110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: Onomas ics ( he
s udy o ac ual wo d p oduc ion, o igin, mo i a ion).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Ma ijampole App oach
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The mo i a ion
Mo i a ion o Su ixal Helonyms
o Ma ijampolė Coun y
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he peculia and in e es ing laye o he bee-equi alen lexicon […]
p eposi ions helonimas. In o de o e eal he mo i a ed ela ionship be ween hei o mal
s uc u e and meaning, hese ep esen a i es o he wa e ma k class a e s udied by he
linguis ic me hods o s uc u al, seman ic, and mo i ological analysis. The mos de ailed
in o ma ion on he deno a ion is a ailable, he da a used in he Land Names Inqui ies (1935-1937)
o eco d he linguis ic consciousness o he in o man s o he a ea unde in es iga ion, o
e lec hei knowledge, expe ience, knowledge, he emaining addi ional in o ma ion o help unde s and he onomas ic si ua ion.
S aipsnis e ingas leksikologijos mokslui i ki iems jos sky iams: e noling is ikai, so-
cioling is ikai, psicholing is ikai, kogni y inei ling is ikai, sa os oponimikos p ak ikai,
concep s o he phenomenon o he eal wo d. In he con ex o cul u al globaliza ion, an
impo an aspec o he s udy is he in e p e a ion o agmen s o na u e (swampy places)
in he language sys em o a pa icula a ea. The esul s o he s udy could con ibu e o
sol ing he ques ions o egional iden i y.
The ollowing wo ds a e included: place names, wa e names, helonims, oponymy,
mo i a ion, naming p inciples, naming me hods, me apho , me onymy, ellipsis,
seman ic cons uc ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses su ixal helonyms, which cons i u e a peculia and in e es ing laye o
he so-called non-equi alen lexis. In o de o e eal he mo i a ed connec ion be ween hei
S aipsniai / A icles 111
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
o mal s uc u e and meaning, hese ep esen a i es o he hyd onym class a e analyzed
using he linguis ic me hods o s uc u al, seman ic, and mo i ological analysis. As
comp ehensi e in o ma ion abou he deno a um as possible is in use; he a icle also makes
o he da a abou he linguis ic consciousness o he in o man s om he a ea unde analy-
use o sis, which we e eco ded in he […]Land Names[…] ques ionnai es (1935[…]1937), as well as
su i ing addi ional in o ma ion enabling us o g asp hei knowledge and expe ience and
he helping o unde s and he onomas ic si ua ion. The a icle is aluable o he science o
lexicology and i s o he b anches: e hnolinguis ics and he concep ion o he phenomenon o
ics, sociolinguis ics, psycholinguis ics, cogni i e linguis ics, he p ac ice o local oponymy,
he p ope wo d. The in e p e a ion o he agmen o na u e (ma shy places) in he
language sys em o a ce ain a ea eme ging om he s udy is impo an in he con ex o
cul u al globaliza ion. The indings o he s udy could con ibu e o he solu ion o he issues
o egional sel -consciousness and iden i y. KEYWORDS: oponyms, hyd onyms, helonyms,
oponymiza ion, mo i a ion, p inciples o nomina ion, ways o nomina ion, me apho ,
me onymy, ellipsis, seman ic wo d- o ma ion. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been
used in his way.
The exis ence o human cogni i e, communica i e ac i i ies and unnamed objec s demons a es one
o he main challenges o language, how o " ill" he en i e ield o linguis ic ac i i y wi h new
nomencla u e1. The e o e, he esea ch on lexical nomina ions is ca ied ou in wo di ec ions:
explaining he s uc u e o he linguis ic sign and he nomina ion p ocess, he nomina ion and
mo i a ion o he yea s o esea ch (Mildos No kai ienė (zone names), Au elija G i ėnienė (phy onyms),
yšius su į a dijamuoju objek u. Iš o, kas pasaky a, i naujausių ykdy ų pas-
Jū a ė Lubienė (mikon names), Dalios S ide skienė ( opon)), i is seen ha he scien i ic app oach
e lec s he a ious desc ip ions o linguis ic phenomena. Nomencla u e is unde s ood no only as a
p ocess o he o ma ion o new linguis ic uni s, bu also as he esul o a complex p ocess, so i s
solu ion in ol es sol ing se e al issues: he iden i ica ion o he ways o naming, he means, he
explana ion o di e en signs (linguis ic aspec ); add essing issues ela ed o he in e ac ion o
language, hinking and he su ounding en i onmen (gnoseological aspec ). In he las decades o he
las cen u y, he meaning o wo ds began o be s udied in wo complemen a y di ec ions: semasiology
( he di ec ion o s udy om o m o con en ) and onomasiology (in he s udy 1 Kazys Alminauskis
Ins ukcija Li huanian o he name o he land w o e: "These a e housands o names hidden among
people" (Alminauskis 1934: 4).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI di ec ion om con en o o m). As E alda
Jakai ienė a gues, he pu pose o seman ic meaning esea ch was o answe he
ques ion "Wha does one wo d o ano he mean?" and onomassiological "How is one o
ano he concep , hing, o e alua ion exp essed?" (see Jakai ienė 2010: 42). Thus, he
analysis o he lexical in en o y in he onomassiological aspec means he p ocess o
nomina ion om he (knowledge) o he nomina i e objec o he […] nomina ion o
he nomina i e esul , o he g an ing o a name. And his means ha he analysis o
he nomina ion p ocess gi es p io i y o he analysis o language uni s om he
noun, a o ma, in he onomassiological aspec . In addi ion o he ele ance o he
dų „kū ėjo“ pozicijos – am ik o nekalbinio u inio aiškai am ik a kalbine
onomiological aspec o he nomina ion p ocess esea ch o ca y ou a
pasi eiškia ne iek kalbinių o mų ã anka am ik am u iniui iš eikš i, kiek šių
kalbinių o mų (ženklų) sanda os būdams i p incipams išaiškin i. Taigi, no in
comp ehensi e analysis o nomina ion p ocesses, i is impo an o es ablish he
p inciples, me hods and means o nomina ion. Acco ding o Olga I. Blino a (Tomsk
School o Names), he p inciples o naming a e he e e ence poin , he ules ha
o m he basis o he gene aliza ion o he mo i a ional cha ac e is ics o
membe s o he language communi y in a ce ain a ea and a he same ime a e he e e ence poin o new names o be ound.
(Блинова 1984: 77)2.
Lie u ių p iesaginių ie o a džių da ybos i kilmės analizei ski a daugiausia
ie os sa oje oponimikoje: helonimų – Laimučio Bilkio, oikonimų – Ma ijos
The ace, he names […] Dalios Kai ėsčina. O hese, he Helonima ha e been s udied
mos ex ensi ely om a manu ac u ing poin o iew (Bilkis 2008). This s udy on he
mo i a ion o egional helonyms complemen s he exis ing esea ch si ua ion and
encou ages s udies on he opic unde discussion. Mo i a ional s udies o he
cons i u ional and composi ional helonisms o he Ma ijampolė dis ic ha e
al eady been ca ied ou (S ide skienė 2016; 2017). They we e no limi ed o he
explana ion o he easons o he eme gence o helonisms, bu also dis inguished
he p inciples o he nomina ion o hyd o-objec s, which p o ided addi ional
seman ic c i e ia o he explana ion o he mo i es o helonisms. In o de o
upda e he no el y o he s udy o he mo i a ion o p esc ip i e helonisms,
a en ion should be d awn o he ac ha helonisms, like o he oponyms, a e
ep esen a i es o seconda y nomina ion. They a e no he same […] one seconda y
di ec , he o he […] seconda y indi ec nomina ion esul s. The seconda y indi ec
nomina ion di e s om he di ec seconda y in i s esul : in his case, a new wo d
is no c ea ed independen ly, bu a new meaning is gi en o a wo d o he same
o mal o de in a ce ain combina ion wi h o he wo ds. The so-called seman ic
de i a i es a e o med h ough such nomina ions (Jakai ienė 2010: 22). This
i leksinio mo y a o iaus o malioji pusė apa ūs, o eikšmės susiję asociaciniu
de ini ion is explained by a ema k based on he esea ch p ac ice o nomina ion and mo i a ion o he Jū a ė Lubienė nicknames: "In he case o seman ic nomina ion, we nomina e 2 due o he naming p inciples see also. I was bo n in 1972.
A icles by A icle 113
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
I'm going o connec you (Lubienė 2015: 62). Ano he impo an obse a ion o he
scien is abou he ellip ical naming me hod is no o be o e looked: "Such a
nomina ion p ocess can be unde s ood as: he name o a wo-wo d is made in o a
single wo d, o mally omi ing he main membe o he colloca ion, and
jan į bu usio de e minacinio na io seman iką“ ( en pa ).
seman ically inco po a ing i s meaning. Uk ainian onomas ic Ju ij A. Ka penko
no es he gene ic dependence o oponyms on adjec i es desc ibing place names.
Since oponyms a e speci ic place names, his means ha g amma ically hey a e
signs o physiog aphical e ms and such a de ice is common. This s a emen is also
odėl būd a džiai pap as ai a osenoje iš eiškia į a dijamų ie ų požymius, o
con i med by eco ds in his o ical sou ces ha clea ly eco d how many
dijimo būdas oponimijoje, a i inkan is schemą „ e minas – oponimas“, gana
compound place names ha e been sho ened, and he adjec i e has been
sho ened.
(See also Ka penko 1966)3.
Because o he economy o language, he ellip ical way o naming is likened o
ano he way o me onymic ans e ha he economy o language is
cha ac e ized by. Me onymy, as one o he mos s iking ea u es o
mic o oponymy, is also men ioned by J. A. Ka penko (see Ka penko 1967: 18).
She was also w i en abou as one o he mos ac i e ways o naming, in
un ela ed oponyms, by o he Russian schola s: Julia I. Siaikina, Nikolai D.
Gole as, Lyudmila A. Zacha o a, Na alya G. Nes e o a, Galina N. S a iko a, e c.
I is pa icula ly impo an o no e ha cases o ellip ical and me onymic naming
o language economics pu poses a e in es iga ed and published in his a icle.
They a e he mos sensi i e pa o he helonymy (and all oponymy) o he
ex inc ion. Due o hei "economic" o m (speci ici y […] helonimas, place […]
helonimas) du ing ield esea ch, i is hese place names ha all in o he "sa e
zone" and may no be iden i ied as e i ica ion names, may emain un ecognized
and unw i en. They a e he mos likely o be subjec o he changes dic a ed by
ime and he la e - o melio a ion, collec i iza ion and o he ac ions ypical o
he pe iod o w i ing place names. Thus, he isk o losing hese names also
encou ages hem o be esea ched and published.
Šiame s aipsnyje, be minė ųjų, a siž elgiama i į ki us ling is inės pa a-
new aspec s o he assessmen o oponymy eme ging in he ace o digi al change ( he linguis ics
o ecen yea s emphasise he ep esen a ion o he ways o pe cei ing and concep ualising he
su ounding en i onmen ). As will be seen u he in he s udy, all 3 Fo compound (uns ung) Russian
and Li huanian oponyms, o mal exp essions and co esponding models, see also The Commission
he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o
A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. See also pa ag aph 4. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine, so ed by he yea o hei dea h.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
In Ac a Linguis ica LXXI, he ways o naming a e exp essed in co esponding
schemes ha allow a be e unde s anding o he c yp osys em o hinking ha
de elops du ing he onomas ic si ua ion, co esponding o a ce ain o de o
į5. Pa s žodis schema eiškia am ik ą aizdą, igū ą, o po o i am ik ą idinę
g amma ical ules ha help o iden i y he s uc u es o hinking.
The pu pose o analyzing he ma e ial is (1) o e eal he ea u e ha became he
basis o he naming o he we lands; (2) o de e mine (in e p e ) wha he place
name mean a he ime o i s o ma ion, he nomina i e p op ium; (3) explain he
pe cep ion, unde s anding, assessmen and logical explana ion o he place by a
ą sa a kul ū ine pa i imi, a skleis i a dų „kū ėjo“ s a egiją į a dijimo p o-
ep esen a i e o he e hnic a ea unde in es iga ion a he ime o he e u n.
In o de o achie e his, he ep esen a i es o he wa e wo d class a e s udied
using s uc u al, seman ic, and mo i ological linguis ic analysis me hods. The mos
comp ehensi e in o ma ion on he deno a ion is a ailable, he da a used in he Land
Names Inqui ies (1935-1937) o eco d he linguis ic consciousness o he in o man s
o he a ea unde in es iga ion, hei knowledge, expe ience, knowledge o e lec
he emaining addi ional in o ma ion o help be e unde s and and explain he
onomas ic si ua ion. The s udy uses he scien i ic me hod o cogni ion (g ouping
o nouns in o ce ain g oups based on hei simila i ies o di e ences acco ding
o selec ed c i e ia), he me hod o in e nal econs uc ion and he p agma ic,
cogni i e in e p e a ion and desc ip i e me hods.
In analyzing he in e media e ma e ial, he e i ied wo ds we e compa ed wi h he common wo ds
eco ded in he lexicon o he a ea unde s udy in he in e media e ex s, and wi h he la ge-scale
gene alized lexicon o he Li huanian language in he published and elec onic e sion, he Li huanian
language dic iona y (www.lk.e). Since he linkage o wo ds in a li ing language is impo an o he s udy
o mo i a ion, highligh ing hei meanings and he shades o meanings, he la e dic iona y, as well as
i s au ho s, as a sou ce o a ious mul i-laye ed in o ma ion abou wo ds, was pa icula ly aluable.
Mo eo e , he lia is is mo e connec ed o he illage han any hing else. The documen a ion o Sa i a
u al li e is conside ed he wen ie h dic iona y o he Li huanian language [...], which p o ides he old,
spoken [...] lexicon. 5 As will be seen below, he con en o he in o ma i e pa o he second sec ion o
he a icle is no en i ely clea . I e eals he impo ance o knowing he mo i a ional naming in he
case o he nomencla u e o he lexicon o he seconda y beekeepe in oponymic esea ch, because i
is based on a ce ain deno a i e ea u e. Mo i a ion is a condi ion o he p ocess o naming objec s,
masiologines schemas i disponuo i šiomis žiniomis.
hings, eal phenomena, e c. (see Tols oy, 2002: 120). The adjec i e ha becomes he basis o he
nomina ion when c ea ing a new name is called he in e nal wo d o m o he adjec i e o mo i a ion
(G i ėnienė 2006: 24).

S aipsniai / A icles 115
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
The wo ld iew and alues o he people who ac on us in and h ough language a e
beau i ully documen ed (Ru ko ska 2016). The e o e, i should be emphasised ha
his ocabula y is pa icula ly aluable o sol ing he ques ions o naming and
mo i a ion o he ep esen a i es o he seman ic g oup o helonisms in he
in e -dis ic adminis a i e uni (dis ic o Ma ijampolė). The s udy was
ca ied ou in he con ex o he en i e oponymic con ex , he names o
indi idual places a e assessed p ima ily in he con ex o he oponymic sys em o
he a ea unde s udy and only in isola ed cases a e he ep esen a i es o he
en i e linguis ic a ea based on he insc ip ions o he li ing language and he
collapsed pages o he Vie o a dų ka o eka (VK) and he published Li huanian
place names. In he selec ion o illus a i e examples, p e e ence is gi en o place
names w i en in he li ing language. The a icle ollows he same, cus oma y and
es ablished, c i e ia o he p esen a ion o ma e ial in Li huanian oponymy7.
1.O he explana o y s a emen s
Hellenic language
1.1. Names acco ding o ce ain cha ac e is ics o hyd o-objec s.
1.1.1. Names acco ding o o m.
(1) Tiesioginio į a dijimo ep ezen an ai.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
The ball sepa a ed om he su ounding o m was named Ap aliukė b., s . KzR
(Jū ės GA)8, plg. ain. e alua ion, - in he o m o u henium o u hulium; he
ci cle. I is no di icul o guess he meaning o he . […] ci cumsc ibed, […] as.
Ano he name assigned o his mic og oup is Ries ùkė b. KzR, plg. lie . is as, -à
‘which is in he o m o a hal -shell, a shell. Acco ding o in o man s o he Ju a
GA, he ball is simila o a hal -spin, i.e. in he o m o a hal -spin, a ben ball. Thus,
i is named based on he shape o he heloobjec . P iesaga -(i)ukė shows a
posi i e emo ional e alua ion o he places o his mic og oup. (2)
Rep esen a i es o indi ec naming. (a) Se e al ep esen a i es o indi ec
designa ion by o m a e discussed below; O en he shape o an objec is co ela ed wi h i s size.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
7 Dėl medžiagos ski s ymo i analizės a kos da ž . S ide skienė 2016: 246–247.
8 Fo a desc ip ion o he wo k and he o igin, see also LVŽ I 168, whe e he helonima is
associa ed wi h he ain. 9 Acco ding o ield esea ch in Veles, as e idenced by he VK lapel
eco d, in 1982 he place name Ries ukė was w i en in Ma ackų k. (KzR dis ic ), acco ding o he in o man , lowing in he o m o a passage.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXI
Dėl lenk os o mos (g eičiausiai puslankio pa idalo) i galbū kiek dides-
A ball o unusual size could be desc ibed as Ki inė b. Šil. Because o his spelling,
he iolin's ea s (Š s) a e ben a he edge o he wall.
ki iui įkiš iʼ, da plg. ki inis, -ė, ki nis: Gelžis ki nis y a s ambus, de a ki -
Pailga, a small ball o ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea could be desc ibed as
Pup[…]nė b. Kl , plg. li . pup[…]nis, -ė […]į pupą pana[…]šus [Pup[…]nis zukas
(ka k abalis) Ln ].
The na u al landscape a ea in Agu kiškės gi ininkijoje, dis inguished om he
en i onmen by i s esemblance o plowing, is named Langinė b. KzR (Agu kiškės
GA), plg. lie . langnis, -ė ‘wi h a window in he o m o a plow, also plg. lie . anga. lie
lángas ‘skylė, p a aja liūne, akisʼ11 (li . ‘u ymė o na u al kiaʼ, lie . p a aja liūne
place, akisʼ, lie . akis, ‘sliūne place kiau a'). Fo he sake o seman ics, please
con inue. The Langia ais is s . Jz (VK) is he name o he coun y. Thus, i can be
assumed ha he balls, in addi ion o he ac ha his was simila o a
window-shaped cu , may ha e had o he cha ac e is ics, such as: small size,
Šį aiškinimą pag indžia i sakinys, a spindin is žmogišką pa i į, už ašy as iš gy-
dep h, uns able edges, p o uding su aces, e c.
The ball was named a e Bal ak […]nė b. Lb . In he su ey o he names o he lands
o he illages o Sauleg uza and Pag auza, he ollowing ema k was eco ded: [in
he ba h] he e is always whi e wa e . Fo he sake o seman ics, see he a icle
Bal ãkė Sug (LVŽ I 342)12. The name is de i ed om he G eek wo d o "eye" (a.k.a.
he eye), which is he name o he uppe pa o he body, he head, he head, he
eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes,
he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he
eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes, he eyes,
he eyes, he eyes, he eyes. a small a ea o wa e a he end o swamps o lakes.
Due o seman ics, he name Aklóji b. Mškč (LVŽ I 36) was eco ded in he a ea unde in es iga ion.
The e m "local language" was coined in he ea ly 20 h cen u y by a g oup o linguis s who we e
GA), aigi, numanoma . eikšmė – kaulo pa idalo bala [lie . káulas ‘kie as
in e es ed in he s udy o he use o he wo d "local" in he spoken language, and he use o he wo d
"local" in he w i en language, as well as in he spoken language. The abb e ia ions LKZ a e no
speci ied sepa a ely. 11 Fo his pu pose, see also Bilkis 2008: 186. This is he i s ime ha he
Commission has been able o do so. 12 See also Bilkis 2008: 185. This is he i s ime ha he Commission
has been able o do so. Balo a dis is quali ied he e as o no en i ely clea o igin (Bal aknė b. Lb, plg.
Bal ãkė s . Sug). The name is de i ed om he G eek wo d o "whi e," bal achis, which is de i ed
om he pe sonal name Bal achis, which means "whi e."
A icles by A icles 117
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
body issue, pa o he skele on'. In o de o explain in an a gumen a i e way wha
žymis lėmė šį į a dijimą, a sakymo ieško a i ki ų plo ų oponimijoje, už ašy-
oje iš gy osios kalbos. VK as as už iksuo as balo a dis Káulinė b. K kn13 su
is he poin o he commen e 's commen , showing ha a he ime o he naming a
ce ain aspec o he o m o he isual geoobjec may ha e been upda ed […]
loca ion in space (also see bone […] pa o he skele on)14. On he o he hand,
pe haps he places, like he ca es, we e cha ac e ized by in usi e and
exagge a ed associa ions ha could connec hese ep esen a i es o di e en
ields. In he same a ea, he insc ip ion o he balo a d (15 h cen u y B.C.) by B. Shil
sausumos, leido many i, kad hid oobjek as g eičiausiai bu o nedidelės apim ies,
odėl į a dy ojo galėjo bū i iden i ikuo as supančios mik oaplinkos a ž ilgiu i
(Mikališkio GA) ga e an explici explana ion o he mo i a ion o he ball, su ounded
by di e en ia ed by he con igu a ion o he space (16 h cen u y). Such an explana ion seems o be ollowed by he case o naming ha is being analyzed.
(b) Me apho ical names.
he essel […] he helonimas
The name o a ce ain shape and hickness o he ball became he basis o he
name o he ball Bliūdẽlis b. KzR (Runkių GA) (li . *bliūdlis, plg. blidas ‘dubuo; he
amoun o which i ex ends [Ap alus kap blidas Gs]). Mo e is eco ded in he
seman ically close . linguis ic a ea: Bliūdlis ež. Kpč, Bliūdliakalnis cln. This is he
name o he illage. Sdk; and The bluebells a e up. Vln17 (plg. his . g e imines
ly is: Bedugnis and Mėžymlio Bliūdlis)18. Fo he sake o seman ics, see also he
names eco ded in he a ea unde in es iga ion, which di e om each o he in
he deg ee o […] hickness […] o a ce ain aspec and he imagina y amoun o wa e con ained: Bli[…]das b. KzR (Papil io GA), Šáukš as b. KzR
(Runki GA), To ieka b. KzR. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
P obably because o i s shape and i s ce ain hickness, he ball was nomina ed o
D usk[…]nė b. M j, plg. lie . d usk[…]nė ‘indas d uskai conside ; he quan i y o sal o be
b ough om M j, o he quan i y o sal o be b ough om M j, o he quan i y o sal o
be b ough om M j, o he quan i y o sal o be b ough om M j, o he quan i y o sal
14 Dėl . da ybos ž . Bilkis 2008: 167; dėl šio i sudėjimo būdu pada y o helonimo Káulinis as as
o be b ough om M j. The illage o K ekena a. The ques ionnai e o he names o he S .
94.
15 An ojo dėmens i objek o nuo odos nesu apimas odo ne ikslią geoobjek o iden i ikaciją a ba pa-
(pelkė), su ounded by land, (Šil Mikališkio GA) see he explana ion o he mo i a ion.
S ide skienė 2017: changes in i s na u al geog aphical s a us. 16 Fo he explana ion o he easons, see S ide skienė 2017: 94 yea s old
17 Fo hese pu poses, see The LVZ I 418.
18 Fo hese . see ibid., p. 414.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXI
‘used o s o e sal 19. A ew o he signs (b igh su aces, e c.) could ha e made up
he ac ual meaning o he wo d. Also because o he shape and because o he
possible (imagined) con aine o wa e in i o made om i a con aine o
kiekio bala bu o į a dy a Ragù is b. Ld n, plg. lie . agù is ‘ okios išaugos pa-
obacco, obacco, oil and e c. o keep o o wine, o boil], and he dog a acked and
midui ge i; jame elpan is kiekisʼ [Šį y p isidėjau pilną agu į aukų [ a eliui
all we e ejec ed Vl. Thus, he abb e ia ed meaning o bo h place names is assumed
o be […] ound, small, o small.
pa o he u nace […] helonimas
The pa o he s o e, i.e. a ce ain inse ion in i , became he backbone o he
landscape, he na u al inse ions, he name suppo : Pečiukas b. Lb , plg. le .
pečiukas ‘a niche wi h doo s in he s o e o keeping ood wa m, pečionė, dėklė
[Pu he mea in he s o e, he e s ands he M j; pu he mea in he s o e, he e
is a Ka ina K sna]. I seems ha e en he known dimensions o he objec s
con ained in he dwellings had a bea ing on he naming p ocess, as a esul o his
obse a ion, e.g. a hole in he wall made o someone o build, e.g. a hole in he wall
made o someone o build, e.g. a hole in he hole made o small objec s.
[…] G eek
The opobjec , which has sepa a ed om i s en i onmen in o m, is named a e
he emo ionally discolo ed name Panai ė b. V 20, pl. lie . panái ė, pana ė ‘pono
duk ė. Such a o mal o m o a ep esen a i e o s a e cul u al he i age,
appa en ly, seemed he mos app op ia e way o exp ess a posi i e e alua ion and e alua ion o a na u al objec . Fo he sake o seman ics, please.
Ap aliukė b., bo n KzR (Jū ės GA)21. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
These mic o-g oups ep esen he igu a i e MM22.
1.1.2. Names acco ding o colo .
Rep esen a i es o indi ec naming.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
19 Because o his and o he Li huanian . wi h d uskž . LVZ II 342343, which is he name o he
company. He e hey a e associa ed wi h he ain. d uskà ‘a ce ain sodium mine al compound (sodium
chlo ide). The ques ionnai e eads, "A young woman. Such an explana ion is associa ed wi h
emo i a ion, when a mo phologically, lexically ambiguous wo d […]is ansla ed[…] is unde s ood. Fo
mo e in o ma ion on he phenomenon, see The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h
he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Fo he 21s cen u y, see
pa adinamas pana e [Šieme mūs linuose panačių y a Rdm].
LV I 168. This is he case. The e m is also used o e e o a a ie y o plan s ha g ow in he sand, such as wild lea y g eens.The e m "mo i a ional model" (MM) e e s o he meaning and use o he e m. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
2015.
A icles o he 125 h
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
Acco ding o he same s uc u al model ( om he meaning o plan names) in
li ing language, he ollowing names we e used o name we na u al zones:
Buožýnas b. V , pl. lie . búožė ‘š end as, ilkauodegė (Typha)ʼ; Kala inas (<
Kala ijýnas) b. Kl , plg. lie . kala jas […]pelkių, eže ų, upių plan simila o he
kala iją lea es, aje as (Aco us calamus) […]. I is also known as Kala inas. Thei
meaning is easy o guess: *buzzi (š end ų) g own ball, buzi ball, *kala ijų
(aje ų) p iaugusi bala, kala ijų balaʼ.
Acco ding o he in o man s o he su ey o I oniškio gi ininkija, he ball, g own
wi h a neck, was named A aželýnas b. B b, plg. lie . *a ãželas o o he s, plg. a želà,
ã želas ‘ om a ee unk o oo s g own om a young b anch, a auga, a ašaʼ.
As a esul o his specula ion, he genus "kaklas" is s ill a ee o sh ub o he
gluosnian amily (Salix cine ea, S. au i a, S. nig icans o S. pan and a), and he
examples eco ded in he LKŽ ex s con i m he local unde s anding: Ka klai g ows
as a peacock, peacock ( sh.); […] C acks in he alley o he ansi ions o he lichens
eminded me o he pa emen (A. Ba an). Thus, i is assumed ha he meaning o he
name […] ka kles a žalų inc eased he sco e57. The ep esen a i e o indi ec naming is also eco ded.
ood […] helonimas
The name o he ball eco ded in he Meškėnų k. su ey, Cibulỹnė b. Igl, is w i en in
he ield o he Ea h's su ace species, appea ance, quali y: klampynė (li .
klampnė ‘clampy place, klampynas). The wo d cibulnė means onion, and he wo d
cibulinė means ood wi h a lo o onions (KzRŠŽ I 102). This ball was p obably a place
o g ow h o algae, plg. lie . aliacibulis58 ‘soil g ass, simila o onion. Thus, he
swampy a ea was gi en no only a name ha o mally coincided wi h he name o
he dish, bu was also named acco ding o he analogy o he non-calcined con en .
Fo he sake o seman ics, please. Va liacibul[…]nė b. KzR. She was bo n in he
illage o Va liacibul[…]nė. Acco ding o VK, he e a e mo e . Cibulnė: Jankų GA
ball, which is he home o K ažių lsč. The illage o Vilkijas in he Akmeniai dis ic .
The da a on he numbe o named objec s is based on he 1935 Land Name Su ey da a.
1.1.6. Names acco ding o he na u al zones inhabi ed by ce ain species o
animals.
(1) Tiesioginio į a dijimo ep ezen an ai.
a ibu e […] helonymous a) The la e was named Diẽlinė b. K sn, plg. lie . diel
‘blood min ing wo ms o he blue wa e s, wo m (Hi udo medicinalis) due o he
wo ms ha li e in he ball; I 's a snake. Acco ding o in o man s, he e ha e
been and s ill a e deals in he pas . Thus, he meaning o he wo d "ball" is "ball
o diamonds".
57 Plg. he nex o his a ea . Lapnbalė was bo n in M j. Fo an explana ion o i s mo i a ion, see also S ide skienė in he yea 2016:
253.
58 The a ea o his common wo d acco ding o LKŽe […] Višakio Rūda.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
(b) he name Ka õsinė b. Ld n was gi en o he local ball due o he b eeding o a
ce ain ype o ish; b. Ka osinė b. Kl , pl. ain. ka sinis, -ė […] whe e he ka osai
a e b ed, also pl. ain. ka sinė […] wa e , in which he e a e ka osų[…]. This
explana ion is suppo ed by he da a om he su eys: many ish, especially
ca p (Ld n), b eed e y well as ca p; om which he ish o his species also go
i s name (Kl ). Encyclopedic da a con i ms he b eeding (habi a ion) place o
hese ish: om he poin o iew o ishe ies, he Seklieji lakes a e o he
ka osin-linen o ka osin ype (T. I an.). Fo he sake o seman ics, please. I 's
called Ka lsbälä 2. P obably o he same eason, he ball was named Lydekinė b.
Kl . Acco ding o he Encyclopedia B i annica, he Lydik p e e s s anding o
slow- lowing wa e and deep, densely wooded a eas. The desc ip ion o his
mic o-g oup can be concluded wi h a sen ence illus a ing he people's
expe ience, eco ded in his a ea om he language o li e: Ou ducks ha e many ish (Pl ). F om wha has been said, i can be unde s ood ha many o hese we lands we e named acco ding o hei pu pose.
(c) place o esidence […] G eece
I li ed in ma shy a eas, as shown by his helonimi mic og oup. I s ep esen a i es
a e he names ha co espond o he ypical naming si ua ion in he li ing
language acco ding o he es ablished model; The mo i a ing wo d he e e e s o
osýnas b. V – ka osų bala. Žalčiukýnas s . V – oplių bu imo (gy e-
namoji) ie a, plg. lie . žalčiùkas ‘žalčių jauniklisʼ. A k eip inas dėmesys i į ai,
a place: Kakad žalčiu in he a ea unde in es iga ion can be called no only a
non-poisonous snake-like ep ile, bu also any animal belonging o snakes61. The
case unde conside a ion does no seem o be an excep ion, whe e he mos
ypical name o a snake animal is chosen wi hou speci ying he basis o he
naming, e.g. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
The place o esidence o he Ku klies is named Pa plynė plk. KzR (Runkių GA), plg. lie . pa pls
‘ku klys63, also plg. lie . ku kls ‘s i plių šeimos abzdys, li ing in a we land, u klys, pa plys
(G yllo alpa g o alpa) [Ku kliai d ynyllnas, sp. nenusaus p e e ed he soil]. (2) Two
ep esen a i es o indi ec naming a e eco ded: Pe keliškių k. anlogiką. Da in wi h he
p e ix -ynė indica es ha he place is occupied by ep esen a i es o he e hnic egion 59
ke os in o man o duomenimis, bala Velnỹnė b. V , bu us labai klampi, niekas
[iš jos] neišeida ęs. Šie gy osios kalbos duomenys iš dalies a skleidžia į a dy ojo
Due o he explana ion o he mo i a ion o . The Commission he e o e concludes ha
he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. 60
A ailable on he In e ne : h ps: www.eu opin%C4%97_lydeka [ iewed on 18 Oc obe 2019]. The
61 Plg. lie . žal s ‘nenuodingas į gy a ę panašus oplys (Na ix); be koks gy a ėms p iklausan is
animal.
62 Dėl jo mo y acijos aiškinimo ž . S ide skienė 2016: 248.
63 Fo he pu poses o his Decision, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Bilkis 2008: 296. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so.
A icles o he 127 h
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
pe cei ed as a place o en e ainmen , a place o en e ainmen , a place o
en e ainmen . Such a conjec u e was inspi ed by he knowledge ha he
e bs wi h he p e ix -ynė, made om pe sonal names, indica e he place o esidence o esidence o people in he a ea unde in es iga ion (plg.
This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, o example, in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom.
The name Velnýná s ee . V also seems o e eal links in indi iduals' pe cep ions
be ween he de il and we , clumsy places, he demoniza ion o he la e 64. Fo
he sake o seman ics, please. Vélniabalė b. KzR (Runkių GA) is loca ed in he
dis ic o Vélniabalė. M j (Šunskų GA), Velniabalė 2 b. K sn; also known as M j
(Šunskų GA) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Vélniaplynė
plk. KzR65, Velni balái ė b. B b66. This is he i s ime ha he es i al has been held in he coun y. As can be seen om he localiza ion e e ences, he names o he places a e w i en in he su ey epo s, so mos o he hello-objec s ha p o oked he imagina ion o he indi iduals men ioned we e ou side he se lemen s.
1.2. Names acco ding o he loca ion o he hyd o-objec s.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
Loca ion o he building (1), o he na u al a eas (2) and places o in e es
(3) wi h ega d o:
(1) G e a's ba acks is called Ba ag[…]nė b. KzR (Papil io GA), plg. le . ba ãgas […] is a ached o ou
ca ds is li ed and lowe ed o a shel e o hay, s aw, u , hay, […], […]maniežo pas ogė[…],
[…]pašiū ė[…]. (2) G e a Lugo […] Lūgaūnė b. M j (Šunskų GA)67, plg. lie . lūgà, lgas, lgas […]upės is he
place whe e he wa e is pou ed; The i e 's slope, also known as he slope o he wo ld, is a
e lec ion o he sen ence, eco ded in ano he pa o he li ing language: E e y muddy lake is called
a p aye (Ds). Due o he o mal s uc u e and seman ics, see he name Galaunė k m. Vl68, he name
o he ball Lūgo ball b. KzR69. (3) A e y di e en meaning o he name, wi h a s ylis ic and e alua i e
shade o he slang language, eco ded by he Velniakalnio GA. Fa he away om he illage, in he
o es glu ony, he elkhoz ball was named Peklinė b. KzR, plg. ain. place […] [F om he wa e agu ką
[…] when he pekl (black) became J b; LKZ 64 Russian schola Nadezhda I. Kono alo a, a e s udying
he psychological e lec ion o he meaning o demonologems e lec ed in he consciousness o
peklnis, -ė ‘pekloje esan isʼ, da plg. lie . peklà ‘p aga as; labai nuošali, olima
mode n Russian speake s, dis inguished he ollowing naming endencies: on he one hand, he
cons an use o demonologems is aimed a p ese ing he s e eo ypical (nega i e) a i ude,
p o isions o he co esponding "e il o ces". On he o he hand, he e is a a ional o emo ional
p agma iza ion o he s e eo ype (see Kono alo a 2017: 411).
65 Fo he explana ion o hese . mo i a ions and demonological mo i a ions in ep esen a i e
Russian oponymy, see The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
66 Fo he explana ion o he easons o he la e , see S ide skienė 2017: 86 yea s old 68
67 Ano in o man ų, [bala] apaugusi medžiais.
As o he o igin and making o he la e name, see The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
69 Dėl . mo y acijos aiškinimo ž . S ide skienė 2017: 87.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXVI) con ains a numbe o examples o his.
Fo he sake o seman ics, please. W i en by B. Šil70. Thus, he meaning o he
name Peklinė is assumed o be […] in he lowe le , away om he exis ing ball71.
Names acco ding o he posi ion o hyd o-objec s in space
1.3. 1.3.1. Names acco ding o he pa o he space occupied by hyd o-objec s.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
(1) Tiesioginio į a dijimo ep ezen an ai.
Geo-objec s ha we e a he end o he e i o ies o he illages o Vengelnica
and Būdninkų, espec i ely, we e named Galnis b. Gdl; he s . Gdl [And maybe Jonah
had come o (whe e he illage ends) Al ; also plg. lie . gãlas ‘[...] he ex eme pa
o he hing (p adžia, pabaiga). In he case o he i s naming, he disc epancy
be ween he e e ence o he objec and he name o he place (Gal[…]nis […] . g.,
bala […] mo . g.) makes i somewha doub ul whe he he poin was no awa ded o ano he , besides he o me , name o he objec 72.
A ce ain a ea o he e i o y o he illage o Šiauliški, which mos likely bo de s
he e i o y o ano he illage, was occupied by he illage called Kampinis s .
P n, pl. ain. camp, -ė, also pl. ain. kapas […]place whe e wo lines, planes, walls o
objec s mee , ke ė[…] [Ke ė om he ou side, and kapas om he inside isa J.
(LKŽe)]. This . e eals he names builde s a egy du ing he naming p ocess: i is
iden i ied in e ms o he su ounding mic o-en i onmen and di e en ia ed
acco ding o i s loca ion in space. (2) Rep esen a i e o indi ec naming. Acco ding
o he unde s anding o he local popula ion a he ime, he ball in he cen e o
he se lemen was named Ashen b. M j, pl. lie . ašnis, -ė eining pe ašįʼ, also pl. lie .
ašs iesioji, going h ough whose cen e . 1.3.2. Naming acco ding o he dis ance o
he hyd o-objec om he su ace.
ypa ybė ⇨ helonimas
The local posi ion in ela ion o he ea h's su ace is ixed by a geoobjec below he su ace a
a dis ance below he no mal le el, named Ka ilinė b. P n, plg. lie . ka ilnis, -ė is a deep-sea ed ball (in
[Ka ilnis a a a as (ka ilo pa idalo gilesnė ie a upėje) OG174 (LKŽe)]. Taigi,
he in o man 's opinion, a balloon) in he local concep o he name o he e hnic egion. Fo he
sake o seman ics, please. Púodžiaplynė b. KzR, Púodžia ais is b. KzR73, also known as
Púodžiaplynė b. The la e . appa en ly ep esen s he igu a i e MM. Names ha ha e aken
o e na u al a eas whe e ce ain ees na u ally g ow 1.3.70 Fo he explana ion o he eason
šių augalai (1), gy ena am ik os ūšies gy ūnai (2), pa adinimus.
o he name, see S ide skienė 2016: 252 […] 253. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y
ha a woman has been awa ded he i le o Miss Wo ld. See also Wa e meaning in Li huanian
olklo e. Būgienė in he yea 1999. 71 Mo e ain, mo e ain, mo e ain, mo e ain. I means " e y
big". 72 As ega ds his ac ion, see also This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
73 Dėl pas a ųjų . mo y acijos aiškinimo da ž . S ide skienė 2016: 254.
A icles o he 129 h
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
(1) Acco ding o Alexande Vanago, hyd onyms, de i ed om he names o plan s
wi h a culina y meaning, ha e a meaning in places whe e he e a e many o hese
plan s. Bu ha place is no necessa ily he wa e i sel , because we a e no
alking abou aqua ic plan s. Howe e , he opog aphical ea u es o his
species a e desc ibed by plan s [...] (see also Vanagas 1981: 90). Wha has been said
abou he names o i e s and lakes seems o apply o helonyms as well. The
ollowing a e he cases o oponymic me onymic ans e om he li ing
language, co esponding o he scheme: a place whe e he e a e many ce ain ypes o non-aqua ic plan s […] helonism.
Thus, o he ma shy places ha used o be nea wa e plan s,
mush oom-in es ed places, we e named a e he la e : A ie ýnas b. K sn
(Kalniškės GA), Ba a ykýnas s . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Pa o he s . V, Rūškynynas dis ic KzR (Velniakalnio GA), Šal ekšnýnas
s . (also known as KzR) Ld n, Uosýnas dis ic This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. This mic og oup also includes he helonymous Va liacibulỹnė b.
KzR (Runkių GA) […] place o g ow h o a liacibules, plg. lie . aliacibulis74 ‘ okia
žolė, simila o onion. Appa en ly, ano he helonima belongs o his mic og oup.
Acco ding o Agu kiškės GA, he ball wi h bushes is named Ka klỹnė b. KzR
(Agu kiškės GA), plg. lie . ka klnė ‘place, o e g own wi h oak ees; sh ubs […] 75.
(Runkių GA), plg. lie . ba sukýnas ‘ba sukų gy enamoji ie aʼ.
(2) Acco ding o he me onymic ans e scheme, a place wi h a high numbe o ce ain species o non-aqua ic animals […] helonimas adęsis balo a dis: Ba sukýnas b. KzR 1.4. Names acco ding o he pu pose o he hyd o-objec s.
a) he a ibu e […] helonimas sui able o human needs is a ball wi h a ce ain cloison
h ough which i was possible o mo e ( o c oss, o c oss), named Dil[…]nė b. KzR76, plg. lie . dl
‘s o a len a, g įs asʼ [Kelias pe pelkę s o ais g s ais g įs as J.]. Due o he o mal
s uc u e and seman ics, plg. wa e wo ds: Diln a is g . Skd (LVŽ II 74 The a ea o he
Leksinian mo i a o o ex (VšR) and he loca ion o he hyd oobjec coincide.
277)77, G įs abalė 2 b. Ss [lie . g s as ‘ ąs as il o (kelio, klojimo...) g indiniui,
75 Fo he pu poses o his Decision, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Bilkis 2008: 285. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so.
See also 76. Bilkis 2008: 174, 178; LVŽ II 276, whe e . is associa ed wi h a pe sonal name. While
. į Lie u os ie o a džių žodyną (2014) dėl nežinomų p iežasčių nepa eko, žodynas iksuoja os
analyzing he oponymic da a o o he a eas o he same o mal exp ession (Dilnė b. Ssk; Dilnė […] Dilnė was bo n in b.
K kn) and
77 He e he la e . seems o be quali ied di e en ly: sudu inis . The i s sand om he ain.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal
o he Eu opean Union. he second sand om he Li huanian ã as ‘g io ys, small s eam (LKŽ XI 333). By he way, A. Vanagas also doub ed he pe sonal name o igin o he i s name Diliaupė
(See also Vanagas 1981: 86).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI g indaʼ]78, w i en by Til abalė b. K sn79.
Ano he example o a hypo he ical naming si ua ion and a sen ence desc ibing
he cha ac e is ics o we lands: F om a slow ca iage o a clamp, o a di
oad (P. C i .).
The quali y o he spelling o he su name du pė inspi ed he spelling o he
su name Du pinė s . The o ma ion o he p n, plg. ain. he umb ella, -ė […] wi h
he umb ellas […] [Čia umb ella meadow, land K ]. Such an explana ion is suppo ed
by he desc ip ion o his place by he in o man eco ded in he ques ionnai e: [in his place] he e used o be ho ns.
Helonimo Kanãplinis b. P n assumed he meaning o […] canapių, om he Li huanian
kanãplė […]kanapė[…]80. Acco ding o he in o ma ion p o ided by he in o man , 81
linseed and hemp we e aded, e lec ing he p ocessing o ibe plan s ca ied
ou in he a ea unde in es iga ion. Fu he mo e, in o de o con i m such an
obse a ion, . Mi kyklùkė b. K sn, eco ded om he li ing language in he a ea
unde in es iga ion [li . mi kyklà ‘ ie a (kūd a), whe e mi komi linai, kanapʼės,
Mi kykloje kanapės mi s a o wo weeks Lp]. Acco ding o he pu pose, he use
o human needs, e en a ew swampy places could be named. Plaušinė plk. V
(Mozū iškių k. ank.); also known as Plaušinė plk. he s . V (Meškynų k. an.) 82 […] The
oam o he oam. The da a p o ided by he in o man s o he Mozu iškių k.
ques ionnai e indica e ha aw ma e ial collec ion wo k was ca ied ou in his
e hnic a ea by […] [in w i ing] people who wen o collec he lungs83. In addi ion, he
ain is s ong as a wi e, and he ain is s ong as a wi e. F om he las insc ip ions,
which eco d human expe ience, i can be assumed ha ca pe s could ha e been used he e ( he e a e opes o kni ing, a s ong ab ic o bags is wo en, e c.).
(b) he cha ac e is ic […] helonymous
Ti iamoji medžiaga pa odė, kad g e a s a inių elkšojusios balos aip pa
may ha e been named acco ding o hei pu pose: Ga ba ina b. KzR, pl. li . ga ba[…]nė, ga bá nė,
ga ba nià, ga bá nia […]kailių i odų augykla, di b u ė[…]84 […] kailių, odų di b u ės bala; The A iniškė
dis ic . P onuncia ion o he wo d "a ian" in Polish The disc epancy be ween he o m o he las
place name and he e e ence o he objec indica es ha i was mos likely a ball, no a ais , ha
was named. Fo he explana ion o he mo i a ion o he la e , see also 78 S ide skienė 2016: 250. This
Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es. 79 Fo he explana ion o hese easons, see S ide skienė
2016: 254. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o p o ide an opinion on his ma e . 80
Fo his lexicon, see he mo i a o o Russian onomas ics. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules
o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 81 A en ion should be d awn o he misma ch be ween he name
and he objec e e ence genus. 82 The disc epancy be ween he e e ence o he objec and he name o he genus mos likely indica es an inaccu a e iden i ica ion o he objec o a change in he na u al zone.
83 The su name Plaušnis, Plaušinái is ( he las one is called Plaušnis by he people o J b) unc ioned
( unc ioned) in his a ea (LPŽ II 469).
84 Fo o he . see LV III 77. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

S aipsniai / A icles 131
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
he in o ma ion p o ided in he ques ionnai e: Along wi h he balls o he s a ion
buildings, appa en ly, hey we e also used o o he pu poses ela ed o he
s a ion buildings.
(c) The name o he place whe e he laund y is ca ied ou was gi en by
me onymic ans e o he laund y Skalbỹnė b. Ss, plg. le . skalbnė ‘ ie a
skalʼb i [Nueik į skalbỹnę, asi an len os muilą i galėsi išsip aus VšR]. In his
case, he mo i a ing wo d means a place (place […] helonymous).
2. Fo all o he easons
HELONIMATIUM PRICE is awa ded o he winne o he p ize.
2.1.In o de o explain he mo i a ion o Balo a d's Jaučẽnė b. P n86, a en ion is
d awn o o he de i a i es o analogous o mal s uc u es unc ioning in he
linguis ic a ea: Čiuo nė Čiuo nis s . (Bilkis 2008: 173) 87 (English: Chiuo ė […]kiaulė,
chiukė[…], English: Chiuo is […]mei ėlis[…]) is he name o a illage in he no he n pa
o he coun y. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (LVZ III 117) 88 (La in: geg […],
g[…]gė […] he o es bi d (Cuculus cano us) ha c ows in he sp ing[…]). Today, he
mo i a ion o hese ows can only be in e p e ed. In he e i o y o he Ashminda
už iksuo u au inio e inimo pa yzdžiu Didelis kaip jau is, k ailas kaip a inas
(Pšl), plg. spėjamai p iešingos eikšmės . Gaidnė (g eičiausiai šią į a dijimo
mano , he elkhozed ball could be called Jaučnė because o i s size, i.e. size. Based on
olklo e, he o m is chosen because o he ques ionable alue o he objec , i s
sui abili y o no mal human needs. The la e in e p e a ion is suppo ed by he
ma e ial and i s in e p e a ion in he Li huanian e nacula dic iona y (2018): many
names o non- esiden ial places may ha e o igina ed om he ain. gai […]s
[…]naminis paukš is, chickens pa inas (Gallus gallinaceus) […], and some o which ha e
such a . mo i a ion, appa en ly ela ed o he nega i e iew o he named objec s,
indica es hei in e io i y, in e io i y, in e io i y (in he case o Gaul, nobody w i es ha Gaul is yellow, Gaul is yellow, he o es is g een) (LVIII. In ha case,
85 As ega ds he manu ac u e and o igin o he la e , see also Bilkis 2008: 65; LVŽ I 244246, which
indica es he possibili y o a dual o igin: om lie . ã inas, on he o he hand, om a d. I 's he wine. 88
86 Ašmin os d a o anke oje ašoma: p igė ęs jau is.
87 Dėl . au en iškų lyčių pa eikimo da ž . LVŽ III 78: Čiuo nis ‖ Čiuo nius s . Ab.
See also o he s uc u es named G[…]gia ais is b. Skm; I is loca ed in he dis ic o Ggių balà b. Lkm
(LVŽ III 117). Acco ding o e hnologis Jelenos L. Be ezo ič (Fede al Uni e si y o he U als), he image
o he Russian oponym mani es s i sel in he p oximi y o he objec o be named, i s p esence
joje kaimo aplinkoje. Tipinė į a dy ojo pozicija, o ien uojan is supančioje e d ėje, a skai os aš-
nea he house o he inhabi an […] o he name (pl. see 89 Be ezo ič 2001: 37[…]38).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI his designa ion is added o o he s, pe haps
in he olk sys ema ics acco ding o he unc ion o he i e 's ibu a ies o
(paski į) sie inų į a dijimų: bala, ski a jaučiams ge i (didesnė), i bala, iš ku-
he apakanka wa e (lesse , smalle ). She was nomina ed o he Sakalinė b. P n.
This is why he ollowing sen ences abou his bi d e lec na ional hinking
s anda ds: Sakalelis is black, black is un ouched NS366 (LKŽe); One was as black as a
jackal, he o he was as b own as a genie JD791 (same). VK lea le s also men ion
opo-objec s named by his name in o he places in Li huania, which could also be
nomina ed due o he o m o da k soil: Sakalnė meadow nea Me kio Va ėnos .
Jakėnų apyl. Maskaukos k. (bo n in 1985), Sakalnė, o me ly a shephe dess o
Ga gždų lsč. Maciuičių k. (PKk ca d) This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded
he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. The loca ion o objec s (local loca ion by
he i e , e c.) helps o p edic he u u e. On he o he hand, he size o he
objec o be named, i.e. he smallness [lie . sãkalas in he ques ionnai e abou he
ball does no p o ide any addi ional in o ma i e da a ha help o unde s and he
‘ oks plėš us paukš is (Falco)ʼ; Sakalas mažesnis už anagą J.90]. No s Apušo o k.
admission condi ion mo e clea ly, he VK da a how much suppo s he las
sen ence: Ga gždų lsč a d. In he 1936 (o he a ea) su ey o Maciuičių k. i was
ound ha Sakalinė […] a hill wi h a size o 0,2 ha91.
The name o he hyd o-objec is Cigánska b. M j sie inas wi h a bow. he ollowing able is inse ed:
Wi h wha cha ac e is ics o he deno a ion (ball) he name-gi e associa ed he "chigoniškumą"
wi h he a ea unde in es iga ion, i can only be in e p e ed "pe haps wi h he gaba i iškumu", i.e.
wi h he scope o he unlimi ed ball in he e i o y o he se lemen . Due o he same
cha ac e is ic (due o he small size o he hyd oobjec ), ano he na u al hole ( he name is w i en
Agu kiškės GA) Mozū inė b. KzR93, plg. ano he naming o he a ea unde in es iga ion acco ding o
he size ep esen ing Moz gi ė wi h he e e ence o he objec small illage Ld n (VK). This is a lis
o he species lis ed in he IUCN Red Lis o Endange ed Species (including Species 2A, 3B, and 4C) as
assessed by he In e na ional Union o Conse a ion o Na u e (IUCN), including species included in
enkamas mozū ų e ninės g upės asmens pa adinimas (lie . moz as, -ė ‘mozū-
he IUCN Red Lis o Endange ed Species (IUCN). a. The nes s o his bi d ha e also been ound in he
P ienų dis ic , Žu in os ese e (see In e ne access: h ps: www.del i.l ).
XXg ynasgam a/nyks an i-pauksciu- usis- is-dazniau-su inkama-mies uose.d?id=665636 [ iew
2019-11-18] Thus, hese bi ds may ha e been known and amilia o he ep esen a i es o he a ea
unde s udy. 91 The ype, appea ance, and quali y o he ea h's su ace is desc ibed as sandy, wi h
many s ones and bushes.
92 As ega ds he in e p e a ion o he p oduc ion and o igin o his olume, see The LVZ II 18.
93 Dėl helonimo Mozū inė, už iksuo o ki ame Lie u os plo e, da ybos ž . Bilkis 2008: 166.
A icles o he 133 d
P iesaginių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
i iš eiškia į a dy ojo e inimus šios e ninės g upės žmonių a ž ilgiu: Mozū as
(b) a 200-me e -long mound in he Kaunas egion. The Red Sea lee and he G.A. in
1936; Moz a a an al i ude o 0,3 ha in he illage o Ma ijampolė. Sasna as lsč.
and GA 1936 (also). Žydnė b. M j […] bala, p obably so named because o he unclea
wa e (maybe i was deep), i.e. da k bala. Such an explana ion could be suppo ed
by he appella i e name o he pe son, i.e. he wo d -ė ‘man o Jewish na ionali y
(DKŽ 170). The la e (žmogus) o he membe s o he linguis ic communi y o his
„ amsus“: Aš panašus oks į ždą, juodas bu au (Ss). Ki a e us, i iamajame
plo e ždas gali eikš i s a inio pa adinimą ‘lauke sus a y a pe pučiama du pių
a ea is desc ibed as o malkų k ū aʼ [Kap džiūs a du pės, k auni in žydùs po
penkias kulbukes B b; When we ook he du pes, we ook he Jews o Vlk ]. Thus,
he ball nex o he building may ha e been named Žydnė. In his case, due o he
s uc u e and seman ics o he plg. Ba agnė b. KzR, belie ing ha he meaning
o he la e name is ball, which was nex o he building.
2.3. in o de o unde s and and explain wha has become a local ea u e o he name
Laumikis s . As a basis o P n94, a en ion is d awn o he ep esen a i e o he
appella i e lexicon, which has become he suppo o naming, he use o li ing speech
cases: lie . laũmė p k. "I'm no going o kill you, I'm no going o kill you, I'm no going o kill
you". Viscum album ees a e called un ipe, ma u e, mixed ee b anches. Also bo .
skalsė (Cla iceps pu pu ea) is called laume because o he da k colo o he plan
[Laumės [in ye] is black in colo ]. Gi en he common linguis ic wo ld iew ha eme ges
om he examples gi en abo e, i can be assumed ha he ais was mos likely named
o i s da k, pe haps lea y (due o he gums o mixed plan s) su ace. Based on his
in e p e a ion, plg. I 's black. (ObVK), he analogue o he name o he pe son p d.
Juodkis (LPŽ I 858), he ep esen a i e o he appella e nomina ion o he pe i ione
‘wi e o he pe i ione . Due o he appea ance o an upg aded su ace, he plg. I 's he
lie . bál ikis, ba ikis ‘bal as kiškisʼ [Bál ikis iš miško į laukus nebėga Lkč], lie .
end o he wo ld. Gdl (li . " h oa " o " h oa "). In he p ocess o semaniza ion, he
name Laumikis was gi en o he egion in o de no only o dis inguish he geog aphical
ikos plg. ki us Lie u os anden a džius Laumlis ež. Aln, Laũmis ež. Pl 97. Taigi,
zone om he en i onmen , o he landscape zones, bu also o e alua e i .
94 See also su name. Bilkis in he yea 2008: 39. 95 Lie . lau šluo ė ‘b anches o ees in es ed wi h he
pa asi ic ungus ha ha e g own in o sludge; In addi ion, he ollowing sen ences ha e been eco ded
[I aip šiandien da medžiūse ne ykusias šakas laumšluo ėms adina S. Dauk.].
om he w i ings: In he g ass, he ca e pilla s g ow abundan ly: ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla , ca e pilla .
(F ench)
97 Fo he la e , see . 1981 Vanagas: 111, which a e p esen ed in he pos sc ip o he Hyd onyms
o Demonological Signi icance (ibid., 110[…]112).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
IŠVADOS
The s udy o he de i a i es o he spices expanded he unde s anding o he
phenomenon o mo i a ion, allowing his phenomenon o be pe cei ed as an impo an
sou ce o e hno-cul u al in o ma ion. Du ing his s udy, he wo ld iews o
ep esen a i es o he e hnic sphe e we e ho oughly in es iga ed, and he
peculia i y o hinking was e ealed no only by compa isons, analogies, me apho s,
bu also by me onymy. Especially aluable a e he me apho ical place o he man […]
bala Panai ė V and he me onymical place o he animal's hai colo (colo ) […] plynė
Bė ókas V . In he i s case, he place is likened o a pe son iola ing he seman ic
bina y opposi ion li ing s. dead, in he second case […] is named acco ding o he
a io o he pa o he whole, e ealing a wide ield o shade o he animal's hai .
Bo h names come om he s a e cul u al expe ience. The uni e sali y, backed by
human hinking s anda ds, me apho s, a e also ound in he oponymy o o he
peoples: he place is indus […]ūd Bli[…]lis b. KzR, D usk[…]nė b. M j, Ragù is b. Ld n. They
also e eal a ce ain imagina y g adual aspec o he local dep h (imagina y wa e
capaci y). The s udy e ealed ha he seman ic con en o he place name Bliūdlis
compe es wi h ha o o he locally occu ing balls insc ibed b. KzR (li . blidas dubuo;
he amoun ha goes in o i ), Šáukš b. KzR (li . šáukš ankis skys am, i š am o
bi iam mais ui dė i bu ną; he amoun ha goes in o his box), To ieka b. KzR (li .
o ieka lėkš ; he amoun ha goes in o his box) in Tu kish, e ealing he deg ee o
he ac ual s h, he aspec o he name. Lb , he basis o he name […] he possesso
Nomina y iniu požiū iu sa i as me oniminio į a dijimo a ejis Bal aknė b.
o a ce ain cha ac e is ic, he o gan o sigh (li . bal ãkė […]whi e, ansla ed
eye[…]), loca ed in he uppe pa o he body (head) o a li ing c ea u e, whose
cha ac e is ic (aklum) is imagined o be cha ac e is ic o he heloobjec (bala
zakusi).
A aluable linguis ic-cul u al ep esen a i e o he seman ic nomina ion is
Cibul[…]nė b. Igl, who co esponds o a hinking scheme: a meal wi h a lo o
klampi ie a, ku ioje, ma y , daug į s ogūnus panašių augalų ( a liacibulių ?), a -
onions […] sp eading, as associa ions a ising in he indi idual's consciousness
p oduce new meanings.
2. he in es iga ion p o ided he mos de ailed in o ma ion on he e i o y o
no a ą, ski iama daug dėmesio lokaliajai helonimo padėčiai e d ėje (bu imui
he place o esidence o ou side i , which allowed o achie e addi ional esul s: i
was no ed ha he majo i y o cases o me onymic naming mos likely ook place
in he en i onmen o he place o esidence o he named objec s […] ou side he
se lemen . No knowing he indi idual cha ac e is ics o a pa icula place,
when he place is less socially signi ican , his is called economically […] g e a, a
an inde ini e dis ance, in he name o ano he place, […]no building[…] a new one. In addi ion, he me onymy