p ope
names (e.g., oikonyms, hyd onyms, e c.). To illus a e, Ta kas and Šalčininklių Ta kas
(Ta kas ← Li h. a kas ‘a lumbe mill, sawmill ← Pol. a ak ‘a sawmill o lumbe mill,
i.e. a acili y whe e logs a e cu in o lumbe ) a e wo illages in Šlčn. The D. Mun.
They' e abou 8 miles apa , and hey' e de ini ely c ea ing an opposi ion. One o hem
has a ze o a ibu e, o modi ie , (Ta kas), while he second membe o he
opposi ion is modi ied by he a ibu e de i ed om he p ope name (oikonym)
Šalčininkliai.
Ano he example o place names ha o m an opposi ion ha a e no based on he an onymic seman ic
ela ionship o hei dis inc i e a ibu es a e wo illages ha now make a pa o Vilnius Ci y. m inis
(-ė) ‘made o s ones o b icks). Bo h se lemen s a e si ua ed on he Vókė Ri e in close p oximi y o
each o he (app oxima ely 1 km). The name Vókė was seman ics (wo ds in di e en languages may ha e
di e en associa ions). The Vókė ( he le ibu a y o he Ne is) is a s eam lowing om Lake Pãpis.
The name can be cul u ally mo i a ed. In his book, Józe K ajewski (2013: 225) sugges s ha his name is
3 The mo i a ion o he i e name Vókė can be in e p e ed in se e al ways because o i s complex
de i ed om he Ta a oka ‘wa e . Howe e , his s a emen is highly ques ionable, as he i s
men ion o he name Voke in he his o ical documen s was made a leas a decade ea lie han he ac
abou he i s Ta a s, Voke, o clea , o ha es , o clea , o ga he (Lk.je), by means o he su ix
-ke, which is he de i a i e su ix o agen (doe s o he ac ion) (see Amb asas, 1993, p. The mo i a ion
o Vókė can be in e p e ed as ollows: ók is ók i → okėjas ‘ he one who ha es s, cleans cleanses →
se lemen in he icini y. Thus, i is highly likely he name is de i ed om he Li huanian e bs
Vókė.
PAVEL SKORUPA
Ac a Linguis ica LXXI, old, as opposed o black, wi h he meaning "small" and "new."
The absence o he illage Juodóji Vókė and he own Bal óji Vókė in he 19 h
cen u y map means ha bo h he illage and he own a e ela i ely ‘young
se lemen s. Thus, he easoning ‘whi e is old and black is young could only be ue
o he opposi ion Bal óji Vókė ( , V C mun.) x Juodóji Vókė ( ), bu no o he
opposi ion Juodóji Vókė ( ) x Bal óji Vókė ( n, Šlčn. D mun.). The own o Bal oja
Voke was ini ially ounded as a se lemen known as Naujogi Žaga ne and go i s
cu en name as well as he s a us o own in 1958. The e o e, i can be concluded
ha he name Bal óji Vókė is made by analogy o Bal óji Vókė illage (V C mun.). The
s a emen ha colou adjec i es in names can be mo i a ed by geog aphical and
geological ac o s can pa ly be ue in he case o Juodojis Voka, which is si ua ed
in he middle o he Bal ojis Voka swamp, he la ges pea bog in Li huania. I is
highly likely ha he colou adjec i e Juodoi (black) in he name o his illage could
be mo i a ed by he da k colou o soil (pea ), aking in o conside a ion he illage's
loca ion. The p esence o colou in all h ee se lemen names could be mo i a ed
by he colou o buildings in each se lemen . The absence o black colou in mos
se lemen names (especially illages) could be explained by da k o black colou o
wooden buildings.
Wood (a common building ma e ial) ge s da ke o black wi h age. The p esence o
wooden s uc u es does no explain he colou adjec i e in he name Juodoi; he
Vókė, as oponyms a e usually mo i a ed by ce ain ea u es exclusi ely cha ac-
e is ic o he named objec , bu no he common quali ies, which means ha i
black colou was o is ypical a he ime o naming, i.e. he p e alen da k colou
o mos wooden s uc u es in he se lemen could no be conside ed he unique
quali y o he oikonym, and hus could no mo i a e i s name.
Howe e , he colou o buildings as he ou s anding ea u e is a possible and highly
likely mo i a ional ac o in he case o Bal hazia, which has been amous o i s
cen u ies-old Bal hazia Palace, included in he lis o p o ec ed objec s o he
coun y's Depa men o Cul u al He i age. The mansion wi h i s ligh (whi e)
s uc u es is he mos p ominen objec in Bal óji Vókė illage and, hus, may be
conside ed he se lemen 's exclusi e, ou s anding ea u e. The adjec i e whi e in
se lemen names is usually associa ed wi h whi e coa ing o mason y buildings. The
easons o enaming Naujóji Žaga ė in o Bal óji Vókė ( n, Šlčn. D. mun.) a e no
qui e clea and he new (cu en ) name o he own could only be deemed o be
mo i a ed
14
The websi e o he Bal oji Vokė elde ship is loca ed a : h ps: www.bal oji oke.l /apie-seniunija/
15
See he egis e o cul u al alues a : h ps: k .kpd.l #

S aipsniai / A icles 157
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
by Bal óji Vókė (swamp) pea bog, as Naujóji Žaga nė was ounded as a se le-
men o wo ke s who ha e been digging pea o Vilnius hea plan .
3. Conclusions o be d awn
A o al o 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied in he co pus o 5103 oponyms ha
cu en ly exis in Vilnius Coun y: i e (including s eams) names make 14 (7%)
opposi ion; lake names make 37 (20%) opposi ion; The pond names a e aken wi h
(6%), se lemen names make 128 (67%) opposi ion. The opposi ions we e se-
e e ence o he dis ance be ween he objec s, i.e. he objec s wi hin 0.1 o 20 km
om each o he we e conside ed o o m an opposi ion. The analysis o he
syn ac ic ea u es o oponyms shows ha he majo i y o opposi ions in
composi e oponyms a e o med by dis inc i e a ibu es (usually quali ying
adjec i es) ha se e as p e ix o pos ix o he place name and ollow hese wo d
o ma ion pa e ns: ze o modi ie , name, p e ix, p e ix, p e ix, p e ix, p e ix, p e ix,
p e ix, p e ix. F om he pe spec i e o wo d- o ma ion hese oponymic opposi ions
a e classi ied as composi e place names. The use o numbe s in place names is
cha ac e is ic o nomina ion pa e ns o he wen ie h cen u y and can be
obse ed in a g ea numbe o pond and se lemen names.Numbe s a e used o
dis inguish be ween wo iden ical oponyms (in some cases, among h ee o mo e
objec s). Such oponymic cons uc ions can be obse ed only in ponds and
se lemen names, opposi ions ha mo e o en ollow he noun (x) and he
pos -nominal (x).
+ pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e ns, he la e being he mos
p oduc i e ( he o al o 51 opposi ions). 4. A ixes (p e ixes o diminu i e su ixes)
o m opposi ions wi h he place names wi h ze o modi ie s. The g oup o opposi ions
based on diminu i e su ixes is he la ges (69 opposi ions). All diminu i e oponyms
a e su ix-de i a i es (su ixes -el- (is, -ė, -iai) and -el- (is, -ė, -ės, -iai) being he mos
p oduc i e) om he oponyms hey a e in opposi ion wi h, a e cha ac e ized by
hei size and a e smalle han he objec s om he names o which hey we e
de i ed. o nea some hing) ha can be ound among se lemen names (2 cases).
Opposi ions based on p e ix pa- de i a i es (wi h he meaning o a place below
Only wo compound name opposi ions wi hou any au onomous wo ds used as
p e- and pos -modi ie s we e iden i ied among he analyzed egion's oname
ponyms: one compound se lemen name opposi ion and one compound i e
opposi ions. The compound i e name opposi ion is an opposi ion based on he
diminu i e su ix de i a i e.
PAVEL SKORUPA
158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Al hough an onymic ela ionships a e ypical in oponymy, no all o he cases
c ea e a seman ic opposi ion, especially when desc ip i e a ibu es a e de i ed
om o he p ope names o when desc ip i e a ibu es belong o di e en
seman ic ca ego ies. The majo i y o he oponymic opposi ions analyzed a e
based on an onymic seman ic ela ionships be ween he modi ying wo ds. The
seman ic analysis ocuses on he oponymic opposi ion ypes in e ms o size,
posi ion, age, and colou o he named objec . The la ges numbe o opposi ions (19
cases) based on he an onymic ela ionships o he dis inc i e a ibu es
(adjec i es in p eposi ion) wi h he seman ic meaning o s[…]nas […]old[…] and
na[…]jas […]new[…] can only be ound only in he ca ego y o oikonyms. Whe eas
colou opposi ions a e su p isingly sca ce in he oponymy o he p esen -day
Vilnius Coun y, wi h only one case iden i ied in he class o oikonyms based on he
an onymic ela ions o he colou s whi e and black.
Abb e ia ed
C […] ci y D. […] dis ic ; The elec ici y; The Li h. Li huanian; I 's me.
municipali y; Polish […] Polish; Russian […] Russian; s ead. s eading; Shu up. […]
Shipowne s; Shu up. […] The ci y o Š enčionys; n […] own; The ack. […] The acks; V […] Vilnius; in […] illage.
Re e ences and sou ces
Amb osia is he name o a 1993 ilm by Da id Bowie. Vilnius: Encyclopedia o science and echnology
dijų leidykla.
Bal oji Vok elde ship web si e a : h ps://www.bal oji oke.l apie-seniunija/
Ke bely ė B onisla a 1983: When he gian s li ed: eachings abou ci ies, lakes,
moun ains, and s ones. Vilnius: Vaga is loca ed.
K ajkowski-Jose , 2013: Vilnius and he su ounding a ea: a guide. Pias ów: o ice o Wydawnicza
I 's called "Rewasz".
Cul u al alues egis y web si e a : h ps://k .kpd.l #/ Lipo ec Aleksand 2019: Bi želio
3 d […] he anni e sa y o he agedy o he Li huanian illage o Pi čiupių, which was
des oyed by he Nazis and killed 119 inhabi an s in 1944 [in e ac i e]. I can be ound on he
In e ne a : h ps: spu niknews.l /columnis s
(20190604/9212111/Pi ciupiu- illage- agedy-Li huania- illages-gales-p i-Pi ciupiu-Mo inos-me-
mo ial.h ml. Liza V. T akai: The images o he pas . Vilnius is Da lis.
S aipsniai / A icles 159
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20, 1941[…]2002, elec onic e sion, edi o ial
boa d: Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as
Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. This is he i s edi ion o he dic iona y. Vilnius:
e sija, 2008) [in e ak y us]. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.lkz.l /
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2005 ( enewed by Macule ičius S eponas, Bal ušienė
Dolo es, ed., 1999: Knowledge om Li huania. The book o housands. Tom i s . The S a e.
The ci y o Kaunas: K aš o a ka. Malinauskas Vidman as, Jonas K iaučiūnas 2005: The
na u al and cul u al he i age o he T akų egion. Vilnius: Daigai. Wha a e you doing?
Mischie 's Jonah 2001: The Old T ak in he pages o his o y The ack: T akų sp.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's a piece o cake. Bos on: The
publishing house o he Li huanian Encyclopedia. Razmakai ė Ma ija 2009: Abou some o he Wes e n Li huanian p eposi ions. Language cul u e 82, 34 and 40.
REM 1872 […] Russian Empi e Map o he yea 1872 MAPIRE […] His o ical Maps Online
[in e ac i e] This is a lis o maps o he Uni ed Kingdom. A ailable a : h ps:
mapi e.eu/en/map2- ussia-187 Ri e , Lakes and Ponds Cadas e o he Republic o
Li huania (Li h. Saeed John I. 2016: Seman ics. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Fou h edi ion. This is WILEY Blackwell. S achowski and Kamil 2018. Opposi ions o
colo ism in Polish olklo e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Supe no a Alexand a is a 1970 I alian ilm di ec ed by Giuseppe Ve di. The e minology
ли цветовые названия рек? – Местные географические термины. Москва: Мысль,
120–127.
o Š pán Pa el 2009: Opposi ions in oponymy. […] Names in mul i-lingual, mul i-cul u al and
mul i-e hnic con ac . P oceedings o he wen y- hi d in e na ional cong ess o
onomas ic sciences This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable a :
h ps: yo kspace.lib a y.yo ku.ca o a xmlui.handle/10315-4034. Vanag Aleksand as (1970):
Li huanian TSR hyd onym manu ac u e . Vilnius: The Min . In he la e 1980s, Alexande
Vanaga published he Li huanian Hyd onyms Dic iona y. Vilnius: The Min . Va gas Llosa
(1981): The Seman ics o Li huanian Hyd onyms […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 21, 4[…]153.
Vanas Aleksand as (Li huanian: Vanas Aleksand as) was a Li huanian poli ician
dijų leidykla.
PAVEL SKORUPA
160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he yea o ou Lo d 2010 we a e celeb a ing he anni e sa y o he ounding o
he T ak Cas le, which is dedica ed o he memo y o T ak pas and p esen . T akai: I 's called Vo u a.
Vilnius Coun y map [in e ac i e]. A ailable a : h ps://www.geopo al.l .
VLE XXI […] Wo ld Encyclopedia o Li huanian, T. XXI, 2012. This is he i s ime ha he
Encyclopedia o Li huanian has been published. The old Th acians. Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopedia Publishing [in e ac i e] This is a lis o academic ins i u ions in Vilnius. Access o he In e ne : h ps: www. le.l
VLE XXIV […] Wo ld Encyclopedia o Li huanian, T. XXIV, 2015. This is he i s ime ha he Encyclopedia o Li huanian has been published. I 's called he T ak Vok. The Vilnius:
Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as [in e ak y us]. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://
and poli ician. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia. www. le.l . This is a lis o academic jou nals published by Vilnius Uni e si y.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 2007: The name o he S a e o Old Li huania. Vilnius: Ins i u e
o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų seman inės
o he opposi ion
SANTRAUKA The objec o his s udy is he seman ic opposi ion in he oponymy o he Vilnius
egion. Ou o he 5,030 names, only 14 (7%) we e opposi e names. 37 (20%) o he opposi ion.
Opposi es a e selec ed based on he dis ance be ween objec s, i.e. objec s wi hin 0.1 o 20 km
eže ų a dų opozicijos; 12 (6 %) enkinių a dų opozicijų; 128 (67 %) gy en iečių a -
o each o he a e conside ed o o m an opposi ion. T adi ional Li huanian oponymic o
hyd onymic s udies (especially Vanagas 1981) indica e an onymic connec ions in ce ain wa e
bodies' names, especially hose ha a e modi ied by quali ying colo s, sizes and so on.
E ymologis s some imes a gue ha , o example, colo quali ie s in oponyms a e mo i a ed by
soil colo , e ili y, o o he physical p ope ies o he soil. he p edominan colou o he
buildings; adjec i es o size a e mo i a ed by he ac ual size o he objec being named, e c.
Howe e , hese dis inguishable elemen s a e usually no gi en due a en ion in oponyms
(S achowski 2018). The e m "opposi ion" is b oade han "an onym" and e e s o any
connec ion be ween elemen s ha ha e a clea dis inc i e unc ion. The a icle examines no
only ypical an onymic seman ic ela ionships be ween he oponyms o Vilnius egion, bu also
pe o ms hei o mal analysis, i.e. de e mines he ole o he componen s o compound and
abb e ia ed names a he syn ac ic le el. Analysis o syn ac ic cha ac e is ics shows ha
he majo i y o compound oponymic opposi ions a e quali ying adjec i es p eceding o
ollowing he place name. The ollowing spelling pa e ns ha e been es ablished: noun x noun +
noun, noun + noun, noun x noun + noun (e.g. Kenà x Mażóji Kenà; Mãžosios Kabškės x Ddžiosios
Kabškės; Cùdykas Ddelis x Cùdykas Mã; Ìlma Didžióji x Ìlma Mažóji and . .). F om he poin o
A icles o he T ea y
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
iew o wo d making, hese opposi ions a e classi ied as compound place names. Some imes
digi s a e used in he icons o dis inguish be ween wo iden ical a ian s o Jude II x Jude III x
Jude IV, e c., which is ypical o he 20 h cen u y nomina ion. Such names a e cha ac e is ic o
names o ponds and se lemen s o med acco ding o he ollowing models: a name wi hou a
punc ua ion wo d x a name + a punc ua ion wo d, a name + a punc ua ion wo d x a name + a
dus (kai ku iais a ejais is i daugiau a dus), p z.: An ãliedė I x An ãliedė II, Júodės I x
punc ua ion wo d. The second model is he mos p oduc i e […] eco ded 51 cases. I is also
known as P diškė x P ūdišklė, Žeimenà x Žeimenlė, . .) o předdėliai (Ūd ónys x Paūd ónys,
Vo e x Pa o e ). The Deminu i e Opposi ion g oup is he la ges (69 cases). All diminu i e
oponyms a e de i a i es o he oponyms wi h which hey o m opposi ions, and a e smalle
Opoziciją gali suda y i a iksai, p z., mažybinės p iesagos (plg. Bedùgnis x Bedugniùkas,
han he objec s om which hei names o igina e.
Opposi ion o he se lemen s (wi h local signi icance) is o med by he names o he
se lemen s (2 cases). Among he oponyms o he analyzed dis ic s, only wo opposi ions
o su names we e ound: Senãd a is x Naujãd a is ( he opposi ion consis s o he i s
sands) and N upis x Ne uplis ( he opposi ion consis s o he mino su ix).
An onymic ela ionships a e cha ac e is ic o oponymy, bu seman ic opposi ion is no c ea ed
in all cases, especially when he ma ked wo ds (mos ly quali ying adjec i es) a e he adjec i es
o o he names o belong o di e en seman ic ca ego ies (e.g. […]kas x Šalčinink[…] Ta lių
[…]kas, Ta ãkų Vókė x M inė Vókė). Mos o he analysed opposi ions a e based on an onymic
seman ic connec ions o punc ua ion wo ds. Seman ic analysis ocuses on he ypes o
oponymic opposi ions, aking in o accoun he size, posi ion, age and colo o he objec being
named. Mos o he opposi ions (19 cases) based on quali a i e adjec i es sn and naja by
an onymic connec ions o m oikonimai (e.g. Big Baušija x Small Baušija, Najas Janã as x Sènas
Janã as, Mãžosios Kabškės x Ddžiosios Kabškės, e c.). The smalles g oup o seman ic
opposi ions is o med by he colo opposi ion (bál a x júoda) in he oikonimų class: Bal óji Vókė (k,
V m. sa .) x Juodóji Vókė (k, V m. sa .) x Bal óji Vókė (m., Šlčn. . sa .).
Deli e ed on 11 No embe 2019
PAVEL SKORUPA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.