Populist Left-Wing Foreign Policy: The Case Of Kirchnerism In Argentina

Resumen Es e a ículo abo da el ema de la polí ica ex e io populis a en A gen- ina y emplea una me odología de in es igación de múl iples mé odos que combina el análisis del discu so, el análisis de la polí ica ex e io y la econs ucción polí ica his ó ica del ki chne ismo. Teó icamen e, nos e e imos al populismo como un “en oque ideacional” y conside amos las líneas emá icas de Des adi y Plegaman pa a in es iga el populismo en la polí ica mundial. A lo la go del a ículo, sos enemos que la polí ica ex- e io populis a de izquie da no disc imina la coope ación in e nacional y la globalización pe se, pe o en una isión maniquea del mundo, c i ica a los países occiden ales icos y p opone la c eación de nue as alianzas egionales. Palab as cla es Populismo, polí ica ex e io , Ki chne ismo, Relaciones In e nacionales Abs ac This a icle add esses he issue o populis o eign policy in A gen ina and employs a mul i-me hods esea ch ha combines discou se analysis, o e- ign policy analysis, and his o ical poli ical econs uc ion o Ki chne ism. Theo e ically, we e e o populism as an “Idea ional App oach” and we conside Des adi and Plegaman’s hema ic lines in o de o in es iga e populism in wo ld poli ics. Th oughou he pape , we a gue ha le -wing populis o eign policy does no disc imina e agains in e na ional coope- a ion and globaliza ion pe se bu in a Manichean ision o he wo ld, i c i icizes wes e n ich coun ies, and p oposes he c ea ion o new egio- nal alliances. Keywo ds Populism; Fo eign Policy; Ki chne ism; In e na ional Rela ions. POLÍTICA EXTERIOR POPULISTA DE IZQUIERDA: EL CASO DEL KIRCHNERISMO EN ARGENTINA Re e encia: Colalongo, R. – Dona o, S. (2021). Populis Le -Wing Fo eign Policy: The Case O Ki chne ism In A gen ina. Cul u a La inoame icana, 34 (2), pp. 24-47. DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14718/Cul u aLa inoam.2021.34.2.2 25 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA Rodol o Colalongo * Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia S ellama ina Dona o * * Uni e si à LUMSA DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14718/Cul u aLa inoam.2021.34.2.2 In oduc ion Populism is no a new phenomenon. I has been associa ed wi h he mal unc ioning o democ acy and i has been pe cei ed as he esul o ins i u ional weakness wi h e e ence o unde de eloped coun ies. * Ph.D in Sociology, Theo y and His o y om he Uni e si y o Sale no, I aly. He is cu en ly a esea ch p o esso o he PhD in Poli ical S udies a he Facul y o Finance, Go e nmen and In e na ional Rela ions o he Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia. His esea ch in e es s a e: In e na ional Rela ions, La in Ame ican Fo eign Policy and Populism. He is cu en ly wo king on se e al esea ch p ojec s ela ed o populism and IR as well as he link be ween populism and democ acy. He has published se e al a icles and book chap e s on hese opics. E-mail: odo. [email p o ec ed] ** Ph.D candida e in “De elopmen and well-being o bo h he indi idual and he o ganiza ions” a LUMSA Uni e si y o Rome, I aly. He esea ch in e es s encompass EU-Medi e anean poli- cies wi h a ocus on mig a ion and populism, and gende and policies wi h a ocus on women’s igh s and gende -based iolence agains women. She is MC Membe (I aly) and co-gende ad- iso o COST Ac ion CA19112 Women on he Mo e (WEMo ). She is also a membe o he Resea ch Uni : “P o agonismo e coscienza del emminile nel nuo o Millennio. La na azione della iolenza di gene e in un empo senza u opie” (LUMSA Uni e si y o Rome) and ounding mem- be o “Na a i es and Social Changes-In e na ional Resea ch G oup” (Uni e si y o Sale no). F om Janua y 2020 o June 2020 she was a Visi ing PhD esea che a he Uni e si y o Za agoza (UNIZAR). F om Janua y 2018 o June 2018, she was a esea ch in e n a he Uni e si y o Lju- bljana, Facul y o Social Sciences, whe e she wo ked on a P ojec abou Populism and a i udes owa d he EU in Cen al Eu ope. In 2017, she ob ained he mas e ’s deg ee in In e na ional Rela ions om he Uni e si y o Bologna. In 2015, she g adua ed in Poli ical Science om he Uni e si y o Naples l’O ien ale. ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2382-3950. E-mail: [email p o ec ed] El p esen e a ículo es esul ado de un p oyec o de in es igación desa ollado en la Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia y la Uni e sidad Lumsa de I alia. Fecha de ecepción: 23 de julio de 2021; echa de acep ación: 30 de agos o de 2021 26 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO La in Ame ica has always been seen as a pionee in he eme gence o populism —unde s ood ei he as “pos -democ acy”(C ouch, 2004) o “dis igu ed democ acy” (U bina i, 2014)—; in a nu shell, as “de- gene a ion o pa hology o democ acy” (Anselmi, 2018). Despi e i has mos ly been a La in Ame ican ea u e, populism became a global issue when i appea ed in he consolida ed democ acies o he Wes , especially wi h he a i al o Donald T ump as p esiden o he USA and Bo is Johnson as B i ish p emie , igh a e he app o al o B exi . Fu he , he populis phenomenon has also sp ead in o he Eu opean democ acies. Fo ins ance, in I aly —wi h i s No he n League-Fi e S a Mo emen —, in Hunga y —wi h O ban’s poli ical ule— and in Poland —wi h PiS (P awo i Sp awiedliwość Law and Jus ice),— i s igh -wing populis pa y. These p emises demons a e ha populism has become a global phenomenon and i ’s he e o s ay (Des adi & Plagemann, 2019). As in Anselmi (Anselmi, 2018, p. 1) i is impossible o dissocia e e lec ion on con empo a y democ acy om conside a ion on he populis phenomenon: “we a e wi nessing a social and poli ical dynamic which s a ed some decades ago, ha ap- pea s pe iodically and is o a global na u e, as i mani es s i sel in e y di e en geog aphical con ex s”. Thus, as populis mo emen s ise o powe , he implica ions on o eign policy and in e na ional ela ions —IR— became mo e el- e an han e e , especially in La in Ame ican coun ies “whe e popu- lis s ha e long held poli ical powe and ha e in luenced o eign policy in p ac ice” (Ch yssogelos, 2017, p. 1). Fo ins ance, al hough ea ly s udies ocused on explaining he eme gence, li le was said abou he ela ionship be ween populism and o eign policy, o e en be ween populism and IR (Des adi & Plagemann). S engel (S engel e al., 2019) asse ed ha , despi e signi ican a en ion has been paid o he phenomenon, populism wo ld poli ics emains unde explo ed, much o he de imen o bo h IR and populism i sel . Mo eo e , we make e e ence o Alan (Bu ie , 2019) who did a sys ema ic and in-dep h analysis compa ing o eign policies in 6 La in Ame ican coun ies (A gen ina, Chile, Colombia, Pe u, Nica- agua and El Sal ado ) du ing 3 decades and colla ed coun ies wi h ex ended his o ies o populism ( he ea men g oup) wi h pee na- ions whe e populism has been no ably absen ( he con ol g oup), in spi e o achie ing “a balance be ween gene alizabili y and dep h”, he s udy had wo concep ual limi a ions. The i s e e s o he de ini ion o populism only as a poli ical s a egy, which makes i e y di icul o iden i y a populis o eign policy. The second was only o wo k wi h 27 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA he classic a iables o na ionalism and p o ec ionism, hus lea ing aside —in ou iew— o he a iables ha a e also impo an o IR such as coope a ion and con lic . Fu he mo e, we conside he wo k o Daniel (Wajne , 2019) who s udied he o eign policy o La in Ame ican populis go e n- men s bu compa ed he o mula ion o he o eign ela ions o he h ee g ea populis pe iods in he egion: “classic populism” (1930s- 1950s), “neo-libe al neo-populism” (Mudde), and “p og essi e neo-populism” (2000s). In his case, he compa ed pe iods ying o espond o “how hese egimes conduc ed hei o eign policies on he hemisphe ic, in e egional, egional/sub- egional, and global/ ans-na ional le els”. While expanding he s udy a iables wi h e- spec o Bu ie , i ells us li le o no hing abou wha i unde s ands by populism and how o iden i y a o eign policy as populis , al hough i does so in a sys ema ic and cohesi e way. In ela ion o he c i icism conce ning unclea and no speci ic concep o populism, i should be added ha mos s udies do no y o de e mine whe he he o eign policy o a populis go e nmen is also a populis one. Fo ins ance, he e is a lack in s udies ha ocus on how exis ing cha ac e is ics o populism a e elucida ing he o mu- la ion and applica ion o na ion-s a es’ o eign policies. Mo eo e , in hei compa a i e esea ch on Ca los Menem A gen- inian o eign policy (1989-1999) —conside ed a igh -wing populis go e nmen — and he one o Hugo Chá ez (1999-2013) in Venezuela – classi ied as le -wing populis leade , Leslie and Came on (Wehne & Thies, 2020, p. 2) a gued ha “a compa ison o wo cases o popu- lisms can shed ligh on he ype o in e na ional beha iou hey seek o ad ance and disc edi he no ion ha he e is only one ype o popu- lis o eign policy”. Al hough he au ho s did a simila job o he one p oposed he e, hey app oached he s udy o o eign policy om he pe spec i e o he ole-played by populis leade s, mainly, a he in e - na ional le el. Fo hese easons, he idea o he p esen wo k lies in he a emp o u he de elop he s udy ca ied ou by Sand a and Johannes (Des adi & Plagemann, 2019) in he speci ic case o A gen ina. Th ough an analysis o he discou se o he main A gen inian p esi- den ial speeches ha a e abou o eign policy and wo ld poli ics o he populis go e nmen s o Nés o and C is ina Ki chne 2003-2015, we aim a con ibu ing o he analysis o he hema ic lines p esen in he li e a u e, bu we wan o highligh he easons why we conside ha hei o eign policy was populis . 28 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO Ou esea ch aim and me hod This pape aims o in es iga e i he Ki chne is populis o eign policy ollows he hema ic lines iden i ied by Sand a and Johannes (Des adi & Plagemann, 2019): a) Mo e Con lic -P one Bila e al Re- la ions; b) A weakening o global go e nance and i s ins i u ions; c) A mo e cen alized and pe sonalized o eign policymaking; and d) he de elopmen o a new in e na ional pa ne ship (i.e. UNASUR, ALBA) while weakening links o adi ional wes e n pa ne s. In his sense, ou main esea ch ques ion is how did he populis o eign pol- icy unde Ki chne ism ollow he lines o Des adi and Plagemann? How populism comes o de e mine some o he o eign policy a gu- men s o Ki chne ism? The e o e, o each ou poin , we ha e o de- e mina e i s whe he and why he Ki chne ism o eign policy was populis . In o de o ul il ou esea ch goal, his a icle combines discou se and o eign policy analysis and his o ical poli ical econs uc ion o Ki chne ism (2003-2015) in A gen ina. We conside discou se anal- ysis in o de o g asp a co pus o s a emen s which, he p esiden s used as a o m o engaging discon inui y o e ime and space and in e ms o echnology o powe (A ibas-Ayllon & Walke dine, 2008; Foucaul , 1981). Whe eas, o eign policy analysis and his o ical poli i- cal econs uc ions se e he aim o adding con ex and quali a i e, making sense o he discou ses ha ul ima ely led o speci ic o eign policies (Hudson & Day, 2019) We decided o conside hose hema ic lines o Sand a and Jo- hannes (Des adi & Plagemann, 2019) and in his s udy we a gue ha his model Fig. 1 explains how o eign policy decisions ha e wo ked du ing Ki chne ism in A gen ina. 29 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA Figu e. 1: Populis Fo eign Policy (PFF) in A gen ina (2003- 2015): how o - eign policy wo ks in a le -wing populis egime Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion. Concep ualizing Populism and Fo eign Policy Populism has been s udied and de ined in a ious ways, espond- ing o di e en con ex s, case s udies and he a ilia ion o he au ho s add essing he phenomenon. Howe e , i is possible o es ablish a sys- ema iza ion o he s a e o a o he con empo a y deba e used by he academic communi y. Au ho s such as Paul (Tagga , 2000); Ku (Weyland, 2001); Raúl (Mad id, 2008); Ca los and En ique (de la To e & Pe uzzo i, 2008); Kenne h (Robe s, 2008); Robe (Ba , 2009); Robe (Jansen, 2011); S e en and James (Le i sky & Lox on, 2013), among o he s, con- side populism as a poli ical mobiliza ion, poli ical s yle o poli ical s a egy — hei concep ual simila i ies allow o clus e hem in he same g oup— ha consis s o applying edis ibu i e and na ionalis economic policies (Weyland), o o ganizing he s a e s uc u e in a pe sonalis ic way ha de i es om he di ec exe cise o public pow- e (poli ical s yle). And, inally, hey cons an ly appeal o he people, seeking hei poli ical mobiliza ion h ough he use o pa onage ne - wo ks and plebisci es. 30 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO On he o he hand, E nes o (Laclau, 2005); Hawkins (2010); and Casullo (Casullo), among o he s, unde s and populism as a poli ical discou se, ha is, a way o saying and p esen ing hings. They use a he o ic ha cons uc s poli ics in e ms o an an agonis ic s uggle be ween he people and he eli e. In his way, socie y is pola ized in wo la ge an agonis ic ields —al hough hey also suppo he idea o a hin-cen e ed ideology o Mudde and Kal wasse , hey highligh he ole o ha ideology in he discu si e cons uc ion o a poli ical eali y—. Laclau (Laclau), ins ead, p oposes ha his phenomenon is mani es ed as a poli ical logic, as a way o cons uc ing he poli ical, o o ming he collec i e iden i ies, ha is, he o ma ion o he people as a poli ical-his o ical ac o al hough i emphasizes he anscenden al ole ha ul ills he poli ical speech in he cons uc ion o he collec- i e iden i ies. On he o he side, au ho s such as Mudde (Mudde); S anley (S an- ley); Zana a (2014); Ro i a Kal wasse and Hawkins (Hawkins & Ro- i a Kal wasse ); see populism as an ideological phenomenon ocused on a se o ideas cha ac e ized by an an agonism be ween people and eli e, whe e he o me holds so e eign y and he la e co up ion. In hei pe spec i e, populism needs hick ideologies such as libe alism o socialism o make sense o hei go e nmen p og ams. This is he eason why igh -wing o le -wing populism can exis . Mudde and Ro i a Kal wasse (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017) a gue ha i is easible o c ea e a “de ini ion ha is able o ac- cu a ely cap u e he co e o all majo pas and p esen mani es a ions o populism, while s ill p ecise enough o exclude clea ly non-populis phenomena”. In ecen decades, a numbe o social scien is s ha e chosen o de ine populism as an “idea ional app oach” by concei ing i as a discou se, an ideology o a way o concei ing he wo ld. Fa om eaching a consensus on he p ecise de ini ion o he populis phenomenon (especially in language and pe iphe al elemen s), he “idea ional app oach” managed o sha e a numbe o key elemen s wi hin he di e en de ini ions such as he e e ence o a “people” denouncing he exis ence o an “eli e”. (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017). De ining populism as a “ hin-cen e ed ideology” is use ul in o de o unde s and “ he o -alleged malleabili y o he concep in ques- ion” (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017). The au ho s unde s and ideology as a se o no ma i e ideas abou he na u e o man and so- cie y as well as o ganiza ions and hei objec i es. In simple wo ds, “i is a iew o how he wo ld is and should be” (Mudde & Ro i a 31 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA Kal wasse , 2017). Unlike “ ull ideologies” (socialism, libe alism and ascism among o he s), he au ho s said, “ hin- cen e ed ideology” like populism has a es ic ed mo phology ha , in mos cases, mus be accompanied by a “ ull ideology” ha comple es i and allows o p omo e conc e e poli ical p ojec s. The e o e, “by i sel populism can o e nei he complex no comp ehensi e answe s o he poli ical ques ions ha mode n socie ies gene a e”(Mudde & Ro i a Kal was- se , 2017). Acco ding o he au ho s, his way o de ining populism allows i o ake di e en o ms ha a e consis en in he way he key elemen s o populism appea o ela e o o he concep s, “ o ming in e p e a- i e ames ha migh be mo e o less appealing o di e en socie ies” (Mudde & Ro i a Kal wasse , 2017). The plu ali y o de ini ions on populism gi es an idea o he ex en- sion and densi y o a phenomenon ha a ec s all he ac i i ies o a S a e. Wi hin hese ac i i ies ha o o eign policy is c ucial o pin- poin . Fo ins ance, Ve beek and Zaslo e (Ve beek & Zaslo e) e e o o eign policy as a ai ly common, hough much-deba ed, concep . They unde s and o eign policy gene ally as “ he in en ions and ac- ions o an ac o di ec ed a he ac o ’s ex e nal wo ld” (Ve beek & Zaslo e, 2017). In mos cases, he ac o e e s o so e eign s a es (Neack, 2008). They a e also awa e ha nowadays he concep o a- di ional o eign policy ( ocused only on he ex e nal ac ions o he s a e) gene a es a se ies o heo e ical di icul ies. In pa icula , be- cause a succession o new non-s a e, sub-na ional and sup ana ional ac o s ha e eme ged who would be able o exe cise o apply a o eign policy, ha is, a se o ac ions aimed a pu suing hei in e es s a he global le el. In his case, and o make i clea om he beginning, i is unde - s ood ha o eign policy is exclusi e o so e eign s a es and only hey can conduc i h ough diplomacy. Colac ai and Lechini (Colac ai & Lechini, 1994) de ine o eign policy as “a public policy ha encom- passes he se o decisions and ac ions aken by he ule s o a na ion- s a e o ope a e in he in e na ional sys em, in esponse o in e nal and ex e nal demands and de e minan s”. I is implemen ed h ough a p og amme ha has a dual unc ion: on he one hand, o ul il he aims o goals p oposed and, on he o he , o sol e he p oblems ha a ise in he in e na ional sphe e, whe he hey a e new o ha e been caused by p e ious adminis a ions. The ad ance owa ds he heo y o o eign policy was gi en by he app oach o neoclassical ealism. This “eme ging school o o eign 32 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO policy heo y” (Lobell e al., 2009) as some au ho s call i “in e link he s uc u al-sys emic quali ies o ealism wi h a specialized ap- p oach o he eli e decision-make s, he FPE - Fo eign Policy Execu- i e” (Mon oy He nández, 2014). As we men ioned ea lie , o eign policy is composed o in e nal and ex e nal a iables. Wi h he s udy o domes ic ac o s, i.e. “ideological di e ences, in e nal poli ical p essu es o he psychology o he leade ” (Rose, 1998), esea che s, in he ields o o eign policy s udies, a e ying o es ablish he ex en o which hey can in luence o impac o eign policy. Ex e nal ac o s a e de e mined by he in e na ional sys em, which is made up o a se o s a e and non-s a e ac o s compe ing wi h each o he in he pu sui o hei own in e es s. This compe i ion can be a condi ion o an oppo uni y o a s a e depending on i s o eign policy objec i e, i s ma e ial and esou ce mobiliza ion capaci ies. Re u ning o he domes ic a iables, i is impo an o highligh he ole o he human ac o which is he one ha makes he decisions in ma e s o o eign policy. In his espec , i is pe inen o poin ou ha his idea o he human ac o emana es om “an an h opology o In e na ional Rela ions, which places man a he cen e o he s udy o his discipline and o o eign policy, whe he ac ing alone o in a g oup” (Mon oy He nández, 2014). Acco ding o Alexande Geo ge (Geo ge, 1991), he poli ical beha iou o he execu i e powe holde will depend on his cogni- i e belie s, ha is, his ideology, ision o he wo ld and belie s abou poli ical s a egies and ac ics, which he has acqui ed h oughou his pe sonal and poli ical li e. Colac ai and Lechini exp ess a simila idea, a guing ha , in he A gen ine case, especially du ing he go e nmen o Ca los Menem (1989-1999), “ he decision-making p ocess was con- cen a ed in he igu e o he P esiden o he Na ion and he Minis e o Fo eign A ai s, who we e he ul ima e decision-making uni ” (Co- lac ai & Lechini, 1994). The e o e, we belie e he e is a link be ween populism unde s ood as ideology ( hin-cen e ed) and o eign policy. Wha ’s Ki chne ism and why hey we e populis s? We discuss i s de elopmen in he analysis o he h ee adminis- a ions o he Ki chne s, i s Nes o and hen C is ina (2003-2015). Ki chne ism’s ollowe s a gue ha i success ully boos ed he coun y om i s wo s c isis (Weyland) o se in o mo ion a i uous model o g ow h and social inclusion. I s ad e sa ies, ins ead, conside he pe- iod as a populis backslide cha ac e ized by economic mishandling, 39 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA social and economic cons uc ion, we did i wi h all he A gen ines (Fe - nández, Decembe 10, 2007). This inaugu a ed a pe iod cha ac e ized by a high le el o poli i- cal con on a ion ha led C is ina’s go e nmen o de y di ec ly he na ional media and he coun yside (ag o-indus ial sec o ) whe e bo h would go on o cons i u e he local ELITE which was iden i- ied wi h he concen a ion o poli ical and economic powe in he coun y. A an ex e nal le el, he con on a ion ook place agains a g oup o in e na ional c edi o s, called “Vul u e Funds”, who e used o be included in he enego ia ion o he o eign deb and decided o h ea en he na ional go e nmen in cou o he paymen o he bonds owed. She con inues o highligh he issue o deb elie wi h he IMF and he need o con inue wi h an economic de elopmen model wi h easonable au onomy “in a globalized wo ld”. Two key aspec s du ing he p e ious p esidency, and which also seem o be so o P esiden C is ina. She shows he Manichean ision o he in e na ional eali y by leaning on he Ex e nal Villain14, he In e na ional Mone a y Fund, and adding ano he , al eady known, globaliza ion. Al hough he la e is no a global ins i u ion, a coun y o a g oup o agen s ha possess economic powe , bu a he a p ocess ha allowed he consolida ion o he neolibe al sys em and i s b u al concen a ion o wo ld weal h and he e o e o he inc ease in inequali y, he p esiden will ea i as i i we e. Always associa ing i wi h he Ex e nal Villain. In o he wo ds, globaliza ion as such is pa o he e ils o be e adi- ca ed in o de o gi e back o he People hei condi ion o so e eign- y, unde s ood as he exp ession o he gene al will and o common people who los hei economic igh s because o his p ocess. Thei idea o inse ing hemsel es in o he wo ld would be h ough egional o ganiza ions such as MERCOSUR and he ecen ly c ea ed UNASUR (Union o Sou h Ame ican Na ions), which was in ended o unc ion as a space o dialogue on he p oblems and challenges hey sha ed as a egion, bu also se ed as a place o populis con- solida ion. In pa icula among he go e nmen s o A gen ina, B azil, Boli ia, Ecuado and Venezuela ha ook ad an age o he ideologi- cal closeness o join e o s in he na ional, egional and in e na ional 14. I is ha in e na ional agen ha seeks he domina ion and conques o he people unde - s ood in so e eign e ms, in: Ma ia E. Casullo, Po qué unciona el populismo? El discu so que sabe cons ui explicaciones con incen es de un mundo en c isis (Buenos Ai es: Siglo XXI Edi o es A gen ina, 2019). 40 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO s eng hening o hei adminis a ions. In he li e a u e15 we e known as he “Le -Wing Populisms; Le Populisms o Inclusiona y Populisms”. C is ina had a concep o people as a Na ion (homeland)16 a h- e han as o dina y people. Al hough bo h concep ions a e p esen h oughou he speeches o bo h leade s, he u h is ha one con- cep ion always p e ails o e he o he . Fo ins ance, Nés o had a i- sion o he People mo e o ien ed o he Common People and C is ina mo e simila o he Na ion (homeland). This was pa icula ly e iden in he o eign policy, which pe manen ly sough o gua an ee na ional au onomy by s eng hening links wi h eme ging global ac o s such as Russia and China, which we e hailed as s a es ha espec ed popula so e eign y and sough o do p oduc i e business o he A gen ine people. And, a he egional le el, he same was done wi h MERCO- SUR and UNASUR along wi h he ela ionship o b o he hood wi h B azil, Boli ia, Ecuado and Venezuela. The hemes ha ma ked he 8 yea s o go e nmen , acco ding o hei s mo e han 23 speeches ha speak abou o eign ela ions, we e; Regional in eg a ion as a ba ie o ex e nal h ea s17; Re o m o mul i- la e al c edi o ganiza ions18; Sha ed esponsibili y be ween cen al and pe iphe al na ions19; UN e o m ha p i ileges a ew20; Food secu i y 15. Y. S a akakis, A. Kioupkiolis, G. Ka sambekis, N. Nikisianis, & T. Siomos, ‘Con empo- a y Le -wing Populism in La in Ame ica: Leade ship, Ho izon alism, and Pos democ acy in Chá ez’s Venezuela’, La in Ame ican Poli ics and Socie y, 58(3), 2016, pp. 51-76. Doi:10.1111/ j.1548-2456.2016.00318.x 16. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su asunción del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2007. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asuncion-de- c is ina-ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2007/ (6 ma ch 2020). 17. Discu so de la p esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en el ac o de ape u a de la xxx Cumb e del Me cosu , Tucumán 01 de julio de 2008. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/ discu so-de-c is ina- en-la-cumb e-del-me cosu -2008/ (6 ma ch 2020). 18. Mensaje de la p esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne a la Asamblea Gene al de las Nacio- nes Unidas, Nue a Yo k 23 de sep iemb e de 2008. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/ mensaje-de-c is ina-a- la-asamblea-gene al-de-la-onu-2008/ (7 ma ch 2020). 19. Mensaje de la P esiden a C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en la Asamblea Gene al de la O ganización de las Naciones Unidas. 24 de sep iemb e de 2010. Nue a Yo k. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c k-en-la-onu-mensaje-en-la-asamblea-gene al-de-2010/ (7 ma ch 2020). 20. Discu so de la p esiden a de la nación, C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne , en la 66a Asamblea Gene al de la O ganización de las Naciones Unidas, en Nue a Yo k. Mié coles, 21 de Sep iemb e de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-ki chne -66a-asamblea- gene al-de-la-o ganizacion- de-las-naciones-unidas/ (9 ma ch 2020). 41 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA o cen al coun ies21; Vul u e unds22; Popula manda e23; Neolibe al policies and inancial globaliza ion as esponsible o he deindus ial- iza ion o pe iphe al coun ies24; En i onmen al liabili ies o de eloping coun ies25; The Wo ld (Wehne & Thies) s In es men Funds (Vul- u e Funds)26; Regional Uni y (Me cosu , Unasu , Celac)27; Democ acy as an exe cise o he popula will28; Risk Ra ing as De ende s o In es - men Funds’ In e es s29; The Need o C ea e a New Wo ld O de 30; Paying o Vul u e Funds would be o condemn he whole people o po e y31; UN Gene al Assembly as he ue so e eign o global de- moc acy32; The Su e ing His o y o ou Peoples33; Regional Income 21. Fo o del sec o emp esa io de la cumb e del G-20. 03 de no iemb e de 2011. Cannes, F ancia. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-en-la-cumb e-del-g-20-2011-en- cannes/ (9 ma ch 2020). 22. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su asunción del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asuncion-de- c is ina- ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2011/ (9 ma ch 2020). 23. Ídem. Mensaje de la P esiden a a la Asamblea Legisla i a del Cong eso de la Nación en su asunción del mando, 10 de diciemb e de 2011. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/asun- cion-de-c is ina- ki chne -10-de-diciemb e-de-2011/ (9 ma ch 2020). 24. Discu so de la p esiden a c is ina e nandez de ki chne en la 67°asamblea gene al de naciones unidas 2012. A ailable a : h ps://www.casa osada.gob.a /in o macion/a chi o/26102-67a-asam- blea-gene al-de-las-naciones-unidas-discu so-de-la-p esiden a-de-la-nacion (10 ma ch 2020). 25. Discu so de CFK en la Cumb e de Ene gía 2013 en Abu Dhabi. Ma es 15 de Ene o de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/cumb e-mundial-de-ene gia-2013-en-abu-dhabi/ (10 ma ch 2020). 26. Quie o e e i me a lo que ha sucedido hace unos días en Nue a Yo k. A ailable a : h ps://www. c ka gen ina.com/la-audiencia-con-los- ondos-bui es-en-ny-y-el-pago-de-la-deuda/ (13 ma ch 2020). 27. Palab as de CFK en la cena en hono de la P esiden a de la República Fede a i a del B asil Dilma Rousse y su comi i a en el Museo del Bicen ena io. Jue es, 25 de Ab il de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-o ecio-una-cena-de-hono -a-dilma- ousse -y-su-co- mi i a/ (13 ma ch 2020). 28. Palab as de CFK, en la clausu a del XXIII Pe íodo O dina io de Sesiones de la Con e encia Gene al pa a la P osc ipción de las A mas Nuclea es en Amé ica La ina y el Ca ibe (OPANAL). Jue es, 22 de Agos o de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-ce o-la-con- e encia-gene al-del-o ganismo-pa a- la-p osc ipcion-de-las-a mas-nuclea es-en-ame ica-la ina-y- el-ca ibe-opanal/ (14 ma ch 2020). 29. Palab as de C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne en la 68a Asamblea Gene al de la O ganización de las Naciones Unidas, Nue a Yo k. 24 de sep iemb e de 2013. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka - gen ina.com/c is ina-68-asamblea-onu/ (14 ma ch 2020). 30. C is ina en la cumb e G77+China «Hacia un nue o o den mundial pa a i i bien», en San a C uz de la Sie a, Es ado Plu inacional de Boli ia. 15 de junio de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www. c ka gen ina.com/g77china-hacia-un-nue o-o den-mundial-pa a- i i -bien/ (14 ma ch 2020). 31. Palab as de la P esiden a C is ina Ki chne en la cumb e BRICS con UNASUR en B asilia, 16 de julio de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-ki chne -cumb e-b ics- unasu - ondos-bui es/ (15 ma ch 2020). 32. Palab as de C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne an e la 69a Asamblea Gene al de las Naciones Unidas. Nue a Yo k, 24 de sep iemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/ c is ina-ki chne -69- asamblea-onu/ (15 ma ch 2020). 33. Inaugu amos la nue a sede Nés o Ki chne de Unasu , en el Cen o del Mundo, en Qui o. Vie nes, 05 de Diciemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/inaugu amos-la- nue a-sede-nes o - ki chne -de-unasu -en-el-cen o-del-mundo-en-qui o/ (16 ma ch 2020). 42 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO Dis ibu ion and Ci izen Equali y34; Hegemonic posi ions35; Global dis ibu i e inequali y36. A he BRICS-UNASUR Summi held in B asilia in July 2014, he BRICS summed up i s o eign policy in a populis key: “The call o all coun ies is o join o ces in his ue c usade o a new global o - ganiza ion in poli ical, economic and inancial ma e s ha will ha e posi i e social, poli ical and cul u al consequences o ou peoples”. The e was a clea idea o consolida ing populism by uni ing wi h o h- e go e nmen s o simila poli ical hues in o de o con inually sus ain he de ense o he igh s o he people. Ca los de la To e (de la To e) made a simila a gumen when he analyzed Venezuela’s ole wi hin ALBA. The go e nmen o C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne deepened he o eign policy ha began wi h he p edecesso , Nés o Ki chne . I no only con inued wi h i s populis concep ion h ough a ma kedly dualis ic ision o in e na ional eali y ep esen ed by poo coun ies s. ich ones, bu also by iden i ying a global inancial eli e ha op- e a ed agains he in e es s o he people as a na ion, unde mining so e eign y and subjec ing hem o policies o mise y and inequali y in o de o collec hei deb s. Figu es such as ul u e unds, he IMF and he wo ld banks we e used o name he global eli e wi h he sup- po o he US go e nmen . On he o he hand, he igu e o poo and ich s a es (us/ hem) se ed o jus i y hei new in e na ional alliances in o de o ob ain g ea e na ional au onomy. Howe e , i s di e en ia ion om he p e ious go e nmen in o eign a ai s was in wo ma e s. The i s was ha i had a clea oca ion o modi y he global go e nance and i s ins i u ions a he han weakening. I is e iden ha i was conce ned wi h global is- sues such as clima e change, e o ism, in e na ional ade, and peace and secu i y, bu no om he adi ional ins i u ional spaces, he UN, he WTO o he Secu i y Council, bu by s eng hening in e na- ional o ums such as he G-20 and G-77, which se ed as spaces o mo e democ a ic and plu alis ic discussion. They we e also used o 34. C is ina en la 47 Cumb e de Je es y Je as de Es ado del Me cosu , en Pa aná, En e Ríos, 17 de diciemb e de 2014. A ailable a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/c is ina-en-la-47-cumb e-del- me cosu -en- pa ana-en e- ios/ (17 ma ch 2020). 35. Discu so de la P esiden a en el Plena io de la 48o Cumb e de Me cosu en B asilia. A ail- able a : h ps://www.c ka gen ina.com/plena io-de-la-48o-cumb e-de-me cosu -en-b asilia/ (17 ma ch 2020). 36. Palab as de la P esiden a de la Nación, D a. C is ina Fe nández de Ki chne , an e la 70° Asamblea Gene al de Naciones Unidas, 28 de sep iemb e de 2015. A ailable a : h ps://www. c ka gen ina.com/discu so-de-c is ina-ki chne -en-la-70-asamblea-gene al-de-naciones-unidas- onu/ (18 ma ch 2020). 43 POPULIST LEFT-WING FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF KIRCHNERISM IN ARGENTINA s eng hen links wi h China and Russia. Clea compe i o s o he US in he in e na ional sys em. The o he aspec has o do wi h he “building up a new in e na- ional pa ne ship while weakening links o adi ional wes e n pa - ne s which became a egional o eign p io i y”. To s eng hen he links wi h he b o he coun ies o he egion bu h ough UNASUR and MERCOSUR as he undamen al pilla s o Sou h Ame ican in e- g a ion lea ing aside o he s like he OAS o he Summi o he Ame i- cas. UNASUR had a sho bu in ense li e wi h la ge egional p ojec s in he making. Al hough i con inued o cul i a e i s bila e al ela ions wi h coun ies such as B azil, Boli ia, Ecuado , Pa aguay, U uguay and Venezuela. All, excep U uguay, a e conside ed le -wing populis go e nmen s. Conclusions This pape a gues ha peculia i ies in populis o eign policy we e p esen a he imes o Nes o and C is ina Ki chne . Mo e speci ically, h ough hei decla a ions du ing ele an speeches a in e na ional s ages i no iced ha by endu ing a so o Manichean di ision o he wo ld in o good and bad ca ego ies, as in he people s he eli e, and poo s ich coun ies; d ama ic o eign policy con- sequences we e de eloped. Thanks o his heo e ical backg ound and ou case s udy, we ha e obse ed ha populis o eign policy du ing Ki chne ism in A gen i- na has some in e es ing ea u es o s ess. Fo ins ance, ou case s udy has shown how populis leade s wi h he clea in en ion o s eng hen- ing poli ical-populis ies and sha ing na ional expe iences implemen a p ocess o in e na ional coope a ion in hei manda es and o e - come na ional policies by ein o cing o c ea ing egional alliances in con aposi ion o o me wes e ones. Mo eo e , in e nal and ex e nal a iables we e aken in o accoun when designing he populis o eign policy, as he au ho o o eign policy poin s ou (Colac ai & Lechini, 1994). In addi ion, in he analyzed speeches o he wo leade s i is clea a eac ion o he dynamics o globaliza ion. Indeed, in he wo ds o bo h p esiden s, globaliza ion has unde mined popula so e eign y a he expense o A gen ine na ional au onomy, and i has also se i- ously damaged he na ional economic de elopmen o he coun y. The e o e, he culp i is he wes e n imp in ing o in luence. De- spi e ha he c i icism o globaliza ion is clea in he wo ds o bo h 44 Cul u a La inoam. Volumen 34, núme o 2, julio-diciemb e 2021, pp. 24-47 RODOLFO COLALONGO - STELLAMARINA DONATO Nes o and C is ina Ki chne , we a gue ha hei populis go e n- men s design o eign policies capable o emb acing populis s ings e en beyond domes ic poli ics. Indeed, hey a e ying o modi y he adi ional in e na ional sys em c ea ing ano he one which is close o hei na ional in e es s (popula so e eign y, na ional au onomy and na ional economic de elopmen ) and ein o ces he ela ionship wi h o he simila populis go e nmen s, p e e ably in he same egion. Despi e he limi s o ou s udy, in e ms o he ime span analyzed and he case s udy, as we ha e discussed h oughou he pape , ou conclusions migh sugges an explana o y model which could help o be e unde s and he populis o eign policy du ing Ki chne ism in A gen ina. Finally, ou model, as in Fig. 1, could be used in o he s udies ha esea ch o eign policy in o he le -wing populis s’ powe and egimes, especially in he La in Ame ican egion sugges ing u - he s udies on he opic. Re e ences Anselmi, M. (2018). Po ipulism. An In oduc ion. Rou ledge. A ibas-Ayllon, M., & Walke dine, V. (2008). Foucauldian Discou se Analysis. In C. Willing & W. 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