S aipsniai / A icles 101
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-1949-0874 Di ec ions o academic
esea ch: he w i en he i age o he assemblyis s and he
Li huanian Mo a ian mo emen , he cul u al and con essional
con ex o P ussian Li huania in he 18 h and 19 h cen u ies, he his o y o pie ism.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is PARMA PROTESTANT.
Mission o Li huania
A. The i s pa o pa ag aph 19:
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm
The Suppo o P o es an Missions in
P ussian Li huania in he Fi s Hal
o he 19 h Cen u y: The Role
o P i a e Ini ia i es and he P ess
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje analizuojamos inansinės pa amos p o es an ų misijoms o mos XIX a. 1-oje
pusėje P ūsijos Lie u oje. Čia i iamas misijų šalininko Bachmano d a o p ie Klaipėdos ins-
The ole o he pas o , ollowe (he nhu e io) o he Mo a ian Chu ch, Wilhelm And zej Reni,
in ga he ing suppo o he missions in Sou heas India. The Li huanian pe iodical
Nusidawimai abou he Gospel P asipla inima be ween Jews and Pagans (edi o Fe dinand
Kelkis, since 1832) is discussed o he sake o he missions. The a icle d aws a en ion o
he ansla ion by he E angelical Lu he an p ies , u u e p o esso o he Uni e si y o
Ka aliauchi and au ho o he g amma o he Li huanian language F yd icho Ku šaičius […]
E ns o F ied icho Ballo's se mon Tēkel, ha is, y : Swē e awę pe là ceis and Swèngwą
iß ądo (Ka aliaučius, 1843). ESMINIAI WORDS: missiona y li e a u e in he Li huanian language,
suppo o missions, assembly wo ke s, Ka las Go lieb Ewaldas Rhenius, Wilhelmas
And ėjus Rhenius, F yd ichas Ku šai is, P ussian Li huania in he 19 h cen u y.
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he o ms o inancial suppo collec ed o P o es an missions in he
P ussian Li huania in he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. I in es iga es he ole o mission
suppo e , inspec o o Bachmann Mano nea Klaipėda ( he o me Memel) and membe
o he Mo a ian Chu ch Wilhelm And eas Rhenius in ga he ing dona ions o missions in
sou heas India. Li huanian pe iodical publica ion Nuſidawimai apie Ewangelios P aſipla inima
be ween ydu and Pagonu (edi o Johann Fe dinand Kelch, published om 1832) is also discussed.
The pape examines he ansla ion o E ns F ied ich Ball's se mon Tēkel, ai y : Swē e awę
Swà ceis i pe lèngwą iß ądo (Königsbe g, 1843) by E angelical Lu he an p ies , u u e
p o esso a he Uni e si y o Königsbe g and au ho o he Li huanian g amma F ied ich
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In his book, "Missiona y li e a u e in he Li huanian language: suppo o
missions," Go lieb Ewald Rhenus, Wilhelm And eas Rhenus, F ied ich Ku scho ,
and P ussian Li huania in he 19 h cen u y.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The heologian and cul u al his o ian Vilius Gaigalai is (1870-1945) in his published
s udy Ewangelißki Su inkimai (P iekulė, Li huania, 1905), dedica ed o he collec ion
o he pas and p esen ligh ing, men ions he suppo o he g ea leade s
(sain s) o he missions: […][a]belnai Saky ojei did[…]es Ba[…]mas1 aibes) Piningų
an Reikmenių Pasien yns ēs (= missions) su enka[…] (Gaigalai is 1905: 40). He
p o ided in o ma ion abou He mann Theodo Wangemann (He mann Theodo
Wangemann, 1818-1894), he head o he missiona y socie y, isi s o P ussian
Li huania and abou he collec ions held by local esiden s (Gaigala is 1905: 40).
Anusis Pė e ai is (1967-1957): "We ga he ed oge he housands o gi s o he
missiona ies" (Pė e ai is [1948]: 29). Domas Kaunas, a esea che o P ussian
Li huanian Li huanian books and cul u e, also d ew a en ion o he non-Ge man
inancial suppo o he missions in his book Li huanian Pe iodicals (1991). The
Kneis e ga en was ounded by he la e D . Na haniel F ied ich Os e meye in
1846, and was es ablished by he Kneis e ga en Missiona y Socie y on
Sep embe 2, 1822. The ac i e p ies hood has 93 membe s and 150 suppo e s. 1
misijų šalininko, aidmenį enkan aukas misijoms. Kaunas ado in o maci-
jos, kad Os e meje is Kalninkuose įkū ė ieną iš Ka aliaučiaus misijų d augijos
Re e ing o he meanings o wo ds he e and elsewhe e, e e o LKŽ.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 103 and 103
Pa ama p o es an ų misijoms P ūsijos Lie u oje
XIX a. 1-oje pusėje: p i ačios inicia y os i spaudos aidmuo
who a ended he 120-cou se mission (Kaunas 1991: 23, 26). In a la e monog aph,
Mažosios Lie u os knyga: lie u iškos knygos aida 1547[…]1940 (1996), he lib a ian,
discussing he li e a u e o he missiona ies, men ioned he in o ma ion abou he
nansa imą. Neslūgs ančią i ak y ią lie u ių pa amą misijoms XX a. p adžioje
missions o he Fijian pilg ims om he Wangemanno Mission Socie y's e iew
published in 1914 The annual le e o he missiona y. Acco ding o his epo , in
1913 he P ussian mission in Li huania collec ed as many as 30,796 ma ks. P ies s,
assemble s, p eache s, and o he pe sons applying o missions (Kaunas 1996: 404)
The pu pose o his a icle is o e eal he expe ience o suppo ing P o es an
missions in P ussian Li huania in he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. A en ion is
d awn he e o hose o ms o suppo ha we e ini ia ed by lay people. The
pe iodical p ess in Li huanian and books also se ed as a means o accumula ing
unds. In he a icle, he akes ca e o answe he ques ions abou when he
inancial suppo o he missions began o be ound in he Li huanian P o es an
communi y and wha was he o igin o ha suppo . These asks included […]
es ablishing whe he inancial suppo o he missions was ac i e be o e he
es ablishmen o he Royal Missiona y Socie y in 1822, disclosing he epe oi e o
Li huanian-language publica ions whose p o i s we e di ec ed o inance he
missions, conside ing how he image o he missions was c ea ed h ough he
p ess, decla ing he c edibili y and epu a ion o he missions. The s udy is
in e disciplina y. In o de o e alua e he place and con ibu ion o pe sonali ies
who ac ed in he e i o y o P ussian Li huania o he his o y o missions, he
his o ism me hod is used. As o he p esses, he me hods cha ac e is ic o he books o e a e used unc ional (dis ibu ion) and communica ion. The i s pe son o be assigned o he mission
In he sou h o India
Financial suppo o mission socie ies and missiona y aining ins i u ions
was p o ided om a ious sou ces. The P o es an missions we e sponso ed
by King F ede ick William III o P ussia, who ga e he Be lin Missiona y Semina y
an annual g an o i e hund ed alen s. The king was imp essed by he esul s
achie ed by Cha les Rhenus (see below) o he London Chu ch Missiona y
Socie y in o ganizing a chu ch in India. Encou aged by he successes o he 18 h
cen u y, he king decided o und he Be lin semina . As we will see below, he
ac i i ies o Ka lo Rhenijus a e linked o he missions in sou heas e n India and
he beginning o he suppo p o ided by he Li huanians.
Ka l Go lieb Ewald Rhenius (Ka l Go lieb Ewald Rhenius, 1790-1838), one o
he mos p ominen Ge man missiona ies in India, ansla o and au ho o
a g amma o he Tamil language, was bo n in 1790 in Wes P ussia, G audenze (now
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
104 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVII
G udziondzas, Poland), s udied a he semina y o missiona ies in Be lin unde
Johannes Jänicke (Johannes Jänicke, 1748-1827). In 1814, he was sen by he Chu ch
Missiona y Socie y o London o Mad as (now Chennai, India), whe e he lea ned he
Tamil language. In 1820 he mo ed o Ti unel eli, a place in sou he n India (Gensichen
1999: 566). Ka l Rhenus (also known as Wilhelm And eas Rhenus, 1753-1833) When he wen
anks i ne eko ė o. Ku į laiką gy eno Bachmano d a e p ie Klaipėdos2, globoja-
mas ė o b olio inspek o iaus ( ok. Wi hscha sinspek o ) Wilhelmo And ėjaus
o wo k as a missiona y in India in 1814, Wilhelm Rhenus ook ca e o his inances. The
collec ion o sac i ices was gi en by Inspec o Bachmann o Halle, and h ough he
las pa o he logo, he di ec o o he Nashlai House in Halle, Geo g Ch is ian
pasiekda usios Indijos misionie ius3. Tokie duomenys už iksuo i okiečių eo-
Knapp (Geo g Ch is ian Knapp, 1753-1825) published a pe iodical on P o es an missions
in Neue e Geschich e de E angelischen Missionen-Ans al en (1821). In his shop,
Knaps published a epo on he unds collec ed in 1820-1821. The epo s a es ha
in June, he Halle Missiona y Fund (Vok. […]u Missionskasse in Halle) eached Wilhelm
Renius wi h a dona ion o […] 112 ale s om a ious sou ces, 34 o which we e
dona ed by he inhabi an s o he egion o he dissemina ion o he Li huanian
gospel among he pagans. Liebesgaben on Li hauischen Landleu en: […]welche mi
Willigkei und g oße […] (Lo e o small landlo ds: wha is you will and wha is you g ea ness)
This Sche lein, […]u Ve kündigung des E angeliums un e den Heiden [...] […]
Zusammenleg en[…] 34 [Thl .] 4 [G .] (Knapp 1821: 1057 […]8) 105 The Gospel o he
Kingdom o God is he mos widely ead book in he wo ld. (Ve imas) Gi s o lo e
om he inhabi an s o he egion Li huanians: […]who wi h eage ness and g ea joy con ibu ed his con ibu ion o he p oclama ion o he Gospel among he Gen iles [...] con ibu ed […] 34 [ ale s] 4
[g a e ul]
In his epo , Knaps indica ed ha du ing he same mon h, he cashie o
Bachmann's mansion had been supplemen ed by ano he 34 pla es. Among he
bidde s we e he eache and he awakened Li huanians ( ok. e weck e
Li haue n), om whom, a e collec ing 30 ale s, some ax collec o o he chu ch, i is expec ed, handed o e
In India, cons uc ion wo ks:
In he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, Bachmann (o Bakmaniškiai, Baksėdžiai, Pãupis, Bachmann,
Bachmannischken) was a mano house nea Klaipėda. The e i o y o he mano now belongs o
he ci y o Klaipėda (Juška 2000: 115). 3 Inspec o Wilhelm Rhenius is belie ed o ha e been one o he
leade s o he assembly (Ba asa 2018: 272, 308), a ollowe o he Mo a ian Chu ch (Vok. He nhu e
B üde gemeine, angl. Mo a ian Chu ch, Mo a ian Mo emen ) acco ding o he con ession,
he nhu e is (Zemb ickis 2011: 236[…]239). In he second decade o he 19 h cen u y, Rhenus was
in ol ed in ligh ing ac i i ies in he Klaipėda egion. He ep esen ed he Religious W i ings Socie y
es ablished he e and ook ca e o ansla ions o English eligious books in o Li huanian. Inspec o
Bachman was one o he ini ia o s o he ac i i ies o he Bible Socie y in Klaipėda (see S ungy ė-Liugienė 2021; S ungy ė-Liugienė 2021a).
A icles o he 105 h
Pa ama p o es an ų misijoms P ūsijos Lie u oje
XIX a. 1-oje pusėje: p i ačios inicia y os i spaudos aidmuo
Th ough he H n. The Insp. Rhenius […]u Bachmann bey Memel, go o he abb e ia ion
o one: 34 Thl . 60 o he P euss. O he , o a a con en , by weigh No u he
wo ked han ho - olled, in coils G . […]u Dew. Wha a e you doing? 4 o Thl . 60 P . G .,
and on H n. Einnehme R. 30 Thl ., […]welche on den e weck en Li haue n mi
besonde e F eude, […]um Tempelbau aus den Heiden gesammel und beyge agen
sind[…] (Knapp 1821: 1058[…]1590; co . 1059). This is he i s ime ha a chu ch has been
buil in he Ne he lands. (Ve imas) Th ough he P. Inspec o o he Rhenians om
Bachman o Klaipėda came again: 34 hie es 60 P ussian g ains; I 's om he eache
P[ono] G . om Dew. 4 [ale iai] 60 P ussian g [ašių] and om he P[ono] axes
collec ed R. 30 [ale ių], […]ku iuos awakened Li huanians wi h special joy assembled and con ibu ed o he cons uc ion o he chu ch because o he pagans[…].
In he epo , he di ec o o he Nashlaichs' Home in Halle men ions ha in he
same yea , in July, he ecei ed addi ional suppo om Rhenus wice. The cashie
o he Rhenius Hall mission sen a o al o six ale s: om he "good Li huanians"
( ok. gu en Li haue n) i e, which we e handed o e by one eache . Some
P ussian soldie , a Li huanian (1 Albe o Tale iu), who e u ned om se ice and
wan ed o p epa e o eaching, also con ibu ed o he suppo .
M P esiden , I would like o hank he Commissione o his eply. Inspec o Rhenius
[…]u Bachmann, ansmi ed by 5 Thl ., h ough H n. Schulleh e G., om he good
Li haue n collec ion; 1 Albe s hale on und einem jungen Li haue , de noch Solda is , sich abe um Schuldiens o be ei en will, Namens L. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha a soldie has been awa ded he i le o soldie .
(Knapp 1821: 1590; co ec ed by 1059).
(Ve imas) Inspec o Rhenius om Bachman mo ed: 5 [ale ius] h ough he
eache G. om he good Li huanian assemblies; 1 Albe o ale om a young
Li huanian, who is s ill a soldie , bu wan s o p epa e o wo k in he school,
named L. Halės misijų kasą eached he Kalninkų p ies Na anelis F yd ichas
Os e meje io siųs a suppo (which also allows o indica e he ini ials in he
spending epo ), as well as he Li huanian communi y's con ibu ion, which was
made up o o e 60 ale s. M P esiden , I would like o hank he Commissione o
his eply. Inspec o Rhenius […]u Bachmann, sand e nochmals ein: 2 Albe s hl ., who
is he son o H n. The P a . The Os . in K. ecei ed had, no he on H n. I 's called Rud. and Mich. D. in some Li hauischen Gemeinden collec ed 60 Thl , 64 pe . The G . [...] (Knapp om 1821)
1590; co ec ed by 1059-1060).
(T ansla ion) Inspec o P[onas] Rhenius om Bachman sen again: 2 Albe o
[ale ius], who had been ecei ed om P[ono] K[unigo] Os [e meje io]
K[alninkuose], oge he wi h P[ono] Rud. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he
Minis y o Fo eign A ai s o he Republic o Li huania has issued a s a emen on he si ua ion in Li huania, s a ing ha :
Acco ding o he epo , Wilhelm Rhenus was in o med o King F ede ick
William III's su oundings and knew wha pa o he unding came om he s a e.

INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
106 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
iždo nuk eipiama misijoms Indijoje, konk ečiai į Mad asą misionie ių Ka lą
Suppo o he Rhenians4. Passing he bill, he in o med Hal abou i : Ein edle Wohl hä e , de
nich genann seyn will, übe sand e du ch H n. Inspec o Rhenius in Bachmann bey Memel, also
known as Königl. The p euss. A ce i ica e o deb o 500 Thl ., wi h a decla a ion ha M .
Missiona y Ca l Rhenius in Mad as, 100 h yea o his eign. Wi hou Abug e hal en solle (Knapp 1821:
1056) This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o ained in, Denma k. (Ve imas) A
dis inguished bene ac o , who did no wan o be named, a eled h ough he P[on] inspec o s
o he Rhenians om Bachman o Klaipėda o he P ussian Kingdom wi h a s a e pension o 500
[ale ių sum] wi h he explana ion ha o hese he P[on] missiona y Ka las Rhenius Mad ase
should ecei e 100 [ale ių] wi hou deduc ion. He spoke o his son's pu chase o a house wi h a
ga den, o his ansla ions o he his o y o he Bible in o Tamil, and o his assis an s, including
1822 m. užsimenama i lie u iškoje spaudoje. Esą do anos iš P ūsijos Lie u os
pasiekė i oli esančias d augijas, o „p ie Paſiun inio Rēniaus Ißſiun imo jau u-
laſis d auge gélbejęs buwo“ (Iß Ey ópôs 1854: 13).
Rhenius palaikė asmeninius yšius su Knappu, uome iniu Našlaičių namų
Halėje di ek o iumi. Su juo bend a o ne ik inansiniais klausimais. Rhenius su
juo pasidalinda o naujienomis iš Mad aso, s engdamasis nuš ies i sa o gimi-
naičio Ka lo Rheniaus kasdienio da bo i namų ūkio eikalus. Laiške (1820 m.
bo h Lu he ans and Roman Ca holics, wi h whom he spen his mo nings and e enings eading
eligious books in English and Tamil. I is wo h s opping a he concep o e weck en Li haue n
[…]p abudę lie u iai[…], which is used in Knappo's epo . The e is eason o belie e ha his is how
he pa icipan s o he assembly o he P ussian-Li huanian assembly a e named in his
documen . The epi he E weck e […]p abudusysis[…] is also used in ano he sou ce […] June 10, 1823
in he epo o he Consis o y o Ka elia abou he amily o King F ede ick William III o P ussia
in he Ka elia and Gumbina coun ies o he Chu ch 4 Wilhelmas Rhenius. The oyal amily isi ed
Bachmann's es a e and he Rhenians on Janua y 29, 1807, du ing a single isi . I should be ecalled
ha Klaipėda, due o poli ical e en s, he expansion and massi i y o he sou he n assembly
mo emen o he Kingdom o P ussia5. The assump ion ha he suppo e s o he missions we e
ibų eikusias eligines d augijas. Šioje a askai oje pa eikiama in o macija apie
assembly wo ke s is also con i med by an ex ac om a le e published in he pe iodical
Königsbe ge Missionsbla in Feb ua y 1824 by Kalninkų p ies Os e meje , in which he
ins uc ed he supplie s o suppo o be assembly wo ke s. The collec ions o he collec o s o
ka o su P ancūzija, bu o apusi laikina ka aliaus šeimos ezidencija.
A icles o he 107 h
Pa ama p o es an ų misijoms P ūsijos Lie u oje
XIX a. 1-oje pusėje: p i ačios inicia y os i spaudos aidmuo
hese Kalninkų, P iekulės, Gilijos, Kaukėnų, Naujosios, Ka yčių, Mal iškių, Skaisgi ių and o he
pa ishes made up wo- hi ds o he collec ion o he easu y o he missiona y missions
(Kaunas 1991: 27). Thus, he cha i able suppo o Li huanians appea ed du ing he eligious e i al
and was associa ed wi h he isi o s o he ga he ings, wi h people mos ly om he lowe
s a a o socie y. In he hi d decade o he 19 h cen u y, he ga he ing mo emen did no ha e
he s a us o a legalized eligious socie y, i was no ins i u ionalized, some p ies s o he
E angelical Lu he an Chu ch we e seen as an illegal eligious mo emen o people, people who
we e uni ed by e angeliza ion, he idea o blai os , he wo ship o he common and he
ga he ings ou side he chu ch. I should be no ed ha dona ions o he missions we e collec ed
be o e he es ablishmen o he Royal Missiona y Socie y (1822)6. In 1821, he Ge man suppo was
di ec ed o he missiona y easu y o Halle. Suppo was p o ided by Li huanians li ing in
P ussian Li huania, pa icipan s o he eligious e i al "collec i is union", eache s
(schulmis ai). Among he bidde s was he E angelical Lu he an p ies Os e meje om Kalninkų.
Judging om he in o ma ion p o ided in he Knappo epo o 1820-1821, he ea ly suppo o he
Li huanian popula ion was di ec ed o he sou h-eas e n India o suppo he ac i i ies o he
Ge man missiona y Ka l Rhenus. Inspec o Wilhelmas Rhenius pe o med he ole o he
auc ionee and b oke a he Bachmann mansion in Klaipėda. I is impo an o no e ha he
missiona y is a secula is , a ollowe o he Mo a ian Chu ch. 5 Copy, ax and ansla ion o he
documen in o Li huanian: Ba asa 2018: 262. The pa icipan s o he Su inkimininkų ga he ing in he
epo o he Consis o y o he Kingdom also known as Maldeninke […]maldininkai[…] o
Li huanianism, and home p aye s, ga he ings […] P i a andach , Be e sammlungen (Ba asa 2018:
Gene al Supe in enden o he E angelical Lu he an Chu ch Ludwig E ns E ns as on Bo owskis
(Ludwig E ns on Bo owski, 1740-1831). The boa d was also composed o P o esso Ma ynas
Liud ikas Rėza (Ma in Ludwig Rhesa, 1776-1840) o he Uni e si y o Ka elia (Kaunas, 1991: 22).
Wilhelmas Rhenius nebu o iš d asininkų a po, ačiau š iečiamojoje eikloje
ak y iai daly a ęs, į į ai ias eligines o me o o ganizacijas, Biblijos i Religinių
258, 262).
6 D augijos s eigiamasis susi inkimas į yko 1822 m. sausio 11 d. Vado u bu o iš ink as P ūsijos
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
108 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SPAUDOS VAIDMUO MISIJ DRAUGIJOMS La e , o he o ms o inancial suppo also
began o eme ge. An example o suppo o P o es an missions was he pe iodical
Nusidawimai abou he E angelical P asipla inima be ween Jews and Pagans (NEP)
published om 1832 onwa ds, in which news, co espondence om missiona ies in
India, China, No h Ame ica, A ica, Madagasca , he exo ic Moo ish islands in F ench
Polynesia and o he coun ies was dis ibu ed in Li huanian. As ea ly as 1832 he i s
issue con ained an emo ional appeal o Li huanians no o lea e he coun y, oge he
wi h he Ge mans, o con ibu e o he su i al o missiona y ac i i y. So, my dea
Li huanians! Wi hou sowing on he aminos dagos (ha es , ha es ), will we jus all?
Wi hou belie ing ha M . Ducey would win, o will we? (See also pa ag aphs 182, 183
and 1835.) A e selling his publica ion, pa o he unds was used o supplemen he
suppo o he missions. In he Feb ua y issue o he magazine, i is w i en ha
he dona ions (called […][p]a siun inu Sk ynei[…]) amoun ed o 6 hale s (8 [Su es inė]
1832-03: {48}). In he Ma ch issue o he same yea , i is al eady no ed ha he sale o
copies o he newspape aised 27 hale s ([Su es ina] 1832-04: 64). Based on he b ie
inancial s a emen s, which we e usually p in ed a he end o each issue o he NEP,
i was calcula ed ha in 1832 he sales o he pe iodical amoun ed o six y- i e ale s
and one hund ed gold pieces.
I should be no ed ha his me hod o suppo ing P o es an missions, in which
unds we e collec ed om sold pe iodicals, was also p ac iced elsewhe e in he
Kingdom o P ussia. Fo example, he same s a egy was ollowed by Johannes
E angelis a Gossne (Johannes E angelis a Gossne , 1773-1858), he ounde o he
Gossne sche Missionsgesellscha , which ope a ed in Be lin. The p oceeds om he
sale o copies o he pe iodical Die Biene au dem Missions eld ü Missions eunde
und Missions e eine we e dis ibu ed o he needs o he Socie y.
(Iß om Be lin 1844: 31).
7 The magazine's edi o a ha ime was he speake Johann Fe dinand Kelch (Johann Fe dinand
Kelch, 1832-1867; Kaunas, 1991: 40, 48). The publica ion was ini ia ed by he Royal Missiona y Socie y
(Ka alauc […]aus Pasun inys es D augis e). NEP is conside ed he i s in 1823, 1824 and 1825 by he
pe iodical Nusida imai Die o ka alys ėje, edi ed by […] egzemplio ius, i is desc ibed acco ding o
Na anelis F yd ichas Os e meje is (Kaunas 1991: 39). Deja, kol kas ne as as nei ienas šio leidinio
he sou ces (Kaunas 1991: 7[…]8, 26). In he opinion o Vaclo o Bi žiškos, he co ec ion and language
o he NEP was co ec ed by F yd ichas Ku šai is (B žA III: 174). Kaunas cla i ied ha Ku šai is
s a ed he wo k o edi ing he publica ion No. 1 a ound 1843 (Kaunas 1991: 21, 31). 8 P ussian
Li huanians called he Li huanian hale a dolla . Dolla s a e also used in NEP. The pe iodical was
published in Ge man om 1834.
A icles o he 109 h
Pa ama p o es an ų misijoms P ūsijos Lie u oje
XIX a. 1-oje pusėje: p i ačios inicia y os i spaudos aidmuo
1 PAV. O he The pe iodical Nusidawimai abou he Gospel o he P asipla inima
be ween he Jews and Pagans (1832 m. 1 numbe ), which was sold, pa o he
p o i s wen o suppo he missions
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVII
Kloes And ew A. 2016: ‘Awakening mo emen in ea ly nine een h-cen u y Ge man: he
making o a mode n and o hodox P o es an ism: doc o al disse a ion, Edinbu gh:
The Uni e si y o Edinbu gh.
Kaunas Domas 1991: i s au ho o Li huanian pe iodicals, Vilnius: Li huanian book socie y;
The Ma y Maž ydo ounda ion.
Kaunas Domas 1996: The book o he Li le Li huania: a eading o he Li huanian
book 1547-1940, Vilnius: The Whi e Lanks.
[Kapp Geo g Ch is ian] 1821: Neue e Geschich e de E angelischen MissionsAns al en
[…]u Bekeh ung de Heiden in Os indien, aus den eigenhändigen Au sä[…]en und B ie en
de Missiona ien, h sg. on D. G. Ch. This is he i s ime ha he Bible has been ansla ed in o English. The Knapp, [...]. Siebigs es S ück, Halle: Loca ed in he ci y o Halle, Ge many.
The publishing house o Waisenhauses.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Tēkel, his is y : Swē e awę Swà ceis and
pe lèngwą iß ądo. Mißia Mi iusiujû Swen ēje wókißkay is conside ed o ha e been
buil by Kùngo E. F. Ball, whe e he cas le was buil by F id ikis Ku ßá is, he cas le
was buil by Kunigû U ēdo ißmok as, and he cas le was buil by he Li huanians in
Ka aliáuciuje ôdák. [...], in he Kingdom: in he Book o he Book o he Book, [I]IV. LBP […] Li huanian bibliog aphy, se ies A. Books in he Li huanian language 1, 1547-1861. Addi ions, Vilnius: Min is, 1990. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20 (1941[…]2002), edi ed by he college G.
Nak inienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, edi ed by he
college. G. Nak inienė, e. a ian , Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2005 ( enewed
e sion, 2018). He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o
Sciences. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: h pekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas. I'll
be wi h you in 1832. I'll be wi h you in 1832. […] Nusidawimai on he Gospel o P asipla inima
be ween he Jews and Pagans, No. 1, Janua y, […]8. Penkiolik assis kas Me ą důdams 1838:
Penkiolik assis kas Me ą důdams The ejec ion o he E angelios by he King o he
P ole a ia Susid augawojusujû, as wi h he Jû F iendship bey o he F iendship o he
House o he House. […] Nusidáwimai on he sp ead o he Gospel be ween […]ydû and Pagonû, No. 1, 2[…]16.
Pė e ai is, Anusis 1948: Su inkimai P ūsų Lie u oj, Lie u ių e angelikų liu e onų
y . bažnyčios a yba, į ado žodį pa ašė i spaudai pa engė M. Ka olis.
[Ad e isemen ] 1843: [Ad e isemen ] This is he i s ime I' e seen his. […] Nusidáwimai abou he sp ead o he Ewangel be ween […]ydû and
Pagonû, numbe h ee, eigh y-eigh .
S ungy ė-Liugienė 2021: The educa ional ac i i ies o Wilhelmo And ėjaus Rheniaus
(1753-1833) in Klaipėda and he i s Li huanian English ansla ions o eligious
li e a u e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.15388/Knygo y a.2021.76.77.

S aipsniai / A icles 117
Pa ama p o es an ų misijoms P ūsijos Lie u oje
XIX a. 1-oje pusėje: p i ačios inicia y os i spaudos aidmuo
The le e was w i en in 1818 by Wilhelm And zej Renius om Bachmann's mansion
a he Klaipėda Religious W i e s' Socie y in London. This is Knygo y a 76, 294302. I
is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.15388/Knygo y a.2021.76.84. [No es]
1832-03: [No es] [No es] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, li ed in, o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica. […] Nusidawimai abou he Gospels P asipla inima be ween
The Jews and he Pagans, No. 3, Mä , {48}.
[Su es inė] 1832-04: [Su es inė] This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha
a woman has been elec ed p esiden . […] Nusidáwimai on he P ospec o he Gospel Be ween he Jews and he Pagans, No. 4, Ap il, 64.
So he e we go! So he e we go! […] Nusidáwim[…] abou he E angelios P aye be ween he
Jews and he Pagans, No. 1, Janua y 8, […]15. [Weiss Geo g B.] 1847: Liáupsinkin Pôną Diewą
wisi Pagônai [...]. He was bo n in he illage o Pagônai, in he p o ince o he same name. […] Nusidáwimai abou
Ewangẽliôs P aplá inimą a p ydû i Pagônû, N . 2, 19–40.
Zemb ickis Johanas 2011: Klaipėdos apsk i ies is o ija 3, e ė R. Adoma ičius,
Klaipėda: Lib a Memelensis.
The Suppo o P o es an Missions in
P ussian Li huania in he Fi s Hal
o he 19 h Cen u y: The Role
o P i a e Ini ia i es and he P ess
Summa y
This a icle aims o e eal he expe ience o suppo ing P o es an missions in P ussian
Li huania in he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. The pape ocuses on he o ms o suppo
ha ci cula ed on he p i a e ini ia i e o laypeople. Li huanian pe iodical p ess and books
published in P ussian Li huania also se ed as a means o ga he ing unds. The a icle seeks o
ind ou when he collec ion o inancial suppo o missions began in he Li huanian
P o es an communi y and om wha sou ce his suppo came. I has been de e mined ha
dona ions o missions had been collec ed in P ussian Li huania be o e he Königsbe g
Missiona y Socie y was es ablished (1822). In 1820-1821, he Halle Mission ecei ed subs an ial
suppo om Li huanian esiden s o P ussian Li huania, h oughou he 3 d decade o he
pa icipan s o he eligious awakening mo emen (Li h. su inkimai), which g ew in s eng h
cen u y, and eache s (Li h. šulmis ai). Dona ions we e collec ed by he inspec o o
Bachmann Mano nea Klaipėda ( he o me Memel), membe o he Mo a ian Chu ch Wilhelm
And eas Rhenius (1753-1833) who ac ed as an in e media y.
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
118 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII Ge man missiona y Ka l Go lieb Ewald Rhenius (1790-1838)
be ween Li huanians and Halle Missions. The ea ly dona ions made by Li huanian esiden s
we e di ec ed o sou heas India, Mad as (cu en ly Chennai) o suppo he ac i i y o
was bo n in Li huania. Ano he o m o mission suppo was he sale o missiona y p ess. Pa ly
o his pu pose, he Li huanian pe iodical publica ion Nusidawimai abou he P asipla inima
be ween […]ydu and Pagonu was published ( om 1832, edi o Johann Fe dinand Kelch) in P ussian
Li huania. Local E angelical Lu he an p ies s p opaga ed he missions and pa icipa ed in he
collec ion o dona ions. Among hem was he p ies F ied ich Ku scha (F yd ichas Ku šai is,
1806-1884), he u u e p o esso o heology a he Uni e si y o Königsbe g and au ho o he
Li huanian g amma . Ku scha ansla ed he se mon Tēkel, ha is, y : Swē e awę Swà ceis i
pe lèngwą iß ądo by Lu he an p ies E ns F ied ich Ball (published in Königsbe g in 1843), and he
unds ecei ed om i s sales we e o be di ec ed o missiona y and empe ance socie ies.
On balance, i should be no ed ha he model o mission suppo was designed o educe he
s a es bu den. The inancial bu den was sha ed be ween p ospe ous o well-o eligious
esiden s o he Kingdom o P ussia. On he o he hand, he publica ions ad oca ed ha he
du y o sp eading Ch is iani y in non-Ch is ian coun ies, suppo ing he poo and hei
educa ion, had o be aken on no only by he king and p ies s bu also by he common
Li huanian esiden s o he P ussian p o ince. A pe son who dona ed o missions had o
unde s and ha he suppo o missions was no a local e en bu a phenomenon
encompassing Eu ope and o he coun ies o he wo ld uni ed by Ch is iani y and Ch is ian
alues. Each con ibu ing pe son se ed a common cause o he wo lds p o es an s. A
con ibu ing pe son could eel ha he o she was no alone bu a he o med pa o a la ge
communi y o Ch is ians who suppo ed, con ibu ed o, and app o ed he idea o
I was Ch is ianiza ion.
Deli e ed on 25 Oc obe 2022
INGA STRUNGYTĖ-LIUGIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.