STUDIES OF
THE
LITHUANIAN
LANGUAGE
SANDARS
QUESTIONS
OF
LITHUANIAN
LINGUISTICS,
XXVI (1987)
IZABELE STEPONAVICIOTE
15
CONVER-
GING
ENGLISH
AND
LITHUANI-
AN LANGUAGE ACTION MOVIE
J.
Baléikonis-
’s
“Guli e ’s
Jou ney”
can be
used as a
basis o
compa a -
i e
analysis in
a ious
aspec s,
including
linguis ic
s ylis ics,
and
compa is-
on in a
sepa a e
ca ego y
o
mic osys-
em can
help o
unde s a-
nd he
speci ics
o each
language,
e eal he
cen al
and
pe iphe al
means o
exp essi-
on in a
unc iona-
l-seman ic
ca ego y,
and show
he
possibili i-
es o
choosing a
mo e
app op ia-
e o m,
which
would
adequa e-
ly con ey
no only
subjec i-
e
in o ma i-
on, bu
also
s ylis ic
addi ions,
aise he
same
associa i-
ons and
mee he
equi em-
en s o
s yle.
Ve y la ge
s ylis ic
usage
iSgales
has
ac ionWo-
ds bo h in
Li huanian
and
English.
The
possibili i-
es o
exp essi-
on a e
ela ed o
he
ca ego i-
es o ime,
sequence,
pe son,
ac ion,
ela ions-
hip, o he
exis ence
o
pe soni i-
ed and
impe son-
alized
o ms, o
one o
ano he
me hod
and means
o making
wo ds.
This
linguis ic
po en ial
is he
basis o
he
o ma ion
o
synonymo-
us s ings,
whose
membe s
can be
elemen s
o
di e en
s uc u -
es
(analy ical
and
syn he ic-
), as well
as o
di e en
e ms
(lexical,
syn ac ic-
). Fo
example, in
English
he e a e
many
mo pholo-
gical
g oups o
wo ds
ha can
eplace
g amma i-
cal
ca ego i-
es o he
co espo-
nding
meaning.
P amaiSiui
su bii yju
laiky
o momis
a ojam-
os
kons uk-
cijos: kep
+
ge undiju-
s, used o
+
in ini y a-
s, was a
habi wi h
somebody
+
in ini y a-
s,
was|we e
in he
habi o +
ge undiju-
s,
was|we e
won +
in ini y a-
s, would +
in ini y a-
s.
Speaking
abou he
cons uc-
ion used
o+in ini i-
e, R.
Klouzas
poin s ou
ha in
$esmé i
has
become a
o m o
ime’. The
p esen
ense
o ms can
be
eplaced
by
cons uc-
ions wi h
he e b
o be: o
be
abou +in -
ini i e, o
be going
+in ini i e,
o
be+in ini i-
e, o be
on he
poin o
+ge undi -
e.
Compa ing
he
English
and
Li huanian
e b
sys ems,
we see
ha hey
di e
bo h in he
numbe o
enses
and in
hei
s ylis ic
alency
and abili y
o eplace
each
o he
synonymo-
usly.
Quan i a -
i e ense
o ms in
he
English
language.
Howe e ,
he e may
be a
meaning in
one
language
ha does
no ha e a
o mal
equi alen
in ano he ,
bu his
does no
mean ha
we canno
con ey
he
dis u bing
analogue
in o ma i-
on by
means o
ano he
language.
This
means
ha i is
no he
quan i y
o he
o m ha
is
impo an ,
bu he
“ lexibili -
y” o each
wo d, i.e.
he
po en ial
o con ey
a ious
meanings,
meaning ul
nuances,
modal
shades. I
is
impo an
o no e
ha he
use o
iSgalés is
no
uni o m,
because in
mos
cases he
empo al
choice in
bo h
languages
is
de e min-
ed no by
he logical
unc ion
hey
pe o m,
bu by he
abili y o
con ey
addi ional
s ylis ic
in o ma i-
on —
emo ional
exp essi-
e
addi ions.
Kalban ys-
is (a
a8an ysi-
s) 1 Close
R. A.
English as
a Fo eign
Language.
—London,
1962, p. 99.
54
collides wi h
ano he
a
o m o ime,
iS eiSkian&iq
some kind o
di e en
posi i e
a
ac ion.
i
In o he
wo ds, i
is jus as
impo an
ne
o he
au ho o
p ecisely
exp ess
he ime
and
jo
du a ion
—
o he
ac ion, as
i is o
him o
con ey his
emo ional
assessm-
en , his
ela ions-
su
hip wi h
wha is
being
spoken abou .
The abili y o
he empo al
o ms o
subs i u e
synonymous-
ly depends on
he seman ic
s uc u e,
on he
exis ing o
po en ial
amily o he
.
y.
ca ego ical
meaning.
To ealize
hese sems,
a ce ain
linguis ic
con ex is
necessa y
supe a-
—
Uni o
knowledge,
syn ac ic
s uc u e
o he
sen ence,
ime- ela -
ed wo ds
a
Ve b g oups,
o he e b
enses,
conjunc ions,
e c.
i
Con ex -depen-
den
exp essi eness
is he main
—
means o
exp ession in
Sal inis.
On he o he
hand, i is
necessa y o
speak
sepa a ely
abou hose
o ms,
whe e a
ce ain
modal
exp essi e
cu e can be
ega ded as
a componen
o
pa adigma ic
meaning.
Such
s ylis ical-
ly
conno ed
g amma i-
cal o ms
a e no
many, bu
hey
signi ican-
ly
suppleme-
n he
s ylis ic a senal o he language.
In he English
e b sys em,
he o ms
ma ked wi h
modal
exp essi e
shades a e
conside ed
emphasized
P esen , Pas
i
Impe a i e o m
deno acinés
su
eikSmés
in ensi ika o iumi
,,do“,
Pas
Inde ini e
nega i e o m
a ian s el
no , knew no ,
impe a i e
nega i e o m
o auxilia y
e b do“.
be
S ylis ically
Zymé as a e
also
conside ed
a chainés
o ms, gi ing
he ex a
his o ical,
pa e nal
sounding?.
Pyz. :
Wha you
ha e old
me
(said
my
mas e )
All, he
kq
old me
abou
wa s
papaupon
he
subjec
wa ,
does
o
indeed
said
( a é
Seimininkas),
labai
gedisco e
mos
admi ably
he e ec s
ai odo
jusy p o a,
ku iuo
gi ia és
ha eason
you p e end
o.
o
(p.
224)
(p.
246)
I
c ied ou
in
a
ap u e:
Happy
na ion,
whe e
e e y
child ha h
leas
a
chance
a
o being
immo al!
(p.
191)
Be
he e o -
e, he
g amma i-
cal o m
can be a
sign o a
ce ain
unc ional
s yle.
This is
when i s
use is only
possible in
he
con ex o
a ce ain
s yle.
Fi s ly,
hese a e
o ms wi h
a
dis inc i e,
poe ic,
a chaic
shade,
secondly,
hey a e
o
—
Pobiedj o
spoken
language.
Fo example,
e bozodzio
,, o
speak“
o ms
,,spoke“
i
In
mo phologic-
al e ms, he
language is
he a ian s
o he pas
ense, and in
s ylis ic
e ms, he
—
di e en
du
ways o
exp essing
he
a
seman ic
con en
i sel ,
because
hey di e
signi ican ly
in hei
sphe e o
use by
s ylis ic
exchange.
i
Spoke is a
neu al
o m o
a chainé,
sui able o
iSkilming
0
s yle.
—
P idéjus
galiine
-ed ac ionFo
wo ds ha change
owels o ge
su ixes
-n, o m
igyja
Shadow o
spoken, e en
ulga
language, e.g.:
seed
(=saw,
seen),
knowed
(=knew).
AiSkiai
Use o
spoken
language
when
In he
P esen
Pe ec
o m, he
auxilia y e b
»ha e« is
omi ed, e.g.
been
(=ha e
been),
seen
(=ha e
seen).
The s ylis ic
cha ac e is ics
o such
di e en o ms
a e clea when
hey a e used as
neu al ones.
su
Fi s o all,
his applies o
he li e a u e
o beau y,
whe e he
seman ic
s ylis ic
po en ial o
he o m is
ully e ealed.
The second
i
such a ea
i
—
A
con e sa ional language.
*
Wnsum
6.
A.
C po
cospemenno o
au muiicxo o
s3pika, JI.,
—
1971,
c.
354,
356-358,
55
Compa i-
ng he
o iginal
and he
ansla -
ion o
Gulli e ’s
T a els,
we can
see how
he
ac ion-o-
ien ed
ai s o
Zodiac
a e used
in a s o y
ha is
no
in e up-
ed o
a ied by
dialogue.
Fu he -
mo e,
when he
same
na a o
ecoun s
e en s
and
con eys
hough s
and
wo ds o
o he
cha ac -
e s,
he e is
no
linguis ic
di e si y
ha
cha ac -
e s
no mally
c ea e.
Such a
s o y
can
become
mono on-
ous. On
he
o he
hand,
when
elling in
he i s
pe son,
all e en s
a e
desc ib-
ed mo e
subjec i-
ely, he
na a o
no only
ec ea -
es
e en s
o
e en s,
bu also
in e p e-
s hem,
shows
his iews
on wha
is
happenin-
g,
e alua -
es he
ac ions
o
o he s.
Such a
subjec i-
e iew is
a sla e o
he
sea ch
o
exp essi-
e means
o
exp essi-
on. And
hen one
o m is
chosen i8
synonym-
ic
sequenc-
es, o
which
a ious
synonym-
ic o ms
a e used.
One
example
o he
use o
he i8
syn agm-
a ic
ense is
he use
o he
p esen ,
pas and
u u e
ense o
deno e a
gene ali-
zed
ac ion.
We ha e
in mind
ac ions
o
unlimi ed
du a ion,
which
a e
cons an-
ly
ele an ,
as well as
occasion-
ally o
cons an-
ly epea ed ac ions, cha ac e is ics o abili y o he ac o o do some hing, dis inc i e ai s, e c.
Simila ly,
he
English
P esen
Inde ini -
e, Fu u e
Inde ini-
e and
Pas
Inde ini-
e o ms
can be
used,
al hough
he
la e is
qui e
a e.
Many
examples
o
gene ali-
zed use
o ime
can be
ound in
Li huani-
an and
English
olk
ales:
p o e b-
s,
sayings,
hough s
and
sayings
summa i-
zed in
Zmoniy
pa i i.
[ o
inse
in o he
s o y
such
summa i-
zing
s a eme-
n s
sound like
sen enc-
es,
ins uc -
ions. Fo
example: :
He said, i
i we e
possible
he e
could be
any
coun y
whe e
Yahoos
alone
we e
endued
wi h
eason,
hey
ce ainly
mus be
he
go e ni-
ng animal,
because
eason
will in
ime
always
p e ail
agains
b u al
s eng -
h. (p. 220)
Bu he
Houyhnh-
ums who
li e unde
he
go e nm-
en o
eason,
a e ‘no
mo e
p oud o
he good
quali ies
hey
possess,
han I
should be
o no
wan ing
a leg o
an a m,
which no
man in his
wi s
would
boas o
al hough
he mus
be
mise ab-
le
wi hou
hem. (p.
265) He
said ha
i you
eally
ind a Hall
whe e
only he
Yahas
a e
endowed
wi h
in elligen-
ce, hen
hey
should
eside
he e,
because
in he
long un
in elligen-
ce
always
p e ails.
(p. 240)
Bu he
mind-con -
olled yogas
a e no mo e
p oud o
he good
quali ies o
he sad a
han aS is
p oud o
ha ing wo
legs and
wo a ms,
because no
man o good
sense will
hea abou
i , al hough
he will eel
e y
unhappy o
lose i . (p.
289) A e
being
exposed o
a “ o eign”
en i onmen-
, he o m
eme ges in
elie and
a ac s
he
eade ’s
a en ion.
P esen
ense
o ms a e
gene ally
ansposed
mos ly o
s ylis ic
easons,
since he
empo al
signi icance
o he
p esen
ense is
mo e
gene al
han ha
o o he
empo al
signi icanc-
es. In a
ce ain
con ex ,
he p esen
ense o
Li huanian
can
synonymou-
sly eplace
any o he
ense:
bii ajj
ka inj,
bi aji
dazninj,
bisimaji,
when one
wan s o
desc ibe
he
si ua ion o
he p esen
o u u e
ense in a
isual,
emo ional
way.
56
English
p esen
ense
—
P esen
Inde ini e
i
P esen
Con inuous a e
—
also o en
ansposed o
c ea e some
o he s ylis ic
e ec .
a
In English
g upés
communica i e
e b
( o hea ,
obse e, say,
o
ell, w i e)
o
he p esen
o
ense o m
o
can be used
ins ead o
he pas
ense when
elling abou
pas e en s.
Simila uses
a e also qui e
common in
colloquial
language.
Such examples
a e qui e
abundan in he
ex s in bo h
languages.
Plg., e.g. :
ind
I
likewise,
ha
p in e
ha h
been so
ca eless
as o
con ound
he
imes,
and
mis ake
he
da es o
my
oyages
se e al
and
e u ns;
assigning
nei he
he ue
yea , he
ue
mon h,
o day o
he
mon h;
o
and I he
o iginal
manushe-
a c ip
is
des oy-
ed, since
he
publica i-
on all o
my book.
(p. 27)
Fu he mo-
e, I see
ha he old
p in e was
e ibly
un espec -
ul: He
con used
he imes
o my
depa u e
and e u n,
showing
nowhe e
he ue
mon h, o
he ue
day o he
mon h, and
now I hea
ha , a e
he book
was
published,
he
manusc ip
was
des oyed,
o which I
ha e no
eco d. (p. 9)
o-
The p esen
ense o ms
i
o hese
English e bs
in Li huanian
show ha
hey a e s ill
ele an o
he speaking
Romanian.
a
The
message
he
ecei ed
o
is now
passed
on o
ano he .
The u u e
ense does
no gi e way
o he
p esen
ense in i s
s ylis ic
usage.. »The
ac ion o
he u u e
ense o m
is a u u e
—
hing, odél
i
jj
possible
To look a he
su
ce ain y ha
i will be so,
doub ,
su p ise,
de e mina ion,
e c.
su
su
su
i
(...)
He e one can see
o he modal
shades o
eadiness o ac ,
de e mina ion,
i m con ic ion,
doub , necessi y,
h ea ,
ine i abili y,
i ony”*, The
ac ha modals
o obliga ion,
possibili y,
in en ion, e c.
i
i
needs a e
close o and
easily
compa ible
i
wi h he
needs o he
su
ac ion o
biisimaj,
biisimajj
laika
-supplemen-
s modal
shades by
wha e e
means i
i
may be
equi ed.
In English,
k.
he
p esen
ense o a
e b can be
exp essed
in he
p esen
ense
o m. Fo
example: :
Las ly,
ha upon
his solemn
oa h o
obse e all
he abo e
a icles,
he said
ManMoun -
ain shall
ha e a daily
allowance
o mea
and d ink
su icien
o he
suppo o
1728 o ou
subjec s
wi h ee
access o
ou Royal
Pe son, and
o he
ma ks o
ou a ou .
(p. 53)
Da es
solemn
oa h o
ul ill he
p e-
The abo e
poin s,
ManMoun -
ain ge s
daily meal
gé ias as
much as he
consumes
i
aiming
mo
a§ uoni
One hund ed and
se en y- ou
housand
subjec s,
pe mission o
i
come eely o
he empe o o
use o he
housands:
i
(p.
38)
*
Paulauskienes
A.
P esen
ense o he
Li huanian
language.
—
V.,
1971,
p.
90.
57
The o m
o he
u u e
inde ini-
e in
Li huani-
an
language
can be
used o
exp ess
a desi ed
possibili -
y,
unce ai-
n y in he
spoken
ime, and
he e o-
e i is
well
sui ed
no only
o
exp ess
he
meaning
o he
u u e
inde ini-
e in
English,
bu also
o exp ess he same modali y in o he ways.
Pyz. :
Upon he
whole,
he
beha io-
u o
hese
Apsk i a-
i, Sie
gy uliai
sa o
elgesiu
animals
was so
o de ly
and
a ional,
so odé
iek
p o o i
nuo oko-
s, jog as
p aacu e
and
judiciou-
s, ha I
a las
concludé-
jau
many i,
a ik
nebus jie
kokie ded,
hey
mus
needs be
magicia-
ns (p.
_bu inin-
kai (p. 224)
207)
The
ac ion o
he nea
u u e, i
he
ea ed
e en is
no only
o esee-
n, bu is
al eady
being
p epa ed
o i a
he
speaking
momen ,
can be
desc ib-
ed by he
P esen
Con inuo-
us ime
o m.
This
aspec
o
“plannin-
g” o
“p epa i-
ng” limi s
he use
o he
Con inuo-
us ime
o m,
which is
applicab-
le o
Human
ac i i y.
The pas
con inuo-
us o ms
a e used
acco din-
gly in he
con ex
o he bi
ime. Plg.,
pyz. :
A e
h ee
yea s
expec a-
ion ha
hings
Vel ui
iSlaukes
ejus
me us
pasi ais-
an
would
mend, I
accep ed
an
ad an a-
geous
eikaly,
pagaliau
bu au
pak ies -
as
kao e
om
Cap ain
William
P icha d,
pi ono
Viljamo
P iéa do,
ku io
lai as
mas e
o
he,,An -
elope“,
who was
__,,An ilo-
pé“
uo¥ési
ne ukus
plauk i
making a
oyage
o he
Sou h-S-
ea. and
Pie y
Vandeny-
ngq. (p. 14)
(p. 32)
I was
going on
o mo e
pa icul-
a s, AS
no éjau
daugiau
da
pasako i,
be when
my
mas e
comman-
ded me
silence.
The
landlo d
old me
o shu
up. (p. 246)
(p. 225)
Wha is
said in
he Pas
Con inuo-
us o ms
o he
ense, in
Li huani-
an
sen enc-
es is
con eyed
by he
e bs
uoSési,
no éjau
and
ne oli i-
me
a ei yje
eiSkian-
ia
empo al
ci cums-
ance
ne olimo-
je
a ei yje.
In
addi ion
o he
abo e
men ion-
ed
Con inuo-
us ense,
he
ac ion o
he nea
u u e in
English
can be
said by
cons u-
c ions: o
be
abou +in-
ini i e,
o
be+-in in-
i i e, o
be on he
poin o +
ge undiu-
m, o be
going +
in ini i e.
The
la e
cons u-
c ion is
used
mo e
o en
han he
o he o
indica e a
ce ain
ac ion.
By
de e mi-
ning he
pe son’s
ac i i y,
he 8i
cons u-
c ion can
exp ess
modal
shades
o will,
in en io-
n. Fo
example: :
I was
going o
ollow
a e hem. AS I wan ed o ollow hem (p. 78).
(p. 88)
E en in a
Li huanian
sen ence,
he English
wo d o
ime
appea s in
e b
seman ics.
He e we
can also
men ion
hose
cases,
when he
English
e b
o ms say
obliga ion,
o de , in
Li huanian
language
ansla es
he
ac ionWo -
ds can, do
no ha e
he igh ,
ha e. Plg.,
e.g. :
58

Fi s he
Man-Moun ain
shall no
depa om
ou dominions,
wi hou ou
licence unde
ou g ea
seal.
(p.
52)
Tha he
said
Man-Moun ain
shall, his
a
imes leisu e
aiding and
o
assis ing ou
be
wo kmen
helping aise
ce ain g ea
o
in
o
; s ones,
‘ owa ds
co e ing
he wall
he
p incipal
o
pa k, and
Man-Moun ain
is no en i led
o en e mass
ik
public spaces
i
wi h he
s amp o
be
pe mission
su
a ached.
(p.
36)
In you
es hou s
The
Man-Moun ain
mus help
aise la ge
s ones o
he wo ke s
who a e
building he
empe o 's
omb in he
pa k (p.
i
38)
o he
ou oyal
buildings.
(p. 53)
Thus, he
o ms o he
p esen
ense do no
necessa ily
mean he
ac ion o
ea . These
a
meanings a e
o-
always
exp essed in
ne
he o ms o
he p esen
ense.
Rega ding he
s ylis ic
adequacy o
he ansla ion
in he b oad
sense, abou
he
.
y.
ansla o ’s
aim o con ey
only he key
ne
in o ma ion,
bu o main ain
he one o he
au ho , i
should be no ed
ha i in one
i
place he e is
no s ylis ically
adequa e
analogue,
elsewhe e a
neu al English
o m is chosen
o a mo e
colo ul, mo e
emo ional
means o
exp ession.
i
Fo example,
emphasized
English e b
o ms a e
always
exp essed by
ne
ein o cemen
o he e b's
deno a i e
meaning, so
neu al
impe sonal
sen ences a e
o en
in e p e ed as
mo e
emphasized
pe sonal e b
o ms:
Bu
i
is
impossible
o
exp ess
=
Negalé um
apsaky i,
To
e u n
om his
dig ession
=
Bu le 's go
back o ou
s o y.
As a
coun e balan-
ce o he
English
a chaic o ms
we ind in he
ansla ion
less
equen ly
used o ms in
he
con empo a y
Li huanian
li e a y
language: bii a
p anes a; I
asked you no
o ell anyone.
Some o he
mos
commonly
used e bs
a e nes e
munesé,
d aus e
uzZd aus y,
eng e
engia.
Plg., e.g. :
I
eques -
ed
likewise,
ha he
sec e
o my
ha ing a
alse
co e ing
o my
body
I also
asked
ha he
no ell
anyone
abou my
kiino
apdangala
migh be
known o
none bu
himsel ,
a leas
as long as
my
p esen
clo hing
Should
las ; o
as o wha
he so el
nag, his
ale had
obse ed,
his Honou
a leas
un il he
ime, ill i
all suplis,
ha
bé okéliui,
sa o
a nui,
d aus e
o
uZd aus y
kam apie
ai
p asino s
o
Uncle. (p.
236)
migh
command
him o
conceal
i .
(p. 216)
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