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>.(*"2+/"#,*'$,&-7%$2,$*/%-*2%0(/%-*0(*0"-(F%*0(/*1(#1%*
.$5,&%6*(&*5.-#,*0(*.&*(>."/"5$"%*=(&($,$*.&*1C5"','*2C-*
0")($-%*9*+/.$,/*#,+,8*0(*,'(&0($*,*/%*&%*1.2,&%3
L%$*/%*',&'%6*+,$,*,5%$0,$*/,-*(2($=(&#",-*,#'.,/(-*0(*
2,&($,*(7(#'"),6*(-*(-(&#",/*$(+/,&'(,$*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*
.$5,&%*0(-0(*(/*+.&'%*0(*)"-',*0(/*0"-(F%*+,$,*+%0($*
0(-,$$%//,$*-%/.#"%&(-*>.(*+$%2.(),&*.&,*&.(),*'(%$?,*
.$5,&,*#,+,8*0(*$(-+%&0($*,*/%-*0(-,7?%-*#/"2C'"#%-6*
(&($=D'"#%-6*,/"2(&',$"%-*9*-,&"',$"%-3*E-',*&.(),*0"$(#'$"8*
>.(*-(*"&)(-'"=,*+$('(&0(*0"-(F,$*/,*#".0,0*&%*#%2%*
-"-'(2,-*0(*(G'$,##"<&*9*0(-(#1%6*-"&%*#%2%*-"-'(2,-*
"&'(=$,0%-*0%&0(*/%-*$(#.$-%-*%+($,&*(&*.&*#"#/%*#($$,0%6*
$(.'"/"8C&0%-(*9*$(#"#/C&0%-(*+,$,*$(+$%0.#"$*/%-*#"#/%-*
&,'.$,/(-*+$%+"%-*0(*/,*0"&C2"#,*)(=(',/6*-"&*0.0,6*(/*
2%0(/%*(&*(/*>.(*-(*0(5(*0(*#%&7",$*(/*#$(#"2"(&'%6*(/*
0(-,$$%//%*9*(/*7.&#"%&,2"(&'%*0(*/,-*#".0,0(-!"3
E&*/,*,#'.,/"0,06*/,-*8%&,-*2C-*5"%0")($-,-*-%&*/,-*C$(,-*
.$5,&,-3*E&*/,-*;/'"2,-*0D#,0,-6*-(*1,*%5-($),0%*.&*
7(&<2(&%*#$(#"(&'(*(&*(/*>.(*0")($-,-*(-+(#"(-*0(*7,.&,*
9*7/%$,*1,&*2"=$,0%*1,#",*/,-*C$(,-*.$5,&,-6*0(5"0%*,*/,*
0"-2"&.#"<&*0(*$(#.$-%-*(&*-.-*1C5"','-*&,'.$,/(-3*E-'(*
B;*El é mino An opoceno se gene alizó en 2002 po el p emio nobel Paul
C u zen pa a denomina la e apa ac ual en la que el se humano es á causando daños
i e e sibles en el medio ambien e.
C;*Cla a Beni o, ed., La condición pos na u al: Glosa io de ecologías pa a o os mundos,
1.ª ed. (Mad id: C hulhu Books, 2024), 50.
D;*El pos humanismo sugie e lo pos e io a lo humano. Es a isión p e ende
descen aliza al se humano en la planifi cación y el diseño pa a p opo ciona o as mane as
de exis i .
E;*Donna J. Ha away, Segui con el p oblema: Gene a pa en esco en el
Ch huluceno (Bilbao: Consonni, 2019), 63.
F;*El pos na u alismo ompe con la na u aleza idealizada po el se humano dando
luga a una na u aleza que ya no se elaciona con la belleza y busca desplega nue as ecologías.
G;*Pa ick Geddes, Ci ies in E olu ion: An In oduc ion o he Town Planning
Mo emen and o he S udy o Ci ics (Lond es: Williams, 1915).
H;*Abel Wolman, «The Me abolism o Ci ies», Scien ifi c Ame ican 213, n.o 3
(sep iemb e de 1965): 178-90, h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/scien ifi came ican0965-178.
I;*He be Gi a de , Ciudades: Al e na i as pa a una ida sos enible (Mad id:
Celes e Ediciones, 1992), 23.
J;*S e ano Mancuso, Fi ópolis. La ciudad i a (Ba celona: Galaxia Gu enbe g,
2024).
BA;*Ibid., 63.
BB;*Sim Van de Ryn y S ua Cowan, Ecological Design, 10 h anni e sa y ed.
(Washing on, DC: Island P ess, 2007), 24.
BC;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 86.
92@,AC;* T$C7"#%*0(*4($5($'*T"$,$0('6*0%&0(*-(*%5-($),*/,*#%2+,$,#"<&*(&'$(*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*/"&(,/*9*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*#"$#./,$*/ He be Gi a de ’s g aphic,
showing he compa ison be ween linea me abolism and ci cula me abolism [O.(&'( *E/,5%$,#"<&*+$%+",*[*Sou ce: C ea ed by he au ho s]
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,5%$0,&0%*0(-,7?%-*0(*2,&($,*+$%=$(-"),3*A,*(-#,/,*2"#$%*
+($2"'(*.&,*"2+/(2(&',#"<&*2C-*C="/*9*,0,+','"),6*.&,*
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,5$.+'%-6*-"&%*0(*+(>.(F,-*,/'($,#"%&(-*=$,0.,/(-N"!3
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.$5,&%*5,-,0%*(&*.&*2%-,"#%*0(*$(+,$,#"%&(-*+%-"5"/"',*/,*
0")($-"0,0*0(*/,*#".0,06*#%&0.#"(&0%*,*>.(*/%-*0"-(F%-*-(*
+.(0,&*,0,+',$*+,$,*#%&)")"$*#%&*/%-*0"7($(&'(-*0(-,7?%-*
>.(*(&7$(&',2%-3*A,-*,##"%&(-*/%#,/(-*+.(0(&*-.+%&($*
,0"#"<&6*2%0"7"#,#"<&*(*"&#/.-%*(/"2"&,#"<&6*#%&*(/*%5@('")%*
0(*$(-',.$,$*#"($'%-*,@.-'(-*0(*/,*#".0,0*>.(*-(*1,&*
#%&-"0($,0%*+%$*0(7(#'%6*9*>.(*/,*1,&*#%&)($'"0%*(&*.&,*
"&7$,(-'$.#'.$,*+%-'-%-'(&"5/(3*E-'(*2D'%0%*0(*"&'($)(&#"<&*
1,#(*0(*/,*(-'$.#'.$,*.$5,&,*.&*C$5%/3*
BD;*Menno Schil huizen y Edua do Jo dá, Da win iene a la ciudad: La e olución de
las especies u banas (Mad id: Tu ne Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8.
BE;*La es abilidad del ecosis ema u bano es undamen al, ya que el c ecien e
con ac o en e humanos y animales conlle a se ios iesgos pa a la salud, como las zoonosis.
BF;*Pablo Gallego Pica d, «Edi o ial», BAc Bole ín Académico. Re is a de in es igación
y a qui ec u a con empo ánea 12 (31 de diciemb e de 2022): 8-33, h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/
bac.2022.12.0.9461.
BG;*:1%2*a,&*Y%%$(&6*:'(3A#+B$C)<+=(7"+$.5+=&))+$#+#A"+D53"+&7+D1#(.0#(&.*g (I*
h%$S *B%/.25",*Z&")($-"'9*L$(--6*^iPWj6*dk3
BH;*Donna Ha away ecomienda la u ilización de la palab a u gencia en luga de
eme gencia. Es e úl imo e e encia algo ce cano al apocalipsis mien as que las u gencias
ma can una empo alidad que pe enece al p esen e. (Ha away, Segui con el p oblema: Gene a
pa en esco en el Ch huluceno.)
BI;*Josep Lluís Se , ‘‘Biology o Ci ies,’’ Time, 30 de no iemb e de 1942,
consul ado el 19 de no iemb e de 2024, h ps:// ime.com/a chi e/6766065/a -biology-o -
ci ies.
BJ;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 125.
CA;*Jaime Le ne , Acupun u a u bana (Ba celona: Ins i u d’A qui ec u a A ançada
de Ca alunya, 2005), 5.
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W$34#$L6-6"&3"
E/*,5,-'(#"2"(&'%*,/"2(&',$"%*0(*/,*#".0,06*#,$,#'($"8,0%*
+%$*(/*7.&#"%&,2"(&'%*/"&(,/*>.(*#%&//(),*.&*7/.@%*#%&-',&'(*
0(*$(#.$-%-*9*0(-(#1%-*-"&*$(#"#/,@(6*1,*0(5"/"',0%*+%$*
#%2+/('%*/%-*(#%-"-'(2,-*0(/*'($$"'%$"%*#"$#.&0,&'(*,*
/,*#".0,03*E-'(*2%0(/%*0(*,/"2(&',$*/,*.$5(6*5,-,0%*(&*
(/*#./'")%*"&'(&-")%*(&*/,-*C$(,-*$.$,/(-6*1,*(/"2"&,0%*(/*
CE;*Ibid.
CF;*La auna y fl o a sinan ópica son especies que se han adap ado a las condiciones
ambien ales del medio u bano an opizado.
CG;*Sa ah Gunawan, ‘’Synan h opic Subu bia’’ (Tesis doc o al, Uni e sidad de
Wa e loo, 2015), 3.
CH;*Maiju Suomi y Maa i Mäkelä, ‘‘Explo ing Ecological Rela ionali y Th ough
A chi ec u al P ac ice,’’ Resea ch in A s and Educa ion 2024, no. 1 (3 de mayo de 2024): 220,
h ps://doi.o g/10.54916/ ae.142537.
CI;*Repa a , subsana o pone emedio al daño, en es e con ex o a las a ecciones
ocasionadas al medio ambien e.
CJ;*Las Soluciones Basadas en la Na u aleza (SBN) son en oques, acciones o
p ocesos que u ilizan los p incipios de la na u aleza pa a da solución a dis in os p oblemas
elacionados con la ges ión e i o ial y u bana como la adap ación al cambio climá ico, la
ges ión de los ecu sos, o la segu idad alimen a ia.
DA;*Los sis emas u banos de d enaje sos enible (SUDS) son écnicas de ges ión
de aguas plu iales y planeamien o u bano que p e enden imi a p ocesos hid ológicos en el
desa ollo u banís ico.
2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":"
$' $(
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>.(*(G+/%',&*(/*-.(/%*9*(/"2"&,&*1C5"','-6*$(0.#"(&0%*
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DD;*Anna Tsing, La se a del fi n del mundo (Mad id: Capi án Swing Lib os, 2021),
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0Y@*In oduc ion
The iangle o he An h opocene! o med by capi alism,
indus y and echnology has gene a ed signifi can eff ec s,
e idenced in he exploi a ion and deple ion o mine al
esou ces, in he heal h o he en i onmen , as well
as in he accumula ion o was e. The la ge numbe o
ope a ions ca ied ou in he e i o y due o he ad ances
o mode ni y, show he hyb id condi ion o he landscape,
which, be ween na u al and a ifi cial, demands a new
app oach om which o cohabi " . Thinking abou he
u u e implies s a ing by changing he p esen and he
way we ela e o o he beings. A change o di ec ion ha
decen alises all ha human ac i i y en ails is essen ial o
inci e a ele an change in ecology, and o begin a new pos -
human e a# ha enables “o he ways o egene a ing he
wo ld, eimagining, e i ing and econnec ing ecip ocally
in a mul i-species wellbeing”$. Mo ing he human being
away om he cen e o all design and including he mo e-
han-human is he basis o ans o ming ci ies capable o
emedying he en i onmen al c isis. This en ails hinking
abou new ecologies and efl ec ing on he ela ionship
ha humans ha e main ained wi h na u e, disman ling
hei idealised cul u al hinking o c ea e habi a s ha blu
he bounda ies be ween na u al and a ifi cial, so ha a
new pos -na u al hinking% can cul i a e new ecological
al e na i es in he buil en i onmen .
U ban me abolism
In he con ex o acing g owing plane a y c ises, i is
essen ial o econside he unc ioning o oday’s u ban
me abolism, an essen ial concep o unde s anding how
ci ies unc ion in e ms o fl ows o ene gy, ma e ials and
was e, and how hese p ocesses impac on li ing hings,
animals, plan s and landscapes. The ci y has no changed
he way i unc ions e en hough Pa ick Geddes wa ned
o i s ineffi ciency and imbalance in 1885. By analysing he
fl ows o ene gy and ma e ials in and ou o u ban a eas, he
ob ained a eco d o he esou ces needed o hei ou pu
ha wa ned o he signifi can disp opo ion be ween he
fi nal p oduc and he ma e ials needed o i s p oduc ion.
These measu emen s showed ha u ban ope a ion was
ha ing an unsus ainable impac on he en i onmen in he
long e m, due o he solid was e, sewage and ai pollu ion
ha esul ed&.
B;*The e m An h opocene was gene alised in 2002 by Nobel lau ea e Paul
C u zen o deno e he cu en s age in which humans a e causing i e e sible damage o
he en i onmen .
C;*Cla a Beni o, ed., La condición pos na u al: Glosa io de ecologías pa a o os mundos,
1.ª ed. (Mad id: C hulhu Books, 2024), 50.
D;*Pos humanism sugges s he pos -human. This ision aims o decen alise he
human in planning and design o p o ide o he ways o exis ing.
E;*Donna Ha away, S aying wi h he T ouble: Making Kin in he Ch hulucene,
Expe imen al Fu u es. Technological Li es, Scien ifi c A s, An h opological Voices
(Du ham London: Duke Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 63.
F;*Pos -na u alism b eaks wi h he idealised na u e o human beings, gi ing ise o
a na u e ha no longe ela es o beau y and seeks o deploy new ecologies.
G;*Pa ick Geddes, Ci ies in E olu ion: An In oduc ion o he Town Planning
Mo emen and o he S udy o Ci ics (Lond es: Williams, 1915).
>$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'"
Al hough Geddes deal wi h issues ela ed o he dynamics
o he mode n ci y, i was no un il 1965 ha he e m
u ban me abolism became popula due o Abel Wolman’s
a icle “The Me abolism o Ci ies”', whe e he se ou his
ision o he ci y as a machine ha ans o ms esou ces
in o was e 896:;<=>. In his way, his wo k con ibu ed
o highligh ing he limi a ions and ineffi ciencies o he
me abolic model o he con empo a y ci y and opened
he way o new heo e ical con ibu ions such as ha o
He be Gi a de , who made a dis inc ion be ween ci cula
me abolism and linea me abolism( 896:;<?>. The o me
defi nes he unc ioning o he na u al wo ld, in which
he was e o one o ganism is con e ed in o esou ces o
o he s, as opposed o he la e , which applies o he ci y,
whe e he aw ma e ial in oduced becomes was e.
In line wi h hese app oaches, S e ano Mancuso in his
book Fi ópolis: The Li ing Ci y) es ablishes a compa ison
be ween he p ocesses o plan s and animals, which can
be conside ed an e olu ion o he concep s p oposed by
Gi a de om a new, mo e biological poin o iew. Ci cula
me abolism is unde s ood h ough he unc ioning o
plan s, au o ophic o ganisms capable o p oducing he
o ganic subs ances necessa y o de elop hei ac i i y, using
exclusi ely ino ganic compounds and needing no ene gy
o he han sunligh abso bed by chlo ophyll. Animals, on
he o he hand, a e he e o ophic o ganisms ha ope a e
in a linea me abolic manne . They consume o ganic
subs ances p e iously elabo a ed by o he o ganisms
o p oduce he o ganic subs ances in hei bodies, and
a e he e o e dependen on o he o ganisms, bo h li ing
and dead. In addi ion, hey gene a e signifi can was e, as
opposed o plan s ha consume CO2, fi xing ca bon and
eleasing O2 as ‘was e’.
The me abolism o a ci y is much mo e like ha o an
animal han ha o a plan !*. I uses excessi e amoun s
o esou ces and c ea es la ge accumula ions o was e, an
imbalance ha equi es la ge a eas o land o aw ma e ials
and he subsequen pu ifi ca ion o solids. This me hodology
highligh s how u ban planning has impac ed he plane in
he w ong and unconscionable way, ailing o impose limi s
on he insa iable appe i e o he mode n ci y’s me abolism.
Global c ises mus he e o e be in e p e ed as he sum
o incalculable linea p ocesses ha ha e s imula ed
he uncon olled g ow h o u ban a eas, gene a ing and
con on ing us wi h oday’s ecological p oblems. F om his
app oach, ecosys emic ins abili y can be unde s ood as
a c isis o design, leading o an inadequa e confi gu a ion
92@,AI;*?'&#H$#"-(.3%-,33* En:*,$#1"'(#'-*/ Vlo wa e ingb ug. NEXT a chi ec s. [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Pho og aphy b,92%&0*b.''"&= ]
H;*Abel Wolman, “The Me abolism o Ci ies”, Scien ifi c Ame ican 213, n. 3
(Sep embe 1965): 178-90, h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/scien ifi came ican0965-178.
I;*He be Gi a de , Ciudades: Al e na i as pa a una ida sos enible (Mad id:
Celes e Ediciones, 1992), 23.
J;*S e ano Mancuso, Fi ópolis. La ciudad i a (Ba celona: Galaxia Gu enbe g,
2024).
BA;*Ibid., 63.
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o he ci y. In he wo ds o Sim Van de Ryn and S ua
Cowan:
‘In many ways, he en i onmen al c isis is a c isis o
design. I is a consequence o how hings a e made,
how buildings a e cons uc ed and how landscapes
a e used. Design mani es s cul u e, and cul u e is
fi mly g ounded in wha we belie e o be ue abou
he wo ld. We ha e used design cle e ly in he se ice
o na owly defi ned human in e es s, bu we ha e
neglec ed i s ela ionship o ou ellow c ea u es. Such
myopic design canno ail o deg ade he li ing wo ld
and, by ex ension, ou own heal h’!!.
The need o unde s and ha only in a ci y wi h a ci cula
me abolism will i be possible o build a quali y habi a o
humans is now an impe a i e. This implies ans o ming
u ban design models, in sea ch o a balance o gene a e a
mo e di e se and plu al habi a capable o ca e ing o he
non-human.
The e o e, in o de o add ess cu en eme gencies
eff ec i ely, i is essen ial o e hink u ban me abolism
om a design poin o iew in o de o de elop solu ions
ha p omo e a new u ban heo y capable o esponding
o clima e, ene gy, ood and heal h challenges. This new
guideline unde in es iga ion aims o design he ci y no as
sys ems o ex ac ion and disposal, bu as in eg a ed sys ems
whe e esou ces ope a e in a closed cycle, eused and
ecycled o ep oduce he na u al cycles o plan dynamics,
wi hou doub he model on which he g ow h, de elopmen
and unc ioning o ci ies should be based!".
Today, he mos biodi e se a eas a e u ban a eas. In ecen
decades, a g owing phenomenon has been obse ed in
which di e se species o auna and fl o a ha e mig a ed
o u ban a eas, due o he dec ease o esou ces in hei
na u al habi a s. This displacemen can be a ibu ed, in
pa , o he p e iously men ioned linea me abolism o
ci ies, which cen alises he consump ion o esou ces om
he coun yside, deple ing ood sou ces in u al a eas. As
a esul , many species fi nd e uge in u ban en i onmen s,
aking ad an age o he was e gene a ed by human ac i i y
as a sou ce o ood. This p ocess has gene a ed a new
ecological dynamic in which biodi e si y begins o adap o
human-buil en i onmen s, econfi gu ing he ela ionships
be ween species and hei en i onmen . The idea ha ou
impac on he en i onmen is so signifi can ha ‘wild’ plan s
and animals a e adap ing o habi a s c ea ed by and o
humans aises awa eness o he i e e sibili y o some o
he changes we a e imposing on he Ea h!#. The mig a ion
o biodi e si y om he u al pe iphe y o he u ban cen e
makes us e hink u ban planning owa ds a ci y model
whe e he u ban ecosys em can de elop in a balanced way!$.
This mig a ion o biodi e si y also implies i s loss on a
global scale, as he e a e hund eds o species ha canno
adap o he u ban ecosys em. The u ban ecosys em has
a se o a ibu es ha enable i o accommoda e mo e
han hal o he human popula ion and is conside ed he
ecosys em wi h he highes g ow h a e. Human infl uence
is al eady conside ed pa o na u e, i s dominan an h opic
in e en ion has app op ia ed he densely u banised a eas
whe e i has caused he whole ecosys em o be domina ed
by he same species, while pushing he es o ma ginal
BB;*Sim Van de Ryn y S ua Cowan, Ecological Design, 10 h anni e sa y ed.
(Washing on, DC: Island P ess, 2007), 24.
BC;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 86.
BD;*Menno Schil huizen y Edua do Jo dá, Da win iene a la ciudad: La e olución de
las especies u banas (Mad id: Tu ne Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8.
BE;*The s abili y o he u ban ecosys em is c ucial, as he inc easing con ac
be ween humans and animals leads o se ious heal h isks, such as zoonoses.
92@,AJ;* U(##"<&*0(/*I*2',@(,*+5"+D)2',3,")+5"+='&%-"3$#3*l,'//("$%"=*glebj*/ Sec ion o he Implu ium o Esplugues de Llob ega . Ba llei oig (BIR). [e2,=(&*[
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le els!%. Human ac i i y and i s consequences could
he e o e be conside ed o shape he na u al habi a o many
species, “ o all he ways in which i helps o ha bou o
des oy he angled di e si y h ough which li e es ablishes
i sel in ou wo ld”!&.
Mic o-in e en ion as a s a egy o me amo phosis
The applica ion o he ege a ion s uc u e in he design
o he ci y gua an ees esilience in he ace o oday’s
u gencies!', and he way o implemen his modifi ca ion
in ou u ban cen es mus be de eloped by ans o ming
hem. The a chi ec and u ban planne Josep Lluís Se
s a ed in 1942, du ing he In e na ional Cong ess o
Mode n A chi ec u e, ha u ban planning, in i s adi ional
academic concep ion, was obsole e and should be eplaced
by u ban biology!(. I is no iable o build new u ban
cen es ha con inue o consume unlimi ed amoun s o
esou ces, adap a ion is pa amoun , and o his he ci y has
o assume a se ies o changes so ha ci cula sys ems a e
in eg a ed in o he building and public space. Ci ies canno
un away om p oblems, hey a e oo ed o he g ound
like plan s, so hey ha e no choice bu o lea n o adap o
change and sol e p oblems.
As Mancuso explains, he sec e o he longe i y o ees
is ha hey a e buil in a modula way, wi hou single o
double specialised o gans.!) The sec e is o sp ead ou ,
a he han specialise’. Plan s, unlike animals, do no need
majo o gans o su i e; being endowed wi h innume able
gene ic o gans capable o mul iple unc ions, hey can
su i e despi e inju y o a ious o gans. The lack o
specialisa ion and he conside able numbe o unc ional
elemen s enable he plan o ganism o adap , ans o m
and e ol e, p ecisely he p ope ies needed o ma k he
s a ing poin o a new u ban heo y. A slow and pains aking
me amo phosis owa ds he exempla y ci y.
The me amo phosis o he ci y mus be ca ied ou h ough
mic o-in e en ions, one-off u ban su ge ies ha implemen
p ocesses wi h a unc ioning simila o he non-specialised
o gans o he plan o ganism. Mic o-in e en ions espond
o he changing needs o he en i onmen wi hou elying
on a cen alised s uc u e, add essing challenges in a
p og essi e manne . The mic o scale allows o a mo e
agile and adap i e implemen a ion, a e i alisa ion based
on u ban acupunc u e"*, which h ough small punc u es is
able o implemen new app oaches g adually. As Da win
pu s i , “e olu ion does no ac h ough ab up changes, bu
h ough small g adual al e a ions”."!
In a complemen a y way, building a new u ban ab ic
based on a mosaic o epai s enables he di e si y o he
ci y, leading o designs ha can be adap ed o coexis wi h
he diff e en challenges we ace. Local ac ions can in ol e
addi ion, modifi ca ion and e en emo al, wi h he aim o
es o ing ce ain adjus men s o he ci y ha ha e been
conside ed by de aul , and which ha e u ned i in o a
pos -sus ainable in as uc u e. This me hod o in e en ion
makes he u ban s uc u e a ee.
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!,''($*/ Collage sec ion o he ans o ma ion o he oo and he
six h fl oo in o an u ban a m. U ban Fa me s De Schilde. Space &
Ma e [e2,=(&*[ Image U+,#(*s*!,''($]
BF;*Pablo Gallego Pica d, “Edi o ial”, BAc Bole ín Académico. Re is a de in es igación
y a qui ec u a con empo ánea 12 (31 Decembe 2022): 8-33, h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/
bac.2022.12.0.9461.
BG;*Thom Van Doo en, Fligh Ways: Li e and Loss a he Edge o Ex inc ion (New Yo k:
Columbia Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 43.
BH;*Donna Ha away ecommends he use o he wo d u gency ins ead o
eme gency. The la e e e s o some hing close o he apocalypse while u gencies ma k a
empo ali y ha belongs o he p esen . (Donna Ha away, S aying wi h he T ouble: Making Kin
in he Ch hulucene)
BI;*Josep Lluís Se , “Biology o Ci ies,” Time, No embe 30, 1942, accessed
No embe 19, 2024, h ps:// ime.com/a chi e/6766065/a -biology-o -ci ies/.
BJ;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 125.
CA;*Jaime Le ne , Acupun u a u bana (Ba celona: Ins i u d’A qui ec u a A ançada
de Ca alunya, 2005), 5.
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Re hinking he ci y model
The e o mula ion o u ban heo y p oposes o ans o m
he obsole e sys em o he ci y o adap o cu en u gencies,
and o adap u banised a eas o cons i u e a buil ab ic ha
allows o mul ispecies emedia ion and econcilia ion. The
p inciples o his enewed pa adigm ha e been g ounded
h ough an induc i e me hodology based on he in-dep h
analysis o mul iple p ojec s, which has made i possible
o oo and classi y hem. The fi s phase o collec ing
and selec ing examples implemen ing new me abolic
and ecological app oaches has allowed he subsequen
examina ion o indi idual cases o iden i y he s a egies in
place and obse e hei impac . This de ailed analysis has
allowed he iden ifi ca ion o pa e ns ha can be applied
on a mic o scale in ci ies, so ha he sum o hese small
su ge ies cons i u es a co ec u ban pe o mance, no
only ocusing on he in eg a ion o ege a ion, bu also
on he op imisa ion o esou ces and biodi e si y. The
s udy concludes in a plan -based classifi ca ion o small-
scale pe o mance species capable o ans o ming he ci y
h ough accumula ion and epe i ion. Gi en he non-
specialised na u e o hese mic o-in e en ions, he name
o each species has a simila oo . The possible associa ion
o syllables ein o ces he concep o non-specialisa ion.
By means o hese combina ions, he ac ions p e iously
iden ifi ed in he analysis o he case s udies can be b oken
down and classifi ed 896:;,<M>.
The accumula ion o such small ans o ma ions esul s
in a ci y nu u ed h ough mic oac ions ha cons i u e an
u ban phylogenesis ha shows as a esul he i al p ope ies
o he new u banised habi a s. The model ci y is he e o e
defi ned as: g een, mul ispecies, esilien , sel -suffi cien , non-
specialised and collabo a i e.
T ans e sal cha ac e is ics ha lay he ounda ions o
a phylogenesis"" o mic oin e en ions and defi ne he
subspecies o gene ic ac ions. Ac ions a e epea ed in all he
sec ions, showing he non-specialised na u e o he ac ions
and he balanced connec ion be ween he p ope ies o he
ci y, p omo ing he co ec unc ioning o he ege a ion
ha is pu sued.
G een
The fi s s ep is o g een ci ies, o gi e and ese e a la ge
pa o he u ban a ea o ege a ion. Exis ence depends by
na u e on plan li e, since pho osyn hesis is he ue engine
o li e"#. The ans o ma ion o he ci y in o g een spaces
is no simply an aes he ic eff o , bu a he a necessa y
ac ion o u ban ecology and he heal h o ci izens. The
Wo ld Heal h O ganisa ion ecommends 10 o 15 m2 o
g een space pe inhabi an , an una ainable s anda d in
i ually any ci y. Plan s and ees seques e ca bon om
he en i onmen , helping o mi iga e he eff ec s o clima e
change, and a e essen ial o all o he li ing hings o
b ea he. I is ime o e-es ablish ou ela ionship wi h he
plan wo ld"$. The e is a need o le na u e ac , allowing
plan s o g ow on hei own, and o do his we mus design
sui able su aces, pe meable suppo s whe e wild ege a ion
can g ow spon aneously. The dis ance be ween na u e and
a ifi ce mus be b oken in o de o make possible ci ies ha
a e capable o coupling new pos na u al ecologies. Le any
species ha wan s o es ablish i s oo s in he small oases
ha make up he mic oin e en ions in he an h opised
en i onmen cohabi he ci y.
CB;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 27.
CC;*Rela ionships be ween species. The e m phylogenesis is used in he ex o e e
o he ela ionship be ween he diff e en species o a chi ec u al mic o-in e en ions de eloped
in he esea ch.
CD;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 5.
92@,BC;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*1,5"'.,/6*l,@%*
!,&1,'',&3*leT* *l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Rende ing o The BIG U!
in a egula con ex , Lowe Manha an. BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup
[e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup]
92@,BD;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*#,',-'$<7"#%6*l,@%*
!,&1,'',&3*leT* *l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Pho omon age o The BIG
U! in a ca as ophic scena io, Lowe Manha an. BIG - Bja ke
Ingels G oup [e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup]
>$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'"
A mo e pa adigma ic example o his ype o ans o ma ion
is he one de eloped by he ci y o Pa is, one o he la ges
Eu opean ci ies and a he same ime one o he leas
g een be o e he de elopmen o hese ini ia i es 896:;,<O>.
Végé alisons Pa is (Le ’s Vege alise Pa is) is a collabo a i e
online p ojec launched a he end o 2018, in which ci izens
submi g een mic oin e en ions.
A s iking aspec o he ini ia i e is ha g een spaces a e
no concei ed only as he g eening o g ound spaces,
bu Végé alisons Pa is has a much b oade ision o u ban
g eene y and p oposes o esiden s o g een he ci y h ough
sha ed ga dens, deco a ing s ee u ni u e, ins alling g een
oo s on he oo s o buildings, plan ing new species in
he ee wells, ins alling u ban ga dens, e ical ga dens,
deco a ing e aces, balconies and e en c ea ing u ban
a ms, ins alling g een oo s on he oo s o buildings,
plan ing new species in he ee wells, ins alling u ban
ege able ga dens, e ical ga dens, deco a ing e aces,
balconies and e en c ea ing u ban a ms o ins alling
beehi es o inc ease he numbe o pollina o s in he ci y.
The p ojec has p o ed o be a g ea success, wi h 1,348
diff e en p ojec s implemen ed h oughou he ci y o
da e, such as he ins alla ion o gian fl owe po s, wooden
con aine s, he se ing up o communi y u ban ga dens, e c.
Mul ispecies
The in eg a ion o mo e g een and pe meable su aces
makes he ci y a mo e welcoming place o di e se o ms
o li e. The g eene he ci y, he mo e species can make he
ci y hei habi a , and encou age in e species coexis ence
in he buil en i onmen . The di iding line be ween ci y
and na u e mus be blu ed, as igh now he numbe
o species is g ea e in u ban a eas and subu bs han in
he u al en i onmen , and he e is a ype o biodi e si y
ha unde pins u ban ecology, made up o synan h opic
auna and fl o a"%. The c ow and he spa ow a e among
hose species ha ha e adap ed o he ci y and depend
on human ac i i y o hei su i al, and al hough mos
people conside hei p esence a nuisance, hey should
be seen as a posi i e de elopmen , as hey a e a sign o
biodi e si y and hei exis ence con ibu es o a mo e s able
u ban ecosys em. So a , public con ol has done i s bes o
con ol non-human species, no oom has been gi en o he
o he , and e e y hing has been kep in o de . Howe e , he
pandemic showed us how plan s, bi ds, insec s and animals
- e en he i us i sel - we e able o ake o e he ci y and
colonise i . The e o e, i is necessa y o e hink he buil
en i onmen in o de o design mo e inclusi e en i onmen s
om he ou se , adap ing he u ban ab ic o p omo e
mul ispecies cohabi a ion. In his con ex , synan h opic
a chi ec u e could change he pe cep ion o u ban
coexis ence"&, s eng hening he way in which ela ionships
wi h o he li ing beings a e pe cei ed h ough i s in eg a ion
in o a chi ec u al design.
The adap a ion o he buil en i onmen owa ds
mul ispecies jus ice equi es a chi ec u es ha off e shel e
o all. In Eees udio and Lys Villalba’s p ojec , Educan:
School o dogs, humans and o he species in Mad id 896:;,<R>,
bi ds and ba s ake o e elemen s o he building p e iously
designed o be occupied. The nes ing açades and he
eme ging elemen s such as he le e s a e designed o o he
beings o inhabi hem and help in he sel - egula ion o he
ecosys em. In he same way, Ha ison A elie ’s p oposal,
Fe al Su ace o e i alise and g een he oo ops o he ci y
o Ba celona 896:;,<S>, con ibu es o b inging a g ea e
numbe o pollina o s o u banised a eas. They ans o m
oo ops in o en i onmen s o bo h humans and insec s
by placing po ous, moni o ed su ace uni s capable o
collec ing in o ma ion in he o m o a açade, a ch o wall,
while helping o mi iga e ai pollu ion and he hea island
eff ec .
U ban habi a s o pollina o s can also be c ea ed in public
space. The Alus a Pa ilion by Maiju Suomi and Elina
Koi is o unc ions as a la ge insec ho el 896:;,<T>. The key
o he in e en ion has been he choice o ma e ial, as he
use o a pe o a ed and ex u ed componen such as b ick
has allowed bees and o he insec s o se le in he small
ca i ies, and es ablish hemsel es in he buil en i onmen .
The ins alla ion c ea es an a mosphe e ha os e s he
condi ions o in e species ela ionships o eme ge, “in i es
non-human animals o e u n o he space om which hey
ha e been expelled by mode ni y, and lays he g oundwo k
o con inued encoun e s”"'. The e o e, synan h opic
design can be in eg a ed in o any kind o in e en ion,
e en in in as uc u es ha a e diffi cul o imagine, such
as he Vlo wa e ingb ug ba b idge in he Ne he lands
896:;,<U>, by NEXT a chi ec s. The b idge, which se es
cyclis s, pedes ians and e en occasionally ca s, p o ides
habi a s o ba s in i s sec ion, so ha a la ge colony is
c ea ed a ound he b idge. This case s udy shows how an
objec as unc ional as a b idge can be used o ecological
emedia ion"(.
Resilien
Ha ing he capaci y o adap and eco e om ad e se
ci cums ances, such as na u al disas e s, declining
economies o changing clima es, is e y impo an o a
ci y. Resilience is based on an in eg i y ha lea ns om
pas expe iences and is able o cope wi h u u e challenges.
The e o e, he design o he ci y mus ha e he capaci y
o adap o he ci cums ances b ough abou by he
CE;*Ibid.
CF;*Synan h opic auna and fl o a a e species ha ha e adap ed o he
en i onmen al condi ions o he an h opised u ban en i onmen .
CG;*Sa ah Gunawan, ‘’Synan h opic Subu bia’’ (PhD diss., Uni e si y o Wa e loo,
2015), 3.
CH;*Maiju Suomi and Maa i Mäkelä, ‘’Explo ing Ecological Rela ionali y Th ough
A chi ec u al P ac ice,’’ Resea ch in A s and Educa ion 2024, no. 1 (May 3, 2024): 220, h ps://
doi.o g/10.54916/ ae.142537.
CI;*Repai ing, emedying o emedying he damage, in his con ex he damage
caused o he en i onmen .
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