3 1Te minologija | 2020 | 27
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m27-02
Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y
o Heal hca e In e p e e s: The P inciples
and Challenges o Compila ion
IGOR KUDASHEV
Tampe e Uni e si y, Facul y o In o ma ion Technology
and Communica ion Sciences
OLGA SEMENOVA
Tampe e Uni e si y, Facul y o In o ma ion Technology
and Communica ion Sciences
ABSTRACT
Inc easing in e na ionalisa ion has esul ed in a g owing need o communi y
in e p e ing wo ldwide. Heal hca e is one o he mos challenging domains o
communi y in e p e e s, as misunde s andings, especially hose caused by he
use o inco ec e minology, may a wo s cos li es. In his pape , we de-
sc ibe he p ocess o compiling he Finnish–Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o
Heal hca e In e p e e s. We s a by desc ibing he heo e ical backg ound o
dic iona y planning and analysing he in o ma ion needs o he a ge g oups.
We hen jus i y he selec ion o dic iona y sou ces, desc ibe he mega-, mac o-,
and mic os uc u e o he dic iona y, and b ie ly epo he de ails o he ech-
nical implemen a ion o he p ojec . Finally, we e lec on some challenges en-
coun e ed in his p ojec as well as i s u u e p ospec s.
KEYWORDS: medical dic iona y, medical glossa y, doc o -pa ien communica ion, com-
muni y in e p e ing, heal hca e in e p e ing
ANOTACIJA
Augan is a p au iškumas lemia is didėjan į bend uomeninio e imo (angl.
communi y in e p e ing) po eikį isame pasaulyje. S eika os p iežiū a y a iena
iš sudė ingiausių s ičių bend uomeniniams e ėjams, nes nesusip a imai, ypač
ie, ku ie kyla dėl ne inkamo e minų a ojimo, blogiausiu a eju gali kainuo i
gy ybes. Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomas Teminio suomių– usų kalbų žodyno s eika-
os p iežiū os s i ies e ėjams žodžiu suda ymo p ocesas. S aipsnis p adedamas
eo inių žodyno plana imo žinių i ikslinių g upių in o macijos po eikių ap a-
šymu. Tuome pag indžiamas žodyno šal inių pasi inkimas, ap ašoma žodyno
3 2 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
mega-, mak o- i mik os uk ū a i umpai nu odomos echninio p ojek o įgy-
endinimo de alės. Pabaigoje ap a iami kai ku ie p ojek e kilę iššūkiai i jo
a ei ies pe spek y os.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: medicinos žodynas, medicinos žodynėlis, gydy ojo-pacien o komunika-
cija, bend uomeninis e imas, e imas s eika os p iežiū os s i yje
1. INTRODuCTION
Inc easing in e na ionalisa ion has esul ed in a cons an ly g owing need
o communi y in e p e ing wo ldwide (c . de Ped o Ricoy 2009: 1). In
Finland, like in many o he Eu opean coun ies, ep esen a i es o lan-
guage mino i ies in many cases (speci ied by na ional legisla ion and
o ganisa ion-speci ic ins uc ions) ha e he igh o communica e wi h
o icials and public se ice p o ide s in hei na i e language, which in
p ac ice means ha a communi y in e p e e is in i ed o he mee ing.
The quali y o communi y in e p e ing has la ely become a ho opic in
in e p e ing s udies (e.g. Hale 2007; Vale o-Ga cés 2008; Flo es e al. 2012;
Maley 2018). Using he co ec e minology is a key ac o in quali y in-
e p e ing. Heal hca e is one o he mos c i ical domains in his espec ,
as misunde s andings, especially hose caused by he use o inco ec e -
minology, may esul in inapp op ia e ea men and a wo s cos li es.
In Finland, he aining o communi y in e p e e s has been sys ema i-
cally de eloped (Män ynen 2013). Howe e , he e is s ill a lo o a ia ion
in in e p e e s’ compe ence le els (Ollila 2017: 28), which is also he case in
many o he coun ies (e.g. Roa , C ezee 2015). The p ojec “De eloping
Heal hca e In e p e ing T aining” (2019–2020) aimed a imp o ing he
uni e si y-le el aining o communi y in e p e e s wo king in he heal hca e
sec o in Finland. One o he majo goals o he p ojec was he compila ion
o he Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e In e p e e s (Se-
meno a, Kudashe , o hcoming). One o he easons o choosing Russian
as he a ge language was he ac ha i is he mos eques ed language in
communi y in e p e ing in Finland (c . Koskinen, Vuo i, Leminen 2018: 9).
Acco ding o S a is ics Finland, immig an s om Russia and he o me
So ie union a e he bigges o eign language mino i y g oup in Finland1.
In 2018, he e we e o e 85 000 o hem, and he numbe was s ill g owing2.
1 h p://www.s a . i/ il/ ae ak/2019/02/ ae ak_2019_02_2020-05-29_ ie_001_ i.h ml
2 h ps://www.s a . i/ il/ ae ak/2018/02/ ae ak_2018_02_2019-06-19_ ie_001_ i.h ml
3 3Te minologija | 2020 | 27
In his pape , we desc ibe he p ocess o planning and compiling he
dic iona y; p esen i s mega-, mac o-, and mic os uc u e; epo on he
echnical implemen a ion; and e lec on some o he challenges encoun-
e ed in his p ojec and he dic iona y’s u u e p ospec s. We hope his
in o ma ion migh be use ul o compile s o simila dic iona ies wi h
o he language pai s as well as o aine s o communi y in e p e e s.
2. FACTORS AFFeCTInG DICTIOnARy PLAnnInG
We begin by desc ibing he heo e ical backg ound o dic iona y planning.
Fac o s a ec ing he planning o any dic iona y can be di ided in o he ac o s
de i ing om he a ge g oup’s needs and he ac o s which e lec he es ic-
ions o he ou side wo ld. They can be called lexicog aphic ac o s p ope and
ex e nal lexicog aphic ac o s, espec i ely (Kudashe 2007: 66).
While pe o ming some ask (e.g. heal hca e in e p e ing), dic iona y use s (e.g.
communi y in e p e e s) ha e some in o ma ion needs (e.g. hey need in o ma-
ion abou he a ge language equi alen s and hei usage), as well as needs e-
la ed o in o ma ion e ie al and p ocessing (e.g. hey need o ind and p ocess
his in o ma ion e y as in he ield). Howe e , he lexicog aphe compiling he
dic iona y in mos cases does no know p ecisely wha he po en ial use ’s needs
will be in a pa icula communica i e si ua ion. The gene al pic u e he lexicog-
aphe has is only an app oxima ion, which can be imp o ed wi h he help o
su eys and in e iews wi h a ge g oup ep esen a i es and by he ca e ul selec-
ion o dic iona y sou ces. In his way, he p ocess o dic iona y planning is
highly a ec ed by he me hodology o ga he ing in o ma ion abou he use s’
needs, he olume and quali y o his in o ma ion, and he me hodology o sou ce
selec ion. These ac o s a e summa ised in Figu e 1 (c . Kudashe 2007: 68).
Ex e nal ac o s, in u n, a e i s o all ela ed o he a ailabili y o
esou ces, such as empo al, inancial, human, and echnical esou ces.
Resou ce p o ide s (e.g. sponso s, publishe s) may se ce ain addi ional
condi ions o hei own. Ano he ex e nal ac o consis s o he limi a ions
imposed by he da a ca ie . The lexicog aphe ’s backg ound, educa ion,
p e ious expe ience o dic iona y-making, e c., may also a ec he dic-
iona y planning (Kudashe 2007: 71–73).
The a ge use s’ needs in ou dic iona y p ojec , along wi h he me h-
odology o ga he ing his in o ma ion, a e desc ibed in Sec ion 3. The
sou ces o he dic iona y and he a ionale behind hei selec ion a e
desc ibed in Sec ion 4. Among he ex e nal ac o s wi h a majo impac
on he dic iona y p ojec , we ha e o men ion he igh schedule (one
3 4 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
yea ) and limi ed budge , due o which we could only hi e a pa - ime
e minologis and only use olun ee s om he heal hca e sec o as domain
expe s. Howe e , we ha e managed o compile a dic iona y wi h 4,000
en y wo ds co e ing 30 common diseases.
3. TARGeT GROUPS AnD THeIR neeDS
Following he gene al heo y o designing dic iona ies o special lan-
guages (e.g. Be genhol z, Ta p 1995; Kudashe 2007; G ine -G ine ič
2009), wi h special ocus on pedagogical and s a is ical ones (Mo ko kin
1990; Aleksee 2001; Fue es-Oli e a, A ibas-Bao 2008; Fue es-Oli-
e a 2010), we s a ed he p ojec by analysing he in o ma ion needs o
he a ge g oups. The dic iona y’s main a ge g oup comp ises p o es-
sional communi y in e p e e s and uni e si y-le el s uden s o commu-
ni y in e p e ing. Seconda y a ge g oups include pa ien s, medical s a ,
and medical s uden s.
In o ma ion abou he a ge g oups’ needs was collec ed wi h he help o
sel - e lec ion and by s udying p o essional li e a u e on communi y in e -
p e ing in gene al (e.g. Hale 2007; Vale o-Ga cés, Ma in 2008; Koskinen,
Vuo i, Leminen 2018) and heal hca e in e p e ing in pa icula (e.g.
Pchhacke , Shlesinge 2007; Angelelli 2008; A ocha 2012; Män ynen 2013;
Me zge , nicodemus 2014; Roa , C ezee 2015; Ollila 2017; Souza, F agkou
2020). In addi ion, we in e iewed Seija Koskinen, Di ec o o he Pi kanmaa
Fig. 1. Fac o s A ec ing Dic iona y Planning
3 5Te minologija | 2020 | 27
In e p e e Cen e (Tampe e, Finland), and Gi a Roo s, a communi y in-
e p e e wo king wi h he Finnish, Russian, and Es onian languages. Pi -
kanmaa In e p e e Cen e p o ides communi y in e p e ing in he second
mos popula ed u ban egion in Finland. Almos 40% o he Cen e’s in e -
p e ing assignmen s a e ela ed o heal hca e. Seconda y a ge g oups we e
ep esen ed by Galina Mäkä äinen, a Russian-speaking medical doc o who
pa icipa ed in language cou ses o doc o s wi h an immig an backg ound.
Mäkä äinen also consul ed on a ious medical aspec s and e i ied he equi -
alen s. S uden s o he special cou se Finnish-Russian Heal hca e In e p e ing
o ganised in he au umn semes e o 2019 a Tampe e Uni e si y also ga e
hei eedback on he i s e sion o he dic iona y.
Wo king communi y in e p e e s use medical dic iona ies o e ise
medical e ms while p epa ing o an assignmen . They may also need
he dic iona y du ing he in e p e ing o check a e m hey do no know
o do no emembe . S uden s o in e p e ing use medical dic iona ies o
he same pu poses, bu he ocus is on mas e ing he ocabula y and
p epa ing o simula ed in e p e ing sessions.
While p epa ing o a eal o simula ed assignmen , bo h wo king in e -
p e e s and s uden s amilia ise hemsel es wi h he opic and s udy he
e minology ela ed o i . They canno know be o ehand wha pa o he
ma e ial is going o be use ul o in e p e ing he pa icula case (Veisbe gs
2006: 1220). While s uden s know he opic o he assignmen be o ehand,
wo king in e p e e s do no always ha e his luxu y due o he Gene al
Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDRP) and simila egula ions es ic ing
access o con iden ial in o ma ion, and hey may he e o e ha e e y li le
ime o p epa a ion. To acili a e he quick lea ning o medical ocabula y
by opic, he dic iona y should be o ganised hema ically and con ain
only he mos ele an in o ma ion (c . G ine -G ine ič 2009: 68).
S uden s o in e p e ing ha e less backg ound knowledge and lowe
linguis ic compe ence han wo king in e p e e s. Consequen ly, hey e-
qui e mo e linguis ic in o ma ion abou he e ms and equi alen s. Fo
example, ou expe ience has shown ha Finnish-speaking s uden s need
in o ma ion on he wo d s ess o mos Russian equi alen s, while expe-
ienced Finnish-speaking in e p e e s only wan his in o ma ion in di -
icul cases (e.g. целиакия, рефлюкс).
In e p e ing assignmen s, o example doc o ’s appoin men s, a e s ic -
ly limi ed in ime, so a heal hca e in e p e e has e y li le ime o

3 6 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
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checking e ms. This implies ha he dic iona y mus be well s uc u ed
and ha e as and con enien sea ch ools.
The dic iona y has wo unc ions. The i s one is pedagogical. Commu-
ni y in e p e e s and s uden s mus know some basic e minology by hea .
As i is ha dly possible o always emembe mo e speci ic e minology e-
la ed o each disease, hey also need o e ise disease-speci ic e minology
while p epa ing hemsel es o a conc e e assignmen . The second unc ion
o he dic iona y is e e en ial, as in e p e e s may o ge a pa icula e m
on he spo and wan o check i . The dic iona y mus he e o e be he-
ma ic and alphabe ical in o de o comply wi h bo h equi emen s.
Heal hca e in e p e e s need a leas some basic knowledge abou he
heal hca e domain, bu his knowledge should p obably be ob ained om
popula ised ex s o special handbooks like “In oduc ion o Heal hca e o
In e p e e s and T ansla o s” (C ezee 2013). Pedagogical heal hca e dic ion-
a y o in e p e e s is no he igh place o p o iding such kind o in o -
ma ion, because he dic iona y a icles ha e o be e y concise. Besides,
compiling and modi ying de ini ions a e also known o be e y labo ious
asks ha equi e plen y o esou ces, consul a ions wi h domains expe s,
aking ca e o in ellec ual p ope y igh s, e c. Due o his, we ha e no
p o ided de ini ions o encyclopaedic in o ma ion in ou dic iona y.
4. DICTIOnARy SOURCeS
The bes sou ce o a medical dic iona y aimed a heal hca e in e p e -
e s would p obably ha e been eco dings o au hen ic doc o ’s appoin -
men s. un o una ely, his in o ma ion is con iden ial, so ge ing access
o i is p oblema ic. The only possible al e na i e o au hen ic con e sa ions
is w i en sou ces, p e e ably aimed a doc o –pa ien communica ion.
The ollowing sou ces o Finnish e ms we e selec ed as he p ima y ones:
·e idence-based guidelines o pa ien s (Käypä hoi o) and desc ip-
ions o diseases published by he Finnish Medical Socie y, Duode-
cim (Te eyski jas o 2020)
·in e na ional classi ica ions and s anda ds
– In e na ional Classi ica ion o Diseases, 10 h e ision3
– In e na ional Classi ica ion o P ima y Ca e, 2nd edi ion4
3 h ps://icd.who.in /b owse10/2016/en
4 h ps://www.who.in /classi ica ions/icd/adap a ions/icpc2/en
3 7Te minologija | 2020 | 27
– Te minologia Ana omica (Kolesniko 2003, supplemen ed wi h
Finnish e ms in one o ou p e ious p ojec s, see Kudashe 2012)
·Finnish classi ica ions and on ologies
– Finnish Classi ica ion o Su gical P ocedu es (Leh onen, Leh o-
i a, Mäkelä-Bengs 2013)
– Medicine Classi ica ion by he Finnish Medicines Agency FIMEA5
– Finnish On ology o Heal h and Wel a e TERO6
The p ima y sou ces o Russian equi alen s included:
·E idence-based guidelines by he Minis y o Heal h o he Rus-
sian Fede a ion7
·The Doc o ’s Handbook “2000 diseases om A o Z” (Deniso ,
Še šenko 2010)
As seconda y sou ces o Finnish e ms and Russian equi alen s, we ha e
also used cou se books and manuals o medical s a (e. g. Jousimaa e al.
2017; Mus ajoki e al. 2019) as well as mono- and bilingual dic iona ies (e.g.
Hy inen e al. 2013; Fag adânc s.d.; see Semeno a 2020: 29–34 o a c i i-
cal o e iew o exis ing Finnish-Russian medical dic iona ies). As a ule,
we ha e no used ma e ials ansla ed om o he languages. Howe e , a
p esen , many classi ica ions a e in e na ional anyway. Besides, mos ma e-
ials on e idence-based medicine a ailable in Russian a e ansla ions om
English o o he languages. Fo example, we ha e used a unique p in ed
manual “e idence-Based Medicine Guidelines” (Deniso e al. 2002) ans-
la ed om English. T ansla ed ex s, howe e , we e used wi h ca e, and e ms
ex ac ed om hem we e c oss-checked in non- ansla ed sou ces.
5. MeGASTRUCTURe
The dic iona y’s on ma e consis s o he P e ace and ins uc ions on
how o use he dic iona y. The back ma e con ains he Russian-Finnish
index and he lis o sou ces.
The dic iona y p ope consis s o wo pa s. Pa 1 con ains abou 2,000
o he mos common e ms, which a e supposed o be lea ned by hea .
As e ms a e easie o lea n hema ically, hey a e g ouped acco ding o
he domains lis ed below. Wi hin each domain, he ocabula y is u he
5 h ps://www. imea. i
6 h ps:// in o. i/ e o/ i
7 h p://c . osminzd a . u/#!/
3 8 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
di ided in o basic and ad anced. Fo example, he basic le el o ana-
omic e minology con ains abou 150 e ms and he ad anced le el has
abou 800 e ms. The basic e ms a e c i ical and should be mas e ed in
he i s place; he ad anced ones a e impo an , oo, bu may be lea ned
la e . The hema ic sec ions in Pa 1 a e as ollows:
·Heal hca e sys em
·Gene al medical ocabula y
·Diseases, symp oms, and complain s
·Ana omy and physiology
·Medical examina ions
·T ea men and ca e, disease p e en ion, and ehabili a ion
·Medica ion
·Medical equipmen
The second pa o he dic iona y is disease-speci ic. I s unc ion is
wo old. Fi s , i helps in e p e e s and s uden s o p epa e o he assign-
men ela ed o a pa icula disease, e en a sho no ice. The second
unc ion is e e en ial. e en expe ienced in e p e e s – le alone s uden s –
canno keep in mind all he e minology hey may need. The second pa
o he dic iona y p o ides hem wi h disease-speci ic equi alen s con e-
nien ly g ouped in o subdomains o quicke e ie al. Each disease-spe-
ci ic sec ion in Pa 2 is di ided in o he ollowing hema ic sec ions:
·Disease and i s subclasses
·Associa ed diseases and diseases wi h simila symp oms
·Ana omy and physiology
·Symp oms and complain s
·Medical examina ions
·T ea men and ca e, disease p e en ion, and ehabili a ion
·Medica ion
·Medical equipmen
·Miscellaneous
Te ms om Pa 2 may also be included in Pa 1, which means ha
he wo pa s o he dic iona y a e no exclusi e bu pa ly o e lap. In he
cu en e sion o he dic iona y, Pa 2 co e s abou 30 o he mos
common diseases, which we e selec ed on he basis o heal hca e s a is ics
by he Finnish Ins i u e o Heal h and Wel a e8 and consul a ions wi h a
8 h ps://sampo. hl. i/pi o /p od/ i/a o/pe us06/summa y_icd1001
3 9Te minologija | 2020 | 27
domain expe . Domains in Pa s 1 and 2 we e selec ed by g ouping he
e ms ex ac ed om medical ex s in o hema ic classes and by pe o m-
ing a ame analysis o he communica i e si ua ion “doc o ’s appoin men ”
(c . Madžaje a 2012; Gaga ina 2015).
6. MACROSTRUCTURe
Dic iona y en ies a e o ganised in o a able wi h wo columns. Al-
hough he able o ma speeds up sea ches, he able bo de s should be
ligh so as no o dis ac he use ’s a en ion. The dic iona y is di ided
in o hema ic sec ions as desc ibed abo e, bu wi hin all he sec ions o
Pa 1 and Pa 2 he e ms a e a anged alphabe ically. Thema ic o de
suppo s he pedagogical unc ion and alphabe ical o de plays he e -
e en ial unc ion.
Figu e 2 demons a es a po ion o he dic iona y om he disease-
speci ic sec ion Re lux. The i s bolded cap ion is Disease and i s Sub-
classes, and he second one is Associa ed Diseases and Diseases wi h Sim-
ila Symp oms.
Fig. 2. Example o a Disease-speci ic Sec ion
By de aul , he synonyms o Finnish e ms a e pu bo h unde he main en y
wo d and as c oss- e e ences in hei alphabe ical place. C oss- e e ences a e
i al when he use checks an un amilia e m. Fo he use ’s con enience, c oss-
e e ences a e also p o ided wi h Russian equi alen s. Howe e , as epe i ions
may bo he use s who a e lea ning e ms, i is possible o swi ch c oss- e e enc-
es o in he elec onic e sion o he dic iona y.
4 6 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
and nu ses, doc o s and pa ien s, e c. (c . Be genhol z, Ta p 1995: 19;
Ab amo a 2003; Aleksee a, Mishlano a 2002: 104–105; Agadžanân 2018;
Go i 2018: 13–14). Doc o –pa ien communica ion di e s om o he com-
munica i e si ua ions in many espec s. Typically, pa ien s (and commu-
ni y in e p e e s) lack a medical backg ound, which means ha hey end
o communica e using e e yday ocabula y a he han scien i ic medical
e minology. This p esen s a majo challenge o dic iona y compile s, who
ha e o balance be ween he gene al and p o essional dimensions.
Fo example, he Russian wo d гипертония (a e ial hype ension) used
o be an o icial medical e m. I is gene ally unde s ood and e y equen
in e e yday discou se. Howe e , i has become obsole e in scien i ic pa -
lance and has been subs i u ed by he e m артериальная гипертензия,
which is much less amilia o pa ien s. A simila case is he pai o e ms
аденома простаты and гиперплазия предстательной железы (p os a ic
hype plasia). As ou dic iona y desc ibes communica ion be ween doc o s
and pa ien s, we ha e decided o include in o mal ye widely used e ms
alongside o icial ones. Howe e , o icial e ms p ecede he in o mal ones.
I is no ob ious how such in o mal e ms should be labelled. F om he
doc o ’s poin o iew hey a e obsole e, bu om he pa ien ’s pe spec i e
hey a e no . We ha e decided o ma k hem as colloquial, as hey a e a
pa o he pa ien s’ ocabula y which has been “de e minologisa ed”.
Many o icial e ms a e ab idged in o al communica ion. Fo example,
диабет (“diabe es”) is usually used in he ull o m in ex s and e e ence
esou ces (сахарный диабет “diabe es melli us”), bu in e e yday li e he
ab idged o m is much mo e common. Te ms may be also “ab idged” a
he concep ual le el, wi h he help o a me apho ical ans e . Fo example,
шейка матки (“ce ix o u e us”) consis s o mul iple pa s, con aining,
in pa icula , наружное отверстие шейки матки (“ex e nal o i ice o he
u e us”). ye , in he con ex o gynaecological examina ions, pa ien s usu-
ally do no make ine dis inc ions be ween a ious pa s and end o speak
only abou ce ix. Should lexicog aphe compiling a dic iona y o doc o -
pa ien communica ion be o e zealous in his espec o no ?
Te ms used in scien i ic classi ica ions may di e om e ms and gen-
e al language wo ds used in doc o -pa ien communica ion. Fo example,
we won’ ind such wo ds as wais and middle (pa s o he body), i al in
a con e sa ion abou obesi y, in Te monologia Ana omica. This unde lines
he impo ance o ex ac ing e ms om mul iple sou ces ins ead o ely-
ing on jus one, al hough au ho i a i e one.

4 7Te minologija | 2020 | 27
Cul u es and languages di e when i comes o p e e ences as ega ds
in e na ional s. na ional componen s in medical e ms. Fo example, in
Finland, e ms based on na ional componen s a e much mo e widely used
among bo h doc o s and pa ien s han de i a i es om La in and G eek.
ye , he e a e excep ions. Fo ins ance, such in e na ional e m as diabe-
es is much mo e equen han he e m consis ing o Finnish compo-
nen s – soke i au i (“suga disease”). In Russian, on he con a y, e ms
based on La in and G eek a e mo e popula han Russian synonyms, e en
among pa ien s. These cul u e-speci ic p e e ences should be aken in o
accoun in he dic iona y.
Summing up, we ha e o admi ha i is no always easy o decide which
e ms – s ic ly scien i ic, p o essional o colloquial ones – should be in-
cluded in a dic iona y o doc o -pa ien communica ion in he i s place
and in wha o de hey should be p o ided. The e is no uni e sal “ ule o
humb” in his espec , so each case ha e o be ea ed indi idually.
7.5. T ea men o Synonyms and Abb e ia ions
An abundance o synonyms and abb e ia ions is ypical o medical
language (e.g. Geo gie skij 1981; Ku yshko 2001; Ab amo a 2003). I a
basic e m has many synonyms, i s de i a i es will also ha e plen y o
synonyms. Fo example, лекарство (“medica ion”) has mul iple synonyms
in Russian: средство, препарат, медикамент, e c. Consequen ly, e e y
kind o medica ion may be called using (almos ) all hese wo ds, e.g.
an i-in lamma o y d ugs a e противовоспалительные лекарства / сред-
ства / препараты / медикаменты. An abundance o synonyms p esen s
a numbe o challenges ela ed o hei selec ion and placemen in a
pa icula o de in he en y. We ha e used he ollowing c i e ia when
sol ing hese issues:
·unde s andabili y (pa ien s and in e p e e s should unde s and as
many e ms as possible)
· equency ( equen ly used e ms a e ypically mo e comp ehensi-
ble and easie o emembe )
·simplici y and sho ness (simple and sho e ms a e easie o e-
membe )
·di e si y ( o se e he e e ence unc ion, he dic iona y should al-
so con ain e ms lying ou side he in e p e e ’s ac i e wo d s ock)
·au ho i a i eness o he sou ce ( e ms om au ho i a i e sou ces a e
p io i ised).
4 8 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
Howe e , hese c i e ia may con adic each o he . Fo example, abb e-
ia ed o ms a e sho e and in p inciple should be easie o emembe .
In some cases, his wo ks. Fo ins ance, he abb e ia ion УЗИ (medical
ul asound) is much mo e equen in Russian han i s ull o m, ультра-
звуковое исследование. In addi ion, e e ybody knows his abb e ia ion.
Placing he abb e ia ion be o e he ull o m is he e o e qui e jus i ied.
Howe e , some abb e ia ions a e less well known o pa ien s. Fo example,
he abb e ia ion НПВС (nons e oidal an i-in lamma o y d ugs, nSAIDs)
is qui e a e, despi e he ac ha NSAIDs hemsel es a e p obably amil-
ia o e e yone. In his case, he ull o m should be placed i s .
Ano he example demons a es he con adic ion be ween au ho i a i e-
ness and equency. Acco ding o an au ho i a i e medical handbook (Den-
iso , Še šenko 2010), wais ci cum e ence is окружность талии in Russian.
This e m is equen by i sel : he e a e abou 577,000 hi s o his wo d
combina ion in Google. Howe e , acco ding o Google, wo o he synonyms
a e e en mo e equen : объём талии yields o e 7,000,000 hi s and обхват
талии o e 11,000,000 hi s. In his pa icula case, he o de o synonyms
is no e y impo an , as all o hem a e equen . Howe e , his example
once again s esses he impo ance o c osschecking e en when e ms and
equi alen s a e ex ac ed om au ho i a i e sou ces.
As we can see, p io i isa ion o he gene al guiding p inciples is di e -
en in each indi idual case. To e i y hei decisions, dic iona y make s
should consul domain expe s and ep esen a i es o he a ge g oups.
8. TeCHnICAL IMPLeMenTATIOn
The dic iona y will be published bo h as a da abase accessible o e he
web and as a p in able dic iona y in pd o ma . The elec onic e sion
enables e icien sea ches as well as some use ul dynamic ea u es. Fo ex-
ample, i is possible o swi ch some da a (e.g. c oss- e e ences, adminis a-
i e da a, and domain labels) on and o depending on he in ended use.
The p in able e sion, in u n, can be used e en in si ua ions whe e he use
o elec onic de ices is no allowed o he In e ne connec ion is poo .
The dic iona y has been compiled using a ailo ed e sion o he in-
house dic iona y w i ing sys em MyTe MS (see Kudashe , Kudashe a
2006). MyTe MS is a web in e ace o he unde lying lexicog aphic da-
abase. MyTe MS has been used in se e al dic iona y p ojec s and se es
as a e minology managemen sys em o e minological p ojec s a Tam-
pe e uni e si y and he uni e si y o Helsinki, Finland.
4 9Te minologija | 2020 | 27
MyTe MS pe o ms all basic ope a ions ha can be expec ed om dic-
iona y managemen so wa e, such as adding, edi ing, sea ching, b ows-
ing, p in ing, and dele ing en ies. I also au oma es many ope a ions. Fo
example, while adding a numbe o en ies belonging o he same domain,
i is possible o p e ill he domain ield ins ead o selec ing i manually
e e y ime. MyTe MS also helps ensu e he in eg i y o he da a, o
example, by p e en ing duplica e en ies and au oma ically managing
c oss- e e ences. In addi ion, i ensu es he co ec ness o he inpu by
pe o ming a compliance check be o e sa ing he da a.
The en ies a e segmen ed in o da a ields, and he a icles a e o med
“on he ly” wi h he help o sc ip s and cascading s yle shee s. The lay-
ou o he en ies is as close o he inal as possible excep o he p esence
o some adminis a i e da a, which is isually sepa a ed om he inal
da a wi h colou . Adminis a i e da a as well as c oss- e e ences can be
swi ched on and o by icking he co esponding checkboxes.
One o he s eng hs o MyTe MS is i s ad anced sea ch. use s can pe -
o m e en e y complex sea ches by using wildca ds and egula exp essions
and combining mul iple sea ch condi ions. This helps ex ac da a almos
by any c i e ia o hei combina ion. Figu e 10 demons a es he main
window o he p og amme. The g een ame is he con ol panel wi h
a ious con ol bu ons and op ions. The wo lis s on he le a e he e mlis
and he hi lis . The la ges ame is he en y ame. Le e ange s in he
Fig. 10. The Main Window o he MyTe MS Dic iona y W i ing Sys em
5 0 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
op le co ne allow he leng h o he e mlis o be limi ed o as e e-
eshing. In he same co ne , he e is also a ‘quick sea ch’ pane acili a ing
na iga ion h ough he e mlis and he hi lis . The use only needs o ype
he ini ial le e s o he e m o which hey a e sea ching.
In a hema ic dic iona y, i is pa icula ly impo an o ma k domain labels
accu a ely. In MyTe MS, his is done wi h he help o he domain selec o
which can be opened om he add / edi o m and he main window. Do-
main ags a e added wi h he help o adio bu ons and checkboxes. In he
example below (see Figu e 11), a e m is being added o Pa I (Osa 1),
hema ic g oup “Ana omy and Physiology” (Ana omia ja ysiologia), ad-
anced le el (Vaikeusas e B) as well as o Pa II (Osa 2), class “Tube culosis”
( ube kuloosi), subclass “Ana omy and Physiology” (c. Ana omia ja ysiologia).
Fig. 11. Domain Selec o
As we can see, a e m may be ma ked as belonging o he gene al e -
minology and / o ela ed o one o mo e diseases. When pe o ming a
sea ch, use s can limi i o any combina ion o domains and / o subdo-
mains by opening he same selec o (see Figu e 12). The same ool can
be also used o se ing a domain o a combina ion o domains as “p e-
e ed”. This sa es ime and helps o a oid e o s when he e minologis
is adding mul iple e ms ela ed o he same domain.
en ies a e added and edi ed wi h he help o an HTML o m (see
Figu e 13). The o m allows up o se en synonyms o be added o each
5 1Te minologija | 2020 | 27
language. Addi ional sec ions o he synonyms open on demand. The
p og amme allows adding inline o ma ing (e.g. bolded on , i alics, up-
pe and lowe indexes). Howe e , plain ex copies o he co esponding
ields a e also sa ed o ensu e co ec and as sea ches. Mos labels e-
la ed o g amma and usage a e p ede ined, bu use s can also p o ide
addi ional ee- o m no es ela ed o hese ca ego ies.
Fig. 13. HTML Fo m o Adding and Edi ing En ies
Fig. 12. Domains Selec ed o he Sea ch wi h he Help o he Domain Selec o

5 2 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
MyTe MS also au oma ically gene a es he Russian-Finnish index (see
Figu e 14).
Fig. 14. Au oma ically Gene a ed Russian-Finnish Index
9. COnCLUSIOn
The compila ion o a hema ic dic iona y o heal hca e in e p e e s
u ned ou o be a e y in e es ing ye challenging ask. Some in o ma-
ion needs and needs ela ed o da a e ie al di e e en among he main
a ge g oups o he dic iona y and in di e en si ua ions when using he
dic iona y. The combina ion o he pedagogical and he e e ence unc-
ions c ea es some ension, oo. Addi ional a ge g oups (such as pa ien s,
medical doc o s wi h immig an backg ound, e c.) would ha e agg a a ed
he si ua ion u he . In he cu en p ojec , lexicog aphic con adic ions
we e also complica ed by ex e nal ac o s, such as he igh ime able and
limi ed budge . I we ge an oppo uni y o con inue ou wo k, he dic-
iona y will be de eloped u he in se e al di ec ions.
While he numbe o e ms ha should be lea ned by hea (abou
2,000) app oaches he op imal le el, he disease-speci ic pa o he dic-
iona y is undeniably modes . Ou nex goal is o co e abou 100 o he
mos common diseases, which co esponds o app oxima ely 10,000–
12,000 e ms. The diseases will be selec ed on he basis o o icial heal h-
ca e s a is ics. Acco ding o he Pa e o p inciple (also known as he 80 / 20
ule), we expec o each a easonable sa u a ion poin when he dic ion-
a y co e s he op 80% o easons o isi ing a doc o . A po en ial p ob-
5 3Te minologija | 2020 | 27
lem he e is ha he classes ep esen ed in he s a is ics a e o en “ oo big”
and include mul iple undi e en ia ed diseases.
Du ing he heal hca e in e p e a ion cou se o ganised a Tampe e uni-
e si y, we no iced ha he s uden s’ knowledge o medical e ms, mos
o which a e nouns, is insu icien . To use he e ms co ec ly in he
con ex , s uden s also need o mas e e bs and colloca ions. We plan o
en ich ou dic iona y wi h usage examples. In he elec onic e sion,
hese could be swi ched on and o depending on he in ended use o
he dic iona y.
Al hough he Russian-Finnish index allows using he dic iona y in he
opposi e di ec ion, i canno be conside ed a ull- ledged Russian-Finnish
dic iona y. As he dic iona y is based on he Finnish concep sys em and
Finnish sou ces, i lacks, o example, names o diseases which a e wide-
ly used in he pos -So ie coun ies bu no ecognised by he in e na-
ional disease classi ica ions (e.g. остеохондроз [“os eochond osis”]; дис-
бактериоз [“dysbac e iosis”], диатез [“dia hesis”]; вегетососудистая
дистония [“ ege a i e- ascula dys onia”], e c.). Meanwhile, hese e ms
may easily come up du ing medical in e p e ing. This means ha he
dic iona y should be supplemen ed wi h a leas some cul u e-speci ic
Russian e ms, p obably in an appendix. Ideally, a sepa a e Russian-Finn-
ish dic iona y should also be compiled.
Ano he appendix migh be de o ed o alse iends, which exis e en
be ween such di e en languages as Finnish and Russian. Apa om
in e na ional e ms which may mean di e en hings in di e en lan-
guages (see an example o yseo e apia / физиотерапия abo e), ano he
sou ce o alse iends a e abb e ia ions. Fo example, Finnish abb e ia ion
IBS o igina ing om english (“i i able bowel synd ome”) should no be
mixed up wi h Russian ИБС s anding o ишемическая болезнь сердца
(“co ona y hea disease”). I is a good idea o wa n in e p e e s abou
such cases in a sepa a e sec ion.
Ou dic iona y is al eady dynamic and cus omisable o some ex en .
Howe e , he deg ee o cus omisa ion can be u he inc eased. Ou ul-
ima e goal is a mul ipu pose medical dic iona y aimed a mul iple a ge
g oups, in which he con en s could be cus omised acco ding o he a -
ge g oup and in ended usage. Howe e , his equi es a mo e p o ound
s udy o he use s’ pe spec i es and a g ea deal o lexicog aphic and
so wa e enginee ing.
5 4 Igo Kudashe Finnish-Russian Thema ic Dic iona y o Heal hca e
Olga Semeno a In e p e e s: The P inciples and Challenges o Compila ion
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