144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ
Ins i u ü li auische Sp ache
ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS
Gediminas echnische Uni e si ä Vilnius
VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: g amma and compu e
linguis ics.
A mul ilingual one
This is he websi e o g amma .
DER LITAUISCHEN SPRACHE
Daugiakalbė lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos
in o macinė sis ema in e ne e
The anno a ion
A yea ago, he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language s a ed wo king on a p ojec aimed a
making he p esen a ion o de ailed da a on he g amma ical p ope ies o Li huanian
wo ds eely a ailable o use s on he In e ne . In Ma ch 2017, a ial e sion was p epa ed,
which includes only wo ds wi h he oo […]bėg[…] (c . he e b […]bėg i/lau en[…]). The
da abase consis s o abou 25,000 eco ds. The p ojec seeks o a oid he sho comings o
exis ing wo k in he ield o compu e linguis ics. This conce ns he scope o he wo ds, he
e sa ili y o he g amma ical da a, he cla i y and comp ehensibili y o he p esen a ion
o he da a, e c. The g amma ical in o ma ion abou he ypes o mo phemes en e ed by
he use is gi en o he use . Fo each wo d con ained in he da abase, you can ge a lexion
bene Wo wi d in d ei Be eichen da ges ell : S uk u des Wo es, mo phologische Da en
und mo phemische Da en. Dies is die e s e Websi e in Li auen, au de die In o ma ion
able. Examples o use a e also gi en o some wo ds. The websi e is a ailable in se en
languages: Li huanian, English, Ge man, F ench, I alian, Russian and Japanese, so ha
o eigne s in e es ed in he Li huanian language can use i .
S aipsniai / A icles 145
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
The anno a ion
The p ojec was s a ed in he Ins i u e o Li huanian language in 2016. I aims a p eco e ing
sen ing de ailed da a abou he g amma ical ea u es o Li huanian wo ds. The goal is o
make hose da a eely accessible o any use on he In e ne . The p elimina y e sion
he wo ds wi h he oo […]bėg/ un[…] was published in Ma ch 2017. The da abase con ains
a ound 25,000 en ies. We a e ying o a oid d awbacks ha a e speci ic o he cal da a
wo ks done in he ield o compu a ional linguis ics. I includes wo d co e age, g amma i-
comp ehensi eness, cla i y and cla i y o p esen ed in o ma ion e c. G amma omo phemic
cal in o ma ion abou he wo d in ques ion is p esen ed om h ee aspec s: wo d s uc u e,
mo phological da a, and mo phemic da a. I is he i s websi e in Li huania p o iding
ypes. One can ge an in lec ion able o each wo d he da abase con ains. Usage examples
a e gi en o some wo ds. The in o ma ion on he websi e is a ailable in so o eigne s
se en languages – Li huanian, English, Ge man, F ench, I alian, Russian, and Japanese –
in e es ed in Li huanian language can use i as well. KEYWORDS: G amma , Mo phology,
Mo phemic, In o ma ion sys em, Compu a ional linguis ics. This is he i s ime I' e been able
o do his.
1. In oduc ion: Compu e linguis ics is he s udy o he human language.
Un il he middle o he 20 h cen u y. All he g amma s o he 20 h cen u y we e
p in ed on pape . A e he ad en o compu e s (in 1942, he wo ld's i s
compu e , he MARK I, was buil a Ha a d Uni e si y (Schwanke 1991: 69)), hey
began o pene a e all a eas o li e. Languages we e no excep ion: i soon became
clea ha compu e s could p ocess no only numbe s bu also any symbols.
Consequen ly, hey can also p ocess languages. Se e al linguis s began o de elop
o mal desc ip ions o languages so ha he capabili ies o compu e s could be
applied o languages as well (Winog ad 1983: 23). In he ield o a i icial in elligence,
language p ocessing has become one o he mos impo an a eas o applica ion
(Chab is 1989: 71). F om 1968 o 1978, he g amma ical analysis o languages was
he mos impo an opic o a i icial in elligence esea che s (Nie enbu g 1987:
26). Howe e , he languages ha a e so easily adap ed o humans seemed like a
ha d nu o c ack o compu e s (Jensen, Heido n,
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is awa e o he ac ha
he Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e . The e o e, no good esul s ha e been achie ed so a in he ield o language p ocessing wi h he help o compu e s.
S a is ical me hods 1.1.
S a is ical me hods a e o g ea impo ance in language p ocessing. The i s
p oposals o use hem we e made sho ly a e he ad en o compu e s. This is
especially ue o he English language. Da id W. Reed discusses he quan i a i e
linguis ic analysis (Reed 1949: 236). Wa en Wea e was he i s o exp ess he idea
o using compu e s o ansla ion. In 1949, he p oposed o use s a is ical
me hods. Bu he scien is s o ha ime ejec ed i a e a sho ime, p obably
because o he insu icien amoun o elec onically eadable ex s and because
o he no oo high pe o mance o he compu e s o ha ime. A e a ew
decades, when he co pus o ex s had been collec ed, and he applica ion o
s a is ical me hods in speech ecogni ion p oduced good esul s, he e was a
e u n o s a is ical me hods in ansla ion (B own e al. 1990: 79). In Canada,
condi ions we e pa icula ly a ou able because all he ma e ial o Pa liamen was
s o ed in wo languages (English and F ench) because o he wo o icial languages.
The e o e, a su icien numbe o pa allel ex s could be collec ed e y quickly
(Al-Onaizan, Cu in, 1999: 1). The s uc u e o he wo languages, i.e. English and
F ench, is e y simila : he wo d o de is s ic ( he subjec comes i s , he
p edica e second). The simila i ies in he s uc u e o he languages allowed good
ansla ion pe o mance o be achie ed by s a is ical me hods. Bu his is no he
case wi h he Li huanian language. The Google ansla ions ha use he s a is ical
me hod do no ye p o ide good ansla ions in o Li huanian. Acco ding o 2017
da a, he esul s o bo h English-Li huanian and Li huanian-English ansla ions
a e wo se han hose o English-La ian, La ian-English, English-Es onian and
Es onian-English (Skadiņš 2017: 22).
The s a is ical me hods also pene a ed in o o he a eas o linguis ics. The
i s wo ks conce ned phone ics (Zip 1929). In 1944, s a is ical s udies o he
li e a y lexicon we e ca ied ou , i.e. how many wo ds we e used once, how many
wo ds we e used wice, h ee imes, e c. (Yule 1944: 9) This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
S aipsniai A icles 147 and 147
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
Since 1973, he e m dialec ome y has been used o e e o he ield o
linguis ics dealing wi h he quan i a i e s udy o languages and dialec s (Köhle ,
Al mann, Pio owski 2005: 498). Simila ly, s a is ical me hods we e applied in he
ield o mo phology. Goldsmi h desc ibes he algo i hm o de e mining
mo phemes in wo ds as: […]algo i hm ha akes as inpu a lis o wo ds and
p o ides as ou pu a segmen a ion o he wo ds in o mo phemes[…] (Goldsmi h
2010: 365). A he end o he las cen u y, a emp s a e desc ibed in Russian
li e a u e o ca y ou an au oma ic syn ac ic analysis o sen ences using
s a is ical calcula ions. Scien is s in Russia ha e p oposed no o make he
syn ac ic s uc u e o sen ences on he basis o linguis ic analysis, bu o use a
s a is ical p ocessing o he ex s. They claimed ha e e y linguis ic uni (wo d,
syn ac ic ca ego y o he wo d, syn ac ic cons uc ion) occu s wi h a ce ain
equency in he ex . Fo example, acco ding o he in o ma ion in he Valenz
F equencies Dic iona y, he e a e 195 di e en pa e ns o syn ac ic
ela ionships speci ic o he e b. Bu he en mos common pa e ns alone
accoun o 86% o all cases used in ex s. S a is ical laws a e also used o he
linea s uc u e o he sen ence. Each wo d class has i s equency, wi h which i
can be emo ed om he s a ing poin by a ce ain dis ance. The e b o he
English language can s and wi h he p obabili y o 0.7 in he second o i h posi ion
om he beginning o he sen ence. And wi h a p obabili y o 0.95, i occu s in he
second o en h posi ion (Se dyuko 1979: 124).
La e , da a om a ex co pus was used o syn ac ic analysis (Köhle
2012: 31).
Howe e , good esul s ha e been achie ed o he ime being only in he
p ocessing o he English language. Vidas Dauda a ičius, who has wo ked in he
ield o compu e iza ion o Li huanian syn ax, claims: […]Nai u many i, kad
me odai, ku ie sėkmingai anglų kalbai, inka i ki oms kalboms.[…]1
(Dauda a ičius 2012: 3) This is a e y impo an poin .
Wi h he help o s a is ical me hods, you can quickly c ea e as -wo king sys ems, bu on one
condi ion: you ha e o ole a e a ce ain numbe o e o s (Link 1). I was he e o e decided a
he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language o ely as li le as possible on s a is ics in o de o
ensu e he highes deg ee o accu acy and eliabili y o he da a. I is nai e o hink ha he
me hods success ully used o he English language a e equally sui able o he o he
languages.
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
148 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
1.2. DIE LAGE IN LITAUEN
Much wo k has al eady been done in he ield o compu e iza ion o Li huanian
g amma . Mos o hem a e unde s andable only o compu e linguis ics
specialis s. Some a e also in ended o he gene al public. Howe e , hey only
e lec indi idual p ope ies and cha ac e is ics o wo ds and g amma . Fo
example, a da abase o mo phemics was c ea ed in Kaunas a he Uni e si y o
Vy au as he G ea on he basis o a ex co pus. The e a e many missing wo d
o ms and many abb e ia ions a e used ha a e no unde s andable o e e yone.
The mo phemes a e sepa a ed by a hyphen and no da a on he ype o he
mo pheme is gi en. A he Ins i u e o Ma hema ics and In o ma ics in Vilnius, a
da abase o de i a ion and mo phemics was c ea ed. The e is he ype o he
mo pheme as well as he basic wo ds and he de ini ions (Mu mulai y ė 2012: 96).
Un o una ely, he da abase is no eely accessible. I was he e o e decided o
c ea e a comp ehensi e in o ma ion sys em in ended o he gene al public and
able o p o ide he use wi h de ailed da a. Two ex emes can be obse ed in he
p esen a ion o Li huanian g amma ical in o ma ion on he In e ne . These a e:
he absence o e en he common wo d o ms and he p esen a ion o supe luous
wo ds ha a e incomp ehensible e en o he na i e speake . The in o ma ion
sys em o Li huanian g amma seeks o a oid hese wo ex emes. All wo d
o ms a e au oma ically gene a ed wi h he compu e om he lemma o he
wo d, so you ge he whole se o lexion o ms. All possible de i a ions and
composi ions a e en e ed in o he da abase. So he e's no sho age o wo d
o ms anymo e. Then all wo ds and wo d o ms o med by he compu e a e
checked by hand and non-exis en a ian s a e dele ed. This elimina es
unnecessa y wo ds.
2. The wo k on
In Li huania, wo me hods o compu e p ocessing o language can be
dis inguished. In Kaunas, he wo k is ca ied ou a he Cen e o Compu e
Linguis ics on he basis o a ex co pus. In Vilnius, a he uni e si y and a he
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, mo e a en ion is paid o he cha ac e is ics
o he Li huanian language i sel . Bo h me hods ha e ad an ages as well as
disad an ages. Fu he mo e, his is shown in some examples.

S aipsniai / A icles 149
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
2.1. TEXTKORPUS-BASIERTE ARBEITEN
An de Uni e si ä Vy au as’ des G oßen in Kaunas wu de ein Tex ko pus
de li auischen Gegenwa ssp ache e s ell . Man benu z es ü e schiedene
Types o language p ocessing. In he ield o g amma , a dic iona y o Mo phemic
(Rimku ė, Kazlauskienė, Raškinis 2011) and a e a ew yea s also a da abase we e
c ea ed. Bo h he mo phemic and he mo phological da a a e o e ed o he use .
This is he i s eely accessible sou ce in which he wo d is di ided in o i s
mo phemes. An example o his is shown in Figu e 1. The wo ds […]pe -ei- i[…]
Typ des Mo phems wi d leide nich angegeben und manchmal üh das zu
eine e wi enden Da s ellung de mo phemischen S uk u des Wo es. Das
is de Fall, wenn Wö e mi e schiedene S uk u gleich da ges ell we den.
(passing) and […]pe -ė- i[…] (b eeding) ha dly di e ex e nally. The mo phemic
s uc u es o he wo wo ds look he same in he mo phemic da abase. In he i s
wo d, howe e , he mo pheme […]pe […] is he p e ix and in he second wo d, he
same i s mo pheme […]pe […] is he oo . Figu e 1 The ollowing able is inse ed in
Annex I o his Regula ion: Wo ds wi h di e en mo phemic s uc u es a e
ep esen ed in he same way (Rimku ė, Kazlauskienė, Raškinis 2011: 8, 35) The second
de ec can be men ioned as he lack o e en common wo d o ms. Pa izipians ha e
six cases in he Li huanian language. Table 1 shows he occu ence o he wo d
o ms (singula , masculine) o he
Pa izips „bėgan is / lau ende , ließende “ in de Da enbank ü Mo phemik
gezeig .
I u ns ou ha e en he lemma (nomina i e, singula ) o his wo d is missing.
E en he o he missing o ms, such as he loca i e (bėgančiame andenyje in
lowing wa e ) canno be conside ed a e o uncommon. So he e a e only wo
wo d o ms ou o six cases. The scien is s o he second Bal ic language,
La ian, sp ead
chen auch on eine unzu eichenden Zahl an Wo o men im Tex ko pus (Pai-
kens, Ri uma, P e kalniņa 2013: 272).
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
TABLE 1 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I: The occu ence in he da abase
(Link 2) o he wo d o ms o he pa iciple bėgan is unning, lowing in he singula , masculine /
The case wo d da abase
Nomina i bėgan is ehl
Geni i bėgančio o handen
Da i bėgančiam is missing
Accusa i ely p esen
Ins umen al bėgančiu ehl
Loca ion missing
Insgesam : 6 2
2.2. AUSGANGSPUNKT – DIE LITAUISCHE
The language
A he Uni e si y o Vilnius, he p ope ies o he Li huanian len o he wo d
Sp ache aus. Die Websi e Mo ologija.l (Link 3) s ell soga die Flexions abel-
a e discussed. Un o una ely, he e a e many blank spaces, some imes o he
whole pa adigm. Unknown and incomp ehensible wo ds o a Li huanian
some imes also occu , e.g. […]susi ikimoji[…] (Link 4) and simila . A he Ins i u e
o Ma hema ics and In o ma ics in Vilnius, a da abase o wo d o ma ion and
mo phology was c ea ed (Mu mulai y ė 2012). I con ains e y aluable
in o ma ion ( he ype o mo pheme, he oo wo d, he de e mina i e wo d,
e c.), bu un o una ely he da a is no eely a ailable.
3. The in o ma ion sys em o he
Li huanian g amma
The Li huanian language belongs o he g oup o he leas compu e ized languages
in Eu ope (Vaišnienė, Zaba skai ė 2012: 35). I was he e o e decided o c ea e an
in o ma ion sys em con aining de ailed da a on he g amma ical p ope ies o
Li huanian wo ds. The need o c ea e mo e so wa e o a wide ange o use s is
o en emphasised by scien is s dealing wi h he Bal ic languages. In he
ins uc ions o he BSNLP (Bal o-Sla ic Na u al Language P ocessing) 2015 and 2017
con e ences, i is w i en: […]submissions desc ibing sys ems ha a e made
a ailable o he wide public would be s ongly encou aged[…] (Link 5). Tha is why
S aipsniai A icles 151 and 151
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
he idea was o design he in o ma ion sys em o Li huanian g amma o a wide
ange o use s and o p esen he da a as simply and unde s andably as possible.
As a esul , a esponsi e web design (RWD) was chosen o mee he needs o use s
as well as possible. Consequen ly, he g amma ical in o ma ion abou he wo d is
in e p e ed in o he iles (English iles) (Link 6). The e o e, he websi e can also be
accessed by mobile phone.
3.1. Me hod o de e mining he
The TENBANK
The aim o compu e izing g amma is o ha e all he g amma ical in o ma ion
abou each wo d and all i s o ms in elec onic o m. The e a e wo ways o
achie e his. The i s way is o c ea e a o mal desc ip ion o he g amma ical
ules (which would be a kind o ool) and hen le he compu e gene a e he
necessa y in o ma ion. The second way is o s o e all he g amma ical
in o ma ion abou all he o ms o all he wo ds in he compu e and ead hem
ou i necessa y. Which app oach equi es mo e wo k is ye o be discussed. A
he Ins i u e o Ma hema ics and In o ma ics, he so wa e o a mo phological
analysis o he Li huanian language (Zinke ičius 2000) has been de eloped, o
which he i s me hod was used. Howe e , i was no possible o achie e 100%
accu acy: he e a e inco ec in o ma ion, some Li huanian wo ds a e no
ecognized.
In he de elopmen o he in o ma ion sys em o Li huanian g amma , his
app oach was abandoned o he ollowing eason: in o de o he compu e o
p ocess he wo ds i sel , i mus be shown e y p ecisely wha ac i i ies i
should do wi h which wo d. The e o e, i s all wo ds mus be di ided in o
g oups in such a way ha he same egula i ies apply o all membe s o a g oup,
i.e. so ha he same me hod o p ocessing can be used. In o de o include he
wo d in one g oup o ano he , one mus iden i y many cha ac e is ics on he
basis o which he wo ds a e o be g ouped. Fo example, in he syn ac ic
analysis o he Li huanian language, he seman ic cha ac e is ic [ ime] is used
o de e mine he
syn ak ischen Funk ion on Akkusa i de Subs an i e. Im Sa z „Visą nak į ji
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII numbe ed his book all nigh she ead his
book. […] and […]Visą knygą ji pe skai ė šią nak į The whole book she ead in ha
nigh . […] The wo wo ds book and nigh do no di e in e ms o mo phological
ca ego ies […] bo h a e eminine, singula , accusa i e and only he seman ic
ea u e [ ime] ha he wo d nigh has, and he wo d book does no ha e, allows
he compu e o co ec ly conside he wo d nigh as a ime de e mina ion and
he wo d book as an objec in he sen ence. You ha e o do some hing simila o
mo phology. One o he e o s in he so wa e al eady c ea ed o he
mo phological analysis o he Li huanian language is ha he mo pheme -ėjals
su ix is conside ed o such oo s wi h which i is no allowed o en e in o a
connec ion. You ha e o de e mine he cha ac e is ics o wo ds ha would
allow he compu e o decide which oo s his su ix -ėjin can be connec ed o.
Bu i 's e y complica ed o do ha . Fo example, wha is common o he wo ds
ge o ė (good), žino as (expe ) and da žo ė ( a me )? Tha hey all ha e he
su ix -o . And wha dis inguishes i om all he o he wo ds o whose oo his
su ix canno be added (one canno say *kėdo ė […] he de i a i e wi h he su ix
-o om he wo d kėdė/chai )? And wha ea u e does ha show?
The e o e, he second pa h was chosen in he de elopmen o he in o ma ion
sys em o Li huanian g amma , i.e. a da abase was p epa ed con aining de ailed
g amma ical in o ma ion on all o ms o all wo ds o he Li huanian language.
He e one does no ha e o s a om he g amma ical ca ego ies (as is he
case in all g amma s p in ed on pape ), bu om he wo d i sel : o each wo d,
all he in o ma ion associa ed wi h i mus be p o ided o he use . I was
decided o ake a oo as a s a ing poin and de elop so wa e ha would
e lec he en i e s uc u e o Li huanian g amma . The oo bėg ( om he
e b bėg i o un) was chosen as he i s sample. Then all possible de i a ions
we e gene a ed wi h he compu e and la e all wo ds ha did no exis in he
Li huanian language we e e ased by hand. In o al, he da abase con ains abou
25,000 en ies. The in o ma ion sys em o he g amma o he Li huanian
language (Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos in o macinė sis ema LIGIS) (Link 7) has wo
main ea u es. Fi s ly, i gi es he use mo e de ailed in o ma ion abou a
speci ic wo d han he g amma s p in ed on pape . and
S aipsniai / A icles 159
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
Kühle -Reinha d 2012: Quan i a i e Syn ax Analysis is he i s o i s kind in
he wo ld. The G uy e Mou on. Köhle Reinha d, Al mann Gab iel, Pio owski
Rajmund G. 2005: Quan i a i e linguis ics. This is he i s ime ha he e m
has been used in his way. Be lin New Yo k: Wal e de G uy e . He was bo n in
Be lin, Ge many. Linguis Lis 2017: 28.2524, Qs: How do you say he LINGUIST Lis
in you language? This is a lis o websi es ha a e owned by
linguis @lis se .linguis lis .o g. Mu mulai y ė Dai a 2012: Li huanian language mo phemics and wo d esea ch pe spec i es. […] Žmogus and Žodis 1(14), 96[…]102.
Ni enbu g Se gei 1987: Machine ansla ion: heo e ical and me hodological issues.
This is a lis o uni e si ies in he Uni ed Kingdom.
Paikens Pē e is, Ri uma Lau a, P e kalniņa Lauma 2013: Mo phological analysis wi h
limi ed esou ces: La ian example. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
P oceedings o he 19 h No dic Con e ence on Compu a ional Linguis ics. (NODALIDA
2013) The Commission is also p oposing o ex end he scope o he egula ion o co e he whole o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Da id W. Reed 1949: A S a is ical App oach o Quan i a i e Linguis ic Analysis,
WORD, 5:3, 235247, DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1949.11659355. This is he i s ime ha
his has been done. Rimku ė E ika, Kazlauskienė As a, Raškinis Gailius 2011: The
wo ds o he Li huanian language. Kaunas: VDU. Wha a e you doing?
Schwanke Ma ina 1991: Machine ansla ion: an o e iew o he heo y and
I 's called p ac ice. Be lin: Published by Sp inge .
Skadiņš Rai is 2017: Neu al MT and o he language echnologies a TILDE. This is he
i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he Commission's
p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k.
Sebas ian Sulge , Bu Mi iam, King T acy Holloway, Meu e Paul 2013: Pa G amBank: The
Pa G am Pa allel T eebank. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. P oceedings o he 51s
Annual Mee ing o he Associa ion o Compu a ional Linguis ics, So ia, Bulga ia, 550 […]
560. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine,
so ed by he yea o hei dea h. Š eikauskienė Dai a 2015: Mo phemic s uc u e o he
Li huanian p e ixes. Language: Meaning and Fo m 6. Language sys em and language use.
The Uni e si y o Riga, 189197.
Vaišnienė Dai a, Zaba skai ė Jolan a 2012: The Li huanian language in he digi al
age. G. Rehm, H. Uzhko ei Whi e Pape Se ies. This is he i s o i s kind. Heidelbe g New Yo k Ci y and i s su oundings
This is Do d ech London.
Te y Winog ad 1983: Language as a cogni i e p ocess 1. The syn ax. I is
published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, London.

DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Yule Geo ge Udny 1944: The S a is ical S udy o Li e a y Vocabula y. Camb idge
MA, Camb idge uni e si y p ess.
Zinke ičius Vy au as 2000: Lemuoklis – mo ologinei analizei. – Da bai i dienos
24, 245–273.
Geo ge Kingsley (1929): Rela i e equency as a de e minan o phone ic
change. Ha a d s udies in classical philology 40, 1[…]95. Se dyuko P. I ano ich
1979: Op imiza ion o he algo i hm o sea ching o syn ax
ческих связей. – Международный семинар по машинному переводу. Москва: ВЦП,
123–125.
LINKS
Link 1: h p://www.digi alg amma s.com/ (Zug i am 21.11. 2017)
Link 2: h p:// eks ynas. du.l /page.xh ml?id=mo ema-db (Zug i am 21.11. 2017)
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion. A4che
(Accessed on 21.11.2017)
This is a lis o ai po s in Li huania, g ouped by ype and so ed
by loca ion.
S aipsniai A icles o he 161.
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
Annex A. G amma ical in o ma ion is p o ided. Example o he g amma ically
ambiguous wo d nubėg i unning- unning. The g amma ical in o ma ion is displayed
in iles on he websi e. This p esen a ion is con enien o esponsi e web design
[…] RWD. No e: The colo s a e emo ed in he image.
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
ANHANG B. FORMENTABELLE FÜR
Declina ion
As an example, he lexion o he pa icipium nubėg as is gi en in all h ee
gene a and all cases.
S aipsniai A icles 163 and 163
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
Annex C. Tool ype o he
Examples o use.
Als Beispiel wi d die Schnellin o ü die Akkusa i -Singula -Fo m bėgį des
Subs an i e bėgis Lau , gea box, ailway ack is indica ed.
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
164 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Annex D. Table o con en s
I 's called conjuga ion.
Als Beispiel wi d die Flexion des Ve bs bėg i / lau en in allen Tempus o men
and Modi.

S aipsniai / A icles 165
Eine meh sp achige Websi e zu G amma ik
de li auischen Sp ache
Daugiakalbė lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos
in o macinė sis ema in e ne e
SANTRAUKA
Li huanian compu e iza ion wo k can be obse ed by he main de ec : some imes he ne is
o en a ojamų o ms and p esen a ion o he de ec s, Li huanian callig aphy is o en
neglec ed wo ds. Ku ian Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos in o macinę sis emą (LIGIS) s engiamasi
iš eng i jų abiejų (English g amma in o ma ion sys em o Li huanian language) is a sys em
o g amma ha is used in he Li huanian language. The esul s o he au oma ed compu e
ami žodžiai.
Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos in o macinė sis ema apima isus da inius. Šiuo me u duomenų
bazę suda o ik šaknies bėg- žodžiai. Jų y a apie 25 000. Palyginimui galima pa eik i okius
gene a ed by he o m a e ob ained by looking a he human, when i would be a mes i
lie u iui nesup anduomenis: mo emikos duomenų bazę suda o is abou 75 000 į ašų, be jie
su ink i iš isos lie u ių kalbos leksikos. I' e been looking o wo ds o a long ime. The main
objec i e o he Li huanian g amma in o ma ion sys em was o p o ide de ailed
g amma ical in o ma ion in plain language. The e o e, i was s engiamasi da a ha led o he
cla i ica ion and sup ana ion. S e a is adap ing o use mobile phones.
Va o ojas, pa eikęs žodį, gauna ijų ipų in o maciją apie jį: žodžio s uk ū a (p adinė o ma
a pama iniai žodžiai da iniams), mo ologinė in o macija (kalbos dalis a jos mo ologinės
ka ego ijos laikasijos linksnis, giminė, skaičius, laipsnis i . .) and mo eminiai duomenys žodis
išskaid pi masis mo omis, nu ody as mo emos ipą p ie požymius, jei kalbos apie g ama ikos
mo ema jų u i, pa yzdžiui, p iesaga – da ybinė / kai ybinė, galūnė – į a džiuo inė, su-
umpėjusi i k . Kiek iena mo ema žymima is ki a spal a. Reikia pab ėž i, kad Lie u ių
in o macinė sis ema y a pa eikiamas inklapis Lie u oje, ku imosui ipama. This is he i s ime
ha his has happened. Be ca e ul wha you say. Be ca e ul wha you say. Be ca e ul wha you
say. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you.
Some o he examples o he use o wo ds a e gi en below. This job didn' no ice any laws.
S e a pa eikiama sep yniomis kalbomis: Li huanian, English, Ge man, F ench, I alian, Russian and
Ku ian Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos in o macinę sis emą siekiama kuo didesnio ikslumo i
pa ikimumo. Todėl isos lemos (žodžių p adinės o mos – a dininkas, bend a is) su eda-
mos į duomenų bazę ankomis. Kai ybines o mas sugene uo i pa ikė a kompiu e iui, nes
Japanese.
I is planned ha he Li huanian g amma in o ma ion sys em will be able o
nin ais žodynais i suku i okiečių inklapio CANOONET analogą.
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ, ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS, VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Į eik a 2017 m. Sep embe 5 d. This is he i s edi ion o he book.
DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania Loca ed in he ci y o Vilnius, Li huania
dai a. m @gmail.com
ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS
This is a lis o he membe s o he
Eu opean Pa liamen who we e elec ed o he Eu opean Pa liamen om he Uni ed Kingdom.
VYTAUTAS ŠVEIKAUSKAS
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius,
Li huania code . [email protected] Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania Pe o Vileišio g. is loca ed in he ci y o Vilnius, Li huania.