31s aipsniai / a icles
aud onė kaukienė
klaipėdos uni e si e as
Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: he his o y o ac ion wo ds, p ose.
I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you.
Ac i i ies o he MaŽodžiai
In he P ussian anno a ion o he P ussian KaLboje he o igin o Ve bs o imi a ion, he e ms
ela ed o he o ma ion o new wo ds a e discussed. he concep o imi a ion is cla i ied. In
he P ussian language monumen s, imi a i e o imi a i e-o igin e bs a e sough , and he
peculia i ies o hei s uc u e a e discussed. Eas e n Bal ic imi a ions a e compa ed o
P ussian ones.
The a icle discusses e minology associa ed wi h he o ma ion o new wo ds and p esen s he
concep o imi a i es. he e bal imi a i es and e bs o imi a i e o igin a e collec ed om he
sou ces o old P ussian language and hei s uc u al cha ac e is ics a e analyzed. he
imi a i es o old P ussian language a e compa ed wi h hose o eas e n Bal ic languages.
In he new way o imi a ing MaViMas, new wo ds in a language can be o med qui e
di e en ly. The bes known me hod o […] making, especially mo phological making, is
based on he p inciple o duali y: he base wo d (o wo ds) and he wo ding. I is also
called a di e en way o o ming wo ds, wi hou changing i s s uc u e, bu changing
i s unc ion o meaning. I 's a syn ac ic o seman ic hing. Mos o he wo ds in he
language a e o med in he o m o e bs (pa icula ly mo phological) in he ollowing
ways: in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in. keywo ds: de i a i e, o ma i e,
pe o ma i e, expansi e and imi a i e
32 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV o new wo ds, and hey can be called de i a i es. Wo ds can also a ise
aud onė kaukienė
in o he ways, wi hou e e ing o o he (i.e. basic) wo ds […] di ec ly c ea ing new wo ds o pe o ming
old ones. This may be due o he expansion o he oo s o he ans o ma ion o he s em, eplacing he
s uc u al ype, al hough in he wo k o linguis s hey a e o en con used wi h he o ma ion (see mo e
b oadly Kaukonen 2005). Tha 's how you ge he ex ensions o he pe o ms. One o he leas s udied ways
o o ming new wo ds is by imi a ion. This c ea es di ec o ms (imi a i e o onoma opoeic wo ds) ha
mimic eal sounds (mos ly) o images, mo emen s. Imi a ions can be di e en pa s o he language. Usually,
his is how he emo ional-exp essi e pa s o language ( eelings and exp essions) a ise, such as: oi, ,
plump . Simila ly, e bs can a ise ha ha e oo s and a e gi en he mo phological o m (bigz i, čiulb i)
necessa y o a pa icula e b. he o he pa s o he language a e imi a i ely sel -imi a ing,
cha ac e ised by iconic cha ac e is ics. hey can be ecognized by he close sound o he kiosks oo s,
which ha e a lo o consonan s, owels, and consonan s. The mos common synonyms o he meaning a e:
shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness,
shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness,
muoja ečiau, no s imi a y ų gali bū i i a dažodžių, ypač daik a a džių.
shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness,
s uk ū os i konk ečiosios seman ikos są yšio. be o, imi a y ams būdingos „sun-
shyness, shyness, shyness, shyness. when expanding he oo , a new elemen […] expands o he old base
oo . Fo example, i comes om he base oo . * en- (lo. eneō ‘ ęsiu, lie. ę as) wi h he su ix -sa
-psusi o mia in he e bs. con inue, p . iēns wei ‘ auk i and lie. I'll ell you wha . I 's called "spi i ". I 's
called "spi i ". In he newly o med wo d, he ex ended oo is joined by essen ial al e na e elemen s. Bu
he ex ension […] is no a ma e o mo phology, bu o phone ics (o mo phology). Elemen s ha expand
he oo (ex ensions) some imes modi y he meaning somewha , bu he e is no eason o alk abou he
c ea i e meaning. A wo d hus o med can be called a p onoun. 2 Wo ds can a ise om one oo o ano he ,
pe o ming a s one, eplacing a s uc u al ype. In he Li huanian and La ian languages, wo o mo e e bs
wi h ca ego ical meanings may a ise om he same oo . Thus, he g e a (i) a na-kamieni is o med by he
in e pola ion o he same oo o he s a-kamieni e bs, e.g. lie. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. The
la. I don' know wha o do. I don' know wha o do. some imes e bs can simply eplace he s uc u al ype,
be e adap ing o he ca ego ical meaning, e.g. lie. I 's called a lie. I 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's
like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like,
i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like. I 's called "dengia" o "ku ia" o "deñga" o "s yla" o
"kempa" o "la". I bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns, i bu ns. ano he
s uc u al ype o change […] gene aliza ion o he p e ix o he u u e ime in common (and seconda y
hema iza ion in he o ms o he u u e ime), e.g. e[…]k i, e[…]kia, e[…]kė ( his pa adigm is also used in
eas e n highland languages) → need, need, need. This is how he ype o e bs (ž . jakulis 2004: 155[…]156, 162)
and pe haps some wo ds wi h o he p eposi ions (e.g. žinó i, giedó i) a ose. he pe o mance o he s one
canno be conside ed a mo phological ac because i is no ela ed o he meaning o he ac . such
pe o ma i e wo ds may be e e ed o as pe o ma i e wo ds.
imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
33 a icles ha e changed he subjec . This is because hey a e no ela ed, bu
spon aneously o med di ec o ms, o med by imi a ing simila sounds, images, o
mo emen s. Wo ds o imi a i e o igin a e o en called phone ic (li e ally lau nachahmend,
Russian phone ic), bu his is no en i ely he pu pose. Al hough many imi a i es a e
imi a ions o sounds, hey can e e no only o sounds bu also o mo emen s, images
(wa m, winkle, lash, e c.). imi a ions may be o a ying ages. he mos ecen a e
iden i ied by a pa icula ly b igh mo phological pa e n and ela ionship o meaning. The
e ymological da a is an impo an c i e ion o de e mining he age o imi a ions. he mo e
consonan s a wo d has, he mo e kinship wo ds i could ha e o med om he ea lies
imes. La e , he ways o making o o ming wo ds can complemen each o he h ough
se (ypač olimesnėse) kalbose, uo senesniu jį galima laiky i. imi a y iniu būdu
close s uc u es and seman ics. In his case, i is impo an ha new imi a ions can be
kos yšį nublukino dėsningi one ikos paki imai a eikšmės aida.
made o pe o med om imi a i e […] di ec o ms […] mo phological cons uc ions o
oo s in an expanded way, e.g. kak i […] ka ks[…] i, ka ksó i, bùmp […] bumbs[…] i, e c.
Elemen s ha do no ha e mo phological o mo phological meanings, especially p eposi ions
(ulb i, čiu lén i), can be a ached o he oo s. In some cases, hese wo ds ha e
eduplica ion ea u es and some imes esemble he co esponding ype o consonan
(exce p s): bub i, dun d i, i i, plg. bu -bu , dun-dun, i - i , e c. Howe e , such consonan s
canno be conside ed basic wo ds, and such e bs a e no always g e a zmaž (p., zi z i).
Imi a ing he P ussian cable
In P ussian, as in o he Bal ic languages, he e could be a ious imi a ions. Bu he
imi a ions o he P ussian language, especially he ac ion wo ds, we e almos unexplo ed.
The e a e no e bs in he elbow wo d. mos o he wo ds a e nouns, you can also ind noun
imi a ions. Some bi d names ha a e o en associa ed wi h ce ain sounds sound e y
exp essi e, e.g. d oanse [d ōanze] […]g iežlė, p apolis [pa pulis] […]kuku is, ge o […] iš a,
ge is […]gaidys, esde […]s azdas[…], e c. The sound, appa en ly, and he name o he
bi d i sel is pepelis [pipelis] o [pipalis] (plg. pippalins k). In addi ion, he names o bo h bi ds
and o he animals may be associa ed wi h ce ain cha ac e is ic mo emen s o he owl,
he spa ow, he g asshoppe . Some o hese wo ds may be di ec o ms, while o he s
may be made up o e bs o imi a i e o igin. The mos eliable wo ds o be conside ed as
li e al o ms a e hose ha a e o med by eduplica ion (penpalo […]pu pelė[…], we wi sis
[…] ie e sys[…], wewa e […] o e ė[…], e c.). some examples can be conside ed as de e ba y,
e.g. spu glis […]ž i blis[…]: lie. spug i, -ia […]sp uk i, skubė i[…] and […]spa nais pu p i,
bi b i[…] (pa yzdžiai LkŽ […] om he Li huanian mino i y
34 ac a Linguis ica
aud onė kaukienė
Li huanica LXIVLXV
(Mi i50, ndZ, kZ) is he name o he game. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don'
know wha you' e alking abou . I 's a pi y ha you can' judge he s uc u e o he
basic e bs om he Vedas. Anyway, hese examples show ha imi a ions eally
exis ed in he P ussian language. I is di icul o expec imi a i e abundance in
ca echisms because o he na u e o he ex . Imi a ions a e no common o all
ex s. They' e no a all he language o science, which is a om emo ion and
exp ession, and hey can' be ound in many se ious eligious ca echism ex s. The e
a e qui e a ew imi a ions o e bs in Eas e n Bal ic languages, so i is likely ha
hey mus ha e exis ed in he li ing P ussian language. The ask o his s udy is o
kalbos pa yzdžius, ku ie galė ų bū i laikomi imi a y ais a gali bū i imi a y inės
sea ch o imi a i e e bs in P ussian language monumen s. he aim is o selec all
P ussian o igins and o e iew hei mo phological s uc u e in ela ion o imi a i e e bs in Eas e n Bal ic languages.
The selec ion o PaVyZdŽis na u e aises he leas doub s i is an unques ionable
analizei s eng asi a ink i pi miausia uos eiksmažodžius, ku ių imi a y inis
combina ion o seman ic and mo phological o de . Un o una ely, he e a e e y ew
examples o his. The e o e, all e bs ha a e a leas somewha simila o imi a i es,
especially hose ha ha e a phone ic meaning, a e discussed. In addi ion, hose
examples ha ha e imi a i e- ype ela i es in o he languages a e also e iewed, e.g.
p . s ēn-s in- ‘ken ė i: y . he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: "S en" - "deju e,
s ene i" ( he meaning o which has been abs ac ed om he P ussian language) I 's
called a s en , a s en , a s en , a s en . I'm going o, I'm going o, I'm going o. The
imi a i e o igin o such e bs, al hough ela i ely easily eco e ed, has aded.
abandoned e bs whose sound meaning does no ha e a sound pa e n ha e lec s i
and which canno be econs uc ed om o he languages.
Some imes i 's no easy o ell i a wo d associa ed wi h a sound is eally an imi a i e.
be ween imi a i e and neu al meaning wo ds he e a e e bs ha exp ess speaking
o singing. Some speech e bs a e clea imi a ions, hei sound s uc u e e lec s he
speech p ocess, bu he meaning o o he speech is di e en . Fo many, he imi a i e
o igin o speech ac ion wo ds is easily eco e ed. The e a e many such examples in he
common Li huanian language o dialec . hey ha e los hei exp essi e one and only
ep esen speech, e.g. kaba, šnẽka, dudẽna, nikia. I 's no uncommon o hese e bs o
ha e a nega i e, de oga o y emo ional conno a ion. Tha 's igh , y i . In o he
languages, he meaning o speech is also qui e o en de i ed om he sound, e.g. ok.
Th ee ine examples o his ype can be ound in he wo ds o Ch is ian Donelaicius:
"You know how many women's ways ha e been uined by he ac ha hey ha e o go
o he ba h oom o household cho es.
imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
35s aipsniai a icles speak, angl. speak (Ge man sp ek- […] albė i[…] om […] aškė i,
ėk i[…]). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha an a icle has been
ansla ed in o English. These adjec i es also ha e hei oo s in he o ic: . speak,
sen. . ( om s. sl.) glagoli . One o hese e bs could also be p . billī albė i: lie. o be o
no o be. I don' know wha o say. o be d awn. The ac ions o his ype (i.e. o
imi a i e o igin) a e e iewed in his a icle. Howe e , he e a e also e bs ha
exp ess speech (o singing) ha canno be conside ed imi a i e no only synch onously
bu also diach onously (e imologically), e.g. lie. o sing, o say, o sing. o sing, o sing, o
ky i’, . петь ‘ . p.’. Šių žodžių šaknys nė a is o iškai susijusios su ga sais, jie ki okios
kilmės. okių eiksmažodžių y a i p ūsų kalboje, plg. ge b ‘kalbė i’, wai iā ‘kalbė-
sing, o sing, o sing. They' e no conside ed imi a ions, and hey' e ejec ed when hey' e analyzed.
This is AnaLiZes Va ka.
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų imi a y ų mo ologinė i mo onologinė sanda a u i am
o eal communi ies. They can be bo h oo e bs and p onouns. The e o e, he
P ussian ma e ial is also analyzed in sea ch o speci ic s uc u al ea u es. Fi s , he
oo s (nep iesaginiai) o he p ussian e bs a e discussed, and hen he p eposi ions,
g ouping hem acco ding o he p eposi ions.
1 . Roo s and s ems
The oo s o he Eas e n Bal ic languages a e imi a ed by ce ain s uc u es ha a e cha ac e is ic o
hem. The s uc u al ypes o Li huanian oo imi a ions a e as ollows: ia kamien (bizgia, bubia, zỹzia, zizia,
z ibia), in e pines o s a kamien (pups a, paps a, k š a). Mixed- ype a-s ones wi h he su ix -ė i (bù zga,
bu zg i; dùnda, dund i, blzga, blizg i) a e also no conside ed o be in es ed. The e is no simila ype o
e bs in La ian, so some imi a i e o s uc u al ypes o hem can be conside ed common o Eas e n
Bal s. some o hem ha e al eady been esea ched and desc ibed: imi a i e (ga sažodiniai) and he ac ion
o he s one a e w i en by Jū a ė Lubienė (Lubienė: 161[…]171) 4 and imi a i e a ac ion o he s one wi h a
p e ix - ė i […] e d ilas jakulis (jakulis 1996: 8[…]17; 2005). In he case o he La ian language, he numbe o
imi a ions o he oo is much lowe han in he Li huanian language, and in he case o he Sla ic languages,
i is almos non-exis en . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . he
link, he link […]lo i[…]: lie. I'm going o go, I'm going o go, I'm going. The oo "z e " is expanded om "ide".
*[…]hen- […] önen (skambe i)[…] (Poko ny 1959: 490[…]491, Vasme ii 88) is e y a e.

36
aud onė kaukienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
džių s uk ū inis ipas, a i inkan is lie u ių i la ių a kamieno eiksmažodžius su
p e ix *-ē- ( hese a e pe o ma i e oo s, desc ibing he pas ense o he
kamiengal o he *-ē conjunc ion and some o he o ms); In he Li huanian and La ian
languages, he oice o he p e-exis ing s em has become a p eposi ion o he
communi y and he pas , and he e b has ceased o be a oo , see jakulis 2004 o
mo e in o ma ion. The e o e, i is impo an o ind he e ymological
co espondences o his s uc u al ype o e bs in P ussian. The e a e abou 70
P ussian-language manusc ip s. Thei oo s a e o a ious s uc u es, many o hem
qui e complex, wi h many p o usions, double-ba s, double-ba s. This sugges s ha
he e may ha e been imi a o s wi h hea y oo s among hem. Al hough no comple ely
eliable imi a ions ha e been ound, a ew examples a e wo h discussing he e: * enk- * ink- ‘ enk i, g īm- (g ēm-?) ‘giedo i and s ēn- s in- ‘ken ė i.
♪ I'm he one who's he one ♪ ♪ I'm he one who's he one ♪
The P ussian e b comes om he Bal ic oo * enk- * ink-, which means ‘ o shake,
‘ o hi wi h a sound. I is p onounced in wo o ms: encke Mbs ‘ enk and
pe inck an III ‘užkie ėjusį (užsispy usį).
P . encke Mbs ‘ enk can be combined wi h y . he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: ♪
I'm he one who's he one ♪ ♪ I'm he one who's he one ♪ I'm going o go, I'm going, I'm going.
(b) he ollowing pa ag aph is added: I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you.
p.. in he oldes sense could be conside ed a sound. some o hose oo wo ds ha e only a
phone ic meaning, e.g. ac ion wo ds. I 's called inke s, inke s, inke s, la. I'm no
su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o be able o do i . I 's called a eñksmas,
la. I 's a whi lwind. The meaning o he oo ends o be modi ied. In addi ion o he
meaning o […] enk i[…], o he , e en qui e dis an meanings a e o med in Eas e n Bal ic
languages: […]gin i, a y i[…], […]mazgo i[…] and e c. in he meaning o […]gin i, a y i[…],
wi hou men ioning la. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . p. […], please. I'm going o go, I'm going o go, I'm going o go. in he meaning o
šlapin i, me k i, šnek. ba i, kone eik i’, su p iešdėliais i ‘muš i, lup i’ (dėl eikšmės
[…]kno […] […] lie. iñk i, eñka ([…] eñkia), iñko […] iñkė […]plau i (head, hai )[…], p k.
Wha is he meaning o he name? […] sha ply ligh ening he connec ions plg. s ill ligh ening. o bea and o punish, o say (in he h oa ). The p e ix la also has i s own meaning. o shake, o shake.
In he Eas e n Bal ics, he oo s o " unk" a e clea ly el , bu i is di icul o say whe he his was also
he case in P ussian, because he e a e examples o meaning ul P ussian oo e bs in a ious
mo phological sen ences: closed double-syllable oo s in P ussian monumen s 20 (8 CeRC, ound 5 CaRC, 5 CiRC
and 2 CuRC); ac ion wo ds wi h bilingual oo s a e ela i ely ew […] ound in 9 lexemes, o ming wo
subg oups (7 […] wi h bilingual ei (CeiC, CaiC, CiC) and 2 […] wi h au (CauC, CuC)); The open double cho ds (CR, CR,
CR, CaR) a e ound in 15 (5 wi h he sona a m, 4 wi h he n, 3 wi h he and 3 wi h he l). Only eigh oo s ha e
been ound in he open-ended p ussian oo s o he monumen s ( h ee ending in a owel o owel, and i e
ending in a owel o owel). In addi ion, 18 e bs wi h owel oo s (5 wi h open and 13 wi h closed) ha e been
ound in P ussian monumen s. See also Kaukienė 2011: 30.
imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
The a icles a e one example o a p e-de e mined hi d ca echism: Almech ige Ewige
mės emociškai gana neu alios. be mušimą eiškiančio encke Mbs ‘ enk’, da
GOT de du has [...] den e s ock en Pha ao mi allen den seinen im Ro en Mee
e seu Wissemus Wissīngis p ā bu s kas deiws (= ou) assai [...] s an pe inc an
Pha ao sen wissan swaieis en minan i aus aus auskan = dinnons Visagalis e e ninas
die e, who you ha e s unned he pha aoh wi h all his edness in ha junkie. In his case,
he meaning has been abs ac ed, ans e ed o he sphe e o psychic ac i i y […]
pe inck an […]užkie ėjusį (užsispy usį)[…], i.e. *[…]aps ulbin ą, p i enk ą[…], plg.
and lie. o be s unned.
I is possible ha he e b g īm- (o g ēm-)6, which is accompanied by one o m o he
e b g īmons (g īmikan g īmonsgies ‘melę (su)giedojęs), can also be conside ed an
imi a i e. I is ue ha e bs ha deno e "singing" o "singing" a e no necessa ily
imi a i e. Bu i we ebuild he e b oo , we' e going o sing, we' e going o sing, and
we' e going o go back o he mo ning. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: *g -
*g am- […] (loud and mu led) sound […] (la. g em , g emju, g ēmu […]mu mė i[…], lie.
g am[…] i […]k is i wi h noise[…]: . g eme ), he e b in ques ion may also be o
imi a i e o igin. O cou se, he p . g īmons ‘(wi h) healed no longe signi ies nei he
hunde ing no mu mu ing, so imi a i i y has aded.
s ēn- s in- […] o endu e […]
P s ēn- s in- ‘ o bea : he mo ning. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: *s en- […]dejuo i, s enė i[…] is
he oo o he e b: he e a e h ee o ms o he pas pa iciple s enuns, s yienuns, s īnons
[…]ken ėjęs[…] and he abs ac s insennien […]ken ėjimą[…]7. he e bs o eas e n Bal ic languages lie.
I 's called a s en , a s en , a s en , a s en . s en , s en , s en a e e y exp essi e and can be
conside ed imi a i e. Simila ma ches o o he ela ed languages (many o hem […] also p ima y e bs):
ags. I 's called " ai o i, dejuo i", you know. o s and up; s. o he sl. I'm no going o ell you wha I'm
going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. *s en- ‘(loudly) *g imi *g imacing like a lie. I is also
known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
6 Šaknies ī aiškinamas ne ienodai – kaip ī a ē. daugelis y inė ojų šaknyje a ku ia ī (san ykis a p
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". Howe e , Vy au as Mažiulis (bo n Mažiulis i
410, 411) is descended om ē, ec ea ing he *g ēm- (*g ēmuns, *g ēmikā ‘giesmelė). o his wo d, see
also kaukienė 2011: 65. In he se en pa iciple o ms, i would be necessa y o ep oduce he *s ēnsu
ilguoju ē (plg. Mažiulis iV 157), which in he i s ca echism is ma ked e (s enuns i), in he hi d he e i
e lec s he balsio susiau ėjimas ē > ī (s īnons iii), and in he second i s ca echism example (s yienuns
ii) can be ead abejaip. Daik a a dis s insennien has in (Mažiulis es o es he *s inse n an, and
acco ding o him […] he communi y […]s in ei […]ken ė i[…]. see also kaukienė 2011: bu he p ussian
’
e b s ēn- s in- […]ken ė i[…] has nei he exp essi eness no sound seman ics, i s meaning was
68–69).
38 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV[…]LXV dele ed and edi ed. The olde one is jus he
aud onė kaukienė
sound meaning, plg. lo. onā e […]g iaudė i, dundė i[…], om which can also be de i ed
he meaning o ac i i y, imi a ion, plg. s. i. s ána i […]g iaudžia, dunda[…] and he
pa iciple s anan […]dejuojan is[…] (see also Mažiulis iV 157[…]158, ka ulis 1992: 293 and
li e .).
abs ac ed, ans e ed o he sphe e o physical o men al ac i i y (body).
Mos o he adjec i es used in eas e n Bal ic languages a e ad e bs. The mos
exp essi e a e hose de i ed om imi a ions: quo a ions, emo ions, o imi a i e e bs,
especially wi h p eposi ions - o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o,
o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o. Howe e , p eposi ional e bs can be no only e bs, bu
also di ec o ms, e.g. lie. I 's called biñzin i, i 's called plin i, i 's called čiu lén i, i 's
called kukúo i, i 's called bubén i, i 's called la. he buzza d, he ch ysan hemum, he
ho seshoe, whispe , whispe . I is no always easy o dis inguish be ween a achmen s
and di ec o ms. How much easie i is o do his in a li ing language, and a dead
language wi h he mos unw i en monumen s o en lea es such ques ions
unanswe ed.
In addi ion, bo h he oo and he appendage may be ex ended by a ious ex ensions, and such ex ensions
may a ach o bo h he oo and he appendage. When analyzing imi a ions, his can be qui e impo an . I is
no e y di icul o de e mine which mo phemes belong o he e b in e e yday speech: he oo e b
occu s no only in all he o ms o he e b, bu also in he e bs. Howe e , in P ussian, due o he lack o
ma e ial, i is qui e di icul o de e mine which mo pheme belongs o he p onoun. we say ha he e b
*kal( )-s-ī- ‘skambė i - can be pa o bo h he oo and he p e ix (see below). The e a e abou 130
p eposi ional e bs wi h he p eposi ional su ix -ini -ī- ( he e is a close ela ionship be ween hem) in
P ussian language monumen s. The lowe case […] wi h he su ix -āi -au- The e o e, e bs a e analyzed
mis -in-, -ī-, -ē-, -ā- i -au-. Pa yzdžių su a a ki a p iesaga gausumas ne ienodas.
acco ding o he na u e o his o ha p eposi ion, looking o possible imi a ions in each case. Eigh , we
say, he oo goes. * en- ‘ o y, o con inue (lo. eneō, lie. as) can ha e a ious sp eads: bl. -s-
(p onounced iēns wei ‘ auk i, lie. s i, -ia, s i, -s a, ha s- i, la. ĩs , -s u, ĩsu, ha s- iês, -ãjus
‘zaude n), bl. - Wha 's he ma e ? o ease, o ease, o ease, o ease, o ease, o ease; The la. I is also
known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". -g- (p onounced * ęg-, * ęgn i ‘ emp i, plg. Vasme iV 139) and k .
imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
39 a icles by a icles
2.1 The p e ix -indauguma bal iškų eiksmažodžių wi h he p e ix -in- (La in -inā-) is he
Vedic […] de e baaug[…]n i, he aûdzinâ , p . auginnons […] inc eased[…] om bl. ♪ Oh, oh,
y ai (a denomina y ai) – i u i p iežas inę eikšmę, plg. bl. *aug-in(ā)- ‘augin i’ (lie.
oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
oh, oh, wha is i ? Wha is i ? Wha is i ? Wha is i ? Wha is i ? Eas e n Bal ic
languages also ha e di ec imi a i es wi h he p e ix -in-, which a e no always easy o
dis inguish om edic om imi a i e-o igin oo e bs, e.g. lie. o lie down o o squa .
In Li huanian, nemaža eiksmažodžių wi h he p e ix in i is de i ed om he sound
eiksmažodžių o simply made in he manne o a sound muge (Lkg ii 264). In La ian he e a e also such e bs: [...] e b o -inâ , which opens sounds: bubinâ , pu pinâ kulle n [...], sal. I'll see you la e . I is also known as bubbin i, bubén i[…] (endzelīns 1951: 842[…]843).
In P ussian monumen s, he e bs wi h he p e ix -iny a a e he mos nume ous
g oup o e bs wi h he p e ix […] almos 50 ( hey canno always be sepa a ed om
e bs wi h he p e ix -ī-, because some examples can ha e wo o ms […] wi h bo h
he p e ix and he o he ). Two examples o he P ussian language could be conside ed
imi a i e: *klum-s -in- ‘bels i and *zwaiks -in-/-ī- (o *swaiks -in-/-ī ‘-)š ies i.
*klum-s -in- ‘bels i we ha e a couple o o ms: klums inai ‘belszia, klums inai ai
‘belski e: ne die Th {de ode die} dem de da anklop e e we = eis s an wa in
{adde s ieisiei quai} s esmu kas s wi klums inai a e k as du is {o i, ku i} o he
one who is he e beldžia 119-1-2; Klop e an so will au euch han klums inai ai is so w
iwss iwsws iii and wo imes a day. I is di icul o say whe he he p . klums in
‘bels i is a di ec o m, o a de i a i e o a de i a i e o some oo e b.
I he klums in is a deba e , i should be no ed ha he imi a ion o he oo in he P ussian language
(plg. *klump- a *klumb-, ž . Mažiulis ii 224–225).
depends on he in e p e a ion o he e b and he es o a ion o he p eposi ion. The elemen -s may
belong o he basic p e ix 10 (s -in) o be pa o he p e ix o he e b (p iesaga -s ingali o be pe o med
bal iška i e a i na p e ix -s ī-). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
10 galimas pama inis iš ik ukas gali bū i i su elemen u s , i be jo, plg. lie. klùm a klu ‘ba , dunks’
(Klùm klùm klùm kažin kas pasiklumbeno, suklumbeno.), ‘klump ’ (Tik gi džiu, kas klu klu klu
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I'm going o each you a lesson. o mock, o mock and o each, la. I'm going o each you, I'm going o each you, I'm going o each you. I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ake a nap. o klùms ‘klibinkš (And he hi d cliche is klums klums paklabokš ).
46 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV could be ela ed o lie. […] Ca ching 17. The
aud onė kaukienė
ad e b e b kau i is in ensi e om he ad e b e b k i, -ia18 o sound-wo d o igin.
The e a e many such phone ic ad e bs in Li huanian, e.g. č škau i: čikš i, škau i:
šaũk i, š lpau i: š ip i and so on. And seman ically (i e a i e in ensi e meaning), and
s uc u ally hey a e e y simila o o he ad e bs. I would be possible o guess
ha he e a e simila wo ks and p . *wūk-au-, hen i would also be de e ba y as.
Howe e , he e a e e y ew imi a ions o he oo s in he Li huanian language,
e y ew in he La ian language, and none in he P ussian language. The e o e, he
o igin o he e b in ques ion is also ques ionable.
So i 's p obably a p onoun, no a e b, bu a di ec o m o a e b o igin. I could
ha e come om he sound o "uh-huh". and s uc u e, and meaning in o p .
*wūk-aua lie. The e bs a e e y simila o kau i. (bowing)
[…]b i, -ia,
-ė) and he la.
I'm going o do i . I'm going o do i . They mean o shou "uh-huh", and he owel is
p eceded by a "k" o a "b". o shou loudly […] o shou […] […] his ime be o e he
p e ix -in-ābalsį inse s j. om he sound meaning […] o shou […] e y easily can
occu […] o in i e […].
An iVado s udy showed ha he e we e indeed imi a i e e bs in he P ussian language. Al hough he
ex s o eligious con en do no allow us o expec hei abundance, he ma e ial a ailable can be used
o judge hei na u e and s uc u al ea u es. In he Va gu o P ussian languages, such p oduc i e oo
imi a i e classes as in he eas e n Bal ic languages we e o med. Al hough he oo s o he Li huanian
and he s one imi a ed e y abundan ly, hey a e much less common in La ian. I 's e y di icul o
unde s and why he 17 h cen u y is so amous o i s sound: he e b means a ce ain sound emi ed by
li ing beings ( hese can be an s, monkeys, liza ds, squi els, li le child en, e c.) o e en non-li ing ones
(wind, ain). Bu i can also mean " o call, o in i e, o be known by shou ing" (see hese examples om
LkJ: Child en shou , wan ing o shou a each o he . We'll kill one by one, and hen we'll igh . In he woods,
wa ch ou o hunde s o ms. In he moun ains, in he o cha ds, in he o cha ds, in he o cha ds, in he
o cha ds, in he o cha ds. ).
18 LkŽ e bs […]k i, -ia, -ė, wi hou he usual meanings 1. "Call, a m, and so on". 4. o be hea d, o be hea d, o
be called, o be hea d, o be hea d; 5. o sound he si en, o whis le, e c. (pl. and dŽ […]k i, […]kia, […]kė 1. […] o
ge , o help […]; 2. "Call" (ape pelėdą, kiškį) may also e e o: 2. Shou , shou , shou . Jus as he was abou o
lea e, he wen o he ga den and began o land. They we e a aid o hemsel es, so hey ook o he bo de
o a m, o a m, o a m, o a m, o a m. 3 . he in . ‘I don know how o speak clea ly, Im s u e ing
(My child is e y good, he is le alone o aise).

imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
47s aipsniai / a icles
ikė is jų bu us p ūsų kalboje, ku ioje ia kamieno eiksmažodžių bū a ne aip
I 's a lo . I 's ha d o expec in e pella ions o imi a ions o he s one ( he
Li huanian-language inno a ions). Since he P ussian language did no o m such a
s uc u al-seman ic causa i e- esul a i e opposi ion as in he Eas e n Bal ic
languages, i did no o m so many i.e. in a pine o s a-kamian e bs. In addi ion, he e
we e p obably no e bs in he P ussian language ha s uc u ally co esponded o
eas e n Bal ic a kamienius wi h he second su ix -ė i. O cou se, he li ing P ussian
language may ha e imi a ed he oo e bs o Li huanian o igin, bu hey do no ha e
he same mo phological o mo phological s uc u e as Li huanian o La ian. he oo
examples discussed, al hough o imi a i e o igin, ha e los hei exp essi e meaning.
Thei meanings a e qui e neu al, hei exp essi eness is no longe el .
The e could ha e been many mo e imi a ions o ai y ales in he P ussian
language. This is shown by he examples discussed wi h he p e ixes -in-, -ī-,
-au- (some p e ixes may ha e he su ix -sa -s -).
In he li ing P ussian language, he e may ha e been mo e and mo e imi a ions o
di ec p eposi ions. I 's ha d o say i he e we e any imi a ions o he Vedas,
especially he De e ba i as. I depends on he p esence o oo imi a o s. I
he e we en' many o hem, he e couldn' ha e been many weddings.
Many o he P ussian imi a i e e bs, appa en ly, we e di ec o ms. They a e
close o Sla ic languages and di e om Eas e n Bal ic languages, which ha e
many p e ixed Vedic imi a ions o he oo s. The s uc u al ypes o P ussian
e bs a e also qui e di e en om Li huanian and La ian.
Li e a y oice
eminde o he yea 2010:
Li huanian and P ussian gods, goddesses,
spi i s: om i ual o supe s i ion. Klaipėda:
he publishing house o he Uni e si y o
Klaipėda.
dŽ –
A dic iona y o he cu en Li huanian language, an elec onic e sion, ed. by S asys
Keynys. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Access o he In e ne : h p://dz.lki.l
endzelīns jānis i[…]iV: The wo k is displayed 1[…]4. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed:
In
science, om 1971 o 1982.
Enzellin is a La ian g amma o he La ian language. : The La ian S a e Agency. I'm
so y abou ha . Li huanian e ymological dic iona y Heidelbe g: he ca l win e
uni e si ies. ; Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck und up ech , 1962. Jakulis E d ilas 1996: Tekė i,
eka, was he ype o ac ion in he languages o he Bal s. […] Relics o Wes e n Bal ic
language and cul u e. he publishing house o he Uni e si y o Klaipėda, 817. 2004:
Li huanian language es , es ype es . […] The Bal ic
38(1–2), 5–306.
48 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV ja ku lis e d ilas 2005: Li huanian and La ian
aud onė kaukienė
ex s, ha is, he ype o ac ions. […] Whi es and hei ela i es (Til ai, Appendix No.
26). he publishing house o he Uni e si y o Klaipėda, 93[…]110. Ka olis Kons an ins
(La ian e ymology dic iona y, 1992) is he au ho o he ollowing book: The 2004
P ussian language esea ch p ojec . Klaipėda: The Uni e si y o Klaipėda publishing
house ka uk ienė au d o nė 2005: Ways o o ming wo ds, hei pa s and o ms. he
e ms. […] Whi es and hei ela i es (Til ai, Appendix No. 26). Klaipėda: publishing house
o he Uni e si y o Klaipėda, Kaukienė aud onė 2011: P ussian language esea ch 2.
.
Klaipėda: publishing house o he Uni e si y o Klaipėda
133–138 .
.
Leskien adalbe : De Ablau de Wu zelsilben im Li auischen (The Ablau o he
1884 .
Wu zelsilben in Li huanian) is a Li huanian ilm di ec ed and p oduced by Leskien Adalbe . Leipzig: s. hi zel, Lkg iii […] G amma o he Li huanian language 12, ed. ed. by Kazys Ul ydas. Vilnius: The Min , 1965
1971 .
LkŽ […] Li huanian language dic iona y, elec onic e sion, edi o ial boa d: ge uda
nak inienė (English edi ion), Jonas Paulauskas, i u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas,
jolan a Zaba skai ė. This is he i s ime ha he dic iona y has been published in
Li huanian. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2008. Access o he In e ne :
www.lkz.l . Lu bi enė jū a ė 2005: Roo e bs ha exp ess animal sounds in Li huanian and
La ian languages. […] Whi es and hei ela i es (Til ai, Appendix No. 26). he publishing house o he Uni e si y o Klaipėda, 161[…]171.
Small iiV M small Vy a u as. E ymological dic iona y o he P ussian language 14. The Vilnius:
Science, om 1988 o 1997.
The humble julius
1959: Indoge manisches e ymologisches Wö e buch (Indo-Ge man e ymological
P ūsų kalbos paminklai 1–2, pa . Vy au as Mažiulis. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1966–1981.
dic iona y) was published by he Ge man Academy o Sciences. I 's called
ancke. Schmals ieg william 1974: An old P ussian g amma . He was a membe o he P ussian Academy o Sciences. This is he Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y P ess.
Topo o i[…]V […] Topo o Vladimi was bo n in Moscow, Russia. P ussian language 15. In
Наука
, 1975-.
1910 he published a book en i led Die al p eussischen Sp achdenkmäle . he ollowing
able is inse ed:
Vasme i[…]iV: F asme Ma o he yea . E ymological dic iona y o he Russian language 14, ed. 2.
Moscow: P og ess, om 1986 o 1987.
he mo phological and mo pho-phonological s uc u e o imi a ion-based wo ds in Li huanian and
P ussian language monumen s.
imi a y inės kilmės eiksmažodžiai p ūsų kalboje
Imi a ion-based wo ds can be ecognized by he e iden ela ionship be ween hei sound s uc u e
he o igin o Ve bs o imi a ion in P ussian
and hei speci ic seman ic ea u es. Those wo ds a e o iconic na u e. Wo ds o imi a ion-based
o igin a e equen ly e e ed o as ocaliza ions (lau nachahmend in Ge man; soundp oo ing in
Russian) bu his e m is no p ecise enough. Al hough he g ea es majo i y o hose wo ds a e
used o imi a e sounds, hey can also deno e mo emen and images ( a […] i […]d ibble[…], iẽks i
[…] lash[…], blizg[…] i […]gli e […], e c.). Imi a ion-based wo ds can belong o di e en pa s o
speech. As a ule, hose wo ds a e in e jec ions and onoma opoeic in e jec ions. Howe e , e bs
can also ha e hei imi a ionspeci ic cha ac e , and his is ue o some di ec ly […] o med e bs,
no only o he de i a i es om pa s o speech wi h a s ong emo ional and exp essi e meaning
componen in hem. Imi a ion-based wo ds can also be ound among nominal pa s o speech,
especially in nouns, hough hei numbe in hose pa s o speech is no la ge. The p esen a icle is
aimed a inding ou he speci ic imi a ion-based e bs in P ussian eco ded sou ces.
imi a ion-based wo ds o e bal cha ac e a e abundan in he Eas Bal ic languages. his ac
enhances he c edibili y ha wo ds o he same cha ac e could exis in P ussian as well. an
a emp was made o selec all possible examples om he eco ded P ussian sou ces ha could
‘lend hemsel es o he s udy o imi a ion-based e bs. The e y cha ac e o ex -speci ici y in
P ussian eco ds does no sugges a g ea abundance o imi a ion-based wo ds in hose ex s.
Thus, all e bs ha appea o ha e he sligh es esemblance o imi a ion-based wo ds we e
s udied, especially hose wi h s ong ea u es o ocaliza ion. In addi ion, he wo ds ha ha e
connec ion wi h some o he ela ed wo ds wi h imi a ion-based meanings in o he languages we e
also examined.
La ian has much in common. Those wo ds a e bo h oo e bs and de i ed e bs. A s udy o
P ussian oo - e bs (su ix- ee e bs) was ca ied ou , and hen de i a i e e bs we e analyzed
speci ic s uc u e- ela ed ea u es we e sea ched o in he P ussian sou ces as well. i s o
on he pa e n o g ouping hem in o ce ain ca ego ies acco ding o he di e ence in hei
su ixes.
abou se en y oo - e bs in P ussian can be iden i ied. They can be cha ac e ized by oo s o
di e en s uc u e, in many cases his s uc u e is qui e complex, wi h mul iple consonan and
diph hong combina ions. This ac is an indica ion o a possible imi a ion-based wo d o ma ion,
whose ypical ea u e is complex oo . Howe e , we did no succeed in iden i ying ully con incing
imi a ion-based wo ds, and we ocused ou a en ion on he e bs ha ha e a s ong likelihood
o being ela ed o imi a ion-based e bs: * unk-* unk-* hi , *g im-*
‘sing’ and s ēn-/s in- ‘su e ’.
The e a e abou 140 su ixal e bs in P ussian eco ded sou ces wi h he su ixes (-in-, -ī-, -ē,
-āand -au-). he numbe s o e bs wi h one o ano he su ix a y. Mos o hose e bs a e
50 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV ha e he closely ela ed su ixes -inand -ī-. a
aud onė kaukienė
conside ably smalle numbe o e bs ha e he su ixes -āand -au-. Thus, he e bs we e
analyzed acco ding o he wo d o ma ion cha ac e is ics o he su ixes wi h e e ence o
hei possible imi a ion-based de i a i es. Ve bs wi h he su ix "-in" in P ussian make up one
o he la ges su ix g oups - up o 50 o hem can be iden i ied (al hough hey a e no always
easy o dis inguish om e bs wi h he su ix "-in" as some o he wo ds ha e double o ms,
wi h one su ix o he o he ). hese wo P ussian e bs could be said o belong o
imi a ion-bases wo ds: *klum-s -in- ‘knock and *zwaiks -in-/-ī- (o *swaiks -in-/-ī-) ‘shine.
Ve bs wi h he su ix - a e qui e nume ous, he su ix -in hem is o en used in e changeably wi h
he su ixes -ē and -ā, and i is no an easy ma e o coun hem exac ly. as i was al eady
men ioned, he su ix -īis closely ela ed o -in-. Besides, e bs wi h he su ix -ī can be easily
con used wi h he e bs ha ing he su ix ē- (when he long is na owed and i is ma ked as a long ).
Despi e hese complica ions, i is possible o coun mo e han i y e bs wi h he su ix "-in" in
P ussian, hough pu e imi a ion-based wo ds a e ha d o iden i y. h ee examples we e analysed
as ha ing imi a ion-based o igin: *bil-ī- ‘speak, *kal s-ī-
[…] ing and *wak-ī- […] in i e, […] call.
also 16 e bs wi h he su ix -anin in P ussian eco ds. wo among hem can be ea ed as
imi a ion-based wo ds: *mu -au- ‘mu mu and *wūk-au- ‘in i e, ‘call al hough linguis s opinion
o hei o igin di e .
esea ch da a show ha imi a ion-based e bs eally exis ed in P ussian. Howe e ,
oo e bs among hose P ussian wo ds could no ha e been as abundan as in he Eas
Bal ic languages, especially in Li huanian. in u n, he numbe o su ixal imi a ion-based
P ussian mus ha e been much g ea e . he al eady discussed examples wi h he su ixes -in-,
wo ds in -ī-, -auall gi e e idence o ha ; Besides some o he su ixes could ha e con ained
he ex ending pa -so -s in hem.
he majo i y o P ussian imi a ion-based e bs a e likely o ha e been di ec ly o med wo ds. This
ea u e b ings hem close o Sla ic languages and makes hem di e en om Eas Bal ic languages,
which a e cha ac e ized by abundan su ixed de i a i es om imi a ion-based oo wo ds. The
s uc u al ypes o P ussian e bs also di e conside ably om hose in Li huanian and La ian.
Deli e ed on 6 Sep embe 2011
aud onė kaukienė
Klaipėdos uni e si e as
K e ingos g. 41-30, LT-92303 Klaipėda, Li huania This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Klaipėda, Li huania.
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