Resumen
Es e a ículo abo da el ema de la polí ica ex e io populis a en A gen-
ina y emplea una me odología de in es igación de múl iples mé odos
que combina el análisis del discu so, el análisis de la polí ica ex e io y
la econs ucción polí ica his ó ica del ki chne ismo. Teó icamen e, nos
e e imos al populismo como un “en oque ideacional” y conside amos las
líneas emá icas de Des adi y Plegaman pa a in es iga el populismo en
la polí ica mundial. A lo la go del a ículo, sos enemos que la polí ica ex-
e io populis a de izquie da no disc imina la coope ación in e nacional
y la globalización pe se, pe o en una isión maniquea del mundo, c i ica
a los países occiden ales icos y p opone la c eación de nue as alianzas
egionales.
Palab as cla es
Populismo, polí ica ex e io , Ki chne ismo, Relaciones In e nacionales
Abs ac
This a icle add esses he issue o populis o eign policy in A gen ina and
employs a mul i-me hods esea ch ha combines discou se analysis, o e-
ign policy analysis, and his o ical poli ical econs uc ion o Ki chne ism.
Theo e ically, we e e o populism as an “Idea ional App oach” and we
conside Des adi and Plegaman’s hema ic lines in o de o in es iga e
populism in wo ld poli ics. Th oughou he pape , we a gue ha le -wing
populis o eign policy does no disc imina e agains in e na ional coope-
a ion and globaliza ion pe se bu in a Manichean ision o he wo ld, i
c i icizes wes e n ich coun ies, and p oposes he c ea ion o new egio-
nal alliances.
Keywo ds
Populism; Fo eign Policy; Ki chne ism; In e na ional Rela ions.
POLÍTICA EXTERIOR POPULISTA DE IZQUIERDA:
EL CASO DEL KIRCHNERISMO EN ARGENTINA
Re e encia: Colalongo, R. – Dona o, S. (2021). Populis Le -Wing Fo eign Policy: The
Case O Ki chne ism In A gen ina. Cul u a La inoame icana, 34 (2), pp. 24-47. DOI:
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14718/Cul u aLa inoam.2021.34.2.2
25
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN
POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM
IN ARGENTINA
Rodol o Colalongo *
Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia
S ellama ina Dona o * *
Uni e si à LUMSA
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14718/Cul u aLa inoam.2021.34.2.2
In oduc ion
Populism is no a new phenomenon. I has been associa ed wi h
he mal unc ioning o democ acy and i has been pe cei ed as he
esul o ins i u ional weakness wi h e e ence o unde de eloped
coun ies.
* Ph.D in Sociology, Theo y and His o y om he Uni e si y o Sale no, I aly. He is cu en ly
a esea ch p o esso o he PhD in Poli ical S udies a he Facul y o Finance, Go e nmen and
In e na ional Rela ions o he Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia. His esea ch in e es s a e:
In e na ional Rela ions, La in Ame ican Fo eign Policy and Populism. He is cu en ly wo king
on se e al esea ch p ojec s ela ed o populism and IR as well as he link be ween populism and
democ acy. He has published se e al a icles and book chap e s on hese opics. E-mail: odo.
[email p o ec ed]
** Ph.D candida e in “De elopmen and well-being o bo h he indi idual and he o ganiza ions”
a LUMSA Uni e si y o Rome, I aly. He esea ch in e es s encompass EU-Medi e anean poli-
cies wi h a ocus on mig a ion and populism, and gende and policies wi h a ocus on women’s
igh s and gende -based iolence agains women. She is MC Membe (I aly) and co-gende ad-
iso o COST Ac ion CA19112 Women on he Mo e (WEMo ). She is also a membe o he
Resea ch Uni : “P o agonismo e coscienza del emminile nel nuo o Millennio. La na azione della
iolenza di gene e in un empo senza u opie” (LUMSA Uni e si y o Rome) and ounding mem-
be o “Na a i es and Social Changes-In e na ional Resea ch G oup” (Uni e si y o Sale no).
F om Janua y 2020 o June 2020 she was a Visi ing PhD esea che a he Uni e si y o Za agoza
(UNIZAR). F om Janua y 2018 o June 2018, she was a esea ch in e n a he Uni e si y o Lju-
bljana, Facul y o Social Sciences, whe e she wo ked on a P ojec abou Populism and a i udes
owa d he EU in Cen al Eu ope. In 2017, she ob ained he mas e ’s deg ee in In e na ional
Rela ions om he Uni e si y o Bologna. In 2015, she g adua ed in Poli ical Science om he
Uni e si y o Naples l’O ien ale. ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2382-3950. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
El p esen e a ículo es esul ado de un p oyec o de in es igación desa ollado en la Uni e sidad
Ex e nado de Colombia y la Uni e sidad Lumsa de I alia.
Fecha de ecepción: 23 de julio de 2021; echa de acep ación: 30 de agos o de 2021
26 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
La in Ame ica has always been seen as a pionee in he eme gence
o populism —unde s ood ei he as “pos -democ acy”(C ouch, 2004)
o “dis igu ed democ acy” (U bina i, 2014)—; in a nu shell, as “de-
gene a ion o pa hology o democ acy” (Anselmi, 2018). Despi e i
has mos ly been a La in Ame ican ea u e, populism became a global
issue when i appea ed in he consolida ed democ acies o he Wes ,
especially wi h he a i al o Donald T ump as p esiden o he USA
and Bo is Johnson as B i ish p emie , igh a e he app o al o
B exi . Fu he , he populis phenomenon has also sp ead in o he
Eu opean democ acies. Fo ins ance, in I aly —wi h i s No he n
League-Fi e S a Mo emen —, in Hunga y —wi h O ban’s poli ical
ule— and in Poland —wi h PiS (P awo i Sp awiedliwość Law and
Jus ice),— i s igh -wing populis pa y. These p emises demons a e
ha populism has become a global phenomenon and i ’s he e o s ay
(Des adi & Plagemann, 2019). As in Anselmi (Anselmi, 2018, p. 1)
i is impossible o dissocia e e lec ion on con empo a y democ acy
om conside a ion on he populis phenomenon: “we a e wi nessing
a social and poli ical dynamic which s a ed some decades ago, ha ap-
pea s pe iodically and is o a global na u e, as i mani es s i sel in e y
di e en geog aphical con ex s”.
Thus, as populis mo emen s ise o powe , he implica ions on
o eign policy and in e na ional ela ions —IR— became mo e el-
e an han e e , especially in La in Ame ican coun ies “whe e popu-
lis s ha e long held poli ical powe and ha e in luenced o eign policy
in p ac ice” (Ch yssogelos, 2017, p. 1). Fo ins ance, al hough ea ly
s udies ocused on explaining he eme gence, li le was said abou he
ela ionship be ween populism and o eign policy, o e en be ween
populism and IR (Des adi & Plagemann). S engel (S engel e al.,
2019) asse ed ha , despi e signi ican a en ion has been paid o he
phenomenon, populism wo ld poli ics emains unde explo ed, much
o he de imen o bo h IR and populism i sel .
Mo eo e , we make e e ence o Alan (Bu ie , 2019) who did
a sys ema ic and in-dep h analysis compa ing o eign policies in 6
La in Ame ican coun ies (A gen ina, Chile, Colombia, Pe u, Nica-
agua and El Sal ado ) du ing 3 decades and colla ed coun ies wi h
ex ended his o ies o populism ( he ea men g oup) wi h pee na-
ions whe e populism has been no ably absen ( he con ol g oup), in
spi e o achie ing “a balance be ween gene alizabili y and dep h”, he
s udy had wo concep ual limi a ions. The i s e e s o he de ini ion
o populism only as a poli ical s a egy, which makes i e y di icul o
iden i y a populis o eign policy. The second was only o wo k wi h
27
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
he classic a iables o na ionalism and p o ec ionism, hus lea ing
aside —in ou iew— o he a iables ha a e also impo an o IR
such as coope a ion and con lic .
Fu he mo e, we conside he wo k o Daniel (Wajne , 2019)
who s udied he o eign policy o La in Ame ican populis go e n-
men s bu compa ed he o mula ion o he o eign ela ions o he
h ee g ea populis pe iods in he egion: “classic populism” (1930s-
1950s), “neo-libe al neo-populism” (Mudde), and “p og essi e
neo-populism” (2000s). In his case, he compa ed pe iods ying o
espond o “how hese egimes conduc ed hei o eign policies on
he hemisphe ic, in e egional, egional/sub- egional, and global/
ans-na ional le els”. While expanding he s udy a iables wi h e-
spec o Bu ie , i ells us li le o no hing abou wha i unde s ands
by populism and how o iden i y a o eign policy as populis , al hough
i does so in a sys ema ic and cohesi e way.
In ela ion o he c i icism conce ning unclea and no speci ic
concep o populism, i should be added ha mos s udies do no y
o de e mine whe he he o eign policy o a populis go e nmen is
also a populis one. Fo ins ance, he e is a lack in s udies ha ocus
on how exis ing cha ac e is ics o populism a e elucida ing he o mu-
la ion and applica ion o na ion-s a es’ o eign policies.
Mo eo e , in hei compa a i e esea ch on Ca los Menem A gen-
inian o eign policy (1989-1999) —conside ed a igh -wing populis
go e nmen — and he one o Hugo Chá ez (1999-2013) in Venezuela
– classi ied as le -wing populis leade , Leslie and Came on (Wehne
& Thies, 2020, p. 2) a gued ha “a compa ison o wo cases o popu-
lisms can shed ligh on he ype o in e na ional beha iou hey seek o
ad ance and disc edi he no ion ha he e is only one ype o popu-
lis o eign policy”. Al hough he au ho s did a simila job o he one
p oposed he e, hey app oached he s udy o o eign policy om he
pe spec i e o he ole-played by populis leade s, mainly, a he in e -
na ional le el.
Fo hese easons, he idea o he p esen wo k lies in he a emp
o u he de elop he s udy ca ied ou by Sand a and Johannes
(Des adi & Plagemann, 2019) in he speci ic case o A gen ina.
Th ough an analysis o he discou se o he main A gen inian p esi-
den ial speeches ha a e abou o eign policy and wo ld poli ics o he
populis go e nmen s o Nés o and C is ina Ki chne 2003-2015, we
aim a con ibu ing o he analysis o he hema ic lines p esen in he
li e a u e, bu we wan o highligh he easons why we conside ha
hei o eign policy was populis .
28 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
Ou esea ch aim and me hod
This pape aims o in es iga e i he Ki chne is populis o eign
policy ollows he hema ic lines iden i ied by Sand a and Johannes
(Des adi & Plagemann, 2019): a) Mo e Con lic -P one Bila e al Re-
la ions; b) A weakening o global go e nance and i s ins i u ions; c)
A mo e cen alized and pe sonalized o eign policymaking; and d)
he de elopmen o a new in e na ional pa ne ship (i.e. UNASUR,
ALBA) while weakening links o adi ional wes e n pa ne s. In his
sense, ou main esea ch ques ion is how did he populis o eign pol-
icy unde Ki chne ism ollow he lines o Des adi and Plagemann?
How populism comes o de e mine some o he o eign policy a gu-
men s o Ki chne ism? The e o e, o each ou poin , we ha e o de-
e mina e i s whe he and why he Ki chne ism o eign policy was
populis .
In o de o ul il ou esea ch goal, his a icle combines discou se
and o eign policy analysis and his o ical poli ical econs uc ion o
Ki chne ism (2003-2015) in A gen ina. We conside discou se anal-
ysis in o de o g asp a co pus o s a emen s which, he p esiden s
used as a o m o engaging discon inui y o e ime and space and in
e ms o echnology o powe (A ibas-Ayllon & Walke dine, 2008;
Foucaul , 1981). Whe eas, o eign policy analysis and his o ical poli i-
cal econs uc ions se e he aim o adding con ex and quali a i e,
making sense o he discou ses ha ul ima ely led o speci ic o eign
policies (Hudson & Day, 2019)
We decided o conside hose hema ic lines o Sand a and Jo-
hannes (Des adi & Plagemann, 2019) and in his s udy we a gue ha
his model Fig. 1 explains how o eign policy decisions ha e wo ked
du ing Ki chne ism in A gen ina.
29
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
Figu e. 1:
Populis Fo eign Policy (PFF) in A gen ina (2003- 2015): how o -
eign policy wo ks in a le -wing populis egime
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
Concep ualizing Populism and Fo eign Policy
Populism has been s udied and de ined in a ious ways, espond-
ing o di e en con ex s, case s udies and he a ilia ion o he au ho s
add essing he phenomenon. Howe e , i is possible o es ablish a sys-
ema iza ion o he s a e o a o he con empo a y deba e used by he
academic communi y.
Au ho s such as Paul (Tagga , 2000); Ku (Weyland, 2001); Raúl
(Mad id, 2008); Ca los and En ique (de la To e & Pe uzzo i, 2008);
Kenne h (Robe s, 2008); Robe (Ba , 2009); Robe (Jansen, 2011);
S e en and James (Le i sky & Lox on, 2013), among o he s, con-
side populism as a poli ical mobiliza ion, poli ical s yle o poli ical
s a egy — hei concep ual simila i ies allow o clus e hem in he
same g oup— ha consis s o applying edis ibu i e and na ionalis
economic policies (Weyland), o o ganizing he s a e s uc u e in a
pe sonalis ic way ha de i es om he di ec exe cise o public pow-
e (poli ical s yle). And, inally, hey cons an ly appeal o he people,
seeking hei poli ical mobiliza ion h ough he use o pa onage ne -
wo ks and plebisci es.
30 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
On he o he hand, E nes o (Laclau, 2005); Hawkins (2010); and
Casullo (Casullo), among o he s, unde s and populism as a poli ical
discou se, ha is, a way o saying and p esen ing hings. They use a
he o ic ha cons uc s poli ics in e ms o an an agonis ic s uggle
be ween he people and he eli e. In his way, socie y is pola ized in
wo la ge an agonis ic ields —al hough hey also suppo he idea
o a hin-cen e ed ideology o Mudde and Kal wasse , hey highligh
he ole o ha ideology in he discu si e cons uc ion o a poli ical
eali y—. Laclau (Laclau), ins ead, p oposes ha his phenomenon is
mani es ed as a poli ical logic, as a way o cons uc ing he poli ical, o
o ming he collec i e iden i ies, ha is, he o ma ion o he people as
a poli ical-his o ical ac o al hough i emphasizes he anscenden al
ole ha ul ills he poli ical speech in he cons uc ion o he collec-
i e iden i ies.
On he o he side, au ho s such as Mudde (Mudde); S anley (S an-
ley); Zana a (2014); Ro i a Kal wasse and Hawkins (Hawkins & Ro-
i a Kal wasse ); see populism as an ideological phenomenon ocused
on a se o ideas cha ac e ized by an an agonism be ween people and
eli e, whe e he o me holds so e eign y and he la e co up ion. In
hei pe spec i e, populism needs hick ideologies such as libe alism
o socialism o make sense o hei go e nmen p og ams. This is he
eason why igh -wing o le -wing populism can exis .
Mudde and Ro i a Kal wasse (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse ,
2017) a gue ha i is easible o c ea e a “de ini ion ha is able o ac-
cu a ely cap u e he co e o all majo pas and p esen mani es a ions
o populism, while s ill p ecise enough o exclude clea ly non-populis
phenomena”. In ecen decades, a numbe o social scien is s ha e
chosen o de ine populism as an “idea ional app oach” by concei ing
i as a discou se, an ideology o a way o concei ing he wo ld. Fa
om eaching a consensus on he p ecise de ini ion o he populis
phenomenon (especially in language and pe iphe al elemen s), he
“idea ional app oach” managed o sha e a numbe o key elemen s
wi hin he di e en de ini ions such as he e e ence o a “people”
denouncing he exis ence o an “eli e”. (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse ,
2017).
De ining populism as a “ hin-cen e ed ideology” is use ul in o de
o unde s and “ he o -alleged malleabili y o he concep in ques-
ion” (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017). The au ho s unde s and
ideology as a se o no ma i e ideas abou he na u e o man and so-
cie y as well as o ganiza ions and hei objec i es. In simple wo ds,
“i is a iew o how he wo ld is and should be” (Mudde & Ro i a
31
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
Kal wasse , 2017). Unlike “ ull ideologies” (socialism, libe alism and
ascism among o he s), he au ho s said, “ hin- cen e ed ideology”
like populism has a es ic ed mo phology ha , in mos cases, mus
be accompanied by a “ ull ideology” ha comple es i and allows o
p omo e conc e e poli ical p ojec s. The e o e, “by i sel populism
can o e nei he complex no comp ehensi e answe s o he poli ical
ques ions ha mode n socie ies gene a e”(Mudde & Ro i a Kal was-
se , 2017).
Acco ding o he au ho s, his way o de ining populism allows i
o ake di e en o ms ha a e consis en in he way he key elemen s
o populism appea o ela e o o he concep s, “ o ming in e p e a-
i e ames ha migh be mo e o less appealing o di e en socie ies”
(Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017).
The plu ali y o de ini ions on populism gi es an idea o he ex en-
sion and densi y o a phenomenon ha a ec s all he ac i i ies o a
S a e. Wi hin hese ac i i ies ha o o eign policy is c ucial o pin-
poin . Fo ins ance, Ve beek and Zaslo e (Ve beek & Zaslo e) e e
o o eign policy as a ai ly common, hough much-deba ed, concep .
They unde s and o eign policy gene ally as “ he in en ions and ac-
ions o an ac o di ec ed a he ac o ’s ex e nal wo ld” (Ve beek
& Zaslo e, 2017). In mos cases, he ac o e e s o so e eign s a es
(Neack, 2008). They a e also awa e ha nowadays he concep o a-
di ional o eign policy ( ocused only on he ex e nal ac ions o he
s a e) gene a es a se ies o heo e ical di icul ies. In pa icula , be-
cause a succession o new non-s a e, sub-na ional and sup ana ional
ac o s ha e eme ged who would be able o exe cise o apply a o eign
policy, ha is, a se o ac ions aimed a pu suing hei in e es s a he
global le el.
In his case, and o make i clea om he beginning, i is unde -
s ood ha o eign policy is exclusi e o so e eign s a es and only hey
can conduc i h ough diplomacy. Colac ai and Lechini (Colac ai &
Lechini, 1994) de ine o eign policy as “a public policy ha encom-
passes he se o decisions and ac ions aken by he ule s o a na ion-
s a e o ope a e in he in e na ional sys em, in esponse o in e nal
and ex e nal demands and de e minan s”. I is implemen ed h ough
a p og amme ha has a dual unc ion: on he one hand, o ul il he
aims o goals p oposed and, on he o he , o sol e he p oblems ha
a ise in he in e na ional sphe e, whe he hey a e new o ha e been
caused by p e ious adminis a ions.
The ad ance owa ds he heo y o o eign policy was gi en by he
app oach o neoclassical ealism. This “eme ging school o o eign
32 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
policy heo y” (Lobell e al., 2009) as some au ho s call i “in e link
he s uc u al-sys emic quali ies o ealism wi h a specialized ap-
p oach o he eli e decision-make s, he FPE - Fo eign Policy Execu-
i e” (Mon oy He nández, 2014). As we men ioned ea lie , o eign
policy is composed o in e nal and ex e nal a iables.
Wi h he s udy o domes ic ac o s, i.e. “ideological di e ences,
in e nal poli ical p essu es o he psychology o he leade ” (Rose,
1998), esea che s, in he ields o o eign policy s udies, a e ying
o es ablish he ex en o which hey can in luence o impac o eign
policy. Ex e nal ac o s a e de e mined by he in e na ional sys em,
which is made up o a se o s a e and non-s a e ac o s compe ing wi h
each o he in he pu sui o hei own in e es s. This compe i ion can
be a condi ion o an oppo uni y o a s a e depending on i s o eign
policy objec i e, i s ma e ial and esou ce mobiliza ion capaci ies.
Re u ning o he domes ic a iables, i is impo an o highligh he
ole o he human ac o which is he one ha makes he decisions in
ma e s o o eign policy. In his espec , i is pe inen o poin ou
ha his idea o he human ac o emana es om “an an h opology o
In e na ional Rela ions, which places man a he cen e o he s udy
o his discipline and o o eign policy, whe he ac ing alone o in a
g oup” (Mon oy He nández, 2014).
Acco ding o Alexande Geo ge (Geo ge, 1991), he poli ical
beha iou o he execu i e powe holde will depend on his cogni-
i e belie s, ha is, his ideology, ision o he wo ld and belie s abou
poli ical s a egies and ac ics, which he has acqui ed h oughou his
pe sonal and poli ical li e. Colac ai and Lechini exp ess a simila idea,
a guing ha , in he A gen ine case, especially du ing he go e nmen
o Ca los Menem (1989-1999), “ he decision-making p ocess was con-
cen a ed in he igu e o he P esiden o he Na ion and he Minis e
o Fo eign A ai s, who we e he ul ima e decision-making uni ” (Co-
lac ai & Lechini, 1994). The e o e, we belie e he e is a link be ween
populism unde s ood as ideology ( hin-cen e ed) and o eign policy.
Wha ’s Ki chne ism and why hey we e populis s?
We discuss i s de elopmen in he analysis o he h ee adminis-
a ions o he Ki chne s, i s Nes o and hen C is ina (2003-2015).
Ki chne ism’s ollowe s a gue ha i success ully boos ed he coun y
om i s wo s c isis (Weyland) o se in o mo ion a i uous model o
g ow h and social inclusion. I s ad e sa ies, ins ead, conside he pe-
iod as a populis backslide cha ac e ized by economic mishandling,
39
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
social and economic cons uc ion, we did i wi h all he A gen ines (Fe -
nández, Decembe 10, 2007).
This inaugu a ed a pe iod cha ac e ized by a high le el o poli i-
cal con on a ion ha led C is ina’s go e nmen o de y di ec ly he
na ional media and he coun yside (ag o-indus ial sec o ) whe e
bo h would go on o cons i u e he local ELITE which was iden i-
ied wi h he concen a ion o poli ical and economic powe in he
coun y. A an ex e nal le el, he con on a ion ook place agains a
g oup o in e na ional c edi o s, called “Vul u e Funds”, who e used
o be included in he enego ia ion o he o eign deb and decided
o h ea en he na ional go e nmen in cou o he paymen o he
bonds owed.
She con inues o highligh he issue o deb elie wi h he IMF
and he need o con inue wi h an economic de elopmen model wi h
easonable au onomy “in a globalized wo ld”. Two key aspec s du ing
he p e ious p esidency, and which also seem o be so o P esiden
C is ina. She shows he Manichean ision o he in e na ional eali y
by leaning on he Ex e nal Villain14, he In e na ional Mone a y Fund,
and adding ano he , al eady known, globaliza ion. Al hough he la e
is no a global ins i u ion, a coun y o a g oup o agen s ha possess
economic powe , bu a he a p ocess ha allowed he consolida ion
o he neolibe al sys em and i s b u al concen a ion o wo ld weal h
and he e o e o he inc ease in inequali y, he p esiden will ea i as
i i we e. Always associa ing i wi h he Ex e nal Villain.
In o he wo ds, globaliza ion as such is pa o he e ils o be e adi-
ca ed in o de o gi e back o he People hei condi ion o so e eign-
y, unde s ood as he exp ession o he gene al will and o common
people who los hei economic igh s because o his p ocess.
Thei idea o inse ing hemsel es in o he wo ld would be h ough
egional o ganiza ions such as MERCOSUR and he ecen ly c ea ed
UNASUR (Union o Sou h Ame ican Na ions), which was in ended
o unc ion as a space o dialogue on he p oblems and challenges
hey sha ed as a egion, bu also se ed as a place o populis con-
solida ion. In pa icula among he go e nmen s o A gen ina, B azil,
Boli ia, Ecuado and Venezuela ha ook ad an age o he ideologi-
cal closeness o join e o s in he na ional, egional and in e na ional
14. I is ha in e na ional agen ha seeks he domina ion and conques o he people unde -
s ood in so e eign e ms, in: Ma ia E. Casullo, Po qué unciona el populismo? El discu so que
sabe cons ui explicaciones con incen es de un mundo en c isis (Buenos Ai es: Siglo XXI Edi o es
A gen ina, 2019).
40 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
s eng hening o hei adminis a ions. In he li e a u e15 we e known as
he “Le -Wing Populisms; Le Populisms o Inclusiona y Populisms”.
C is ina had a concep o people as a Na ion (homeland)16 a h-
e han as o dina y people. Al hough bo h concep ions a e p esen
h oughou he speeches o bo h leade s, he u h is ha one con-
cep ion always p e ails o e he o he . Fo ins ance, Nés o had a i-
sion o he People mo e o ien ed o he Common People and C is ina
mo e simila o he Na ion (homeland). This was pa icula ly e iden
in he o eign policy, which pe manen ly sough o gua an ee na ional
au onomy by s eng hening links wi h eme ging global ac o s such as
Russia and China, which we e hailed as s a es ha espec ed popula
so e eign y and sough o do p oduc i e business o he A gen ine
people. And, a he egional le el, he same was done wi h MERCO-
SUR and UNASUR along wi h he ela ionship o b o he hood wi h
B azil, Boli ia, Ecuado and Venezuela.
The hemes ha ma ked he 8 yea s o go e nmen , acco ding o
hei s mo e han 23 speeches ha speak abou o eign ela ions, we e;
Regional in eg a ion as a ba ie o ex e nal h ea s17; Re o m o mul i-
la e al c edi o ganiza ions18; Sha ed esponsibili y be ween cen al and
pe iphe al na ions19; UN e o m ha p i ileges a ew20; Food secu i y
15. Y. S a akakis, A. Kioupkiolis, G. Ka sambekis, N. Nikisianis, & T. Siomos, ‘Con empo-
a y Le -wing Populism in La in Ame ica: Leade ship, Ho izon alism, and Pos democ acy in
Chá ez’s Venezuela’, La in Ame ican Poli ics and Socie y, 58(3), 2016, pp. 51-76. Doi:10.1111/
j.1548-2456.2016.00318.x
16. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su asunción
del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2007. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asuncion-de-
c is ina-ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2007/ (6 ma ch 2020).
17. Discu so de la p esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en el ac o de ape u a de la xxx
Cumb e del Me cosu , Tucumán 01 de julio de 2008. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/
discu so-de-c is ina- en-la-cumb e-del-me cosu -2008/ (6 ma ch 2020).
18. Mensaje de la p esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne a la Asamblea Gene al de las Nacio-
nes Unidas, Nue a Yo k 23 de sep iemb e de 2008. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/
mensaje-de-c is ina-a- la-asamblea-gene al-de-la-onu-2008/ (7 ma ch 2020).
19. Mensaje de la P esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en la Asamblea Gene al de la
O ganización de las Naciones Unidas. 24 de sep iemb e de 2010. Nue a Yo k. A ailable a :
h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c k-en-la-onu-mensaje-en-la-asamblea-gene al-de-2010/ (7 ma ch
2020).
20. Discu so de la p esiden a de la nación, C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne , en la 66a Asamblea
Gene al de la O ganización de las Naciones Unidas, en Nue a Yo k. Mié coles, 21 de Sep iemb e
de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-ki chne -66a-asamblea-
gene al-de-la-o ganizacion- de-las-naciones-unidas/ (9 ma ch 2020).
41
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
o cen al coun ies21; Vul u e unds22; Popula manda e23; Neolibe al
policies and inancial globaliza ion as esponsible o he deindus ial-
iza ion o pe iphe al coun ies24; En i onmen al liabili ies o de eloping
coun ies25; The Wo ld (Wehne & Thies) s In es men Funds (Vul-
u e Funds)26; Regional Uni y (Me cosu , Unasu , Celac)27; Democ acy
as an exe cise o he popula will28; Risk Ra ing as De ende s o In es -
men Funds’ In e es s29; The Need o C ea e a New Wo ld O de 30;
Paying o Vul u e Funds would be o condemn he whole people o
po e y31; UN Gene al Assembly as he ue so e eign o global de-
moc acy32; The Su e ing His o y o ou Peoples33; Regional Income
21. Fo o del sec o emp esa io de la cumb e del G-20. 03 de no iemb e de 2011. Cannes, F ancia.
A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-en-la-cumb e-del-g-20-2011-en-
cannes/ (9 ma ch 2020).
22. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su asunción
del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asuncion-de-
c is ina- ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2011/ (9 ma ch 2020).
23. Ídem. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su
asunción del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asun-
cion-de-c is ina- ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2011/ (9 ma ch 2020).
24. Discu so de la p esiden a c is ina e nandez de ki chne en la 67°asamblea gene al de naciones
unidas 2012. A ailable a : h ps://www.casa osada.gob.a /in o macion/a chi o/26102-67a-asam-
blea-gene al-de-las-naciones-unidas-discu so-de-la-p esiden a-de-la-nacion (10 ma ch 2020).
25. Discu so de CFK en la Cumb e de Ene gía 2013 en Abu Dhabi. Ma es 15 de Ene o de 2013.
A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/cumb e-mundial-de-ene gia-2013-en-abu-dhabi/ (10
ma ch 2020).
26. Quie o e e i me a lo que ha sucedido hace unos días en Nue a Yo k. A ailable a : h ps://www.
c ka gen ina.com/la-audiencia-con-los- ondos-bui es-en-ny-y-el-pago-de-la-deuda/ (13 ma ch 2020).
27. Palab as de CFK en la cena en hono de la P esiden a de la República Fede a i a del B asil
Dilma Rousse y su comi i a en el Museo del Bicen ena io. Jue es, 25 de Ab il de 2013. A ailable
a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-o ecio-una-cena-de-hono -a-dilma- ousse -y-su-co-
mi i a/ (13 ma ch 2020).
28. Palab as de CFK, en la clausu a del XXIII Pe íodo O dina io de Sesiones de la Con e encia
Gene al pa a la P osc ipción de las A mas Nuclea es en Amé ica La ina y el Ca ibe (OPANAL).
Jue es, 22 de Agos o de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-ce o-la-con-
e encia-gene al-del-o ganismo-pa a- la-p osc ipcion-de-las-a mas-nuclea es-en-ame ica-la ina-y-
el-ca ibe-opanal/ (14 ma ch 2020).
29. Palab as de C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en la 68a Asamblea Gene al de la O ganización
de las Naciones Unidas, Nue a Yo k. 24 de sep iemb e de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka -
gen ina.com/c is ina-68-asamblea-onu/ (14 ma ch 2020).
30. C is ina en la cumb e G77+China «Hacia un nue o o den mundial pa a i i bien», en San a
C uz de la Sie a, Es ado Plu inacional de Boli ia. 15 de junio de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.
c ka gen ina.com/g77china-hacia-un-nue o-o den-mundial-pa a- i i -bien/ (14 ma ch 2020).
31. Palab as de la P esiden a C is ina Ki chne en la cumb e BRICS con UNASUR en B asilia,
16 de julio de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-ki chne -cumb e-b ics-
unasu - ondos-bui es/ (15 ma ch 2020).
32. Palab as de C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne an e la 69a Asamblea Gene al de las Naciones
Unidas. Nue a Yo k, 24 de sep iemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/
c is ina-ki chne -69- asamblea-onu/ (15 ma ch 2020).
33. Inaugu amos la nue a sede Nés o Ki chne de Unasu , en el Cen o del Mundo, en Qui o.
Vie nes, 05 de Diciemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/inaugu amos-la-
nue a-sede-nes o - ki chne -de-unasu -en-el-cen o-del-mundo-en-qui o/ (16 ma ch 2020).
42 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
Dis ibu ion and Ci izen Equali y34; Hegemonic posi ions35; Global
dis ibu i e inequali y36.
A he BRICS-UNASUR Summi held in B asilia in July 2014, he
BRICS summed up i s o eign policy in a populis key: “The call o
all coun ies is o join o ces in his ue c usade o a new global o -
ganiza ion in poli ical, economic and inancial ma e s ha will ha e
posi i e social, poli ical and cul u al consequences o ou peoples”.
The e was a clea idea o consolida ing populism by uni ing wi h o h-
e go e nmen s o simila poli ical hues in o de o con inually sus ain
he de ense o he igh s o he people. Ca los de la To e (de la To e)
made a simila a gumen when he analyzed Venezuela’s ole wi hin
ALBA.
The go e nmen o C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne deepened he
o eign policy ha began wi h he p edecesso , Nés o Ki chne . I
no only con inued wi h i s populis concep ion h ough a ma kedly
dualis ic ision o in e na ional eali y ep esen ed by poo coun ies
s. ich ones, bu also by iden i ying a global inancial eli e ha op-
e a ed agains he in e es s o he people as a na ion, unde mining
so e eign y and subjec ing hem o policies o mise y and inequali y
in o de o collec hei deb s. Figu es such as ul u e unds, he IMF
and he wo ld banks we e used o name he global eli e wi h he sup-
po o he US go e nmen . On he o he hand, he igu e o poo and
ich s a es (us/ hem) se ed o jus i y hei new in e na ional alliances
in o de o ob ain g ea e na ional au onomy.
Howe e , i s di e en ia ion om he p e ious go e nmen in
o eign a ai s was in wo ma e s. The i s was ha i had a clea
oca ion o modi y he global go e nance and i s ins i u ions a he
han weakening. I is e iden ha i was conce ned wi h global is-
sues such as clima e change, e o ism, in e na ional ade, and peace
and secu i y, bu no om he adi ional ins i u ional spaces, he
UN, he WTO o he Secu i y Council, bu by s eng hening in e na-
ional o ums such as he G-20 and G-77, which se ed as spaces o
mo e democ a ic and plu alis ic discussion. They we e also used o
34. C is ina en la 47 Cumb e de Je es y Je as de Es ado del Me cosu , en Pa aná, En e Ríos, 17
de diciemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-en-la-47-cumb e-del-
me cosu -en- pa ana-en e- ios/ (17 ma ch 2020).
35. Discu so de la P esiden a en el Plena io de la 48o Cumb e de Me cosu en B asilia. A ail-
able a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/plena io-de-la-48o-cumb e-de-me cosu -en-b asilia/ (17
ma ch 2020).
36. Palab as de la P esiden a de la Nación, D a. C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne , an e la 70°
Asamblea Gene al de Naciones Unidas, 28 de sep iemb e de 2015. A ailable a : h ps://www.
c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-ki chne -en-la-70-asamblea-gene al-de-naciones-unidas-
onu/ (18 ma ch 2020).
43
POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA
s eng hen links wi h China and Russia. Clea compe i o s o he US
in he in e na ional sys em.
The o he aspec has o do wi h he “building up a new in e na-
ional pa ne ship while weakening links o adi ional wes e n pa -
ne s which became a egional o eign p io i y”. To s eng hen he
links wi h he b o he coun ies o he egion bu h ough UNASUR
and MERCOSUR as he undamen al pilla s o Sou h Ame ican in e-
g a ion lea ing aside o he s like he OAS o he Summi o he Ame i-
cas. UNASUR had a sho bu in ense li e wi h la ge egional p ojec s
in he making. Al hough i con inued o cul i a e i s bila e al ela ions
wi h coun ies such as B azil, Boli ia, Ecuado , Pa aguay, U uguay
and Venezuela. All, excep U uguay, a e conside ed le -wing populis
go e nmen s.
Conclusions
This pape a gues ha peculia i ies in populis o eign policy
we e p esen a he imes o Nes o and C is ina Ki chne . Mo e
speci ically, h ough hei decla a ions du ing ele an speeches a
in e na ional s ages i no iced ha by endu ing a so o Manichean
di ision o he wo ld in o good and bad ca ego ies, as in he people
s he eli e, and poo s ich coun ies; d ama ic o eign policy con-
sequences we e de eloped.
Thanks o his heo e ical backg ound and ou case s udy, we ha e
obse ed ha populis o eign policy du ing Ki chne ism in A gen i-
na has some in e es ing ea u es o s ess. Fo ins ance, ou case s udy
has shown how populis leade s wi h he clea in en ion o s eng hen-
ing poli ical-populis ies and sha ing na ional expe iences implemen
a p ocess o in e na ional coope a ion in hei manda es and o e -
come na ional policies by ein o cing o c ea ing egional alliances in
con aposi ion o o me wes e ones. Mo eo e , in e nal and ex e nal
a iables we e aken in o accoun when designing he populis o eign
policy, as he au ho o o eign policy poin s ou (Colac ai & Lechini,
1994). In addi ion, in he analyzed speeches o he wo leade s i is
clea a eac ion o he dynamics o globaliza ion. Indeed, in he wo ds
o bo h p esiden s, globaliza ion has unde mined popula so e eign y
a he expense o A gen ine na ional au onomy, and i has also se i-
ously damaged he na ional economic de elopmen o he coun y.
The e o e, he culp i is he wes e n imp in ing o in luence. De-
spi e ha he c i icism o globaliza ion is clea in he wo ds o bo h
44 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47
RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO
Nes o and C is ina Ki chne , we a gue ha hei populis go e n-
men s design o eign policies capable o emb acing populis s ings
e en beyond domes ic poli ics. Indeed, hey a e ying o modi y he
adi ional in e na ional sys em c ea ing ano he one which is close o
hei na ional in e es s (popula so e eign y, na ional au onomy and
na ional economic de elopmen ) and ein o ces he ela ionship wi h
o he simila populis go e nmen s, p e e ably in he same egion.
Despi e he limi s o ou s udy, in e ms o he ime span analyzed
and he case s udy, as we ha e discussed h oughou he pape , ou
conclusions migh sugges an explana o y model which could help
o be e unde s and he populis o eign policy du ing Ki chne ism
in A gen ina. Finally, ou model, as in Fig. 1, could be used in o he
s udies ha esea ch o eign policy in o he le -wing populis s’ powe
and egimes, especially in he La in Ame ican egion sugges ing u -
he s udies on he opic.
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