Li huanian Linguis ic Ac
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Con en s linked o Tu in e e ence
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Recei ed by Gau a: 2025-06-20. Accep ed by: Accep ed by: 2025-12-05.
1
The ollowing is a summa y o he main ea u es o
he LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV-LITV
The in ensi y
F equency and in ensi y in epis emic modal ma ke s and modal ph ases.
This is Emilia Ca boni.
The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea
The El. he ollowing en y is inse ed:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: phone ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The aim o he s udy is o de e mine he mos impo an cha ac e is ics o he main one and in ensi y in modal
ph ases: wha is he main one and in ensi y cha ac e is ic o modal ph ases, whe he modal ma ke s di e om
he main one and in ensi y, whe he hese cha ac e is ics can signal a di e en deg ee o ce ain y in modal
ph ases. The esea ch ma e ial consis s o 17 sen ences wi h lexical modali y ma ke s, sen ences in which modali y is
phone ically exp essed and sen ences ha a e neu al om he poin o iew o modali y. These sen ences a e
coun ed h ee imes. The acous ic pa ame e s o be s udied (a e age, minimum, maximum o he basic one and
in ensi y) a e selec ed o be de e mined by he acous ic analysis p og am P aa . A o al o 57 eco ds we e analyzed.
Expe imen al, ins umen al sound analysis and desc ip i e me hods a e used in he s udy. The esul s show ha he
basic one pa ame e s o he unce ain y-imi a ing ph ase a e sligh ly highe and he in ensi y is lowe han hose
o he same s uc u e o he neu al ph ase. Modal ph ases wi h modal ma ke s end o be highe in key one and
g ea e in in ensi y han neu al ph ases, bu he esul s a e inconsis en . Modal wo ds ha e a highe main one and
g ea e in ensi y han he es o he ph ase. So hey' e emphasized, and so he modali y o he ph ase is
emphasized. Ph ases indica ing g ea e o lesse ce ain y a e said o be mo e in ense and in a lowe key one han ph ases indica ing doub .
The ollowing wo ds a e essen ial: in ensi y, modali y, modali y ma ke s, key one.
2
This is a e y impo an poin .
The s udy aims o iden i y he key cha ac e is ics o undamen al equency (pi ch) and in ensi y in modal ph ases:
wha pi ch and in ensi y a e ypical o modal ph ases, whe he modal wo ds a e ma ked by pi ch and in ensi y, and
whe he hese ea u es can signal a ying deg ees o ce ain y in modal ph ases. The s udy ma e ial consis s o 17
sen ences con aining lexical modal ma ke s, along wi h one sen ence exp essing modali y phone ically and one neu al
sen ence. Each sen ence was ead h ee imes. The selec ed acous ic pa ame e s o analysis (a e age, minimum, and
maximum pi ch and in ensi y) we e de e mined using he sound analysis p og am P aa . A o al o 57 eco dings we e
analyzed. The s udy employs expe imen al, ins umen al acous ic analysis, and desc ip i e me hods. The esul s indica e
ha ph ases simula ing unce ain y exhibi sligh ly highe pi ch pa ame e s and lowe in ensi y compa ed o neu al
ph ases o he same s uc u e. Modal ph ases con aining modal ma ke s end o ha e highe pi ch and g ea e
in ensi y han he neu al ph ase, al hough he esul s may a y. Modal wo ds a e ma ked wi h a highe pi ch and
g ea e in ensi y han he es o he ph ase, he eby emphasizing he modali y o he ph ase. Ph ases exp essing
highe o lowe ce ain y a e p onounced wi h g ea e in ensi y and lowe pi ch compa ed o ph ases exp essing
doub . Keywo ds: undamen al equency, in ensi y, modali y, and modali y ma ke s
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The ca ego y o modali y s ill aises a lo o discussions in linguis ic wo ks, so i is qui e
di icul o gi e an exac de ini ion o modali y. In speech, his concep comes om he
science o logic, now called modal logic (La in modus, de me, consciousness), in which he
so-called "modali ies" a e used o seman ically de ine he ai ness o he s a emen
(Kau mann and o he s 2006: 71) (he e and elsewhe e ansla ed by he au ho o he a icle), so
he modali ies o logic and philosophy a e based on he concep s o impossibili y and necessi y.
In linguis ics, modali y is conside ed a ca ego y o seman ic language. In some places, acco ding
o logical hinking, modali y is conside ed a "linguis ic phenomenon ha allows g amma ical
means o speak o si ua ions ha a e no necessa ily eal" (Po ne 2009: 1), in o he wo ds, i
indica es he ela ionship o he s a emen o eali y (how ue, possible). I is based on he
philosophical iew ha modali y can also indica e he speake 's iew o he con en o he
sen ence (e.g. Lyons 1977; Pe kins 1983; Kau mann e al. 2006 and o he s), i.e. modali y is iewed as a
linguis ic ool ha allows one o exp ess " he speake 's assessmen " (Palme 2003: 3) o o "look
a he si ua ion" (Nuy s 2006: 1). Acco ding o Li huanian linguis s, modali y, as a seman ic
ca ego y, is exp essed in e e y sen ence and indica es he ela ionship o con en wi h
objec i e eali y (S iubai ė 2011: 252). Al hough he opinions o some linguis s di e , he e ha e
been a emp s o sys ema ize his ca ego y. Linguis ic modali y is a emp ed o be desc ibed in
academic li e a u e by desc ibing i s ypes and exp essions, so he e is a a ie y o
classi ica ion. In heo e ical app oaches, whe e modali y is conside ed om he pe spec i e o
he speake , wo ypes a e dis inguished: pa icipan -in e nal modali y and pa icipan -ex e nal
modali y, which exp ess he pa icipan 's abili y o need o he ci cums ances ha make he
si ua ion possible o necessa y. I is no easy o de ine all possible si ua ions, and each o hem
can be exp essed in di e en ways. In his wo k, Michael R. Pe kins (1983), o example, desc ibes
modali y in e ms o modal logic: ale hic, deon ological, empo al, epis emic, will, eason,
e alua i e, p obabili y, and modali y. When choosing o look o speci ic modal ma ke s, i is
3
belie ed ha , o example, English "bes illus a es he modal ac ion unc ions o he modal
sys em" (Palme 2003: 2). As old by Paulo Po ne io
1
(Po ne 2009: 2) The mos app op ia e way o s udy modali y […] is o ind ou by wha means
o exp ession i is ma ked, so in English […] seman ics, he auxilia y e bs […], p eposi ions […],
adjec i es […], which a e mos ela ed o he desc ip ion o hypo he ical si ua ions, a e
analyzed.
2
F om a linguis ic poin o iew, i can be seen ha any de ini ion o modali y leads o a di ision in o
wo ypes: one modali y indica es he speake 's ela ionship o he con en o he na a i e, and
he o he indica es he ela ionship o he con en o he na a i e o eali y. Thus, based on
his, he academic li e a u e dis inguishes be ween epis emic and non-epis emic modali ies.
Because he i s e m is usually misunde s ood, i comes om he G eek wo d epis eme,
meaning knowledge, knowledge, and he epis emic modali y depends on he knowledge he speake
has (see Kau mann and o he s 2006; Po ne 2009) o he lack o ha knowledge (see Pe kins 1983),
o example, whe he hese ows cause a side e ec . The a o emen ioned concep s o
ce ain y, unce ain y, and doub a e usually used o such an explana ion. I is he mos widely
used ype o modali y, which "gene a es a deg ee o ce ain y in he speake abou wha is being
said" (de Haan 2006: 29), and i s modes o exp ession can be a ied. In Li huanian linguis ic wo ks,
he concep o epis emic modali y is used in a simila way, claiming ha i indica es "how much a
ce ain s a emen o he speake co esponds o eali y and how much he speake is con inced
by wha he is alking abou " (Jasiony ė-Mikučionienė 2015, i is also unde s ood ha in language 1)
i is di icul o de ine he speake 's assessmen o eali y and i is s a ed ha i is a "g adien
assessmen " because i s ange includes bo h epis emic doub and epis emic doub . Na u ally,
he e a e a lo o in e media e a ian s be ween hese wo ex emes (Usonienė 2016: 64).
I is mo e di icul o desc ibe he non-epis emic modali y, some imes (de Haan 2006; Česnulienė
2012) i is called simply he deon ic modali y, bu in mos cases i is assigned o he deon ic and
dynamic modali y (Palme 2003; Kau mann e al. 2006; Nuy s 2006; Šolienė 2013 and o he s).
T adi ionally, he deon ological modali y (g . deon […] du y) e e s o he "essence o a mo ally
esponsible ac o , he abili y o pe o m ce ain ac ions" (Lyons 1977: 823), so his ype o
modali y di e s om he epis emic one in ha i depends on ex e nal ac ions and does no
cha ac e ize he con en o he na a i e, […]i is based on social o e hical no ms[…] (Po ne
2009: 2): i indica es wha is […]accep able o unaccep able[…].
In some wo ks, a dynamic modali y is dis inguished, which, unlike he deon ological one,
does no indica e an ex e nal p o ision, bu he subjec 's inne possibili y, abili y (plg. 2003; Palme and Nuy s
1
[…]Modal sys ems a e bes illus a ed by he unc ions o he modal e bs […]...[…] (Palme 2003: 2).
2
[…]In seman ics, his s a egy has p oceeded by i s s udying ce ain auxilia y e bs like mus , ce ain ad e bs
like maybe, and ce ain adjec i es like possible, since he meanings o hese ob iously ha e o do wi h si ua ions
ha a e no eal[…] (Po ne 2009):
4
2006), e en i he subjec is only g amma ical, o example, hese medicines may cause side
e ec s. The dynamics o he wo ld can also be in luenced by ex e nal ci cums ances, such as he
ac ha i can escape (i.e. he e a e no obs acles) (see Palme 2001: 77; an de Auwe a, Plungian
1998: 80). Simila ly, in he wo ks o Li huanian linguis ics, a dynamic modali y is conside ed o be an
oppo uni y o necessi y ha a ises o any eason, when a ce ain si ua ion o ac ion is
desc ibed as possible o necessa y due o he ex e nal ci cums ances ha condi ion i , due o he abili ies o no o he subjec -pa icipan .
28).
The e a e also o he modali ies and ways o dis inguishing hem, such as he ale hic discussed
by Jano Nuy so, he modali ies o he discou se, he sen ence, he pa o he sen ence
men ioned by P. Po ne (Po ne 2009) o he independen modali ies dependen on he
pa icipan o he si ua ion by Johano an de Auwe and Vladimi o Plungian (Van de Auwe ,
Plungian 2006), bu hey a e nei he named no widely analyzed in he wo ks o o he au ho s.
The main ypes o modal possibili ies discussed a e mos o en a emp ed o be dis inguished
by lexical means, he mos common o which a e modal e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs,
e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs,
e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs, e bs,
e bs, e bs. G amma ical exp essions a e conside ed seda i es a imes, o example, hese
d ugs could cause side e ec s. The e m "modali y" is o en used in English o e e o he
modali y o ac ion, bu in he wo ks o some schola s (Pe kins 1983 and o he s) i is also called
he p ima y modali y o ac ion, such as can (may), mus (mus ), o will (will). Li huanian is much
mo e lexible in his espec and modal e bs can be eplaced by e bs, adjec i es, o
example, pe haps mos likely pe haps hese d ugs cause side e ec s.
Modal analysis in English al eady has adi ions, he e a e mo e heo e ical wo ks and empi ical
esea ch. Howe e , no all languages ha e ob ious modal exp essions o co espondences. Fo
example, I alian […]does no ha e speci ic ma ke s o he epis emic modali y o be unde s ood no
does i ha e clea g amma ical o ms[…] (Pie and ea 2005: 61), he main modal ma ke s a e he
obliga o y e bs (i . do e e) and he possible (i . po e e) o I alian, mo e p ecisely, hei u u e
ense, he so-called consonan o ms ( en pa ). Al hough he modal sign may a y om language o
language, i is belie ed ha in languages ha do no ha e a sepa a e classi ica ion o modal
ma ke s, di e en language measu es a e used o exp ess he modal sign: ce ain p eposi ions,
in ona ion, wo d o de in a sen ence, he speci ici y o he consonan (Fa a o di e s: 22), so i
can be said ha he modal sign is conside ed a uni e sal ca ego y o language. Mos o he wo k on
he modali y o he Li huanian language is made up o compa a i e s udies o Li huanian and
English languages (Usonienė 2006a; 2006b; Šolienė 2007; 2013; 2015; Šinkūnienė, an Olmen 2012; 2015),
mos ly based on examples o pa allel ex s. The p oblem is ha , un il now, he Li huanian language
ocabula y (LKŽe) has p obably been iden i ied wi h maybe and p obably, which sugges s ha he
concep o p obabili y in Li huanian is no measu ed, al hough in ui i ely i is dis inguishable om
5
he ob ious (Usonienė 2006a: 100). Al hough he ocus is mainly on he analysis o speci ic ma ke s, i
has been obse ed ha he whole ampli ude o unce ain y o ce ain y is pa icula ly impo an
o he exp ession o epis emic modali y: "The exp ession can be a ious, lexical o g amma ical, i
is impo an ha he deg ee o p obabili y does no change" (ibid.). Such esea ch is likely o be
use ul no only o dic iona y compile s, bu is also impo an o ansla o s, as i helps o
be e unde s and he less discussed ca ego ies o language, o example, i has been obse ed
ha in ansla ions, he ma ke s o epis emic necessi y a e changed by he pa icles o
epis emic ce ain y, ega dless o he deg ee o ce ain y, possibili y (Šolienė 2007: 98). An
o e iew o he wo ks o Li huanian schola s sugges s ha mo e a en ion is being paid o he
s udy o epis emic modali y. Ano he impo an aspec o Li huanian language modali y esea ch
is […] a ious discou ses. Quan i a i e s udies show ha he mos equen pa s hemsel es,
pe haps […]gana, o en appea in he ex s o ine li e a u e, bu hei p o o ypical owel is
cha ac e is ic o he Sansk i language. […] [o] 2015: au ho s o scien i ic ex s use o he
linguis ic means o exp ess hei iews as au ho s, a e inclined o ake esponsibili y o he
accu acy o hei s a emen s […] (Šolienė 156). Howe e , mo e de ailed quali a i e s udies do no
con i m his insigh . In scien i ic e ms, au ho s do no a oid modali y and do no always w i e
wi h ce ain y (Šinkūnienė 2015). Such indings highligh he impo ance o p ac ical esea ch and
show ha he heo e ical di ision o modali y is no always con i med by he eal use, o
example, he dis inc ion be ween he deon ological and non-deon ological ype o essence is no
always clea and depends on he con ex (Jasiony ė-Mikučionienė 2016: 4). Signi ican s udies on he
modali y o he Li huanian language ha e been ca ied ou , bu i should be no ed ha only w i en
language has been s udied in Li huanian linguis ics so a . The e o e, i is impo an o expand he
esea ch ma e ial, o co e as many means o exp ession as possible and, o cou se, o ake in o
accoun he con ex o he use o modal ma ke s. As al eady men ioned, modal exp essions a e
used in many wo ks, bu he possible phone ic ea u es o modal exp essions a e no ound in
Li huanian o o he languages. When he impo ance o in ona ion is men ioned (S iubai ė 2011;
Česnulienė 2012; Fa a o 2023), as well as in one s udy o he I alian spoken language, i is s a ed ha
"modali y in he spoken language can be shown by o he ea u es, such as p ose elemen s, acial
exp essions, ges u es, e c". (Tucci 2011: 87) The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Howe e , none o hese a icles explains wha speci ic ea u es o in ona ion o p osody cha ac e ize modali y.
Ano he aspec ha complica es he s udy o phone ic signs is ha modali y can also be
e alua ed om a p agma ic pe spec i e, whe e modal ma ke s, epis emic, deon ological and
o he meanings, acqui e only in a ce ain con ex and depend on he choice o he speake , his
linguis ic expe ience and a ie y o exp essions. Howe e , i is di icul o assemble
ep esen a i e and high-quali y spon aneous language examples wi h a su icien numbe o
di e en modal wo ds, and he speake 's in en ion emains unknown, a bes only conjec u e.
The e a e wo ks ha s ill a emp o d aw clea bounda ies be ween he ca ego ies o
language, o example, in a s udy on illogic, modali y and a i ude, i is s a ed ha some au ho s,
such as Paweł Szymbo ski, Unge (1972), say ha he ac o speech and he modali y a e he same
ca ego y, and ha he p o isions o he au ho 's con en a e simply di e en .

6
in e ms o species […] (Mello, Raso 2011: 3). Howe e , i is no ye clea when in w i en language
ce ain lexical uni s can be conside ed modal ma ke s, by which he au ho means unce ain y,
possibili y, p obabili y, and when ce ain ilocu iona y exp essions, when, o example, i is desi ed
o in o m, emind, au ho ize, e c. Whe e i is s a ed ha he e is a modali y, bo h ilocu ion indica e
he au ho s obse a ion (Tucci 2011: 85). The same is ue o he way we speak. Acco ding o some
3
au ho s, "some ways o speaking a e ela ed o he con en o he sen ence (like, i ony, un u h,
ob iousness, wonde , e c.), while o he s a e ela ed o he social ela ions o he in e locu o s
du ing he ac o communica ion (like, cou esy, a ogance, au ho i y, e c.)" (Mo aes e al., ci .
Mello, Raso 2011: 4). Thus, in addi ion o lexical and g amma ical ea u es, o he dis inc i e, mo e
p ecisely psychoacous ic, cha ac e is ics o simila ca ego ies should be iden i ied. I is assumed
ha phone ic exp ession s udies would help o de ine mo e p ecisely no only hese concep s,
because […]when bo h consonance and epis emic modali y exp ess he speake 's iew o he
co ec ness o he s a emen made, hese wo phenomena a e closely ela ed[…] (Šinkūnienė 2008:
98). The no el y o he s udy does no ye allow us o answe all he ques ions aised he e and
simila ques ions, so he empi ical da a p esen ed in his a icle canno be compa ed wi h s udies
o o eign languages. No does i d aw impo an conclusions abou he place o modali y among
o he seman ic ca ego ies, limi ing i sel o he analysis o ma ke s o one ype o modali y in
simila s uc u es in sen ences, belie ing ha he esul s will be co ec in u he esea ch.
The aim o he s udy is o iden i y he mos impo an ea u es o he main one and in ensi y
in modal ph ases: wha main one and in ensi y a e cha ac e is ic o modal ph ases, whe he
modal ma ke s di e om he main one and in ensi y, o whe he hese ea u es can signal a
di e en deg ee o ce ain y in modal ph ases. The objec o he s udy is he du a ion (speed)
o he sound uni s, he main one and in ensi y o he modali ies in he ph ases o he language
being ead.
These d ugs inc ease blood p essu e, i.e. sen ences wi h a neu al in ona ion, and wi h modal
wo ds added o hem, hey a e classi ied in o wo g oups: hose ha indica e unce ain y,
unce ain y (ce ainly, somehow, maybe, maybe, somehow, somehow, somehow, somehow,
somehow) o a di e en deg ee o ce ain y (ce ainly, p obably, no doub , mos impo an ly, you
ha e, you ha e, you ha e, you ha e, you ha e, you ha e, you ha e, you ha e). Modal uni s a e selec ed
acco ding o he lis p o ided in he unc ional g amma o he Li huanian language (see Valeckienė
1998: 7677). A e a p elimina y s udy wi h se e al dic iona ies, he ques ion a ose as o whe he
he esul s ob ained could ha e been in luenced by logical dis o ion, which caused he modal wo ds
o ha e a highe pi ch and in ensi y. why some uni s we e emphasised mo e; whe he he speake s
could no ecognize some o he modal ma ke s, because some o hem (like, can, could) we e in he
middle o he sen ence and a e no ela ed o he e alua ion o he con en o he speake 's
speech. The e o e, his s udy does no use he p edica e wi h he p e ix causes, bu he
p edica e inc eases, i is conside ed cen al
3
[…]...> bo h modali y and illocu ion communica e a speake 's […]a i ude[…] (Tucci 2011: 85).
7
In he case o a sen ence wi h a wo d (always ecei es a logical conclusion), i is
obse ed whe he he in ona ion changes in any way due o he beginning o he modal ma ke . Also abandoned a e modal punc ua ion ma ks in he middle o he sen ence.
1. he basic one and in ensi y o he modal ph ase
METHODOLOGY o he s udy
In cons uc ing sen ences, i is decided o ely only on examples o epis emic modali y, because
hey a e he ones ha mos e lec subjec i i y in language and a e mos commonly used, so
hei phone ic ea u es could be mo e p onounced. Each sen ence is coun ed h ee imes. In
addi ion, he suppo ing sen ences a e coun ed h ee imes, no only neu ally, bu also in an
a emp o imi a e he modali y (unce ain y, doub ). The goal o he p ojec was o a oid la ge
da a di e si y and o ensu e he eliabili y o he esul s: including sen ences, he same dis ance
be ween he mic ophone and he mou h is main ained, and he ph ase allegedly ies o con ey as
much as possible wi h modal signs, he same cen al wo d o he ph ase is main ained
e e ywhe e. This decision was also in luenced by he expe ience o an ea lie in es iga ion, when
he di e si y o dic iona ies did no help o e eal possible meanings. The e o e, i is now hoped
ha i , a e lis ening o he subjec o he s udy, no dis inc acous ic di e ences a e
de ec ed, i can be p edic ed ha he modali y is exp essed seman ically and g amma ically, bu
no phone ically. A o al o 57 eco ds we e analyzed: 51 ph ases wi h lexical modal ma ke s, 3
ph ases in which modal is exp essed only by in ona ion, and 3 ph ases wi h an adjec i e.
The sound analysis p og am P aa (Boe sma, Weenink 2022, e sion 6.2.23) was used o
segmen , anno a e and iden i y he selec ed phone ic a ibu es o he eco ds. Fi s , he
eco ding was lis ened o and segmen ed ( he bounda ies o ph ases and wo ds we e
iden i ied). Figu e 1 shows he main analysis window o he p og am, wi h he sound wa e a
he op, he spec og am in he middle band, and he anno a ed ph ase a he bo om. Figu e
one. Main window o he P aa p og am
8
Nex , he esea ch segmen is chosen in each en y: he whole ph ase, he modal wo d, he
emaining pa o he ph ase. In hese pa s o he ph ases, he a e age and maximum o he
main one (F0) and in ensi y and he s anda d de ia ion and minimum o he main one a e
measu ed. The s a is ical signi icance o he da a is assessed by he c i e ion ( he
signi icance le el is 0,5). Expe imen al, ins umen al sound analysis and desc ip i e me hods a e used in he s udy.
2. he model ph ase and he backg ound o he model label
Tons o
The undamen al equency (F0), indica es he equency o he ib a ions caused by he ocal
co ds. In his es , F0 is measu ed in he z. The p og am ob ained he mean (F0 id), he highes
(F0max) and he lowes (F0min) o he main one o he s udied segmen s. The s anda d
de ia ion (SDD) o a undamen al equency is he equency a which he undamen al
equency a ies ( he wide he ampli ude o he undamen al equency, he g ea e he SDD).
The esul s o he key one mean (F0 id) indica e ha 7 ou o 18 modal ph ases ha e a F0 id
highe han he neu al ph ases. Di e ences in he F0 id o modal ph ases do no indica e he
deg ee o unce ain y in he ph ases, he F0 id o ph ases indica ing doub and ce ain y is
almos he same: 215 Hz and 212 Hz espec i ely. I should be no ed ha he ph ases wi hou a
modal ma ke , bu p onounced imi a ing unce ain y, F0 id is qui e high and is among he op i e
F0 id ph ases (see able 1). Table o con en s F0 id, ph ases F0min and F0max (Hz) o ph ases
and modal ma ke s
Sakinis
F azes
F.O.V.I.D. and F.O.V.I.D. a e d ugs ha inc ease blood p essu e. (imi a ed 222 (±25) --177 281 F0SN
blood p essu e. (±31) 233 195 161 329 The label may be F0 id mos simila o he same ph ase in
Modalinio
F0 id F0 id Kažin, whe he hese medicines inc ease blood p essu e. (Ma hew 22:37-39) The
he s a iona y agmen (These d ugs inc ease blood p essu e). Appa en ly, his is in luenced
F azes
Bible wa ns: "E e yone ha keeps on looking a a woman so as o ha e a passion o he has
by he small amoun o sounds and only one syllable, so i may become cli ic and a ach o he
F azes
al eady commi ed adul e y wi h he in his hea ". (Ac s 20:23, 23) These medica ions inc ease
F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F azes F az F azes F az F az F azes F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F az F is F is F az F az F is F az F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is F is
blood p essu e. (Neu al ph ase) 214 (±23) --176 275 modali y) I wonde i hese d ugs inc ease
blood p essu e. (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio)
(Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio)
(Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio)
(Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio) (Audio)
(Ma hew 22:37-39) These medica ions may inc ease blood p essu e. (Abou 23,000 o 23,000 imes
a day) These medica ions can inc ease blood p essu e. These medicines, o cou se, inc ease
nex wo d, and he whole ph ase is p onounced in a ai ly high key one.
9
In all 17 ph ases wi h modal ma ke s, he s a iona y agmen (These medicines inc ease blood
p essu e) was p onounced lowe han he modal uni , bu he di e ence a ies g ea ly, o
example, in ph ases wi h a onal one, i seems likely ha he di e ence is e y small and i can be
said ha he modal ma k was no dis inguished om he main one. Modal ma ke F0 id is on
a e age 1.1 imes highe han he es o he ph ase, hese di e ences a e s a is ically
signi ican ( p=5.4> 0,05=2.1). In his way, he modali y ma ke s a e emphasized and mos likely
ecei e logical emphasis (ph asal s ess) […] becomes he mos impo an wo d o he ph ase and
is highligh ed as F0, o becomes an independen inne ph ase (in e media e ph ase), i.e. pa o he
in ona ion o he ph ase.
No mo e p onounced di e ences ha e been obse ed in compa ing bo h he no ion and he
ce ain y o he modal uni s and, acco dingly, he s a iona y agmen s F0 id ollowing hem.
Al hough he F0 id o he modal uni s indica ing doub and he emaining pa o he ph ase (a
232 Hz and 210 Hz espec i ely) is sligh ly highe han ha o he ph ases indica ing ce ain y
(a 228 Hz o modal uni s and 207 Hz o emaining ph ases), he di e ences be ween he
espec i e pa s o he modal uni s indica ing doub and ce ain y a e no s a is ically
signi ican (c i e ia o modal uni s p=0,58< 0,=2,051).
In he s udy o Li huanian language emo ions (De eške ičiū ė, Kazlauskienė, 2016), i was ound
ha when exp essing s onge emo ions, he signi icance o he main one o he s anda d
nume al (F0SN) inc eases. In his s udy, i was p edic ed ha he di e ences in F0SN could be
de e mined by he modal wo d: i modali y is ac ually ela ed o (un) ce ain y, he F0SN o
neu al ph ases would be smalle . The FOSN o only h ee ph ases is he same as he FOSN o he
es o he ph ases, wi h he FOSN o he es o he ph ases being 1.3 imes highe on a e age.
The mos di e en om he neu al ph ase F0SN is he ph ase wi h modal ma ke s, I'm no su e,
maybe, p obably, p obably, appa en ly, o cou se. As you can see, his lis includes bo h la ge and
small modal uni s ha indica e doub , which indica es ha F0SN can a y and when speaking wi h
ce ain y, o example, wi h ce ain y when eading a sen ence wi h a ma ke , o cou se, he
one o oice a ies almos as much as when eading a sen ence wi h a ba . In addi ion, he F0 id
o hese wo uni s is pa icula ly high wi h espec o he emaining ph ase. The maximum key
pi ch (F0max) a ies om 275 Hz o 333 Hz in he selec ed ph ases. The highes F0max alues
eco ded in modal ph ases a e ha dly expec ed, o cou se (319<333 Hz). No e ha a highe F0max
is no ela ed o he modal uni Mos impo an ly, hese medicines inc ease blood p essu e.
(Ma hew 22:37-39) The Bible wa ns: "Do no be anxious o e any hing, bu in e e y hing by p aye
and supplica ion along wi h hanksgi ing le you pe i ions be made known o God." (Abou he
same ime, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210,
210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, 210, and o he 212 (±24) 220 210 173 285
16
P ope ies o Modal Ma ke s in Old Li huanian W i ings ( he 16 h Cen u y)]. […]
Li huanian language 10, [1[…]22]. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he
T ea y. S e an Kau mann, Condo a di Cleo, Ha izano Valen ina 2006: Fo mal
app oaches o modali y. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. […] The Exp ession o Modali y, ed. W. F awley, Be lin, New Yo k: Mou on de G uy e , 71[…]106, which is loca ed in he hea o he ci y.
Mello Heliana, Raso Tommaso 2011: Illocu ion, Modali y, A i ude: Di e en Names o
Di e en Ca ego ies. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in
Physiology o Medicine. […] P agma ics and P osody: Illocu ion, Modali y, A i ude,
In o ma ion Pa e ning and Speech Anno a ion, ed. by he au ho H. Mello, A. Panunzi, T. Raso, Fi enze: Fi enze Uni e si y P ess, 118. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha such an e en has aken place.
The book is en i led "Epis emic Modali y, Language, and Concep ualiza ion: A
Cogni i e-P agma ic Pe spec i e" by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Nuy s Jan 2006: Modali y: O e iew and linguis ic issues. […] The Exp ession o Modali y, ed.
W. F awley, Be lin, New Yo k: Mou on de G uy e , 126, which is loca ed in he hea o he
ci y. F ank R. Palme 2001: Mood and Modali y, 2nd ed., Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y
P ess. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. F ank R. Palme ,
Modali y in English: heo e ical, desc ip i e and ypological issues. Modali y in
Con empo a y English, edi ed by R. Facchine i, F. Palme , M. K ug, Be lin, New Yo k:
Mou on de G uy e , 1 […] 17. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Pe kins Michael R. 1983: Modal Exp essions in English, London: F ances Pin e . This
is he i s ime I' e seen his. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
P.E.A.R.E.N.D.E. is he i s book in he se ies, "Epis emic Modali y: Func ional P ope ies
and he I alian Sys em," published by John Benjamins Publishing Company, Ams e dam,
Philadelphia, USA. Po ne Paul 2009: Modali y, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. He is also a
membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. John Lyons (1977)
Seman ics, Camb idge: Camb idge uni e si y p ess. He is also he au ho o he book
Seman ics. S iubai ė Ju gi a 2011: Tex Modali y and he Modus in Li huanian and English A Re iew. […] Language and con ex 2, 249 […] 257.
Šinkūnienė Jolan a 2008: The so ening o he au ho 's posi ion: ea u es o
in e disciplina y and in e language communica ion ools [Hedging in Li huanian and
English Resea ch A icles: A C oss […] Disciplina y and C oss […] Linguis ic S udy]. […]
Spoken by 58, 97[…]108. In he yea o 2015, he non-epis emic modali y in English and
Li huanian academic discou se: Quan i a i e and Quali a i e Pe spec i es. […] Spoken by
67, 131[…]154. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Šinkūnienė
Jolan a, an Olmen Daniel 2012: Modal Ve bs o Necessi y in Academic English, Du ch, and
Li huanian: Epis emici y and o E iden iali y? […] Wo k and days 58, 153[…]
181.

17
Sholienė Aud onė 2007: Epis emic Modali y in English and Li huanian T ansla ions. […]
Language and con ex s 2, 90[…]102.
D . O'Sulli an's disse a ion, "Pa ame e s o Epis emic Modali y Equi alence in he English
and Li huanian Languages: A Doc o al Disse a ion," was published by he Uni e si y o
Vilnius. Šolienė Aud onė 2015: Mul i unc ionali y o Modal Ma ke s: Li huanian Epis emic
Ad e bials may and pe haps ‘pe haps/maybe s. Thei T ansla ional Co espondences. […]
Spoken by 67, 155 […] 176. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Tucci Ida 2011: Illocu ion and Modali y in Spoken I alian: Pe o ming a Speech Ac Th ough
Wo ds and Judging Thei Seman ic Con en : a Co pus-Based Analysis. […] P agma ics and
P osody: Illocu ion, Modali y, A i ude, In o ma ion Pa e ning and Speech Anno a ion, ed.
by he au ho This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
100.
In his 2006 book Epis emic Modali y: An Exp ession o Equi alence Fea u es in English and
Li huanian. […] Wo k and days 45, 97[…]108. Usonienė Au elija 2006b: Ve bs o P obabili y in English
and Li huanian: In Sea ch o Equi alen s. […] Bal is ica, 41, 321[…]332. This is he i s ime I' e
been o his place. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The Wo ld o Meaning:
Tex -Based Seman ic Language Resea ch, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y, was published by Usonienė
Au elija in 2016.
Valeckienė Adelė 1998: Func ional g amma o he Li huanian language. Func ional
G amma o he Li huanian Language Language Educa ion P og am, Vilnius: Ins i u e
o Teaching and Encyclopedia Publishing. Van de Auwe a Johan, Plungian Vladimi
1998: Modali ys Seman ic Map. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. […] Linguis ic
Typology 2 (1) 79 […] 124. This is he case in he ollowing cases: