Jou nal o Human Kine ics olume 85/2022, 23–34 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0107 23
Change o Di ec ion Abili y
1 - Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Heal h, Highe Ins i u e o Physical Educa ion, Uni e si y o he Republic, Mon e ideo,
U uguay.
2 - Resea ch Uni , Spo i e Pe o mance and Physical Rehabili a ion, High Ins i u e o Spo s and Physical Educa ion o Ke ,
Uni e si y o Jendouba, Tunisia.
3 - Facul y o Sciences o Bize e, Uni e si y o Ca hage, Za zouna, Tunisia.
4 - Physical Educa ion and Spo Depa men , Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, Vi o ia-Gas eiz,
Spain.
5 - Cen o de In es igaciones en Nu ición Humana, Escuela de Nu ición, Facul ad de Ciencias Médicas, Uni e sidad Nacional de
Có doba, Có doba, A gen ina.
6 - In eg a ed Ins i u e o Heal h, Fede al Uni e si y o Ma o G osso do Sul, Campo G ande, B azil.
7 - College o Heal hca e Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y, Towns ille, Aus alia.
8 - Resea ch and De elopmen Depa men , iLOAD Solu ions, Campo G ande, B azil.
Au ho s submi ed hei con ibu ion o he a icle o he edi o ial boa d.
Accep ed o p in ing in he Jou nal o Human Kine ics ol. 85/2022 in Decembe 2022.
Change o Di ec ion Pe o mance and i s Physical De e minan s
Among Young Baske ball Male Playe s
by
Pablo Pé ez-I án1, Maximiliano Rial1, Sei eddine B ini2,3, Julio Calleja-González4,
Sebas ián Del Rosso5, Daniel Boullosa6,7,8, S e ano Bení ez-Flo es1
The main aim o he p esen s udy was o examine he e ec s o he age g oup (U-15, U-17 and U-19) on
change o di ec ion (COD) pe o mance and i s speci ic physical de e minan s among young baske ball male playe s.
Thi y-one young male baske ball playe s (13–18 yea s) olun ee ed o pa icipa e in his s udy. The sample was
di ided in o 3 age g oups (U-15, U-17, U-19). All he e alua ions we e ca ied ou in he same o de in 3 sessions as
ollows: 1) body composi ion, sel - epo ed sexual ma u a ion, COD pe o mance, and in e mi en endu ance capaci y;
2) eac i e s eng h index (RSI), 15-m sp in , and epea ed sp in abili y (RSA) es ; 3) e ical and ho izon al jumps
and lowe -limb s eng h. The esul s showed signi ican di e ences be ween g oups o age, sexual ma u a ion,
endu ance capaci y, ho izon al and e ical jump pe o mances, RSI, COD, RSA, and lowe -limb s eng h (p < 0.05).
Signi ican co ela ions we e iden i ied be ween COD pe o mances and some physical de e minan s such as jumping
abili y and RSA pe o mance (-0.43 < < 0.85; p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, he e a e age e ec s on COD pe o mance and
i s speci ic physical de e minan s among young baske ball male playe s. The associa ions be ween COD pe o mance
and i s de e minan s should be conside ed by p ac i ione s when p og aming a hle ic alen de elopmen o his
popula ion.
Key wo ds: eam spo s; a hle ic alen ; adolescence; ield es ing; baske ball.
In oduc ion
Time-mo ion analyses in baske ball ha e
shown ha playe s pe o m many in e mi en
o wa d, backwa d, and la e al high-speed
mo emen s du ing games (Abdelk im e al., 2007;
Pe way el al., 2020; S ojano ić e al., 2018). In his
con ex , p e ious s udies ha e epo ed ha
baske ball is cha ac e ized by in e mi en high-
in ensi y ac ions such as changes o di ec ion
(CODs), sp in s and jumps which a e conside ed
main ac o s o speci ic pe o mance (Abdelk im
e al., 2007; A i e al., 2021; Pe way el al., 2020;
S ojano ić e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, ecen ly i
has been sugges ed ha epea ed CODs can be
conside ed a key abili y o eam spo s such as
baske ball (B ini e al., 2020a, 2021). In his ega d,
24 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s
Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl
se e al ecen s udies ha e desc ibed he
impo ance o implemen ing COD, powe , as well
as accele a ion and decele a ion exe cises o he
e alua ion and aining o bo h young and senio
baske ball playe s (B ini e al., 2020a, 2021;
Mancha-T igue o e al., 2019; Ramos e al., 2020;
S ojano ić e al., 2019).
P e ious s udies ha e analyzed he
de e minan s o pe o mance in apid linea
sp in ing and jumping wi h COD and ha e
de eloped speci ic me hods o es ing and
aining in baske ball (Scanlan e al., 2021; Spi e i
e al., 2015; Zaga o e al., 2017). Howe e , he
ela ionships among jumps, linea sp in ing and
sp in ing wi h COD (Chaouachi e al., 2009; Haj-
Sassi e al., 2011; Young e al., 2002) a e no
consis en in li e a u e. Fu he mo e, Li le e al.
(2005) analyzed he ela ionship be ween
maximum sp in ing speed, COD, and accele a ion
capaci y and concluded ha hese h ee capaci ies
a e ela i ely independen . On he con a y,
S u zik e al. (2017) epo ed a signi ican s ong
ela ionship be ween e ical jump and COD
pe o mance in young baske ball playe s.
The e o e, while i seems ha epea ed COD
sp in s a e impo an o baske ball playe s, i s ill
needs o be de e mined how i is ela ed o
speci ic pe o mance ac o s.
The abili y o pe o m as COD is also
conside ed a alid c i e ion o alen
iden i ica ion and p epa edness in baske ball
(Ramos e al., 2020; Sisic e al., 2015; S ojano ić e
al., 2019; Scanlan e al., 2021; To es-Unda., 2013).
Howe e , he e a e only ew s udies in li e a u e
wi h young playe s which ha e e alua ed some
physical and mo phological di e ences among
age ca ego ies (Calleja-González e al., 2018; Fo -
Vanmee haege e al., 2016) o playing posi ions
(I ano ić e al., 2022), bu no he ac o s ela ed
o COD abili y. The e o e, i would also be
impo an o e i y he changes in his key
capaci y o playe s o di e en age, and i o he
componen s o i ness in addi ion o muscle
powe (Scanlan e al., 2021), would be in ol ed in
i s imp o emen h oughou he o ma i e yea s.
Thus, he main aim o his s udy was o
compa e 3 age g oups o young baske ball male
playe s (U-15, U-17 and U-19) wi h espec o
COD abili y and hei speci ic physical
de e minan s. Following he cu en li e a u e, i
was hypo hesized ha COD pe o mance would
imp o e wi h age and physical i ness (Abdelk im
e al., 2010).
Me hods
Pa icipan s
Thi y-six male baske ball playe s aged 13–18
yea s olun ee ed o pa icipa e in his s udy.
Playe s had a minimum o 3 yea s o aining
expe ience. All o hem belonged o he same
eam compe ing in he sub-eli e se ies o he
U uguayan Baske ball Fede a ion (FUBB). All
playe s ained 5 imes a week, wi h sessions
las ing ~2 h. Playe s main ained hei usual
aining schedules du ing he p ocedu es a he
p e-season pe iod. Pa icipan s we e asked no o
modi y any aspec o hei daily li e (sleep, die ,
e c.), and o es p ope ly be ween e alua ions.
The inclusion c i e ia we e: 1) be p epa ing o he
2020 league; 2) no ha ing any musculoskele al
inju y o any pain o discom o du ing he ime
o he s udy; 3) no ha ing any ca diome abolic
disease; 4) no aking any supplemen s o d ugs.
P io o ec ui men , pa icipan s and hei
pa en s we e in o med o he objec i es, po en ial
isks and bene i s o he s udy, and signed an
in o med w i en consen o m. This s udy was
ca ied ou in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o
Helsinki (Wo ld Medical Associa ion 2013)
ollowing he upda e o Fo aleza 2013.
Design and P ocedu es
The p ocedu es we e ca ied ou in Ma ch o
2020 du ing he las 2 weeks o he p e-season. A
week be o e da a collec ion, playe s we e ully
amilia ized wi h all he es s du ing egula
aining. Physical i ness e alua ions we e
selec ed om he sys ema ic e iew by Mancha-
T igue o e al. (2019) who conside ed ae obic
capaci y, anae obic capaci y, jump capaci y, linea
speed and agili y as impo an physical i ness
componen s o baske ball playe s.
All a hle es we e e alua ed o e 15 days
du ing 3 di e en sessions las ing ~2 h each,
sepa a ed by ou o i e days o ensu e adequa e
eco e y. In addi ion, hei coaches we e asked o
a oid in ense ac i i ies, while playe s we e asked
no o consume any ype o s imulan s (e.g.,
co ee, ma e, e c.) 48 h be o e e alua ions. All he
es s we e ca ied ou on he same o icial
baske ball cou and we e sepa a ed in o 3
sessions as ollows: 1) body composi ion
e alua ion, sel - epo ed sexual ma u a ion
e alua ion (Tanne s age), COD, and in e mi en
endu ance es ; 2) eac i e s eng h index (RSI),
15-m sp in , and epea ed sp in abili y (RSA) es ;
3) jumps and lowe -limb s eng h. Th oughou all
he es s, playe s we e ins uc ed o pe o m hei
by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 25
© Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics
maximum e o and we e e bally encou aged by
he esea ch eam. The s anda dized wa m-up in
all es ing sessions consis ed o 5 min o sel -
selec ed submaximal unning, wo submaximal
sp in s o e 12 m, and wo maximal sp in s o e
he same dis ance.
Measu es
Fi s day
Body Composi ion
The collec ed measu emen s we e: body
heigh (cm) using a s adiome e (2096 PP, Toledo
do B azil, São Paulo, B azil), body mass (kg), body
mass index (BMI), and body a (%) using a digi al
body composi ion moni o (HBF 514, OMRON,
Kyo o, Japan).
Tanne s age
The sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e alida ed
by Mo is (1980) was used o e alua e he sexual
de elopmen o pa icipan s. Fo his pu pose,
pa icipan s we e asked o espond wi h a
numbe om 1 o 5, o iden i y he ma u a ional
s age hey conside ed o mee a he momen o
he s udy.
Change o di ec ion (COD)
The modi ied T- es (Haj-Sassi e al., 2009) was
used o assess COD abili y. This es was
pe o med wi h ou cones o ming a T, and a se
o pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s (Ch onojump
Bosco sys em®, Ba celona, Spain) (de Blas e al.,
2012). Pho ocells we e placed a he beginning o
he es which coincided wi h he end. A hle es
we e asked o s and wi h hei on oo 50 cm
behind he s a ing line. This adap ed es equi es
sp in ing, la e al shu ling, and backpedaling wi h
4 di ec ional changes ep esen ing he ypical
mo emen s o baske ball (Haj-Sassi e al., 2009).
COD abili y was e alua ed wice wi h a passi e
eco e y o 2 min be ween a emp s, and he
mean was used o u he analyses. The ICC
alue ob ained o his es was 0.91 (0.83–0.96,
95% CI).
In e mi en endu ance capaci y
The 30–15 in e mi en i ness es (IFT) which
consis s o al e na ing 30-s bou s o inc easing
unning speed wi h passi e eco e y pe iods o
15 s, was used o assess speci ic endu ance
capaci y. The ini ial speed was 8 km·h and i was
inc eased by 0.5 km·h each s age. The es ended
when he playe was exhaus ed o when could
no make he 2-m zone a he ime o he “beep”
o h ee consecu i e imes. The es e sion used
was he one speci ically modi ied o baske ball
(Buchhei , 2010). The peak eloci y in he IFT
(VIFT) was eco ded and hen maximum oxygen
up ake (VO2max) was es ima ed acco ding o a
alida ed o mula (Buchhei , 2010).
Hea a e measu ed du ing he IFT
Playe s we e moni o ed du ing he IFT wi h a
hea a e (HR) ches s ap (Fi s bea
Technologies® L d, Jy äskylä, Finland). The HR
da a we e subsequen ly expo ed o Fi s bea
Spo s so wa e ( 4.7.3.1, Fi s bea Technologies
L d, Jy äskylä, Finland) o eco d he peak HR
(HRpeak). A hle es we e asked o es o 2 min on
he cou in he supine posi ion immedia ely a e
he end o he IFT o eco d he HR eco e y %
del a a he 2nd min (HRR∆ 2 min) (Bení ez-Flo es
e al., 2021).
Second day
Reac i e s eng h index
The RSI was assessed u ilizing he 10 ebound
jump es (10/5 RJT) (Comyns e al., 2019). This
measu e was eco ded wi h a po able de ice
( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o, Canada) secu ed wi h a
wais bel placed on he low back. This senso
wi h a iaxial accele ome e and a gy oscope has
p e iously shown accep able alidi y and
eliabili y o moni o kinema ic a iables in
di e en powe exe cises (Mon al o e al., 2021;
Pé ez-Cas illa e al., 2019). Du ing he e alua ion,
playe s we e ins uc ed o keep hei hands on
hips, jumping and landing wi h hei legs
ex ended du ing 10 epe i ions on he same spo ,
maximizing jump heigh and minimizing he
g ound con ac ime. Then, he i e bes jumps
om a single a emp we e conside ed o
analyses.
15-m sp in
Pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o un wice a
maximum speed o e a dis ance o 15 m. Be ween
he sp in s he e was a passi e eco e y pe iod o
2 min. The lap imes we e eco ded wi h
pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s (Ch onojump
Bosco sys em, Ba celona, Spain) (De Blas e al.,
2012) loca ed a he s a ing and he end line.
Playe s we e asked o s and wi h he on oo 50
cm behind he s a ing line. The mean o hese
wo sp in ing imes was used o u he analyses.
The ICC alue ob ained was 0.93 (0.86–0.97, 95%
CI).
Repea ed sp in abili y (RSA)
Fo RSA es ing we used he p o ocol
p oposed by Nabli e al. (2016) which consis s o 5
sp in s o 30 m (15+15 m) wi h a COD o 180° and
25 s o passi e eco e y be ween e o s.
Pa icipan s we e asked o un a maximum speed
26 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s
Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl
o he line loca ed a he 15 h m, s ep on i , change
di ec ion 180° and e u n as as as possible o he
s a ing line. The imes o each sp in we e
eco ded wi h pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s
(Ch onojump Bosco sys em, Ba celona, Spain)
loca ed a he s a ing line. The ollowing
a iables we e subsequen ly calcula ed: RSA o al
ime (s), de ined as he sum o he i e sp in ing
imes; RSA bes ime (s), calcula ed as he bes
ime among all epe i ions; and he RSA a igue
index (FI) acco ding o he ollowing equa ion: FI
= [Σ o al ime/ (bes ime × n° sp in s) × 100)] - 100
= % (Fi zsimons e al., 1993).
Thi d day
Ve ical and ho izon al jumps
Ve ical jump pe o mances we e e alua ed
using a po able de ice ( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o,
Canada) as p e iously desc ibed. The jumps
conside ed we e he unila e al and bila e al
coun e mo emen jumps (CMJ). Two a emp s o
he bila e al CMJ and one o he unila e al CMJ
(le : CMJL and igh : CMJR) we e allowed.
Pa icipan s s a ed wi h bo h ee oge he and
we e asked o jump as high as possible. The dep h
o he CMJ was sel -selec ed and playe s we e
asked o land a he same place o he ake-o
(Ma ko ic e al., 2004). Jump heigh and mean
powe we e eco ded o u he analyses. The
a e age o wo a emp s o he bila e al CMJ we e
used o u he compa isons. The ICCs alues
we e: 0.96 (0.92–0.98 95% CI) and 0.91 (0.82–0.96
95% CI), o jump heigh and powe , espec i ely.
The unila e al and bila e al s anding b oad
jump (BJ) pe o mances (A e o e al., 2011) we e
e alua ed wi h a measu ing ape. Playe s we e
asked o keep hei hands on he wais as du ing
he CMJ. We only eco ded hose jump a emp s
in which pa icipan s we e able o s and in he
inal posi ion wi hou losing balance. Two
execu ions o he bila e al BJ and one o he
unila e al BJ (le : BJL and igh : BJR) we e ca ied
ou , wi h he mean used o u he analyses. The
ICC alue o BJ dis ance was 0.90 (0.80–0.95 95%
CI).
Lowe -limb s eng h
Following a p e ious s udy (Pa eja-Blanco e
al., 2017), a hle es pe o med a p og essi e load
es in he ee squa exe cise. A ee eccen ic
eloci y was allowed un il he highs we e below
he ho izon al plane and hen hey we e asked o
mo e a maximum concen ic eloci y. Th ee
epe i ions pe load we e pe o med wi h 2 min o
eco e y be ween se s. The mean eloci y o each
epe i ion was con olled and only he bes
epe i ion in he se was eco ded o u he
analyses ( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o, Canada).
Twen y kilog ams we e aken as he ini ial load
and subsequen ly he load was p og essi ely
inc eased by 10 kg, un il he mean eloci y
eached was ~0.95 m·s-1. This mean eloci y has
been associa ed wi h maximum powe p oduc ion
(Sánchez-Medina e al., 2017).
S a is ical Analyses
Da a a e p esen ed as mean ± SD and 95%
con idence in e als (CI). Reliabili y o each es
was calcula ed by de e mining he in aclass
co ela ion coe icien (ICC) using a cus om-made
Excel® sp eadshee . Accep able eliabili y was
de e mined a an ICC ≥ 0.8 (Hopkins, 2000).
No mali y was assessed by means o s anda d
dis ibu ion measu es, isual inspec ion o Q–Q
plo s and box plo s, and he Shapi o-Wilk es
(<50). Addi ionally, a iance homoscedas ici y
was assessed using he Le ene’s es a iables.
Whe e no maliza ion was no possible, o some
a iables (age, HRpeak and lowe -limb s eng h),
non-pa ame ic me hods we e used. Mean
di e ences among g oups we e conduc ed using
one-way ANOVA wi h Bon e oni’s pos hoc
pai ed compa isons. Fo non-no mal a iables,
in e g oup compa isons we e e alua ed using he
K uskal-Wallis es and pai wise analyzes by he
Mann-Whi ney U es . E ec sizes we e calcula ed
using p2 in o de o examine he magni ude o
he di e ences be ween he h ee g oups and
Cohen’s d ( o no mal a iables) o =z/√N ( o
non-no mal a iables) o pai ed compa isons.
Th eshold alues o e ec size we e 0–0.2 i ial,
>0.2–0.6 small, >0.6–1.2 mode a e, >1.2– 2.0 la ge,
and >2.0 e y la ge (Hopkins e al., 2009). The
Pea son´s co ela ion coe icien ( ) was used o
assess he ela ionships be ween selec ed a iables
wi h he ollowing h esholds: ≤0.1, i ial; >0.1–
0.3, small; >0.3–0.5, mode a e; >0.5–0.7, la ge;
>0.7–0.9, e y la ge; and >0.9–1.0, almos pe ec
(Hopkins e al. 2009). Fo non-no mal a iables, a
Spea man's co ela ion coe icien was used. The
s a is ics we e pe o med wi h IBM SPSS
S a is ics® so wa e ( 23.0, IBM Co po a ion,
A monk, New Yo k, USA). All g aphics we e
made wi h G aph Pad P ism ( 6.0, G aph Pad
So wa e, San Diego, CA, USA). The alpha le el
was se a p < 0.05.
Resul s
No inju ies we e eco ded o e he cou se o
he s udy. Fi e pa icipan s did no a end he
by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 27
© Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics
h ee days o assessmen s and he e o e hey we e
excluded. Thus, he inal sample consis ed o 31
a hle es (U-15 = 10, U-17 = 12 and U-19 = 9).
In e g oup di e ences
Signi ican di e ences among g oups
we e no ed o age, Tanne s age, VIFT, VO2max,
HRpeak, CMJ heigh , CMJ absolu e powe , CMJL
absolu e powe , CMJR heigh , CMJR absolu e
powe , BJ dis ance, RSI, COD, RSA o al ime,
RSA bes ime and lowe -limb s eng h (p < 0.05).
No signi ican di e ences we e de ec ed among
g oups o body heigh , body mass, BMI, body a ,
HRR∆ 2min, CMJ ela i e powe , CMJL heigh ,
CMJL ela i e powe , CMJR ela i e powe , BJL
dis ance, BJR dis ance, 15-m sp in ime and RSA
FI (p > 0.05) (Tables 1–3 and Figu e 1).
Co ela ions
Co ela ions be ween COD and all he
emaining pe o mance a iables a e shown o
each age g oup and o he whole sample in Table
4. Signi ican co ela ions be ween COD
pe o mance and some physical de e minan s
such as jump and RSA pe o mances we e
iden i ied, especially among U-15 and U-17
(mode a e o e y la ge; -0.43< <0.85; p ≤ 0.05).
Discussion
The main aim o he p esen s udy was o
examine di e ences be ween age g oups (U-15, U-
17 and U-19) in COD pe o mance and i s speci ic
physical de e minan s among baske ball male
playe s. The main indings showed ha age,
Tanne s age, VIFT, VO2max, HRpeak, CMJ heigh ,
CMJ absolu e powe , CMJL absolu e powe ,
CMJR heigh , CMJR absolu e powe , BJ dis ance,
RSI, COD, RSA o al ime, RSA bes ime and
lowe -limb s eng h di e en ia ed be ween age
g oups. Howe e , o he physical de e minan s
such as VIFT, VO2max, CMJ and BJ a iables, RSI,
COD, and RSA pe o mance did no exhibi any
signi ican di e ence be ween U-17 and U-19
ca ego ies. Mo eo e , ou esul s showed a
signi ican co ela ion be ween COD pe o mance
and some physical de e minan s such as VIFT,
CMJ and BJ (bila e al and unila e al), and RSA,
especially in he U-15 and U-17 g oups.
Table 1. Body composi ion and ca dio espi a o y pe o mances.
Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). BMI = body mass index; VIFT = peak eloci y in 30–15 in e mi en i ness es ;
HRpeak = hea a e peak; VO2max = maximum oxygen up ake; HRR∆ 2 min = hea h a e eco e y % del a a 2 min * p
≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01.
Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9)
Pos -hoc analyses (p alue and e ec
size)
U-15 s.
U-17
U-15 s.
U-19
U-17 s.
U-19
Age
(y
ea s
)
13.30 ± 0.5 (12.9 o 13.6) 15.7 ± 0.7 (15.2 o 16.2) 17.7 ± 0.7 (17.1 o 18.2) 0.000#
0.87
0.000#
0.87
0.000#
0.80
Heigh
(
cm
)
171.3 ± 7.9 (165.7 o 176.9) 175.7 ± 8.6 (170.2 o 181.1) 177.3 ± 5.4 (173.2 o 181.5) 0.584
0.53
0.291
0.88
1
0.22
Body
mass
(
k
g)
65.6 ± 16.2 (54 o 77.2) 71.4 ± 15.7(61.4 o 81.3) 76.90 ± 14 (66.1 o 87.7) 1
0.36
0.364
0.75
1
0.37
BMI 22.2 ± 4.5 (19 o 25.5) 22.9 ± 3.2 (20.8 o 24.9) 24.5 ± 4.5 (21 o 27.9) 1
0.18
0.701
0.51
1
0.41
Body a
(
%
)
17.1 ± 11.2(8.4 o 25.7) 17.9 ± 7.8 (12.9 o 22.9) 20.9 ± 8.9 (14.1 o 27.8) 1
0.08
1
0.38
1
0.36
Tanne
s a
g
e 3.3 ± 0.8 (2.7 o 3.9) 4.6 ± 0.52 (4.3 o 4.9) 4.2 ± 0.8 (3.6 o 4.9) 0.001#
1.93
0.023*
1.13
0.823
0.59
VIFT
(
km·h-1
)
17 ± 1.5 (15.9 o 18.1) 18.9 ± 1.4 (18 o 19.8) 19.3 ± 1.2 (18.3 o 20.2) 0.012*
1.31
0.005#
1.69
1
0.31
VO2max
(
mL·k
g
-44.8 ± 3.1 (42.6 o 47) 48.9 ± 3.1 (46.9 o 50.8) 50.1 ± 2.9 (47.9 o 52.3) 0.013*
1.32
0.002#
1.77
1
0.40
HRpeak
(
bea s·mi 206.4 ± 3.8 (203.7 o 209.1) 200.2 ± 6.3 (196.2 o 204.1) 198.4 ± 11.2 (189.8 o 207) 0.012*
0.54
0.268
0.25
0.859
0.04
HRR∆
2min
(
%
)
33.3 ± 7.9 (38.9 o 27.7) 33.9 ± 4.9 (37.1 o 30.9) 34.8 ± 4.1 (38 o 31.7) 1
0.09
1
0.24
1
0.20

28 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s
Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl
Table 2. Jump pe o mances.
Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9)
Pos -hoc analyses (p alue and e ec
size)
U-15 s.
U-17
U-15 s.
U-19
U-17 s. U-
19
CMJ heigh
(
cm
)
28.8 ± 5.6 (24.8 o 32.9) 35.3 ± 7.2 (30.7 o 39.8) 36.7 ± 3.2 (34.2 o 39.1) 0.044*
1.01
0.019*
1.73
1
0.25
CMJ absolu e
p
owe (W)
1544.9 ± 304.2 (1327.4
o 1762.5)
2063.4 ± 601.1 (1681.5 o
2445.4)
2103.4 ± 328.8 (1850.6 o
2356.1)
0.036*
1.09
0.035*
1.76
1
0.08
CMJ ela i e
p
owe (W·k
g
-25.1 ± 8 (19.4 o 30.9) 30.6 ± 11.9 (23.1 o 38.1) 28.5 ± 8.3 (22.2 o 34.9) 0.603
0.54
1
0.42
1
0.20
CMJL heigh
(cm) 15.3 ± 5.2 (11.6 o 18.9) 19.5 ± 4.3 (16.7 o 22.2) 19.8 ± 2 (18.3 o 21.4) 0.074
0.88
0.07
1.14
1
0.09
CMJL absolu e
p
owe (W)
2860.8 ± 200.4 (717.5 o
1004.1)
1037.6 ± 214.4 (901.4 o
1173.8)
1086.2 ± 145.8 (974.2 o
1198.3)
0.122
0.85
0.05*
1.29
1
0.27
CMJL ela i e
p
owe (W·k
g
-14 ± 5.1 (10.4 o 17.7) 15.2 ± 4.9 (12.1 o 18.3) 14.7 ± 4.1 (11.6 o 17.9) 1
0.24
1
0.15
1
0.11
CMJR heigh
(cm) 15.5 ± 3.9 (12.7 o 18.2) 19.8 ± 3.7 (17.5 o 22.1) 20 ± 1.7 (18.7 o 21.3) 0.014*
1.13
0.017*
1.50
1
0.07
CMJR
absolu e
816.4 ± 165.5 (698 o
934.8)
1031.3 ± 166.2 (925.7 o
1136.9)
1039.4 ± 145.3 (927.7 o
1151.2)
0.012*
1.30
0.016*
1.43
1
0.05
CMJR ela i e
p
owe (W·k
g
-13 ± 3.6 (10.5 o 15.6) 15 ± 3.9 (12.6 o 17.5) 14.1 ± 3.8 (11.1 o 16.9) 0.671
0.53
1
0.30
1
0.23
BJ dis ance
(cm)
130.9 ± 17.8 (118.2 o
143.6) 152.2 ± 20.7 (139 o 165.3) 164.5 ± 8.3 (158.1 o 170.9) 0.021*
1.10
0.001#
2.42
0.334
0.78
BJL dis ance
(cm)
103.8 ± 21 (88.8 o
118.8) 123 ± 23.3 (108.2 o 137.8) 110.4 ± 22.1 (93.5 o 127.4) 0.16
0.87
1
0.31
0.633
0.55
BJR dis ance
(cm)
114 ± 23.3 (97.36 o
130.64)
123.4 ± 22.3 (109.3 o
137.6)
114.5 ± 14.4 (103.4 o
125.6)
0.89
0.41
1
0.03
1
0.47
RSI (m·s-1) 0.97 ± 0.33 (0.74 o
1.21) 1.36 ± 0.46 (1.06 o 1.65) 1.43 ± 0.21 (1.27 o 1.59) 0.057
0.97
0.028*
1.66
1
0.20
Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). CMJ = coun e mo emen jump; CMJL = coun e mo emen jump le ; CMJR =
coun e mo emen jump igh ; BJ = b oad jump; BJL = b oad jump le ; BJR = b oad jump igh ; RSI = eac i e
s eng h index. * p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01.
Table 3. Change o di ec ion (COD), speed and s eng h pe o mances.
Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9)
Pos -hoc analyses (p alue
and e ec size)
U-15 s.
U-17
U-15 s.
U-19
U-17 s.
U-19
COD ime (s) 6.75 ± 0.59 (6.32 o 7.18) 6.15 ± 0.41 (5.89 o 6.41) 5.99 ± 0.36 (5.72 o 6.27) 0.017*
1.18
0.005#
1.56
1
0.41
Sp in 15 m ime (s) 2.72 ± 0.25 (2.54 o 2.89) 2.61 ± 0.17 (2.50 o 2.71) 2.55 ± 0.15 (2.43 o 2.67) 0.586
0.51
0.21
0.82
1
0.37
RSA o al ime (s) 34.42 ± 2.86(32.2 o 36.6) 30.89 ± 1.67 (29.76 o
32.01)
30.68 ± 1.34 (29.44 o
31.92)
0.003#
1.51
0.005#
1.67
1
0.14
RSA bes ime (s) 6.65 ± 0.55 (6.25 o 7.04) 6.08 ± 0.35 (5.86 o 6.30) 6.01 ± 0.22 (5.84 o 6.18) 0.007#
1.23
0.005#
1.53
1
0.24
RSA FI (%) 2.5 ± 1.2 (1.5 o 3.4) 2.3 ± 1 (1.6 o 2.9) 1.4 ± 0.9 (0.5 o 2.2) 1
0.18
0.136
1.03
0.286
0.95
Lowe -limb s eng h
(kg) 25 ± 8.5 (18.9 o 31.1) 36.7 ± 8.9 (31 o 42.3) 50 ± 16.6 (37.2 o 62.7) 0.006#
0.59
0.001#
0.74
0.047*
0.43
Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). COD = change o di ec ion; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y; FI = a igue index. * p
≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01.
by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 29
© Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics
Table 4. In e co ela ion ma ix be ween change o di ec ion (COD) and he emaining pe o mance
a iables
Va iable COD ime (s) co ela ion le el and p alue
U-15 U-17 U-19 To al
Age (yea s) 0.038
0.917
-0.011
0.972
-0.292
0.446
-0.490
0.005#
Heigh (cm) -0.170
0.639
0.531
0.076
-0.348
0.359
-0.121
0.515
Body mass (kg) 0.112
0.758
0.571
0.052
0.363
0.337
0.093
0.617
BMI 0.167
0.645
0.512
0.089
0.459
0.214
0.152
0.415
Body a (%) 0.305
0.392
0.475
0.119
0.576
0.104
0.226
0.221
Tanne s age -0.191
0.597
-0.268
0.399
0.050
0.898
-0.415
0.020*
VIFT (km·h-1) -0.620
0.056
-0.888
0.000#
-0.441
0.235
-0.784
0.000#
VO2max (mL·kg-1·min-1) -0.574
0.083
-0.874
0.000#
-0.456
0.217
-0.769
0.000#
HRR∆ 2min (%) -0.507
0.134
0.569
0.054
-0.508
0.163
-0.101
0.590
CMJ heigh (cm) -0.697
0.025*
-0.716
0.009#
-0.417
0.265
-0.746
0.000#
CMJ absolu e powe (W) -0.550
0.100
-0.610
0.035*
-0.010
0.979
-0.599
0.000#
CMJ ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.264
0.460
-0.685
0.014*
-0.130
0.739
-0.435
0.014*
CMJL heigh (cm) -0.777
0.008#
-0.656
0.021*
-0.477
0.194
-0.763
0.000#
CMJL absolu e powe (W) -0.769
0.009#
-0.483
0.112
-0.316
0.407
-0.678
0.000#
CMJL ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.447
0.195
-0.661
0.019*
-0.275
0.474
-0.445
0.012*
CMJR heigh (cm) -0.627
0.052
-0.669
0.017*
-0.271
0.480
-0.717
0.000#
CMJR absolu e powe (W) -0.894
0.000#
-0.430
0.163
-0.303
0.428
-0.721
0.000#
CMJR ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.618
0.057
-0.657
0.020
-0.280
0.465
-0.529
0.002#
BJ dis ance (cm) -0.448
0.194
-0.661
0.019*
-0.192
0.621
-0.672
0.000#
BJL dis ance (cm) -0.567
0.087
-0.757
0.004#
-0.380
0.313
-0.576
0.001#
BJR dis ance (cm) -0.542
0.106
-0.694
0.012*
-0.497
0.174
-0.519
0.003#
RSI (m·s-1) -0.445
0.197
-0.267
0.402
-0.408
0.276
-0.527
0.002#
Sp in 15 m ime (s) 0.814
0.004#
0.524
0.080
0.562
0.116
0.719
0.000#
RSA o al ime (s) 0.721
0.029*
0.779
0.005#
0.769
0.043*
0.856
0.000#
RSA bes ime (s) 0.720
0.019*
0.751
0.005#
0.805
0.009#
0.824
0.000#
RSA FI (%) 0.648
0.059
-0.110
0.746
0.068
0.885
0.362
0.064
Lowe -limb s eng h (kg) -0.704
0.023*
-0.370
0.237
0.068
0.861
-0.631
0.000#
BMI = body mass index; VIFT = peak eloci y in 30–15 in e mi en i ness es ; HRpeak = hea a e peak; VO2max = maximum oxygen
up ake; HRR∆ 2 min = hea h a e eco e y % del a a 2 min; CMJ = coun e mo emen jump; CMJL = coun e mo emen jump le ;
CMJR = coun e mo emen jump igh ; BJ = b oad jump; BJL = b oad jump le ; BJR = b oad jump igh ; RSI = eac i e s eng h index;
COD = change o di ec ion; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y; FI = a igue index.
* p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01.
30
Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s
Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl
Figu e 1. S udy design. COD = change o di ec ion; IFT = in e mi en i ness es ; RSI = eac i e
s eng h index; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y
Figu e 2. G oup and indi idual esponse o (A) VO
2max
,
(B) CMJ absolu e powe , (C) COD ime,
(D) 15-m sp in ime, and (E) RSA FI. * p ≤ 0.05 di e ences s. U-15. # p ≤ 0.01 di e ences s. U-
15.
by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 31
© Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics
As expec ed, he be e esul s in COD,
jumps, and lowe -limb s eng h pe o mances
eco ded in he p esen s udy we e in a o o U-
19. One po en ial explana ion, apa om
ma u a ional and physical di e ences, may be
due o he ac ha coaches did no ocus on hose
abili ies a ea lie ages (i.e., U-15) wi h he
majo i y o he aining ime de o ed o imp o e
playe s’ indi idual ( echnical/ ac ical)
pe o mances. Thus, Dellal e al. (2013) p e iously
epo ed ha COD, in e limb coo dina ion and
RSA pe o mance we e no ully de eloped in
younge playe s. Mo eo e , i should be no ed
ha younge playe s may ha e expe ienced a
highe dec ease in COD and speed pe o mances
due o he de e io a ion o coo dina ion associa ed
wi h physical de elopmen du ing he apid
g ow h s age (Romme s e al., 2019) which occu s
a ound he ime o peak heigh eloci y. Gi en
ha we did no conside his measu e, u he
s udies a e equi ed o app op ia ely es his
hypo hesis.
Rega ding he be e RSA pe o mances
eco ded in U-17 and U-19 g oups, i may be
sugges ed ha he highe es ima ed VO2max
eco ded would a o a as e eco e y be ween
sp in ing bou s hus imp o ing RSA pe o mance
(Gi a d e al., 2011). In his con ex , B ini e al.
(2020b) ecen ly epo ed a signi ican co ela ion
( = 0.69) be ween RSA pe o mance ( o al ime)
and maximal ae obic speed in adul male
baske ball playe s (age: 22.06 ± 2.8 yea s). In
addi ion, i has been sugges ed ha eco e y in
p epube al child en is a ec ed by o he ac o s
di e en om ca dio espi a o y i ness and, in
ac , he e a e da a showing ha child en ha e a
as e eco e y han adul s (Hebes ei e al.,
1993). Thus, o he ac o s such as anae obic wo k
capaci y could play a key ole in RSA
pe o mance wi h inc eased age and he
ma u a ion s age (Beneke e al., 2007). Indeed, ou
da a showed signi ican di e ences in he anne
s age be ween U-17 and U-19 s. U-15.
O he wise, he indings o he p esen
s udy showed signi ican co ela ions be ween
jumping abili y (i.e., powe , heigh and dis ance)
and COD pe o mance, especially in U-15 and U-
17 g oups. In acco dance wi h he p esen s udy,
Scanlan e al. (2021) ecen ly showed a mode a e
co ela ion among COD pe o mance wi h a
s anding long jump ( = -0.67), CMJ ela i e peak
o ce ( = -0.63), isome ic mid high pull ela i e
peak o ce ( = -0.55), and 10-m sp in imes ( =
0.53) in young baske ball playe s. Howe e , ou
esul s did no show any signi ican co ela ion
be ween COD and linea sp in ing pe o mance in
U-15 and U-17 g oups. Ou indings a e simila o
p e ious s udies wi h adul playe s epo ing ha
COD is a mul i ac o ial physical abili y which can
be in luenced by s eng h, speed, and muscula
coo dina ion (Alemda oğlu, 2012; Chaouachi e
al., 2009). Chaouachi e al. (2009) ound a nega i e
co ela ion be ween COD and he 5J es ( = -0.61)
in eli e adul male baske ball playe s, while
Alemda oğlu (2012) epo ed a signi ican
co ela ion be ween CMJ heigh and COD ( = -
0.59) in p o essional male baske ball playe s.
The e o e, s eng h and condi ioning coaches
should app op ia ely selec hose es s o moni o
physical pe o mance o a hle es depending on
hei age.
On he o he hand, ae obic capaci y
eco ded in he p esen s udy was signi ican ly
be e in U-17 and U-19 (e ec size = 1.32 and 1.77,
la ge) when compa ed wi h U-15 playe s. Ou
indings may be also explained by o he ac o s
ha ha e been shown o be ele an in baske ball
playe s’ pe o mance such as weekly aining
loads, mo i a ion du ing he es , and aining
s a us (Abdelk im e al., 2010; D inkwa e e al.,
2008; Gei hne e al., 2004;). In he same con ex ,
Ca alho e al. (2013) epo ed ha he
accumula ion o baske ball-speci ic aining loads
h ough he yea s also appea ed o ha e a posi i e
independen e ec on he de elopmen o ae obic-
ene gy pa hways in la e adolescence. P e ious
s udies epo ed ha changes in body
composi ion, hema ological, and ho monal
changes, which appea o imp o e ma kedly
du ing adolescence, may in luence ae obic
ainabili y o younge playe s (A ms ong e al.,
2011; Gein he e al., 2004). Thus, esea che s and
coaches should ake in o conside a ion all hose
aspec s in o de o p epa e an adequa e aining
s a egy o young baske ball playe s.
Limi a ions
Ou s udy p esen s some limi a ions. The
i s e e s o he limi ed sample size, wi h playe s
compe ing in he same club. Secondly,
pa icipan s o he p esen s udy we e only
g ouped by ch onological age. Finally, we
examined only male baske ball playe s and i is
necessa y ha u u e s udies examine
pe o mance o emale baske ball playe s o