Change of Direction Performance and its Physical Determinants Among Young Basketball Male Players

Jou nal o Human Kine ics olume 85/2022, 23–34 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0107 23 Change o Di ec ion Abili y 1 - Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Heal h, Highe Ins i u e o Physical Educa ion, Uni e si y o he Republic, Mon e ideo, U uguay. 2 - Resea ch Uni , Spo i e Pe o mance and Physical Rehabili a ion, High Ins i u e o Spo s and Physical Educa ion o Ke , Uni e si y o Jendouba, Tunisia. 3 - Facul y o Sciences o Bize e, Uni e si y o Ca hage, Za zouna, Tunisia. 4 - Physical Educa ion and Spo Depa men , Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain. 5 - Cen o de In es igaciones en Nu ición Humana, Escuela de Nu ición, Facul ad de Ciencias Médicas, Uni e sidad Nacional de Có doba, Có doba, A gen ina. 6 - In eg a ed Ins i u e o Heal h, Fede al Uni e si y o Ma o G osso do Sul, Campo G ande, B azil. 7 - College o Heal hca e Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y, Towns ille, Aus alia. 8 - Resea ch and De elopmen Depa men , iLOAD Solu ions, Campo G ande, B azil. Au ho s submi ed hei con ibu ion o he a icle o he edi o ial boa d. Accep ed o p in ing in he Jou nal o Human Kine ics ol. 85/2022 in Decembe 2022. Change o Di ec ion Pe o mance and i s Physical De e minan s Among Young Baske ball Male Playe s by Pablo Pé ez-I án1, Maximiliano Rial1, Sei eddine B ini2,3, Julio Calleja-González4, Sebas ián Del Rosso5, Daniel Boullosa6,7,8, S e ano Bení ez-Flo es1 The main aim o he p esen s udy was o examine he e ec s o he age g oup (U-15, U-17 and U-19) on change o di ec ion (COD) pe o mance and i s speci ic physical de e minan s among young baske ball male playe s. Thi y-one young male baske ball playe s (13–18 yea s) olun ee ed o pa icipa e in his s udy. The sample was di ided in o 3 age g oups (U-15, U-17, U-19). All he e alua ions we e ca ied ou in he same o de in 3 sessions as ollows: 1) body composi ion, sel - epo ed sexual ma u a ion, COD pe o mance, and in e mi en endu ance capaci y; 2) eac i e s eng h index (RSI), 15-m sp in , and epea ed sp in abili y (RSA) es ; 3) e ical and ho izon al jumps and lowe -limb s eng h. The esul s showed signi ican di e ences be ween g oups o age, sexual ma u a ion, endu ance capaci y, ho izon al and e ical jump pe o mances, RSI, COD, RSA, and lowe -limb s eng h (p < 0.05). Signi ican co ela ions we e iden i ied be ween COD pe o mances and some physical de e minan s such as jumping abili y and RSA pe o mance (-0.43 < < 0.85; p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, he e a e age e ec s on COD pe o mance and i s speci ic physical de e minan s among young baske ball male playe s. The associa ions be ween COD pe o mance and i s de e minan s should be conside ed by p ac i ione s when p og aming a hle ic alen de elopmen o his popula ion. Key wo ds: eam spo s; a hle ic alen ; adolescence; ield es ing; baske ball. In oduc ion Time-mo ion analyses in baske ball ha e shown ha playe s pe o m many in e mi en o wa d, backwa d, and la e al high-speed mo emen s du ing games (Abdelk im e al., 2007; Pe way el al., 2020; S ojano ić e al., 2018). In his con ex , p e ious s udies ha e epo ed ha baske ball is cha ac e ized by in e mi en high- in ensi y ac ions such as changes o di ec ion (CODs), sp in s and jumps which a e conside ed main ac o s o speci ic pe o mance (Abdelk im e al., 2007; A i e al., 2021; Pe way el al., 2020; S ojano ić e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, ecen ly i has been sugges ed ha epea ed CODs can be conside ed a key abili y o eam spo s such as baske ball (B ini e al., 2020a, 2021). In his ega d, 24 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl se e al ecen s udies ha e desc ibed he impo ance o implemen ing COD, powe , as well as accele a ion and decele a ion exe cises o he e alua ion and aining o bo h young and senio baske ball playe s (B ini e al., 2020a, 2021; Mancha-T igue o e al., 2019; Ramos e al., 2020; S ojano ić e al., 2019). P e ious s udies ha e analyzed he de e minan s o pe o mance in apid linea sp in ing and jumping wi h COD and ha e de eloped speci ic me hods o es ing and aining in baske ball (Scanlan e al., 2021; Spi e i e al., 2015; Zaga o e al., 2017). Howe e , he ela ionships among jumps, linea sp in ing and sp in ing wi h COD (Chaouachi e al., 2009; Haj- Sassi e al., 2011; Young e al., 2002) a e no consis en in li e a u e. Fu he mo e, Li le e al. (2005) analyzed he ela ionship be ween maximum sp in ing speed, COD, and accele a ion capaci y and concluded ha hese h ee capaci ies a e ela i ely independen . On he con a y, S u zik e al. (2017) epo ed a signi ican s ong ela ionship be ween e ical jump and COD pe o mance in young baske ball playe s. The e o e, while i seems ha epea ed COD sp in s a e impo an o baske ball playe s, i s ill needs o be de e mined how i is ela ed o speci ic pe o mance ac o s. The abili y o pe o m as COD is also conside ed a alid c i e ion o alen iden i ica ion and p epa edness in baske ball (Ramos e al., 2020; Sisic e al., 2015; S ojano ić e al., 2019; Scanlan e al., 2021; To es-Unda., 2013). Howe e , he e a e only ew s udies in li e a u e wi h young playe s which ha e e alua ed some physical and mo phological di e ences among age ca ego ies (Calleja-González e al., 2018; Fo - Vanmee haege e al., 2016) o playing posi ions (I ano ić e al., 2022), bu no he ac o s ela ed o COD abili y. The e o e, i would also be impo an o e i y he changes in his key capaci y o playe s o di e en age, and i o he componen s o i ness in addi ion o muscle powe (Scanlan e al., 2021), would be in ol ed in i s imp o emen h oughou he o ma i e yea s. Thus, he main aim o his s udy was o compa e 3 age g oups o young baske ball male playe s (U-15, U-17 and U-19) wi h espec o COD abili y and hei speci ic physical de e minan s. Following he cu en li e a u e, i was hypo hesized ha COD pe o mance would imp o e wi h age and physical i ness (Abdelk im e al., 2010). Me hods Pa icipan s Thi y-six male baske ball playe s aged 13–18 yea s olun ee ed o pa icipa e in his s udy. Playe s had a minimum o 3 yea s o aining expe ience. All o hem belonged o he same eam compe ing in he sub-eli e se ies o he U uguayan Baske ball Fede a ion (FUBB). All playe s ained 5 imes a week, wi h sessions las ing ~2 h. Playe s main ained hei usual aining schedules du ing he p ocedu es a he p e-season pe iod. Pa icipan s we e asked no o modi y any aspec o hei daily li e (sleep, die , e c.), and o es p ope ly be ween e alua ions. The inclusion c i e ia we e: 1) be p epa ing o he 2020 league; 2) no ha ing any musculoskele al inju y o any pain o discom o du ing he ime o he s udy; 3) no ha ing any ca diome abolic disease; 4) no aking any supplemen s o d ugs. P io o ec ui men , pa icipan s and hei pa en s we e in o med o he objec i es, po en ial isks and bene i s o he s udy, and signed an in o med w i en consen o m. This s udy was ca ied ou in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o Helsinki (Wo ld Medical Associa ion 2013) ollowing he upda e o Fo aleza 2013. Design and P ocedu es The p ocedu es we e ca ied ou in Ma ch o 2020 du ing he las 2 weeks o he p e-season. A week be o e da a collec ion, playe s we e ully amilia ized wi h all he es s du ing egula aining. Physical i ness e alua ions we e selec ed om he sys ema ic e iew by Mancha- T igue o e al. (2019) who conside ed ae obic capaci y, anae obic capaci y, jump capaci y, linea speed and agili y as impo an physical i ness componen s o baske ball playe s. All a hle es we e e alua ed o e 15 days du ing 3 di e en sessions las ing ~2 h each, sepa a ed by ou o i e days o ensu e adequa e eco e y. In addi ion, hei coaches we e asked o a oid in ense ac i i ies, while playe s we e asked no o consume any ype o s imulan s (e.g., co ee, ma e, e c.) 48 h be o e e alua ions. All he es s we e ca ied ou on he same o icial baske ball cou and we e sepa a ed in o 3 sessions as ollows: 1) body composi ion e alua ion, sel - epo ed sexual ma u a ion e alua ion (Tanne s age), COD, and in e mi en endu ance es ; 2) eac i e s eng h index (RSI), 15-m sp in , and epea ed sp in abili y (RSA) es ; 3) jumps and lowe -limb s eng h. Th oughou all he es s, playe s we e ins uc ed o pe o m hei by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 25 © Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics maximum e o and we e e bally encou aged by he esea ch eam. The s anda dized wa m-up in all es ing sessions consis ed o 5 min o sel - selec ed submaximal unning, wo submaximal sp in s o e 12 m, and wo maximal sp in s o e he same dis ance. Measu es Fi s day Body Composi ion The collec ed measu emen s we e: body heigh (cm) using a s adiome e (2096 PP, Toledo do B azil, São Paulo, B azil), body mass (kg), body mass index (BMI), and body a (%) using a digi al body composi ion moni o (HBF 514, OMRON, Kyo o, Japan). Tanne s age The sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e alida ed by Mo is (1980) was used o e alua e he sexual de elopmen o pa icipan s. Fo his pu pose, pa icipan s we e asked o espond wi h a numbe om 1 o 5, o iden i y he ma u a ional s age hey conside ed o mee a he momen o he s udy. Change o di ec ion (COD) The modi ied T- es (Haj-Sassi e al., 2009) was used o assess COD abili y. This es was pe o med wi h ou cones o ming a T, and a se o pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s (Ch onojump Bosco sys em®, Ba celona, Spain) (de Blas e al., 2012). Pho ocells we e placed a he beginning o he es which coincided wi h he end. A hle es we e asked o s and wi h hei on oo 50 cm behind he s a ing line. This adap ed es equi es sp in ing, la e al shu ling, and backpedaling wi h 4 di ec ional changes ep esen ing he ypical mo emen s o baske ball (Haj-Sassi e al., 2009). COD abili y was e alua ed wice wi h a passi e eco e y o 2 min be ween a emp s, and he mean was used o u he analyses. The ICC alue ob ained o his es was 0.91 (0.83–0.96, 95% CI). In e mi en endu ance capaci y The 30–15 in e mi en i ness es (IFT) which consis s o al e na ing 30-s bou s o inc easing unning speed wi h passi e eco e y pe iods o 15 s, was used o assess speci ic endu ance capaci y. The ini ial speed was 8 km·h and i was inc eased by 0.5 km·h each s age. The es ended when he playe was exhaus ed o when could no make he 2-m zone a he ime o he “beep” o h ee consecu i e imes. The es e sion used was he one speci ically modi ied o baske ball (Buchhei , 2010). The peak eloci y in he IFT (VIFT) was eco ded and hen maximum oxygen up ake (VO2max) was es ima ed acco ding o a alida ed o mula (Buchhei , 2010). Hea a e measu ed du ing he IFT Playe s we e moni o ed du ing he IFT wi h a hea a e (HR) ches s ap (Fi s bea Technologies® L d, Jy äskylä, Finland). The HR da a we e subsequen ly expo ed o Fi s bea Spo s so wa e ( 4.7.3.1, Fi s bea Technologies L d, Jy äskylä, Finland) o eco d he peak HR (HRpeak). A hle es we e asked o es o 2 min on he cou in he supine posi ion immedia ely a e he end o he IFT o eco d he HR eco e y % del a a he 2nd min (HRR∆ 2 min) (Bení ez-Flo es e al., 2021). Second day Reac i e s eng h index The RSI was assessed u ilizing he 10 ebound jump es (10/5 RJT) (Comyns e al., 2019). This measu e was eco ded wi h a po able de ice ( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o, Canada) secu ed wi h a wais bel placed on he low back. This senso wi h a iaxial accele ome e and a gy oscope has p e iously shown accep able alidi y and eliabili y o moni o kinema ic a iables in di e en powe exe cises (Mon al o e al., 2021; Pé ez-Cas illa e al., 2019). Du ing he e alua ion, playe s we e ins uc ed o keep hei hands on hips, jumping and landing wi h hei legs ex ended du ing 10 epe i ions on he same spo , maximizing jump heigh and minimizing he g ound con ac ime. Then, he i e bes jumps om a single a emp we e conside ed o analyses. 15-m sp in Pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o un wice a maximum speed o e a dis ance o 15 m. Be ween he sp in s he e was a passi e eco e y pe iod o 2 min. The lap imes we e eco ded wi h pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s (Ch onojump Bosco sys em, Ba celona, Spain) (De Blas e al., 2012) loca ed a he s a ing and he end line. Playe s we e asked o s and wi h he on oo 50 cm behind he s a ing line. The mean o hese wo sp in ing imes was used o u he analyses. The ICC alue ob ained was 0.93 (0.86–0.97, 95% CI). Repea ed sp in abili y (RSA) Fo RSA es ing we used he p o ocol p oposed by Nabli e al. (2016) which consis s o 5 sp in s o 30 m (15+15 m) wi h a COD o 180° and 25 s o passi e eco e y be ween e o s. Pa icipan s we e asked o un a maximum speed 26 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl o he line loca ed a he 15 h m, s ep on i , change di ec ion 180° and e u n as as as possible o he s a ing line. The imes o each sp in we e eco ded wi h pho ocells wi h accu acy o 0.01 s (Ch onojump Bosco sys em, Ba celona, Spain) loca ed a he s a ing line. The ollowing a iables we e subsequen ly calcula ed: RSA o al ime (s), de ined as he sum o he i e sp in ing imes; RSA bes ime (s), calcula ed as he bes ime among all epe i ions; and he RSA a igue index (FI) acco ding o he ollowing equa ion: FI = [Σ o al ime/ (bes ime × n° sp in s) × 100)] - 100 = % (Fi zsimons e al., 1993). Thi d day Ve ical and ho izon al jumps Ve ical jump pe o mances we e e alua ed using a po able de ice ( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o, Canada) as p e iously desc ibed. The jumps conside ed we e he unila e al and bila e al coun e mo emen jumps (CMJ). Two a emp s o he bila e al CMJ and one o he unila e al CMJ (le : CMJL and igh : CMJR) we e allowed. Pa icipan s s a ed wi h bo h ee oge he and we e asked o jump as high as possible. The dep h o he CMJ was sel -selec ed and playe s we e asked o land a he same place o he ake-o (Ma ko ic e al., 2004). Jump heigh and mean powe we e eco ded o u he analyses. The a e age o wo a emp s o he bila e al CMJ we e used o u he compa isons. The ICCs alues we e: 0.96 (0.92–0.98 95% CI) and 0.91 (0.82–0.96 95% CI), o jump heigh and powe , espec i ely. The unila e al and bila e al s anding b oad jump (BJ) pe o mances (A e o e al., 2011) we e e alua ed wi h a measu ing ape. Playe s we e asked o keep hei hands on he wais as du ing he CMJ. We only eco ded hose jump a emp s in which pa icipan s we e able o s and in he inal posi ion wi hou losing balance. Two execu ions o he bila e al BJ and one o he unila e al BJ (le : BJL and igh : BJR) we e ca ied ou , wi h he mean used o u he analyses. The ICC alue o BJ dis ance was 0.90 (0.80–0.95 95% CI). Lowe -limb s eng h Following a p e ious s udy (Pa eja-Blanco e al., 2017), a hle es pe o med a p og essi e load es in he ee squa exe cise. A ee eccen ic eloci y was allowed un il he highs we e below he ho izon al plane and hen hey we e asked o mo e a maximum concen ic eloci y. Th ee epe i ions pe load we e pe o med wi h 2 min o eco e y be ween se s. The mean eloci y o each epe i ion was con olled and only he bes epe i ion in he se was eco ded o u he analyses ( 2.0, PUSH Inc., To on o, Canada). Twen y kilog ams we e aken as he ini ial load and subsequen ly he load was p og essi ely inc eased by 10 kg, un il he mean eloci y eached was ~0.95 m·s-1. This mean eloci y has been associa ed wi h maximum powe p oduc ion (Sánchez-Medina e al., 2017). S a is ical Analyses Da a a e p esen ed as mean ± SD and 95% con idence in e als (CI). Reliabili y o each es was calcula ed by de e mining he in aclass co ela ion coe icien (ICC) using a cus om-made Excel® sp eadshee . Accep able eliabili y was de e mined a an ICC ≥ 0.8 (Hopkins, 2000). No mali y was assessed by means o s anda d dis ibu ion measu es, isual inspec ion o Q–Q plo s and box plo s, and he Shapi o-Wilk es (<50). Addi ionally, a iance homoscedas ici y was assessed using he Le ene’s es a iables. Whe e no maliza ion was no possible, o some a iables (age, HRpeak and lowe -limb s eng h), non-pa ame ic me hods we e used. Mean di e ences among g oups we e conduc ed using one-way ANOVA wi h Bon e oni’s pos hoc pai ed compa isons. Fo non-no mal a iables, in e g oup compa isons we e e alua ed using he K uskal-Wallis es and pai wise analyzes by he Mann-Whi ney U es . E ec sizes we e calcula ed using p2 in o de o examine he magni ude o he di e ences be ween he h ee g oups and Cohen’s d ( o no mal a iables) o =z/√N ( o non-no mal a iables) o pai ed compa isons. Th eshold alues o e ec size we e 0–0.2 i ial, >0.2–0.6 small, >0.6–1.2 mode a e, >1.2– 2.0 la ge, and >2.0 e y la ge (Hopkins e al., 2009). The Pea son´s co ela ion coe icien ( ) was used o assess he ela ionships be ween selec ed a iables wi h he ollowing h esholds: ≤0.1, i ial; >0.1– 0.3, small; >0.3–0.5, mode a e; >0.5–0.7, la ge; >0.7–0.9, e y la ge; and >0.9–1.0, almos pe ec (Hopkins e al. 2009). Fo non-no mal a iables, a Spea man's co ela ion coe icien was used. The s a is ics we e pe o med wi h IBM SPSS S a is ics® so wa e ( 23.0, IBM Co po a ion, A monk, New Yo k, USA). All g aphics we e made wi h G aph Pad P ism ( 6.0, G aph Pad So wa e, San Diego, CA, USA). The alpha le el was se a p < 0.05. Resul s No inju ies we e eco ded o e he cou se o he s udy. Fi e pa icipan s did no a end he by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 27 © Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics h ee days o assessmen s and he e o e hey we e excluded. Thus, he inal sample consis ed o 31 a hle es (U-15 = 10, U-17 = 12 and U-19 = 9). In e g oup di e ences Signi ican di e ences among g oups we e no ed o age, Tanne s age, VIFT, VO2max, HRpeak, CMJ heigh , CMJ absolu e powe , CMJL absolu e powe , CMJR heigh , CMJR absolu e powe , BJ dis ance, RSI, COD, RSA o al ime, RSA bes ime and lowe -limb s eng h (p < 0.05). No signi ican di e ences we e de ec ed among g oups o body heigh , body mass, BMI, body a , HRR∆ 2min, CMJ ela i e powe , CMJL heigh , CMJL ela i e powe , CMJR ela i e powe , BJL dis ance, BJR dis ance, 15-m sp in ime and RSA FI (p > 0.05) (Tables 1–3 and Figu e 1). Co ela ions Co ela ions be ween COD and all he emaining pe o mance a iables a e shown o each age g oup and o he whole sample in Table 4. Signi ican co ela ions be ween COD pe o mance and some physical de e minan s such as jump and RSA pe o mances we e iden i ied, especially among U-15 and U-17 (mode a e o e y la ge; -0.43< <0.85; p ≤ 0.05). Discussion The main aim o he p esen s udy was o examine di e ences be ween age g oups (U-15, U- 17 and U-19) in COD pe o mance and i s speci ic physical de e minan s among baske ball male playe s. The main indings showed ha age, Tanne s age, VIFT, VO2max, HRpeak, CMJ heigh , CMJ absolu e powe , CMJL absolu e powe , CMJR heigh , CMJR absolu e powe , BJ dis ance, RSI, COD, RSA o al ime, RSA bes ime and lowe -limb s eng h di e en ia ed be ween age g oups. Howe e , o he physical de e minan s such as VIFT, VO2max, CMJ and BJ a iables, RSI, COD, and RSA pe o mance did no exhibi any signi ican di e ence be ween U-17 and U-19 ca ego ies. Mo eo e , ou esul s showed a signi ican co ela ion be ween COD pe o mance and some physical de e minan s such as VIFT, CMJ and BJ (bila e al and unila e al), and RSA, especially in he U-15 and U-17 g oups. Table 1. Body composi ion and ca dio espi a o y pe o mances. Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). BMI = body mass index; VIFT = peak eloci y in 30–15 in e mi en i ness es ; HRpeak = hea a e peak; VO2max = maximum oxygen up ake; HRR∆ 2 min = hea h a e eco e y % del a a 2 min * p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01. Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9) Pos -hoc analyses (p alue and e ec size) U-15 s. U-17 U-15 s. U-19 U-17 s. U-19 Age (y ea s ) 13.30 ± 0.5 (12.9 o 13.6) 15.7 ± 0.7 (15.2 o 16.2) 17.7 ± 0.7 (17.1 o 18.2) 0.000# 0.87 0.000# 0.87 0.000# 0.80 Heigh ( cm ) 171.3 ± 7.9 (165.7 o 176.9) 175.7 ± 8.6 (170.2 o 181.1) 177.3 ± 5.4 (173.2 o 181.5) 0.584 0.53 0.291 0.88 1 0.22 Body mass ( k g) 65.6 ± 16.2 (54 o 77.2) 71.4 ± 15.7(61.4 o 81.3) 76.90 ± 14 (66.1 o 87.7) 1 0.36 0.364 0.75 1 0.37 BMI 22.2 ± 4.5 (19 o 25.5) 22.9 ± 3.2 (20.8 o 24.9) 24.5 ± 4.5 (21 o 27.9) 1 0.18 0.701 0.51 1 0.41 Body a ( % ) 17.1 ± 11.2(8.4 o 25.7) 17.9 ± 7.8 (12.9 o 22.9) 20.9 ± 8.9 (14.1 o 27.8) 1 0.08 1 0.38 1 0.36 Tanne s a g e 3.3 ± 0.8 (2.7 o 3.9) 4.6 ± 0.52 (4.3 o 4.9) 4.2 ± 0.8 (3.6 o 4.9) 0.001# 1.93 0.023* 1.13 0.823 0.59 VIFT ( km·h-1 ) 17 ± 1.5 (15.9 o 18.1) 18.9 ± 1.4 (18 o 19.8) 19.3 ± 1.2 (18.3 o 20.2) 0.012* 1.31 0.005# 1.69 1 0.31 VO2max ( mL·k g -44.8 ± 3.1 (42.6 o 47) 48.9 ± 3.1 (46.9 o 50.8) 50.1 ± 2.9 (47.9 o 52.3) 0.013* 1.32 0.002# 1.77 1 0.40 HRpeak ( bea s·mi 206.4 ± 3.8 (203.7 o 209.1) 200.2 ± 6.3 (196.2 o 204.1) 198.4 ± 11.2 (189.8 o 207) 0.012* 0.54 0.268 0.25 0.859 0.04 HRR∆ 2min ( % ) 33.3 ± 7.9 (38.9 o 27.7) 33.9 ± 4.9 (37.1 o 30.9) 34.8 ± 4.1 (38 o 31.7) 1 0.09 1 0.24 1 0.20 28 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl Table 2. Jump pe o mances. Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9) Pos -hoc analyses (p alue and e ec size) U-15 s. U-17 U-15 s. U-19 U-17 s. U- 19 CMJ heigh ( cm ) 28.8 ± 5.6 (24.8 o 32.9) 35.3 ± 7.2 (30.7 o 39.8) 36.7 ± 3.2 (34.2 o 39.1) 0.044* 1.01 0.019* 1.73 1 0.25 CMJ absolu e p owe (W) 1544.9 ± 304.2 (1327.4 o 1762.5) 2063.4 ± 601.1 (1681.5 o 2445.4) 2103.4 ± 328.8 (1850.6 o 2356.1) 0.036* 1.09 0.035* 1.76 1 0.08 CMJ ela i e p owe (W·k g -25.1 ± 8 (19.4 o 30.9) 30.6 ± 11.9 (23.1 o 38.1) 28.5 ± 8.3 (22.2 o 34.9) 0.603 0.54 1 0.42 1 0.20 CMJL heigh (cm) 15.3 ± 5.2 (11.6 o 18.9) 19.5 ± 4.3 (16.7 o 22.2) 19.8 ± 2 (18.3 o 21.4) 0.074 0.88 0.07 1.14 1 0.09 CMJL absolu e p owe (W) 2860.8 ± 200.4 (717.5 o 1004.1) 1037.6 ± 214.4 (901.4 o 1173.8) 1086.2 ± 145.8 (974.2 o 1198.3) 0.122 0.85 0.05* 1.29 1 0.27 CMJL ela i e p owe (W·k g -14 ± 5.1 (10.4 o 17.7) 15.2 ± 4.9 (12.1 o 18.3) 14.7 ± 4.1 (11.6 o 17.9) 1 0.24 1 0.15 1 0.11 CMJR heigh (cm) 15.5 ± 3.9 (12.7 o 18.2) 19.8 ± 3.7 (17.5 o 22.1) 20 ± 1.7 (18.7 o 21.3) 0.014* 1.13 0.017* 1.50 1 0.07 CMJR absolu e 816.4 ± 165.5 (698 o 934.8) 1031.3 ± 166.2 (925.7 o 1136.9) 1039.4 ± 145.3 (927.7 o 1151.2) 0.012* 1.30 0.016* 1.43 1 0.05 CMJR ela i e p owe (W·k g -13 ± 3.6 (10.5 o 15.6) 15 ± 3.9 (12.6 o 17.5) 14.1 ± 3.8 (11.1 o 16.9) 0.671 0.53 1 0.30 1 0.23 BJ dis ance (cm) 130.9 ± 17.8 (118.2 o 143.6) 152.2 ± 20.7 (139 o 165.3) 164.5 ± 8.3 (158.1 o 170.9) 0.021* 1.10 0.001# 2.42 0.334 0.78 BJL dis ance (cm) 103.8 ± 21 (88.8 o 118.8) 123 ± 23.3 (108.2 o 137.8) 110.4 ± 22.1 (93.5 o 127.4) 0.16 0.87 1 0.31 0.633 0.55 BJR dis ance (cm) 114 ± 23.3 (97.36 o 130.64) 123.4 ± 22.3 (109.3 o 137.6) 114.5 ± 14.4 (103.4 o 125.6) 0.89 0.41 1 0.03 1 0.47 RSI (m·s-1) 0.97 ± 0.33 (0.74 o 1.21) 1.36 ± 0.46 (1.06 o 1.65) 1.43 ± 0.21 (1.27 o 1.59) 0.057 0.97 0.028* 1.66 1 0.20 Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). CMJ = coun e mo emen jump; CMJL = coun e mo emen jump le ; CMJR = coun e mo emen jump igh ; BJ = b oad jump; BJL = b oad jump le ; BJR = b oad jump igh ; RSI = eac i e s eng h index. * p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01. Table 3. Change o di ec ion (COD), speed and s eng h pe o mances. Va iable U-15 (n = 10) U-17 (n = 12) U-19 (n = 9) Pos -hoc analyses (p alue and e ec size) U-15 s. U-17 U-15 s. U-19 U-17 s. U-19 COD ime (s) 6.75 ± 0.59 (6.32 o 7.18) 6.15 ± 0.41 (5.89 o 6.41) 5.99 ± 0.36 (5.72 o 6.27) 0.017* 1.18 0.005# 1.56 1 0.41 Sp in 15 m ime (s) 2.72 ± 0.25 (2.54 o 2.89) 2.61 ± 0.17 (2.50 o 2.71) 2.55 ± 0.15 (2.43 o 2.67) 0.586 0.51 0.21 0.82 1 0.37 RSA o al ime (s) 34.42 ± 2.86(32.2 o 36.6) 30.89 ± 1.67 (29.76 o 32.01) 30.68 ± 1.34 (29.44 o 31.92) 0.003# 1.51 0.005# 1.67 1 0.14 RSA bes ime (s) 6.65 ± 0.55 (6.25 o 7.04) 6.08 ± 0.35 (5.86 o 6.30) 6.01 ± 0.22 (5.84 o 6.18) 0.007# 1.23 0.005# 1.53 1 0.24 RSA FI (%) 2.5 ± 1.2 (1.5 o 3.4) 2.3 ± 1 (1.6 o 2.9) 1.4 ± 0.9 (0.5 o 2.2) 1 0.18 0.136 1.03 0.286 0.95 Lowe -limb s eng h (kg) 25 ± 8.5 (18.9 o 31.1) 36.7 ± 8.9 (31 o 42.3) 50 ± 16.6 (37.2 o 62.7) 0.006# 0.59 0.001# 0.74 0.047* 0.43 Da a a e Mean ± SD (95%CI). COD = change o di ec ion; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y; FI = a igue index. * p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01. by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 29 © Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics Table 4. In e co ela ion ma ix be ween change o di ec ion (COD) and he emaining pe o mance a iables Va iable COD ime (s) co ela ion le el and p alue U-15 U-17 U-19 To al Age (yea s) 0.038 0.917 -0.011 0.972 -0.292 0.446 -0.490 0.005# Heigh (cm) -0.170 0.639 0.531 0.076 -0.348 0.359 -0.121 0.515 Body mass (kg) 0.112 0.758 0.571 0.052 0.363 0.337 0.093 0.617 BMI 0.167 0.645 0.512 0.089 0.459 0.214 0.152 0.415 Body a (%) 0.305 0.392 0.475 0.119 0.576 0.104 0.226 0.221 Tanne s age -0.191 0.597 -0.268 0.399 0.050 0.898 -0.415 0.020* VIFT (km·h-1) -0.620 0.056 -0.888 0.000# -0.441 0.235 -0.784 0.000# VO2max (mL·kg-1·min-1) -0.574 0.083 -0.874 0.000# -0.456 0.217 -0.769 0.000# HRR∆ 2min (%) -0.507 0.134 0.569 0.054 -0.508 0.163 -0.101 0.590 CMJ heigh (cm) -0.697 0.025* -0.716 0.009# -0.417 0.265 -0.746 0.000# CMJ absolu e powe (W) -0.550 0.100 -0.610 0.035* -0.010 0.979 -0.599 0.000# CMJ ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.264 0.460 -0.685 0.014* -0.130 0.739 -0.435 0.014* CMJL heigh (cm) -0.777 0.008# -0.656 0.021* -0.477 0.194 -0.763 0.000# CMJL absolu e powe (W) -0.769 0.009# -0.483 0.112 -0.316 0.407 -0.678 0.000# CMJL ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.447 0.195 -0.661 0.019* -0.275 0.474 -0.445 0.012* CMJR heigh (cm) -0.627 0.052 -0.669 0.017* -0.271 0.480 -0.717 0.000# CMJR absolu e powe (W) -0.894 0.000# -0.430 0.163 -0.303 0.428 -0.721 0.000# CMJR ela i e powe (W·kg-1) -0.618 0.057 -0.657 0.020 -0.280 0.465 -0.529 0.002# BJ dis ance (cm) -0.448 0.194 -0.661 0.019* -0.192 0.621 -0.672 0.000# BJL dis ance (cm) -0.567 0.087 -0.757 0.004# -0.380 0.313 -0.576 0.001# BJR dis ance (cm) -0.542 0.106 -0.694 0.012* -0.497 0.174 -0.519 0.003# RSI (m·s-1) -0.445 0.197 -0.267 0.402 -0.408 0.276 -0.527 0.002# Sp in 15 m ime (s) 0.814 0.004# 0.524 0.080 0.562 0.116 0.719 0.000# RSA o al ime (s) 0.721 0.029* 0.779 0.005# 0.769 0.043* 0.856 0.000# RSA bes ime (s) 0.720 0.019* 0.751 0.005# 0.805 0.009# 0.824 0.000# RSA FI (%) 0.648 0.059 -0.110 0.746 0.068 0.885 0.362 0.064 Lowe -limb s eng h (kg) -0.704 0.023* -0.370 0.237 0.068 0.861 -0.631 0.000# BMI = body mass index; VIFT = peak eloci y in 30–15 in e mi en i ness es ; HRpeak = hea a e peak; VO2max = maximum oxygen up ake; HRR∆ 2 min = hea h a e eco e y % del a a 2 min; CMJ = coun e mo emen jump; CMJL = coun e mo emen jump le ; CMJR = coun e mo emen jump igh ; BJ = b oad jump; BJL = b oad jump le ; BJR = b oad jump igh ; RSI = eac i e s eng h index; COD = change o di ec ion; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y; FI = a igue index. * p ≤ 0.05 and # p ≤ 0.01. 30 Change o di ec ion in young baske ball playe s Jou nal o Human Kine ics - olume 85/2022 h p://www.johk.pl Figu e 1. S udy design. COD = change o di ec ion; IFT = in e mi en i ness es ; RSI = eac i e s eng h index; RSA = epea ed sp in abili y Figu e 2. G oup and indi idual esponse o (A) VO 2max , (B) CMJ absolu e powe , (C) COD ime, (D) 15-m sp in ime, and (E) RSA FI. * p ≤ 0.05 di e ences s. U-15. # p ≤ 0.01 di e ences s. U- 15. by Pablo Pé ez-I án e al. 31 © Edi o ial Commi ee o Jou nal o Human Kine ics As expec ed, he be e esul s in COD, jumps, and lowe -limb s eng h pe o mances eco ded in he p esen s udy we e in a o o U- 19. One po en ial explana ion, apa om ma u a ional and physical di e ences, may be due o he ac ha coaches did no ocus on hose abili ies a ea lie ages (i.e., U-15) wi h he majo i y o he aining ime de o ed o imp o e playe s’ indi idual ( echnical/ ac ical) pe o mances. Thus, Dellal e al. (2013) p e iously epo ed ha COD, in e limb coo dina ion and RSA pe o mance we e no ully de eloped in younge playe s. Mo eo e , i should be no ed ha younge playe s may ha e expe ienced a highe dec ease in COD and speed pe o mances due o he de e io a ion o coo dina ion associa ed wi h physical de elopmen du ing he apid g ow h s age (Romme s e al., 2019) which occu s a ound he ime o peak heigh eloci y. Gi en ha we did no conside his measu e, u he s udies a e equi ed o app op ia ely es his hypo hesis. Rega ding he be e RSA pe o mances eco ded in U-17 and U-19 g oups, i may be sugges ed ha he highe es ima ed VO2max eco ded would a o a as e eco e y be ween sp in ing bou s hus imp o ing RSA pe o mance (Gi a d e al., 2011). In his con ex , B ini e al. (2020b) ecen ly epo ed a signi ican co ela ion ( = 0.69) be ween RSA pe o mance ( o al ime) and maximal ae obic speed in adul male baske ball playe s (age: 22.06 ± 2.8 yea s). In addi ion, i has been sugges ed ha eco e y in p epube al child en is a ec ed by o he ac o s di e en om ca dio espi a o y i ness and, in ac , he e a e da a showing ha child en ha e a as e eco e y han adul s (Hebes ei e al., 1993). Thus, o he ac o s such as anae obic wo k capaci y could play a key ole in RSA pe o mance wi h inc eased age and he ma u a ion s age (Beneke e al., 2007). Indeed, ou da a showed signi ican di e ences in he anne s age be ween U-17 and U-19 s. U-15. O he wise, he indings o he p esen s udy showed signi ican co ela ions be ween jumping abili y (i.e., powe , heigh and dis ance) and COD pe o mance, especially in U-15 and U- 17 g oups. In acco dance wi h he p esen s udy, Scanlan e al. (2021) ecen ly showed a mode a e co ela ion among COD pe o mance wi h a s anding long jump ( = -0.67), CMJ ela i e peak o ce ( = -0.63), isome ic mid high pull ela i e peak o ce ( = -0.55), and 10-m sp in imes ( = 0.53) in young baske ball playe s. Howe e , ou esul s did no show any signi ican co ela ion be ween COD and linea sp in ing pe o mance in U-15 and U-17 g oups. Ou indings a e simila o p e ious s udies wi h adul playe s epo ing ha COD is a mul i ac o ial physical abili y which can be in luenced by s eng h, speed, and muscula coo dina ion (Alemda oğlu, 2012; Chaouachi e al., 2009). Chaouachi e al. (2009) ound a nega i e co ela ion be ween COD and he 5J es ( = -0.61) in eli e adul male baske ball playe s, while Alemda oğlu (2012) epo ed a signi ican co ela ion be ween CMJ heigh and COD ( = - 0.59) in p o essional male baske ball playe s. The e o e, s eng h and condi ioning coaches should app op ia ely selec hose es s o moni o physical pe o mance o a hle es depending on hei age. On he o he hand, ae obic capaci y eco ded in he p esen s udy was signi ican ly be e in U-17 and U-19 (e ec size = 1.32 and 1.77, la ge) when compa ed wi h U-15 playe s. Ou indings may be also explained by o he ac o s ha ha e been shown o be ele an in baske ball playe s’ pe o mance such as weekly aining loads, mo i a ion du ing he es , and aining s a us (Abdelk im e al., 2010; D inkwa e e al., 2008; Gei hne e al., 2004;). In he same con ex , Ca alho e al. (2013) epo ed ha he accumula ion o baske ball-speci ic aining loads h ough he yea s also appea ed o ha e a posi i e independen e ec on he de elopmen o ae obic- ene gy pa hways in la e adolescence. P e ious s udies epo ed ha changes in body composi ion, hema ological, and ho monal changes, which appea o imp o e ma kedly du ing adolescence, may in luence ae obic ainabili y o younge playe s (A ms ong e al., 2011; Gein he e al., 2004). Thus, esea che s and coaches should ake in o conside a ion all hose aspec s in o de o p epa e an adequa e aining s a egy o young baske ball playe s. Limi a ions Ou s udy p esen s some limi a ions. The i s e e s o he limi ed sample size, wi h playe s compe ing in he same club. Secondly, pa icipan s o he p esen s udy we e only g ouped by ch onological age. Finally, we examined only male baske ball playe s and i is necessa y ha u u e s udies examine pe o mance o emale baske ball playe s o