IN LITHUANIAN
KALBOTYROS
QUESTION-
S, XXVIII
(1989)
LANGUAGE
RICE
IR
AUTHORITY
MARIJA
KINDURYTE-CIVICKIENE
ABOUT
XIX
a.
IN LITHUANIAN
COLONIES
LANGUAGE
IN BELARUS
Bela usian
In he
e i o y o
he TSR
he e a e
wo
Li huanian-s-
peaking
aces.
Some a e
ju
,idlik inés’,
.
y.
due o
di e en
a
his o ical
ci cums anc-
es, has
depa ed
om he
main a ea o
he
Li huanian
language.
She's no
e en
y iné os
i
ap aSiné os
al eady
In he la e
a.
19 h c.
i
XX
Especially
ha
esea ch
has become mo e ac i e
In he 6 h
cen u y, when
in e es in
Li huanian
dialec s and
cu en
con ac s wi h
he Bal ic
Sla ic language
was de eloped,
i
i became
sel -con ained.
jy
Ta iau
In Bela us
he e is a
i
di e en
ype o
Li huanian
language
island.
I is a small
colony o
isola ed
—
illages,
inhabi ed
by
Li huanian-
s, who ha e isen up.
Gia
(End o
a.
19 h
(1885—1890
cen u y).
i8
Bu .
Vilnius
and
Kaunas
Go e no a e.
Keliolika
:okiy
didesniy
a
smalle
illages
we e
iSsimé e in
p esen
Vi ebsk,
Mogile ,
Minsk
egions
(also in he
neighbo i-
ng
Smolensk
egion).
Ne
all he
colonies
i8silaiké
un il
I 's a day.
Like
Li huani-
an illages
In Bela us
appea ed,
much is known
om he
i8
s o ies o he
inhabi an s
hemsel es.
Now a p
al eady
jy
né a
gimusiy
In
Li huania, a i ing
I 's my
su
TV.
The las
i8
jy
ones died a
li le bi
be o e he
20
ime.
Small-land
peasan s
o med
j
communi i-
es, he e
i8
we e gim inés
j
Sias
ca inés
Russian
p o inces,
hoping o
cheape
Ea h, mos
o en sold
a zZy yniy.
iS
The cza 's
go e nmen
c ea ed
ce ain
condi ions o
he e en s.
I§
Moscow
They
could ge
long- e m
loans
om he
s a e
bank.
Tha 's
how he
mano
Te mano
d a e
jsiki é
Li huanian
Malka os
(bl . :
Maspxayxa)
illage
(a icle
au ho és
bi hplace,
Z .
Kuxaypuc
1956),
Mogilio o
.,
Ms isla l
dis ic ,
35
km
j
wes o
Ms isla lio.
1885
m.
Gia
a i ed in
42
he house
Seimas,
bough
Malka a
Mano ,
which
belonged
o abou
3200
ha
mi8kingos
Ea hy.
Mos o
he
popula ion came
Gia
i
Linkmeny
i
jy
apylinkiy,
esan iy
now
U enos,
S enéioniy
i
Ignalina
dis ic
bo de .
Se ing up
he e, pa
o he
mano
used miko
obesiy
cons uc-
ion, many
i8ki o
jo
i8degino,
a
ha bii y
wo ked
%emés.
XX
a.
Ini ially, he
illages
we e
j
di ided in o
o
1939
m.
single
illages,
single
illages
we e
abolished,
i
all o hem
we e old
illages.
Malka a
was one
o he
i§
la ge
illages
o his
o igin
Bela us.
Iki
1929
m.
i was
abou
kiy
80
i
525
popula i-
on, la e ,
1956
m.
45
iyki abou
i
he
280
popula ion.
In he
end,
jy
mazZéjo.
In e es ing
da a we
ind only in
such a
pobidzio
V.
Ska dzio-
's bookle
Cxapzic,
1929),
whe e
iSlis ay os
i
ampai
desc ibed
Li huanian
se lemen -
s, he
numbe o
inhabi an s,
o igin.
jy
Ve y
needed
ime
Bela usian
lie u iy li e
was
1927—
1937
m.
A ha ime,
Li huanian
p ima y o
se en-yea
i
schools we e
es ablished in
he illages.
(in highe doses)
123
O
Vi ebsk
Oblas
In he illage
o Dimano a a
1928
—
1938
m.
Li huanian
boa ding
school
ope a ed,
i8
se en-yea -o-
ld g adually
iSaugusi
j
middle school.
The e would
come o
s udy young
people isy
i8
Bela usian
Li huanian
illage, as
well
i
i8
whales
So ie
locali y
(Smolensk,
Sa a o
dis ic ).
Na ional
colics we e
o ganized in
he illages.
The e we e
clubs,
eading
ooms,
e enings,
mee ings.
The elde ly
we e also
augh o
ead and
w i e
Li huanian.
i
In he
illages,
many people
ead he
newspape ,,-
Red
plowman“,
In Minsk,
as well
The
jou nal,,P iekalas”,
p in ed in Moscow.
All his
g ea ly
e i ed he
Li huanianne-
ss in he
colony.
Beg iné
lie u iy
language
Du ing his
pe iod,
he e
we e
di ec
ansla io-
ns o
i8
a ious
local u al
languages.
Pe haps ha 's
why some o he
dialec al
exp essions o
he olde
ep esen a i es
o he language
i
we e no passed
on o he nex
gene a ion, he
child en. In he
Malka a dialec ,
such an example
jy
may be
dzika imas. A lo
o new wo ds
appea ed in he
lexicon:
da bdienis,
klubas-skai ykla,
kolek j as,
soclenk jnés,
pi mininkas,
pi miinas
i
.
.
Many
common
languages
Zodziy
apo
Known o
i
he olde
gene a ion.
T ue, he
la e used
hem,
depending on
he
si ua ion.
Anyway,
hey used
o be
con en
wi h dialec s
(e.g.: ins ead
o é zin i,
mindzio i,
kiémas, liesas,
s i duliio i,
Si kSlés was
said é in ,
apin ,
a slaimas,
sk iaiiznas,
s i dakuliué i,
Ség?mas) o
s angeness
(e. g. : no :
bjau iis,
bil eé,
gand as,
kolek } as
‘koliikis’,
Zia é i*bu :
Spé nas,
bilba,
bucidnas
bisilas,
|
kalk iozas,
dabo e c.
i
(Z .
Cusunxene
1963).
The
si ua ion
began o
po
change
when
Li huanian
schools
we e
abolished in
(1938
m.
Ma ch. ),
na ional
colics
a ached as
b igades o
he
neighbo ing
bela us
colics.
ky
G ea
Té ynés
wa
s o ms
ge okai
iblaské
This is he
illage s.
A lo o
g ay
j
Li huania.
Wa
e ugees
se led in
hese
Malka a
a ms,
people
i$
elsewhe e.
Those who ha e
s opped
s udying in
Li huanian
schools nei he
ead no speak
Li huanian.
Le e s o
you lo ed
ones
j
They w o e
Li huania in
Li huanian wi h
Russian
(Bela usian)
le e s.
Bilingualism
i
is sp eading,
al hough i
is no
uni o m.
Mo e and
mo e
illage s,
speaking
Li huanian,
use
o eign wo ds
—
In o he wo ds,
ju
compounds
such as:
p e seda elius
‘chai man’,
spasudbnas
“gabus”,
s a sinia
‘chai man’,
di ba
p aiz udds as
un
‘in p oduc ion,
in he ac o y’
mpencelaTemb,
—
cnocoOubili,
c apuibma,
pado ae
mpousBogc se.
Ha
The
unc ions
and scope
o use o
he mo he
ongue
ha e na owed.
Daddy
i
now,
a e
Cen au y,
na i e
Snek a
be ween
he
aces
Malka a
emains
he only
means o
communica-
ion.
Only he
e y same
popula ion
is now
e y small,
abou
20
Zmoniy.
Simila
si ua ion is
in o he
Li huanian
i
illages,
which a e
s ill
Sis e
iSliko.
1964
m.
The au ho
o he
a icle
isi ed wo
Li huanian
illages,
Minsk
egion,
K upky
dis ic
(Kpynxi,
Kpynexi
p-H):
Li inka
(GROANS)
i
Unackno-
wn
(locally
called
Banbuaa
Acinayxa).
Tada
(a yea
20
ago) he e
was s ill a
lo o
Li huanian
spoken in
hem,
al hough
only
Li huania-
ns li ed
ne
he e.
Siy kaimy
Snakes a e
di e en .
The
Li huanians looked up
Fo
i8
di e en
loca ions.
The
inhabi an-
s o
Li inka
call
.
y.
hemsel -
i$
es Vilniusians, descended om he o me
"Vilnius
gube nija,
T akų
apsk i is".
IS
p adziy
The e we e
some.
12
Sejm.
In Li inka
e y
p ominen
wild dialec
ai s, o
example,
sho
c ossed
long no
c ossed;
'>c’, plg.
i,
&
i
P aom
aic'
algyc'.
I is a
commonly
used ilia i e;
adesy o
i
alia i e
o ms, i
seems, will be
124
sus aba éje,
daZnos
o ms only
namiépi,
namépi.
In Li inka
he e is
s ill he
old wild
habi o
cooking
dinne a
he i e in
he
e ening.
The man
is
since e,
ai h ul.
O he
illage,
exis ing
uz
30
km
_new
Li inkos,
Bela us
Asinuka
esiden s
a sikélé
iX
buy.
Kaunas
Go e no a-
e, mini
T oSkinus,
Anyk& iy
Ragou .
[Slaiké
These
a eas ha e
dialec al
cha ac e-
is ics,
o
example,
dialec s:
kd e,
a émémen-
a, déga, iézginés.
The illage is
di e en
i
e hnog aphic-
ally: good hu s,
enced
cou ya ds.
People
a e less
us wo-
hy,
mo e uZsida e.
I
Siy illage s
use
bela ussky
in hei
language
ZodZiy
i
simply do
no
assimila-
e compounds.
They ha e
bilingualism.
Jaunesniy
ca ds
People
wo k li e
i
in ci ies
(Bo iso ,
Minsk,
Mogile ),
a ely
isi s he
illage.
A lo o
mis iy
appea ed
In a amily
whe e he
child en no
longe
speak
Li huanian.
Less and
less o
he old
illage
emains.
pe inhabi an .
These o he
i
ex alinguis ic
ac o s
de e mine he
longe i y o he
Li huanian
language.
LITERACY
Kungypac
1956
—
Kunaypuc
M.
K.
Jin oscknii
osop
8
GenopyccKoM
OKpyxKeHHH.
(Tosop
gep.
Manchu
B
BCCP):
[I c.
...
Chicken.
cbusion,
Hay.
JI. :
JITY, 1956.
Kungypuc
1956a
—
Kunaypuc
M.
K.
Jiu oscxni
osop
B
GenopyccKoM
OKpy>KeHHH.
((oop
gzep.
Manchu
B
BCCP):
As oped.
...auc.
Chicken.
Good.
Hayk.
JI. :
JITY,
1956.
Cupnuxkene
1963
—
Cwusuukene
M.
Cemen ed
conc e e.
CKHX
3aMMCTBOBaHHii
Ha
MaTepHae
H30JIMPOBaHHO O
JIMTOBCKOTO
osopa
//
Linguis ics
(AspikosHanne).
Bu puioc,
1963,
T.
6.
C.
99-107,
Cxapa3ic
1929
—
Cxapasic
B.
JIi oyns
na
You' e a ool.
Minck,
1929.
O
S3bIKE
JMTOBCKHX
KOJIOHHM
XIX
B.
B
BEJIOPYCCHH
Pesiome
Kpome
,,ocTaTOuHBIX
OCTPOBOB
JHTOBCKOFO
A3bIKA,
PACHONOKCHHBIX
B
coceaHel
c
JInTBoii
Tponuencxo
o6n.,
Ha
Teppx opuu
Benopyccum
MMeIOTCA
JMTOBCKHe
OCTPOBa
HHOTO
MPOHCKOX-
qenus.
STO
HeGonbuHe
KONOHHH,
OTICNbHBIC
cell
MATOBIeB-MepecesicHes
B
Bu e6cxoi ,
Munckoi ,
Mo nienckoii
oGnac ax,
npnOs mmx
cioga
B
80-e .
XIX
B.
M3
pasHBIX
MecT
Desc ip ion.
Koseucxoi
1
BunexcKoli
yGepxuii.
[lo qaHHbi
nepenucn
Hacenenus
1926
.,
B
Be opyccna
mpooKuBa-
sM muToBIa.
6863
HecomHeHHO,
GOMBIIAHCTBO
MX
MPHXOQHOCh
Ha
AMTOBCKHE
his one.
O
spemenn,
mpwumuax
M
YCIOBAAX
TOABNEHHA
NMTOBCKHX
KONOHHI!
B
BeopyccuH
n3BeCTHO
3
paccKa30B
CaMHX
2KHTeNeH,
H3
HEMHOTHX
Meya
HCTOYHHKOB.
Mas03eMeuIbHBIe
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Op aHH3OBBIBAIMCh
B
TOBAPHIeCTBa
M
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M3
POAHBIX
MecT
B
MOWCKAX
3€MIIH.
3emua
mpnoOpe asach
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pasopsxBUIHXcA
MOMeIIMKOB
mpH
MocpemHuyecTBe
MocKoBcKo o
103e-
MenbHo o
Qui e.
Bank
mpezocTapian
mepecemeHiaM
Aon ocpounyio
ccymy.
Thank
you,
Ha
Halip., MecTe
MMeHHs
TOMeniuKa
TepMaHa
MosBHsIOCb
M
JMTOBCKO-
ceo
ManbKxopKa
(McTucmascKnii
p-H
Mo usenc-
Koli o6s.,
8
35
KM
Ha
3a lay
oT
Mc ucnapia).
STO
OHO
H3
HanGomee
KPYMBBbIX
JIATOBCKHX
nocenui ,
C oa
npanum
Bb xomus
#3
Ready.
C enusuc
JIMHKMsHCKOI
H
COceqHEX
Bonoc eli
BunexcKoii
y6.
Mcxoguyio
TeppxTOpHio
yilesleBLIHX
JHTOBCKHX
KONOHHIi
MOXKHO
e KO
OMpeyeNHTb
NO
AMaAseKTHEIM
TaHHBIM,
HECMOTPA
Ha
TO, ¥TO
MAHYIO
OKOO
100
eT
co
BpeMeHH
WX
OCHOBAHAA.
125
HaxGonee
3naynTe bHBIM
MepHOJOM
B
O%KH3HH
JMTOBCKHX
Mepeceenues
GpuM .
1927—1937
To ga
Osim
OTKpsITEI
H
WelCTBOBAIM
HaYasIbHble
H
CeMHJICTHHe
JIMTOBCKHE
UIKOMBI.
A
B
Mec ,
7lumax6so
Bu e6cxoii
o6s.
(Bo ymescul
p-H)
Gpiia
cpeqHaa
UIKONa-HHTepHaT,
Kya
Che3%Ka-
MaCb
MONOZEXb
B3
BCEX
IMTOBCKHX
cell
Bewopyccua
mu
naxKe
13
CmoseHncKoi,
Capa oscKoli
o6n.
B
nmm Tosckux
ce ax
GbUIK
Op aHH30BaHbl
HallHOHANIbHbIe
KONXO3bI,
AeMOMPOM3BONCTBO
B
HHX
Be0Cb
Ha
JIMTOBCKOM
A3bIKe,
paOoTasM
KnYObI-WHTAIbHH,
IPOBOAMIMCh
BeYepa
MT.
4.
C apm ee
noxoneHHe
oGyyan0cb
JHTOBCKOMi
paMoTe
B
HKGe3ax.
Cloga
The ace
The Red
Ploughman,
koTopaa
meyaTasacb
B
Muucke,
4
KypHas
,,P iekalas“,
u3qaBaBu niica
B
Mocks.
UmMenno
B
TO
BPeMA
FOBOPEI
JIMTOBCKHX
CeN
MOYHHH
GObUTYIO
MOJepxKKY
CO
CTOPOHEI
JHTepaTypHo o
AATOBCKOTO
A3bIKa.
B
HHX
TOABHJICA
Welcome back,
HOBOOOpaz0BaHHi
coBeTH3MOB,
—
MapasienH3-
Mos
(quaslekTHOe—
OOmjeHapogHoe).
Hexo opsle
AMaseKTHbIe
OcOGeHHOCTH
B
ped
CTapu e o
To-
KOJCHHA
HE
HANWIM
NOWepKKK
B
pei
MOcHeAYIOWMX
NOKOTeHHi.
TlonoxenHe
pe3KO
H3MeHHuIOCh
nigh
To o, Kak
(B
1938
( .)
Opium
3AaKDPBITBL
JIMTOBCKHE
WIKOJIBI,
PCOP aHH30BaHbI
HAaWMOHATIbHBIe
CONXOS3BI.
ECB
MeHbIe
MONONEKH
And he
Ha
p ice.
Tlocne
Benmxoi
O euec senHoii
BoiHb
2XXHTeNH
IMTOBCKHX
i eReHb
BBIexanH
B
Jews.
Tloasmnoch
mpwuioe
HaceneHHe,
y4acTanMch
cmMemanibie
Gpaxu.
Cibepa
u
QyHKYMH
HTOBCKOTO
#3bIKa
ECB
I 's gonna
be cool.
Mulaquime
NokoNeHHa,
he's a
oBopslme
Ha
JIMTOBCKOM
S3bIKe,
IIMCbMeHHbIM
JIMTOBCKUM
He
Luna oT.
ECB
Gonbuie
pa3sBuBae ca
OMMHTBH3M,
Kpome
c apbix
ciaBH3MoB,
B
Pe4H
THTOBLeR
MOABAAeTCA
MHOTO
HOBBIX
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HM
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CBOCHHBIX
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OAHAKO
JMTOBCKHI
ASKIK
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CMHCTBEHHBIM
CpeqCTBOM
OGmIeHHA
KOPeHHEIX
2kHTe eli
Mex
coOoi.
Ham
HeMsBecTHBI
CIYYaH
CMCHEL
A3bIKa
HAMBU
AA.
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BUCTHYECKHe
(aKTOPbl
MpeHOMpeNeMAIOT
OFFICIAL BOOK
CYiIeCTBOBAHHA
MOAOOHBIX
A3bIKOBBIX
OcTpoBos.