Microintervenir para cohabitar la ciudad posthumana. Hacia un metabolismo verde, multiespecie, resiliente, autosuficiente, no especializado y colaborativo

Azpiazu Lejardi, Nekane; García Odiaga, Iñigo

Microintervenir para cohabitar la ciudad posthumana. Hacia un metabolismo verde, multiespecie, resiliente, autosuficiente, no especializado y colaborativo

Azpiazu Lejardi, Nekane,García Odiaga, Iñigo

Published: 2024
Publisher: COAM
Repository: addi.ehu.es
Language: en

Abstract

Transformar el modelo de ciudad es la única elección posible para remediar las actuales urgencias, ya que no podemos permitirnos la construcción de nuevos centros urbanos que desatiendan los desafios presentes, y que prosigan con el consumo de cantidades ilimitadas de recursos contra otros seres, cuerpos y paisajes. La adaptación es primordial, y para ello la ciudad tiene que asumir una serie de cambios para que los sistemas circulares se integren en la edificación y en el espacio público, y estos pasen a producir agua, energía y alimentos. Transformar los centros urbanos para crear espacios donde coevolucionar es el reto que se debe afrontar. Centros capaces de acoger una nueva naturaleza que implique ir más allá de lo estético con el propósito de cultivar nuevas alternativas ecológicas desde una visión postnatural. Es necesario que la ciudad evolucione hacia superficies permeables y estructuras porosas que impulsen nuevas formas de vida, mediante la implementación de microintervenciones diseñadas para fortalecer la justicia multespecie, y crear mecanismos que permitan el metabolismo circular de la urbe. El repetitivo establecimiento sobre prexistencias de diversos microproyectos diseñados desde una posición posthumana y postnatural, tiene la aptitud de reparar el espacio urbano y convertirlo en un organismo modular no especializado; de forma que se garantice un funcionamiento ininterrumpido, y sincronizado entre los procesos interespecie de la nueva ecología. El nuevo modelo de ciudad se organiza como un árbol que se nutre de acciones de pequeña escala para progresar, adaptarse y transformarse, estructurada en una filogénesis que establece una relación entre distintas microactuaciones arquitectónicas no especializadas.

Full text

Bibliog a ía Buchanan, C. D. T aﬃ c in Towns. Repo o he Depa men o T anspo , UK, 1963. Rep in , 1964. Cheshi e, Da id. The Handbook o Building a Ci cula Economy. London: RIBA Publishing, 2021. Clausius, R. Übe die Ene gie o ä e de Na u und ih e Ve we ung zum Nu zen de Menschhei . Bonn: Ve lag on Max Cohen & Sohn, 1885. C aig, J., Vaughan, D., y Skinne , B. Recu sos de la Tie a y el medio ambien e. Mad id: Pea son Educación, 2012. Geo gescu-Roegen, Nicholas. The En opy Law and he Economic P ocess. Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, 1971. Fe nández Galiano, L. El uego y la memo ia, sob e a qui ec u a y ene gía. Mad id: Alianza Fo ma, 1991. Fe nández-Galiano, Luis, ed. AV P oyec os. Escasez ma e ial. No. 122, 2024. Gómez Muñoz, Glo ia. Mé odo de análisis diac ónico pa a la in e ención en el alojamien o con c i e ios ecológicos. El caso de Mad id 1940–2100. Tesis doc o al, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, 2014. Jiménez Rome a, C. Tamaño y densidad u bana: análisis de la ocupación de suelo po las á eas u banas españolas. Tesis doc o al, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, 2015. Kallipoli i, Lydia. His o ies o Ecological Design. An Unﬁ nished Cyclopedia. Ba celona: Ac a Publishe s, 2024. Lallana, Ma ín, To ubio, Jo ge, y Vale o, Alicia. Mine ales pa a la ansición ene gé ica y digi al en España: demanda, eciclaje y medidas de suﬁ ciencia. Za agoza: CIRCE, Amigos de la Tie a, 2023. Le Co busie . P écisions su un é a p ésen de l’a chi ec u e e de l’u banisme. Pa is: Vincen F éal, 1930. Má quez F., Le ene, R., eds. “IBAVI. 2019–2023 Una in es igación colec i a”. El C oquis No. 219, 2023. Mo eno-Na a o, José Luis González. El legado ocul o de Vi u io: sabe cons uc i o y eo ía a qui ec ónica. Mad id: Alianza Edi o ial, 1993. Na edo, José Manuel. “Ana omía y ﬁ siología de la conu bación mad ileña: gigan ismo e ineﬁ ciencia c ecien es.” Biblio eca Ciudades pa a un Fu u o más Sos enible (CF+S), Bole ín nº 29/30: No as pa a en ende el me cado inmobilia io, 2002. Na edo, José Manuel. La economía en e olución. Mad id: Siglo Vein iuno, 1987. Na edo, José Manuel, y An onio Vale o, di s. Desa ollo económico y de e io o ecológico. Mad id: Fundación A gen a ia / Viso Dis ibuciones, 1999. Na edo, J. M., y F ías, J. “El me abolismo económico de la conu bación mad ileña.” Re is a Economía Indus ial 351, 2003. Na u a Fu u a y Bamba, Juan Ca los. Hábi a s ﬂ o an es. Una mi ada a la a qui ec u a del agua en Ecuado . Mad id: T ama Ediciones, 2023. Odum, Eugene P. “The S a egy o Ecosys em De elopmen .” Science 126, 1969. Pa e o, Vil edo. “Il massimo di u ili à da o dalla libe a conco enza.” Gio nale degli Economis i 9, no. 1894. Pe aul , Claude. Les dix li es d’a chi ec u e de Vi u e co igez e aduï s nou ellemen en F ançois, a ec des no es e des ﬁ gu es. Pa is: Jean Bap is e Coigna d, 1673. P ie o, Edua do. His o ia medioambien al de la a qui ec u a. Mad id: Ediciones Cá ed a, 2019. Ruskin, John. Un o This Las . Bos on: Geo ge Allen, 1877. Saue , Cassio. A qui e u a x escasez. B asilia: Edi o a Conco dia B asil, 2022. Soddy, F ede ick. Ca esian Economics: The Bea ing o Physical Science upon S a e S ewa dship. London: Hende sons, 1921. Thompson, D’A cy. Sob e el c ecimien o y la o ma. Mad id: H. Blume Ediciones, 1981. P ime a edición: On G ow h and Fo m, Edimbu go, 1917. Vale o, A., Vale o, A., y Cal o, G. Thana ia. Lími es ma e iales de la ansición ene gé ica. Za agoza: Uni e sidad de Za agoza, 2021. Van Rijs, W., J. Maas, and N. de V ies, eds. MVRDV. Cos a Ibé ica: Upbea o he Leisu e Ci y. Ba celona: Ac a , 2005. Va ou akis, Yanis. Techno eudalism: Wha Killed Capi alism. London: Bodley Head, 2023; New Yo k: Mel ille House, 2024. Vázquez Espí, Ma iano. “Los lími es de la écnica.” Ciudad y Te i o io. Es udios Te i o iales 29, no. 111, 1997. Vázquez Espí, Ma iano. “La ciudad acapa ado a II.” En De Su a No e. Ciudades y medio ambien e en Amé ica La ina, España y Po ugal, eds. Ma a Román y Begoña Pe nas, 2002. Mad id: Caja Mad id, Ob a Social. ISBN 84-95471-55-8. Ve dague , C. “Paisaje an es de la ba alla. Apun es pa a un necesa io deba e sob e el pa adigma ecológico en a qui ec u a y u banismo.” Re is a U ban, núm. 3 (1999). !"#$"%&'"%"()&$*+#*&("%,+%-.%,$/0.'$1-+ !"#$%"&'($)(&"$*+,$,*#%&-'$."$* /,*#".0,0*+%-'1.2,&,3* 4,#",*.&*2(',5%/"-2%* )($0(6*2./'"(-+(#"(6* $(-"/"(&'(6*,.'%-.7"(#"(&'(6*&%* (-+(#",/"8,0%*9*#%/,5%$,'")% Nekane Azpiazu Leja di e Iñigo Ga cía Odiaga !"#$%"& :$,&-7%$2,$*(/*2%0(/%*0(*#".0,0*(-*/,*;&"#,*(/(##"<&*+%-"5/(*+,$,* $(2(0",$*/,-*,#'.,/(-*.$=(&#",-6*9,*>.(*&%*+%0(2%-*+($2"'"$&%-*/,* #%&-'$.##"<&*0(*&.()%-*#(&'$%-*.$5,&%-*>.(*0(-,'"(&0,&*/%-*0(-,7?%-* +$(-(&'(-6*9*>.(*+$%-"=,&*#%&*(/*#%&-.2%*0(*#,&'"0,0(-*"/"2"',0,-* 0(*$(#.$-%-*#%&'$,*%'$%-*-($(-6*#.($+%-*9*+,"-,@(-3*A,*,0,+',#"<&*(-* +$"2%$0",/6*9*+,$,*(//%*/,*#".0,0*'"(&(*>.(*,-.2"$*.&,*-($"(*0(*#,25"%-* +,$,*>.(*/%-*-"-'(2,-*#"$#./,$(-*-(*"&'(=$(&*(&*/,*(0"7"#,#"<&*9*(&*(/* (-+,#"%*+;5/"#%6*9*(-'%-*+,-(&*,*+$%0.#"$*,=.,6*(&($=?,6*9*,/"2(&'%-3* :$,&-7%$2,$*/%-*#(&'$%-*.$5,&%-*+,$,*#$(,$*(-+,#"%-*0%&0(*#%()%/.#"%&,$* (-*(/*$('%*>.(*-(*0(5(*,7$%&',$3*B(&'$%-*#,+,#(-*0(*,#%=($*.&,*&.(),* &,'.$,/(8,*>.(*"2+/">.(*"$*2C-*,//C*0(*/%*(-'D'"#%*#%&*(/*+$%+<-"'%*0(* #./'"),$*&.(),-*,/'($&,'"),-*(#%/<="#,-*0(-0(*.&,*)"-"<&*+%-'&,'.$,/3* E-*&(#(-,$"%*>.(*/,*#".0,0*()%/.#"%&(*1,#",*-.+($7"#"(-*+($2(,5/(-*9* (-'$.#'.$,-*+%$%-,-*>.(*"2+./-(&*&.(),-*7%$2,-*0(*)"0,6*2(0",&'(*/,* "2+/(2(&',#"<&*0(*2"#$%"&'($)(&#"%&(-*0"-(F,0,-*+,$,*7%$',/(#($*/,* @.-'"#",*2./'"(-+(#"(6*9*#$(,$*2(#,&"-2%-*>.(*+($2"',&*(/*2(',5%/"-2%* #"$#./,$*0(*/,*.$5(3*E/*$(+('"'")%*(-',5/(#"2"(&'%*-%5$(*+$(G"-'(&#",-*0(* 0")($-%-*2"#$%+$%9(#'%-*0"-(F,0%-*0(-0(*.&,*+%-"#"<&*+%-'1.2,&,*9* +%-'&,'.$,/6*'"(&(*/,*,+'"'.0*0(*$(+,$,$*(/*(-+,#"%*.$5,&%*9*#%&)($'"$/%* (&*.&*%$=,&"-2%*2%0./,$*&%*(-+(#",/"8,0%H*0(*7%$2,*>.(*-(*=,$,&'"#(* .&*7.&#"%&,2"(&'%*"&"&'($$.2+"0%6*9*-"&#$%&"8,0%*(&'$(*/%-*+$%#(-%-* "&'($(-+(#"(*0(*/,*&.(),*(#%/%=?,3*E/*&.()%*2%0(/%*0(*#".0,0*-(*%$=,&"8,* #%2%*.&*C$5%/*>.(*-(*&.'$(*0(*,##"%&(-*0(*+(>.(F,*(-#,/,*+,$,* +$%=$(-,$6*,0,+',$-(*9*'$,&-7%$2,$-(6*(-'$.#'.$,0,*(&*.&,*7"/%=D&(-"-*>.(* (-',5/(#(*.&,*$(/,#"<&*(&'$(*0"-'"&',-*2"#$%,#'.,#"%&(-*,$>."'(#'<&"#,-* &%*(-+(#",/"8,0,-3* '()(*+(#,-)(."/ !"#$%&'()*&+,-%$.&/+0&"1()#".0($+*,'#(")2"0("/+"0&'&34$+,-%$.$/+5()"6&+ 2&)#.$#,-$'/+7('&38.")()9 !"#$%"&'($)(&"&=*'%*#%1,5"'* '1(*+%-'1.2,&*#"'93*:%I,$0-* ,*=$((&6*2./'"-+(#"(-6* $(-"/"(&'6*-(/7J-.-',"&"&=6*&%&J -+(#",/"-(0*,&0*#%//,5%$,'")(* 2(',5%/"-2 Nekane Azpiazu Leja di UPV/EHU, Depa amen o de A qui ec u a, ETS A qui ec u a, Donos ia-San Sebas ián [email p o ec ed] Iñigo Ga cía Odiaga UPV/EHU, Depa amen o de A qui ec u a, ETS A qui ec u a, Donos ia-San Sebas ián [email p o ec ed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bel Wolman’s g aphic showing he compa ison be ween incoming esou ces and ou going was e in a hypo he ical ci y in he Uni ed S a es [O.(&'( *E/,5%$,#"<&*+$%+",*[* Sou ce: C ea ed by he au ho s] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" %$=,&"-2%-6*',&'%*)")%-*#%2%*2.($'%-3*K0(2C-6*=(&($,&* "2+%$',&'(-*$(-"0.%-6*7$(&'(*,*/,-*+/,&',-*>.(*#%&-.2(&* B]^6*7"@,&0%*(/*#,$5%&%*9*0(-+$(&0"(&0%*#%2%*_$(-"0.%`* ]^3* E/*2(',5%/"-2%*0(*.&,*#".0,0*-(*,-(2(@,*2.#1%*2C-* ,/*0(*.&*,&"2,/*>.(*,/*0(*.&,*+/,&',!*3*Z'"/"8,*$(#.$-%-* (&*#,&'"0,0(-*(G#(-"),-*9*#$(,*=$,&0(-*,#.2./,#"%&(-* 0(*0(-(#1%-6*.&*0(-(>."/"5$"%*>.(*$(#/,2,*(G'(&-,-* -.+($7"#"(-*+,$,*/,*%5'(&#"<&*0(*2,'($",*+$"2,*9*/,* +%-'($"%$*0(+.$,#"<&*0(*/%-*-</"0%-3*E-',*2('%0%/%=?,*+%&(* 0(*2,&"7"(-'%*/,*"&#%$$(#',*9*0(-2(0"0,*2,&($,*(&*>.(* /,*+/,&"7"#,#"<&*.$5,&,*1,*"2+,#',0%*-%5$(*(/*+/,&(',6*-"&* /%=$,$*"2+%&($*/?2"'(-*,/*"&-,#",5/(*,+('"'%*0(/*2(',5%/"-2%* 0(*/,*#".0,0*2%0($&,3* L%$*/%*',&'%6*/,-*#$"-"-*=/%5,/(-*0(5(&*"&'($+$(',$-(*#%2%* /,*-.2,*0(*"&#,/#./,5/(-*+$%#(-%-*/"&(,/(-*>.(*1,&* (-'"2./,0%*(/*#$(#"2"(&'%*0(-#%&'$%/,0%*0(*/,-*C$(,-* .$5,&,-6*=(&($,&0%*9*(&7$(&'C&0%&%-*,*/%-*+$%5/(2,-* (#%/<="#%-*,#'.,/(-3*Y(-0(*(-'(*(&7%>.(6*/,*"&(-',5"/"0,0* (#%-"-'D2"#,*+.(0(*(&'(&0($-(*#%2%*.&,*#$"-"-*0(*0"-(F%6* >.(*#%&//(),*,*.&,*"&,0(#.,0,*#%&7"=.$,#"<&*0(*/,*#".0,03* E&*+,/,5$,-*0(*U"2*a,&*0($*b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l é mino An opoceno se gene alizó en 2002 po el p emio nobel Paul C u zen pa a denomina la e apa ac ual en la que el se humano es á causando daños i e e sibles en el medio ambien e. C;*Cla a Beni o, ed., La condición pos na u al: Glosa io de ecologías pa a o os mundos, 1.ª ed. (Mad id: C hulhu Books, 2024), 50. D;*El pos humanismo sugie e lo pos e io a lo humano. Es a isión p e ende descen aliza al se humano en la planiﬁ cación y el diseño pa a p opo ciona o as mane as de exis i . E;*Donna J. Ha away, Segui con el p oblema: Gene a pa en esco en el Ch huluceno (Bilbao: Consonni, 2019), 63. F;*El pos na u alismo ompe con la na u aleza idealizada po el se humano dando luga a una na u aleza que ya no se elaciona con la belleza y busca desplega nue as ecologías. G;*Pa ick Geddes, Ci ies in E olu ion: An In oduc ion o he Town Planning Mo emen and o he S udy o Ci ics (Lond es: Williams, 1915). H;*Abel Wolman, «The Me abolism o Ci ies», Scien iﬁ c Ame ican 213, n.o 3 (sep iemb e de 1965): 178-90, h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/scien iﬁ came ican0965-178. I;*He be Gi a de , Ciudades: Al e na i as pa a una ida sos enible (Mad id: Celes e Ediciones, 1992), 23. J;*S e ano Mancuso, Fi ópolis. La ciudad i a (Ba celona: Galaxia Gu enbe g, 2024). BA;*Ibid., 63. BB;*Sim Van de Ryn y S ua Cowan, Ecological Design, 10 h anni e sa y ed. (Washing on, DC: Island P ess, 2007), 24. BC;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 86. 92@,AC;* T$C7"#%*0(*4($5($'*T"$,$0('6*0%&0(*-(*%5-($),*/,*#%2+,$,#"<&*(&'$(*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*/"&(,/*9*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*#"$#./,$*/ He be Gi a de ’s g aphic, showing he compa ison be ween linea me abolism and ci cula me abolism [O.(&'( *E/,5%$,#"<&*+$%+",*[*Sou ce: C ea ed by he au ho s] 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" !! !$ 0(-+/,8,2"(&'%*-(*+.(0(*,'$"5."$6*(&*+,$'(6*,/*2(',5%/"-2%* /"&(,/*0(*/,-*#".0,0(-6*+$()",2(&'(*2(&#"%&,0%6*>.(* #(&'$,/"8,*(/*#%&-.2%*0(*$(#.$-%-*+$%)(&"(&'(-*0(/* #,2+%6*,=%',&0%*/,-*7.(&'(-*0(*,/"2(&'%*(&*/,-*8%&,-* $.$,/(-3*B%2%*$(-./',0%6*2.#1,-*(-+(#"(-*(&#.(&'$,&* $(7.="%*(&*/%-*(&'%$&%-*.$5,&%-6*,+$%)(#1,&0%*/%-* 0(-(#1%-*=(&($,0%-*+%$*/,*,#'")"0,0*1.2,&,*#%2%* 7.(&'(*0(*,/"2(&'%3*E-'(*+$%#(-%*1,*=(&($,0%*.&,*&.(),* 0"&C2"#,*(#%/<="#,*(&*/,*>.(*/,*5"%0")($-"0,0*#%2"(&8,*,* ,0,+',$-(*,*/%-*(&'%$&%-*#%&-'$."0%-*+%$*(/*-($*1.2,&%6* $(#%&7"=.$,&0%*/,-*$(/,#"%&(-*(&'$(*/,-*(-+(#"(-*9*-.* (&'%$&%3*A,*"0(,*0(*>.(*&.(-'$%*"2+,#'%*(&*(/*2(0"%* ,25"(&'(*(-*',&*-"=&"7"#,'")%*>.(*/,-*+/,&',-*9*/%-*,&"2,/(-* _-"/)(-'$(-`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c%-(+*A/.?-*U($'*,7"$2,5,*(&*PVd^6*0.$,&'(*(/*B%&=$(-%* e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enno Schil huizen y Edua do Jo dá, Da win iene a la ciudad: La e olución de las especies u banas (Mad id: Tu ne Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8. BE;*La es abilidad del ecosis ema u bano es undamen al, ya que el c ecien e con ac o en e humanos y animales conlle a se ios iesgos pa a la salud, como las zoonosis. BF;*Pablo Gallego Pica d, «Edi o ial», BAc Bole ín Académico. Re is a de in es igación y a qui ec u a con empo ánea 12 (31 de diciemb e de 2022): 8-33, h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/ bac.2022.12.0.9461. BG;*:1%2*a,&*Y%%$(&6*:'(3A#+B$C)<+=(7"+$.5+=&))+$#+#A"+D53"+&7+D1#(.0#(&.*g (I* h%$S *B%/.25",*Z&")($-"'9*L$(--6*^iPWj6*dk3 BH;*Donna Ha away ecomienda la u ilización de la palab a u gencia en luga de eme gencia. Es e úl imo e e encia algo ce cano al apocalipsis mien as que las u gencias ma can una empo alidad que pe enece al p esen e. (Ha away, Segui con el p oblema: Gene a pa en esco en el Ch huluceno.) BI;*Josep Lluís Se , ‘‘Biology o Ci ies,’’ Time, 30 de no iemb e de 1942, consul ado el 19 de no iemb e de 2024, h ps:// ime.com/a chi e/6766065/a -biology-o - ci ies. BJ;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 125. CA;*Jaime Le ne , Acupun u a u bana (Ba celona: Ins i u d’A qui ec u a A ançada de Ca alunya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i*,*PR*2^*0(*-.+($7"#"(-*)($0(-*+%$* 1,5"',&'(6*.&*(-'C&0,$*"&,/#,&8,5/(*(&*+$C#'"#,2(&'(* #.,/>."($*#".0,03*A,-*+/,&',-*9*/%-*C$5%/(-*#,+'.$,&* (/*#,$5%&%*0(/*,25"(&'(*#%&'$"5.9(&0%*,*$(2(0",$*/%-* (7(#'%-*0(/*#,25"%*#/"2C'"#%6*9*-%&*7.&0,2(&',/(-*+,$,* >.(*+%0,2%-*$(-+"$,$*(/*$(-'%*0(*-($(-*)")%-3*E-*1%$,*0(* CB;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 27. CC;*Relaciones de pa en esco en e especies. En el ex o se alude al é mino ﬁ logénesis pa a e e i se a la elación de las dis in as especies de mic oin e enciones a qui ec ónicas desa olladas en la in es igación. CD;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 5. 92@,AD;* EG'$,#'%*$(-.2(&*0(*/,*+/,&'"//,*2('%0%/<="#,*+,$,*/,*#$(,#"<&*0(*(-+(#"(-*0(*2"#$%"&'($)(&#"%&(-6*7.&0,2(&',0,*(&*(/*,&C/"-"-*0(*/%-*#,-%-*0(* (-'.0"%*[*Summa y ex ac o he me hodological empla e o he c ea ion o mic oin e en ion species, based on he analysis o he case s udies [O.(&'( *E/,5%$,#"<&*+$%+",*[*Sou ce: C ea ed by he au ho s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ga(=(',/"#D2%-* L,$?-j*(-*.&*+$%9(#'%*#%/,5%$,'")%*%&/"&(*>.(*-(*+.-%* (&*2,$#1,*,*7"&,/(-*0(*^i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kd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ae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i s u ban o es in Pa is a Place Ca alogne [O%'%=$,7?,*[*Pho og aphy (S,&(*K8+",8.* A(@,$0"*(*eF"=%*T,$#?,*]0",=,] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" 7%$',/(#"(&0%*/,*2,&($,*(&*/,*>.(*-(*+($#"5(&*/,-*$(/,#"%&(-* #%&*(/*$(-'%*0(*-($(-*)")%-*2(0",&'(*-.*"&'(=$,#"<&*(&*(/* 0"-(F%*,$>."'(#'<&"#%3 A,*,0,+',#"<&*0(/*(&'%$&%*#%&-'$."0%*1,#",*.&,*@.-'"#",* 2./'"(-+(#"(*$(>."($(*,$>."'(#'.$,-*>.(*%7$(8#,&*$(7.="%* +,$,*'%0%-3*E&*(/*+$%9(#'%*0(*E((-'.0"%*9*A9-*a"//,/5,* D5,0$.<+D)0,"'$+2$-$+2"--&)/+A,*$.&)+C+&#-$)+")2"0(")+ ".+!$5-(5*896:;,<R>6*,)(-*9*2.$#"D/,=%-*-(*,+$%+",&* 0(*(/(2(&'%-*0(/*(0"7"#"%*+$()",2(&'(*0"-(F,0%-*+,$,* >.(*-(,&*%#.+,0%-3*A,-*7,#1,0,-J&"0%*9*/%-*(/(2(&'%-* (2($=(&'(-*#%2%*/,-*/('$,-6*(-'C&*+(&-,0,-*+,$,*>.(* %'$%-*-($(-*/,-*1,5"'(&*9*,9.0(&*,*/,*,.'%$$(=./,#"<&*0(/* (#%-"-'(2,3*Y(*/,*2"-2,*2,&($,6*/,*+$%+.(-',*0(*4,$$"-%&* K'(/"($*:"-$'+F,-7$0"*+,$,*$()"',/"8,$*9*$()($0(#($*/,-* ,8%'(,-*0(*/,*#".0,0*0(*l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m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n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`")6*-(*7%2(&',*.&,*()%/.#"<&*0(*/,* #".0,0*1,#",*(-'$,'(=",-*>.(*$(0.#(&*$"(-=%-*,&'(*+%-"5/(-* ,2(&,8,-3* E/*I*2',@(,*+5"+D)2',3,")+5"+='&%-"3$#*0(/*(-'.0"%* l,'//("b%"=*glebj*(-*.&*#/,$%*(@(2+/%*0(*#<2%*/%-*$(',/(-* .$5,&%-6*(&*(-'(*#,-%*.&,*$%'%&0,6*+.(0(&*-($*(-+,#"%-* 0(*%+%$'.&"0,0*+,$,*/,*$(2(0",#"<&*896:;,<V>3*E/*+$%9(#'%* '"(&(*#%2%*%5@('")%*,/")",$*(/*'$C7"#%*0(*/,*b%'%&0,*E/"-,5('1* E"0(&5(&8*(*"&'$%0.#(*"'"&($,$"%-*+(,'%&,/(-*9*#"#/"-',-* (&'$(*l,$#(/%&,*9*/%-*2.&"#"+"%-*0(/*l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`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bid. CF;*La auna y ﬂ o a sinan ópica son especies que se han adap ado a las condiciones ambien ales del medio u bano an opizado. CG;*Sa ah Gunawan, ‘’Synan h opic Subu bia’’ (Tesis doc o al, Uni e sidad de Wa e loo, 2015), 3. CH;*Maiju Suomi y Maa i Mäkelä, ‘‘Explo ing Ecological Rela ionali y Th ough A chi ec u al P ac ice,’’ Resea ch in A s and Educa ion 2024, no. 1 (3 de mayo de 2024): 220, h ps://doi.o g/10.54916/ ae.142537. CI;*Repa a , subsana o pone emedio al daño, en es e con ex o a las a ecciones ocasionadas al medio ambien e. CJ;*Las Soluciones Basadas en la Na u aleza (SBN) son en oques, acciones o p ocesos que u ilizan los p incipios de la na u aleza pa a da solución a dis in os p oblemas elacionados con la ges ión e i o ial y u bana como la adap ación al cambio climá ico, la ges ión de los ecu sos, o la segu idad alimen a ia. DA;*Los sis emas u banos de d enaje sos enible (SUDS) son écnicas de ges ión de aguas plu iales y planeamien o u bano que p e enden imi a p ocesos hid ológicos en el desa ollo u banís ico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b%''($0,23* E&*^iPW6*-(*+.-%*(&*-($)"#"%*(-',*=$,&@,*#%&-'$."0,*-%5$(* .&,*#.5"($',6*/,*2C-*=$,&0(*0(*E.$%+,*896:;,=<,X,==>3*E-'(* ,$'(7,#'%*.$5,&%*+$%0.#(*1%9*)($0.$,-*7$(-#,-*9*+(-#,0%6* 9*+$%+%$#"%&,*,*/,*#".0,0*&%*2(&%-*0(*PV*'%&(/,0,-*0(* +(-#,0%*9*dR*'%&(/,0,-*0(*)($0.$,-*#,0,*,F%3*E-',*=$,&@,* 7.&#"%&,*,0(2C-*#%&*.&*-"-'(2,*0(*&.'$"(&'(-*#$.8,0%-6* (-*0(#"$*/,*2,'($",*%$=C&"#,*/"5($,0,*0.$,&'(*/,*+$%0.##"<&* 0(*+(-#,0%*-(*$(.'"/"8,*+,$,*(/*,5%&%*0(*/%-*#./'")%-*0(* 1%$',/"8,-6*2"(&'$,-*/,-*+/,&',-*+.$"7"#,&*(/*,=.,*(&*/,*>.(* -(*#$?,*(/*+(-#,0%*()"',&0%*,-?*(/*.-%*0(*>.?2"#%-3 !(0",&'(*(-'(*-"-'(2,*/,*=$,&@,*,1%$$,*1,-',*.&*Vio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i6iii*$(-"0(&'(-*9*#%&-'"'.9(*(/*&;#/(%*0(/*-(#'%$* (2+$(-,$",/6*"&7/.9(&0%*-"=&"7"#,'"),2(&'(*(&*/,* (#%&%2?,*=/%5,/3*E/*1.$,#C&*U,&09*&%*-%/%*,7(#'<*(/* Y"-'$"'%*O"&,&#"($%6*-"&%*',25"D&*,*VR6iii*$(-"0(&'(-* 0(*5,@%-*"&=$(-%-6*,&#",&%-*9*+($-%&,-*(&*(G#/.-"<&* -%#",/3*A,-*"&7$,(-'$.#'.$,-*7.($%&*=$,)(2(&'(*0,F,0,-*%* 0(-'$."0,-6*/%*>.(*"&'($$.2+"<*/%-*-($)"#"%-*0(*'$,&-+%$'(* 9*#%2.&"#,#"%&(-6*0(@,&0%*,*2"/(-*0(*+($-%&,-*-"&* (/(#'$"#"0,0*&"*,=.,*+%',5/(3 E&*$(-+.(-',*,*(-',*-"'.,#"<&6*9*(&*#%/,5%$,#"<&*#%&*/,* #".0,0*0(* .(),*h%$S6*-(*0(-,$$%//<*/,*+$%+.(-',*LA"+ MIN+JO6*#.9%*%5@('")%*(-*+$%'(=($*,/*l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ki3Qo*0(*-.*-.+($7"#"(*+/,&',0,*#%&*)(=(',#"<&* (&*^i^d3*A,*)(=(',#"<&*,9.0,*,*+$()(&"$*0.$,&'(*(/* 0?,*(/*#,/(&',2"(&'%*.$5,&%*g(7(#'%*"-/,*0(*#,/%$j6*9*/,* '(2+($,'.$,*0(*/,*-.+($7"#"(*(-*(&'$(*R*9*PR*Bº*"&7($"%$*,*/,* 0(*-.-*,/$(0(0%$(-3 92@,AF;*D5,0$.<+D)0,"'$+2$-$+2"--&)/+A,*$.&)+C+&#-$)+")2"0(")3*E((-'.0"%*9*A9-*a"//,/5,*[*Educan: School o dogs, humans and o he species. Eees udio and Lys Villalba [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Pho og aphy José He ia] DB;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 5. DC;*Ha away, Segui con el p oblema. Gene a pa en esco en el Ch huluceno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io*0(/* #%&-.2%*0(*(&($=?,*+$"2,$",6*0(/*^po*0(*/,-*(2"-"%&(-*0(* B]^*9*0(/*dRo*0(*/,-*(2"-"%&(-*0(*<G"0%-*0(*&"'$<=(&%* g ]Gj6*+$%+%$#"%&,&0%*.&,*7.(&'(*0(*(&($=?,*(/D#'$"#,*0(* $(-($),*+,$,*2%2(&'%-*0(*#,'C-'$%7(*.*%'$,-*(2($=(&#",-3 A,-*,=.,-*$(-"0.,/(-*0(*#,/"0,0*$(/,'"),2(&'(*5.(&,* -(*$(#.+($,&*9*-(*-%2('(&*,*.&*+$%#(-%*0(*'$,',2"(&'%* +,$,*>.(*,/#,&#(&*.&*&")(/*0(*#,/"0,0*>.(*+($2"',*-.* $(.'"/"8,#"<&3*K*#%&'"&.,#"<&6*-(*-.2"&"-'$,*,*#,0,*(0"7"#"%* (&*7%$2,*0(*,=.,-*=$"-(-*+,$,*7"&(-*',/(-*#%2%*/,*0(-#,$=,* 0(*/%-*"&%0%$%-3*E-'%*$(0.#(*/,*0(2,&0,*0(*,=.,*/"2+",* g,=.,*0(/*=$"7%j*(&*,+$%G"2,0,2(&'(*.&*kio3*P&22&.3(+ Q('')*1,*"&-',/,0%*,0(2C-*',&>.(-*0(*,/2,#(&,2"(&'%*0(* ,=.,*+,$,*,1%$$,$*,=.,*0(*//.)",*(&*Pd*+.&'%-*0(*/,*8%&,3*E/* $(-./',0%*1,*-"0%*.&,*$(0.##"<&*0(/*^Qo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q,=q$(-.+q)(=`*%*_*,'#()2"0(")* (0"7q#.5q,=q$(-.+q)(=`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b(.-"&=*b%%7'%+-*"&*l,$#(/%&,*^i^d3*4,$$"-%&*K'(/"($*[*Fe al Su ace, Honou able men ion in he compe i ion Reusing Roo ops in Ba celona 2024, Ha ison A elie [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Pho og aphy 4,$$"-%&*K'(/"($] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" 92@,AH;*G',)#$+E$@('(&.3*!,"@.*U.%2"*9*E/"&,*m%")"-'%*[*Alus a Pa ilion. Maiju Suomi and Elina Koi is o. [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Pho og aphy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b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e&'($)(&"$*,* .&,*(-#,/,*2"#$%*+,$,*.&,*&.(),*'(%$?,*.$5,&,*2C-J>.(J 1.2,&,6*9,*>.(*(/*-"2+/(*1(#1%*0(*(G"-'"$*#%&//(),*#%(G"-'"$* #%&*(/*$(-'%3*B%2%*(G+/"#,*K&&,*:-"&=6*M+,$,*-%5$()")"$* &(#(-"',2%-*,9.0,6*9*/,*,9.0,*(-*-"(2+$(*(/*-($)"#"%*0(* %'$%6*#%&*%*-"&*"&'(&#"<&N##3 DD;*Anna Tsing, La se a del ﬁ n del mundo (Mad id: Capi án Swing Lib os, 2021), 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $" $# W*#3+(-3 :$,&-7%$2"&=*'1(*#"'9*2%0(/*"-*'1(*%&/9*+%--"5/(* #1%"#(*'%*$(2(09*#.$$(&'*.$=(&#"(-6*,-*I(*#,&&%'* , *%$0*'%*5."/0*&(I*.$5,&*#(&'$(-*'1,'*&(=/(#'*+$(-(&'* #1,//(&=(-*,&0*#%&'"&.(*'%*#%&-.2(*.&/"2"'(0* ,2%.&'-*%7*$(-%.$#(-*,=,"&-'*%'1($*5("&=-6*5%0"(-* ,&0*/,&0-#,+(-3*K0,+','"%&*"-*+,$,2%.&'6*,&0*'%* '1"-*(&06*'1(*#"'9*2.-'*(25$,#(*,*-($"(-*%7*#1,&=(-* "&'(=$,'(0*"&'%*5."/0"&=-*,&0*+.5/"#*-+,#(6*'1,'* ,$(*#,+,5/(*%7*+$%0.#"&=*I,'($6*(&($=96*,&0*7%%03* :$,&-7%$2"&=*.$5,&*#(&'$(-*'%*#$(,'(*-+,#(-*7%$*#%J ()%/.'"%&*"-*'1(*#1,//(&=(*'%*5(*2('3*B(&'$(-*#,+,5/(* %7*(25$,#"&=*,*&(I*&,'.$(*'1,'*"&)%/)(-*=%"&=*5(9%&0* '1(*,(-'1('"#*"&*%$0($*'%*#./'"),'(*&(I*(#%/%="#,/* ,/'($&,'")(-*7$%2*,*+%-'J&,'.$,/*)"-"%&3*:1(*#"'9*&((0-* '%*()%/)(*'%I,$0-*+($2(,5/(*-.$7,#(-*,&0*+%$%.-* -'$.#'.$(-*'1,'*7%-'($*&(I*7%$2-*%7*/"7(6*'1$%.=1*'1(* "2+/(2(&','"%&*%7*2"#$%J"&'($)(&'"%&-*0(-"=&(0* '%*-'$(&='1(&*2./'"-+(#"(-*@.-'"#(6*,&0*'%*#$(,'(* 2(#1,&"-2-*'1,'*(&,5/(*'1(*#"$#./,$*2(',5%/"-2*%7* '1(*#"'93*:1(*$(+('"'")(*(-',5/"-12(&'*%&*+$((G"-'(&#(-* %7*0")($-(*2"#$%+$%@(#'-*0(-"=&(0*7$%2*,*+%-'1.2,&* ,&0*+%-'&,'.$,/*+%-"'"%&6*1,-*'1(*,+'"'.0(*'%*$(+,"$*'1(* .$5,&*-+,#(*,&0*'.$&*"'*"&'%*,*&%&J-+(#",/"-(0*2%0./,$* %$=,&"-2H*"&*,*I,9*'1,'*=.,$,&'((-*,&*.&"&'($$.+'(0* ,&0*-9$%&"-(0*7.&#'"%&"&=*5('I((&*'1(* "&'($-+(#"(-*+$%#(--(-*%7*'1(*&(I*(#%/%=93*:1(*&(I* #"'9*2%0(/*"-*%$=,&"-(0*,-*,*'$((*'1,'*"-*&%.$"-1(0*59* -2,//J-#,/(*,#'"%&-*'%*+$%=$(--6*,0,+'*,&0*'$,&-7%$2* "'-(/76*-'$.#'.$(0*"&*,*+19/%=(&(-"-*'1,'*(-',5/"-1(-* ,*$(/,'"%&-1"+*5('I((&*0" *($(&'*&%&J-+(#",/"-(0* ,$#1"'(#'.$,/*2"#$%J,#'"%&-3* ]"X^4+5#/ J-%$.+*"#$%&'()*/+*,'#()2"0(")+0&"1()#".0"/+,-%$.+ "0&'&3C/+2&)#.$#,-$'+5")(3./+2AC'&3".")()9 0Y@*In oduc ion The iangle o he An h opocene! o med by capi alism, indus y and echnology has gene a ed signiﬁ can eﬀ ec s, e idenced in he exploi a ion and deple ion o mine al esou ces, in he heal h o he en i onmen , as well as in he accumula ion o was e. The la ge numbe o ope a ions ca ied ou in he e i o y due o he ad ances o mode ni y, show he hyb id condi ion o he landscape, which, be ween na u al and a iﬁ cial, demands a new app oach om which o cohabi " . Thinking abou he u u e implies s a ing by changing he p esen and he way we ela e o o he beings. A change o di ec ion ha decen alises all ha human ac i i y en ails is essen ial o inci e a ele an change in ecology, and o begin a new pos - human e a# ha enables “o he ways o egene a ing he wo ld, eimagining, e i ing and econnec ing ecip ocally in a mul i-species wellbeing”$. Mo ing he human being away om he cen e o all design and including he mo e- han-human is he basis o ans o ming ci ies capable o emedying he en i onmen al c isis. This en ails hinking abou new ecologies and eﬂ ec ing on he ela ionship ha humans ha e main ained wi h na u e, disman ling hei idealised cul u al hinking o c ea e habi a s ha blu he bounda ies be ween na u al and a iﬁ cial, so ha a new pos -na u al hinking% can cul i a e new ecological al e na i es in he buil en i onmen . U ban me abolism In he con ex o acing g owing plane a y c ises, i is essen ial o econside he unc ioning o oday’s u ban me abolism, an essen ial concep o unde s anding how ci ies unc ion in e ms o ﬂ ows o ene gy, ma e ials and was e, and how hese p ocesses impac on li ing hings, animals, plan s and landscapes. The ci y has no changed he way i unc ions e en hough Pa ick Geddes wa ned o i s ineﬃ ciency and imbalance in 1885. By analysing he ﬂ ows o ene gy and ma e ials in and ou o u ban a eas, he ob ained a eco d o he esou ces needed o hei ou pu ha wa ned o he signiﬁ can disp opo ion be ween he ﬁ nal p oduc and he ma e ials needed o i s p oduc ion. These measu emen s showed ha u ban ope a ion was ha ing an unsus ainable impac on he en i onmen in he long e m, due o he solid was e, sewage and ai pollu ion ha esul ed&. B;*The e m An h opocene was gene alised in 2002 by Nobel lau ea e Paul C u zen o deno e he cu en s age in which humans a e causing i e e sible damage o he en i onmen . C;*Cla a Beni o, ed., La condición pos na u al: Glosa io de ecologías pa a o os mundos, 1.ª ed. (Mad id: C hulhu Books, 2024), 50. D;*Pos humanism sugges s he pos -human. This ision aims o decen alise he human in planning and design o p o ide o he ways o exis ing. E;*Donna Ha away, S aying wi h he T ouble: Making Kin in he Ch hulucene, Expe imen al Fu u es. Technological Li es, Scien iﬁ c A s, An h opological Voices (Du ham London: Duke Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 63. F;*Pos -na u alism b eaks wi h he idealised na u e o human beings, gi ing ise o a na u e ha no longe ela es o beau y and seeks o deploy new ecologies. G;*Pa ick Geddes, Ci ies in E olu ion: An In oduc ion o he Town Planning Mo emen and o he S udy o Ci ics (Lond es: Williams, 1915). >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" Al hough Geddes deal wi h issues ela ed o he dynamics o he mode n ci y, i was no un il 1965 ha he e m u ban me abolism became popula due o Abel Wolman’s a icle “The Me abolism o Ci ies”', whe e he se ou his ision o he ci y as a machine ha ans o ms esou ces in o was e 896:;<=>. In his way, his wo k con ibu ed o highligh ing he limi a ions and ineﬃ ciencies o he me abolic model o he con empo a y ci y and opened he way o new heo e ical con ibu ions such as ha o He be Gi a de , who made a dis inc ion be ween ci cula me abolism and linea me abolism( 896:;<?>. The o me deﬁ nes he unc ioning o he na u al wo ld, in which he was e o one o ganism is con e ed in o esou ces o o he s, as opposed o he la e , which applies o he ci y, whe e he aw ma e ial in oduced becomes was e. In line wi h hese app oaches, S e ano Mancuso in his book Fi ópolis: The Li ing Ci y) es ablishes a compa ison be ween he p ocesses o plan s and animals, which can be conside ed an e olu ion o he concep s p oposed by Gi a de om a new, mo e biological poin o iew. Ci cula me abolism is unde s ood h ough he unc ioning o plan s, au o ophic o ganisms capable o p oducing he o ganic subs ances necessa y o de elop hei ac i i y, using exclusi ely ino ganic compounds and needing no ene gy o he han sunligh abso bed by chlo ophyll. Animals, on he o he hand, a e he e o ophic o ganisms ha ope a e in a linea me abolic manne . They consume o ganic subs ances p e iously elabo a ed by o he o ganisms o p oduce he o ganic subs ances in hei bodies, and a e he e o e dependen on o he o ganisms, bo h li ing and dead. In addi ion, hey gene a e signiﬁ can was e, as opposed o plan s ha consume CO2, ﬁ xing ca bon and eleasing O2 as ‘was e’. The me abolism o a ci y is much mo e like ha o an animal han ha o a plan !*. I uses excessi e amoun s o esou ces and c ea es la ge accumula ions o was e, an imbalance ha equi es la ge a eas o land o aw ma e ials and he subsequen pu iﬁ ca ion o solids. This me hodology highligh s how u ban planning has impac ed he plane in he w ong and unconscionable way, ailing o impose limi s on he insa iable appe i e o he mode n ci y’s me abolism. Global c ises mus he e o e be in e p e ed as he sum o incalculable linea p ocesses ha ha e s imula ed he uncon olled g ow h o u ban a eas, gene a ing and con on ing us wi h oday’s ecological p oblems. F om his app oach, ecosys emic ins abili y can be unde s ood as a c isis o design, leading o an inadequa e conﬁ gu a ion 92@,AI;*?'&#H$#"-(.3%-,33* En:*,$#1"'(#'-*/ Vlo wa e ingb ug. NEXT a chi ec s. [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Pho og aphy b,92%&0*b.''"&= ] H;*Abel Wolman, “The Me abolism o Ci ies”, Scien iﬁ c Ame ican 213, n. 3 (Sep embe 1965): 178-90, h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/scien iﬁ came ican0965-178. I;*He be Gi a de , Ciudades: Al e na i as pa a una ida sos enible (Mad id: Celes e Ediciones, 1992), 23. J;*S e ano Mancuso, Fi ópolis. La ciudad i a (Ba celona: Galaxia Gu enbe g, 2024). BA;*Ibid., 63. 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $! $$ o he ci y. In he wo ds o Sim Van de Ryn and S ua Cowan: ‘In many ways, he en i onmen al c isis is a c isis o design. I is a consequence o how hings a e made, how buildings a e cons uc ed and how landscapes a e used. Design mani es s cul u e, and cul u e is ﬁ mly g ounded in wha we belie e o be ue abou he wo ld. We ha e used design cle e ly in he se ice o na owly deﬁ ned human in e es s, bu we ha e neglec ed i s ela ionship o ou ellow c ea u es. Such myopic design canno ail o deg ade he li ing wo ld and, by ex ension, ou own heal h’!!. The need o unde s and ha only in a ci y wi h a ci cula me abolism will i be possible o build a quali y habi a o humans is now an impe a i e. This implies ans o ming u ban design models, in sea ch o a balance o gene a e a mo e di e se and plu al habi a capable o ca e ing o he non-human. The e o e, in o de o add ess cu en eme gencies eﬀ ec i ely, i is essen ial o e hink u ban me abolism om a design poin o iew in o de o de elop solu ions ha p omo e a new u ban heo y capable o esponding o clima e, ene gy, ood and heal h challenges. This new guideline unde in es iga ion aims o design he ci y no as sys ems o ex ac ion and disposal, bu as in eg a ed sys ems whe e esou ces ope a e in a closed cycle, eused and ecycled o ep oduce he na u al cycles o plan dynamics, wi hou doub he model on which he g ow h, de elopmen and unc ioning o ci ies should be based!". Today, he mos biodi e se a eas a e u ban a eas. In ecen decades, a g owing phenomenon has been obse ed in which di e se species o auna and ﬂ o a ha e mig a ed o u ban a eas, due o he dec ease o esou ces in hei na u al habi a s. This displacemen can be a ibu ed, in pa , o he p e iously men ioned linea me abolism o ci ies, which cen alises he consump ion o esou ces om he coun yside, deple ing ood sou ces in u al a eas. As a esul , many species ﬁ nd e uge in u ban en i onmen s, aking ad an age o he was e gene a ed by human ac i i y as a sou ce o ood. This p ocess has gene a ed a new ecological dynamic in which biodi e si y begins o adap o human-buil en i onmen s, econﬁ gu ing he ela ionships be ween species and hei en i onmen . The idea ha ou impac on he en i onmen is so signiﬁ can ha ‘wild’ plan s and animals a e adap ing o habi a s c ea ed by and o humans aises awa eness o he i e e sibili y o some o he changes we a e imposing on he Ea h!#. The mig a ion o biodi e si y om he u al pe iphe y o he u ban cen e makes us e hink u ban planning owa ds a ci y model whe e he u ban ecosys em can de elop in a balanced way!$. This mig a ion o biodi e si y also implies i s loss on a global scale, as he e a e hund eds o species ha canno adap o he u ban ecosys em. The u ban ecosys em has a se o a ibu es ha enable i o accommoda e mo e han hal o he human popula ion and is conside ed he ecosys em wi h he highes g ow h a e. Human inﬂ uence is al eady conside ed pa o na u e, i s dominan an h opic in e en ion has app op ia ed he densely u banised a eas whe e i has caused he whole ecosys em o be domina ed by he same species, while pushing he es o ma ginal BB;*Sim Van de Ryn y S ua Cowan, Ecological Design, 10 h anni e sa y ed. (Washing on, DC: Island P ess, 2007), 24. BC;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 86. BD;*Menno Schil huizen y Edua do Jo dá, Da win iene a la ciudad: La e olución de las especies u banas (Mad id: Tu ne Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8. BE;*The s abili y o he u ban ecosys em is c ucial, as he inc easing con ac be ween humans and animals leads o se ious heal h isks, such as zoonoses. 92@,AJ;* U(##"<&*0(/*I*2',@(,*+5"+D)2',3,")+5"+='&%-"3$#3*l,'//("$%"=*glebj*/ Sec ion o he Implu ium o Esplugues de Llob ega . Ba llei oig (BIR). [e2,=(&*[ Image l,'//("$%"=] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" le els!%. Human ac i i y and i s consequences could he e o e be conside ed o shape he na u al habi a o many species, “ o all he ways in which i helps o ha bou o des oy he angled di e si y h ough which li e es ablishes i sel in ou wo ld”!&. Mic o-in e en ion as a s a egy o me amo phosis The applica ion o he ege a ion s uc u e in he design o he ci y gua an ees esilience in he ace o oday’s u gencies!', and he way o implemen his modiﬁ ca ion in ou u ban cen es mus be de eloped by ans o ming hem. The a chi ec and u ban planne Josep Lluís Se s a ed in 1942, du ing he In e na ional Cong ess o Mode n A chi ec u e, ha u ban planning, in i s adi ional academic concep ion, was obsole e and should be eplaced by u ban biology!(. I is no iable o build new u ban cen es ha con inue o consume unlimi ed amoun s o esou ces, adap a ion is pa amoun , and o his he ci y has o assume a se ies o changes so ha ci cula sys ems a e in eg a ed in o he building and public space. Ci ies canno un away om p oblems, hey a e oo ed o he g ound like plan s, so hey ha e no choice bu o lea n o adap o change and sol e p oblems. As Mancuso explains, he sec e o he longe i y o ees is ha hey a e buil in a modula way, wi hou single o double specialised o gans.!) The sec e is o sp ead ou , a he han specialise’. Plan s, unlike animals, do no need majo o gans o su i e; being endowed wi h innume able gene ic o gans capable o mul iple unc ions, hey can su i e despi e inju y o a ious o gans. The lack o specialisa ion and he conside able numbe o unc ional elemen s enable he plan o ganism o adap , ans o m and e ol e, p ecisely he p ope ies needed o ma k he s a ing poin o a new u ban heo y. A slow and pains aking me amo phosis owa ds he exempla y ci y. The me amo phosis o he ci y mus be ca ied ou h ough mic o-in e en ions, one-oﬀ u ban su ge ies ha implemen p ocesses wi h a unc ioning simila o he non-specialised o gans o he plan o ganism. Mic o-in e en ions espond o he changing needs o he en i onmen wi hou elying on a cen alised s uc u e, add essing challenges in a p og essi e manne . The mic o scale allows o a mo e agile and adap i e implemen a ion, a e i alisa ion based on u ban acupunc u e"*, which h ough small punc u es is able o implemen new app oaches g adually. As Da win pu s i , “e olu ion does no ac h ough ab up changes, bu h ough small g adual al e a ions”."! In a complemen a y way, building a new u ban ab ic based on a mosaic o epai s enables he di e si y o he ci y, leading o designs ha can be adap ed o coexis wi h he diﬀ e en challenges we ace. Local ac ions can in ol e addi ion, modiﬁ ca ion and e en emo al, wi h he aim o es o ing ce ain adjus men s o he ci y ha ha e been conside ed by de aul , and which ha e u ned i in o a pos -sus ainable in as uc u e. This me hod o in e en ion makes he u ban s uc u e a ee. 92@,BA;* B%//,=(*0(*J-%$.+:$-*"-)+K"+F0A('5"3*U+,#(*s*!,''($*/ Collage o U ban Fa me s De Schilde. Space & Ma e [e2,=(&*[ Image U+,#(* s*!,''($] 92@,BB;* U(##"<&*#%//,=(*0(*/,*'$,&-7%$2,#"<&*0(*/,*#.5"($',*9*0(*/,*-(G',* +/,&',*(&*=$,&@,*.$5,&,3*J-%$.+:$-*"-)+K"+F0A('5"3*U+,#(*s* !,''($*/ Collage sec ion o he ans o ma ion o he oo and he six h ﬂ oo in o an u ban a m. U ban Fa me s De Schilde. Space & Ma e [e2,=(&*[ Image U+,#(*s*!,''($] BF;*Pablo Gallego Pica d, “Edi o ial”, BAc Bole ín Académico. Re is a de in es igación y a qui ec u a con empo ánea 12 (31 Decembe 2022): 8-33, h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/ bac.2022.12.0.9461. BG;*Thom Van Doo en, Fligh Ways: Li e and Loss a he Edge o Ex inc ion (New Yo k: Columbia Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 43. BH;*Donna Ha away ecommends he use o he wo d u gency ins ead o eme gency. The la e e e s o some hing close o he apocalypse while u gencies ma k a empo ali y ha belongs o he p esen . (Donna Ha away, S aying wi h he T ouble: Making Kin in he Ch hulucene) BI;*Josep Lluís Se , “Biology o Ci ies,” Time, No embe 30, 1942, accessed No embe 19, 2024, h ps:// ime.com/a chi e/6766065/a -biology-o -ci ies/. BJ;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 125. CA;*Jaime Le ne , Acupun u a u bana (Ba celona: Ins i u d’A qui ec u a A ançada de Ca alunya, 2005), 5. 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $% $& Re hinking he ci y model The e o mula ion o u ban heo y p oposes o ans o m he obsole e sys em o he ci y o adap o cu en u gencies, and o adap u banised a eas o cons i u e a buil ab ic ha allows o mul ispecies emedia ion and econcilia ion. The p inciples o his enewed pa adigm ha e been g ounded h ough an induc i e me hodology based on he in-dep h analysis o mul iple p ojec s, which has made i possible o oo and classi y hem. The ﬁ s phase o collec ing and selec ing examples implemen ing new me abolic and ecological app oaches has allowed he subsequen examina ion o indi idual cases o iden i y he s a egies in place and obse e hei impac . This de ailed analysis has allowed he iden iﬁ ca ion o pa e ns ha can be applied on a mic o scale in ci ies, so ha he sum o hese small su ge ies cons i u es a co ec u ban pe o mance, no only ocusing on he in eg a ion o ege a ion, bu also on he op imisa ion o esou ces and biodi e si y. The s udy concludes in a plan -based classiﬁ ca ion o small- scale pe o mance species capable o ans o ming he ci y h ough accumula ion and epe i ion. Gi en he non- specialised na u e o hese mic o-in e en ions, he name o each species has a simila oo . The possible associa ion o syllables ein o ces he concep o non-specialisa ion. By means o hese combina ions, he ac ions p e iously iden iﬁ ed in he analysis o he case s udies can be b oken down and classiﬁ ed 896:;,<M>. The accumula ion o such small ans o ma ions esul s in a ci y nu u ed h ough mic oac ions ha cons i u e an u ban phylogenesis ha shows as a esul he i al p ope ies o he new u banised habi a s. The model ci y is he e o e deﬁ ned as: g een, mul ispecies, esilien , sel -suﬃ cien , non- specialised and collabo a i e. T ans e sal cha ac e is ics ha lay he ounda ions o a phylogenesis"" o mic oin e en ions and deﬁ ne he subspecies o gene ic ac ions. Ac ions a e epea ed in all he sec ions, showing he non-specialised na u e o he ac ions and he balanced connec ion be ween he p ope ies o he ci y, p omo ing he co ec unc ioning o he ege a ion ha is pu sued. G een The ﬁ s s ep is o g een ci ies, o gi e and ese e a la ge pa o he u ban a ea o ege a ion. Exis ence depends by na u e on plan li e, since pho osyn hesis is he ue engine o li e"#. The ans o ma ion o he ci y in o g een spaces is no simply an aes he ic eﬀ o , bu a he a necessa y ac ion o u ban ecology and he heal h o ci izens. The Wo ld Heal h O ganisa ion ecommends 10 o 15 m2 o g een space pe inhabi an , an una ainable s anda d in i ually any ci y. Plan s and ees seques e ca bon om he en i onmen , helping o mi iga e he eﬀ ec s o clima e change, and a e essen ial o all o he li ing hings o b ea he. I is ime o e-es ablish ou ela ionship wi h he plan wo ld"$. The e is a need o le na u e ac , allowing plan s o g ow on hei own, and o do his we mus design sui able su aces, pe meable suppo s whe e wild ege a ion can g ow spon aneously. The dis ance be ween na u e and a iﬁ ce mus be b oken in o de o make possible ci ies ha a e capable o coupling new pos na u al ecologies. Le any species ha wan s o es ablish i s oo s in he small oases ha make up he mic oin e en ions in he an h opised en i onmen cohabi he ci y. CB;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 27. CC;*Rela ionships be ween species. The e m phylogenesis is used in he ex o e e o he ela ionship be ween he diﬀ e en species o a chi ec u al mic o-in e en ions de eloped in he esea ch. CD;*Mancuso, Fi ópolis: la ciudad i a, 5. 92@,BC;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*1,5"'.,/6*l,@%* !,&1,'',&3*leT* *l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Rende ing o The BIG U! in a egula con ex , Lowe Manha an. BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup [e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup] 92@,BD;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*#,',-'$<7"#%6*l,@%* !,&1,'',&3*leT* *l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Pho omon age o The BIG U! in a ca as ophic scena io, Lowe Manha an. BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup [e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bja ke Ingels G oup] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" A mo e pa adigma ic example o his ype o ans o ma ion is he one de eloped by he ci y o Pa is, one o he la ges Eu opean ci ies and a he same ime one o he leas g een be o e he de elopmen o hese ini ia i es 896:;,<O>. Végé alisons Pa is (Le ’s Vege alise Pa is) is a collabo a i e online p ojec launched a he end o 2018, in which ci izens submi g een mic oin e en ions. A s iking aspec o he ini ia i e is ha g een spaces a e no concei ed only as he g eening o g ound spaces, bu Végé alisons Pa is has a much b oade ision o u ban g eene y and p oposes o esiden s o g een he ci y h ough sha ed ga dens, deco a ing s ee u ni u e, ins alling g een oo s on he oo s o buildings, plan ing new species in he ee wells, ins alling u ban ga dens, e ical ga dens, deco a ing e aces, balconies and e en c ea ing u ban a ms, ins alling g een oo s on he oo s o buildings, plan ing new species in he ee wells, ins alling u ban ege able ga dens, e ical ga dens, deco a ing e aces, balconies and e en c ea ing u ban a ms o ins alling beehi es o inc ease he numbe o pollina o s in he ci y. The p ojec has p o ed o be a g ea success, wi h 1,348 diﬀ e en p ojec s implemen ed h oughou he ci y o da e, such as he ins alla ion o gian ﬂ owe po s, wooden con aine s, he se ing up o communi y u ban ga dens, e c. Mul ispecies The in eg a ion o mo e g een and pe meable su aces makes he ci y a mo e welcoming place o di e se o ms o li e. The g eene he ci y, he mo e species can make he ci y hei habi a , and encou age in e species coexis ence in he buil en i onmen . The di iding line be ween ci y and na u e mus be blu ed, as igh now he numbe o species is g ea e in u ban a eas and subu bs han in he u al en i onmen , and he e is a ype o biodi e si y ha unde pins u ban ecology, made up o synan h opic auna and ﬂ o a"%. The c ow and he spa ow a e among hose species ha ha e adap ed o he ci y and depend on human ac i i y o hei su i al, and al hough mos people conside hei p esence a nuisance, hey should be seen as a posi i e de elopmen , as hey a e a sign o biodi e si y and hei exis ence con ibu es o a mo e s able u ban ecosys em. So a , public con ol has done i s bes o con ol non-human species, no oom has been gi en o he o he , and e e y hing has been kep in o de . Howe e , he pandemic showed us how plan s, bi ds, insec s and animals - e en he i us i sel - we e able o ake o e he ci y and colonise i . The e o e, i is necessa y o e hink he buil en i onmen in o de o design mo e inclusi e en i onmen s om he ou se , adap ing he u ban ab ic o p omo e mul ispecies cohabi a ion. In his con ex , synan h opic a chi ec u e could change he pe cep ion o u ban coexis ence"&, s eng hening he way in which ela ionships wi h o he li ing beings a e pe cei ed h ough i s in eg a ion in o a chi ec u al design. The adap a ion o he buil en i onmen owa ds mul ispecies jus ice equi es a chi ec u es ha oﬀ e shel e o all. In Eees udio and Lys Villalba’s p ojec , Educan: School o dogs, humans and o he species in Mad id 896:;,<R>, bi ds and ba s ake o e elemen s o he building p e iously designed o be occupied. The nes ing açades and he eme ging elemen s such as he le e s a e designed o o he beings o inhabi hem and help in he sel - egula ion o he ecosys em. In he same way, Ha ison A elie ’s p oposal, Fe al Su ace o e i alise and g een he oo ops o he ci y o Ba celona 896:;,<S>, con ibu es o b inging a g ea e numbe o pollina o s o u banised a eas. They ans o m oo ops in o en i onmen s o bo h humans and insec s by placing po ous, moni o ed su ace uni s capable o collec ing in o ma ion in he o m o a açade, a ch o wall, while helping o mi iga e ai pollu ion and he hea island eﬀ ec . U ban habi a s o pollina o s can also be c ea ed in public space. The Alus a Pa ilion by Maiju Suomi and Elina Koi is o unc ions as a la ge insec ho el 896:;,<T>. The key o he in e en ion has been he choice o ma e ial, as he use o a pe o a ed and ex u ed componen such as b ick has allowed bees and o he insec s o se le in he small ca i ies, and es ablish hemsel es in he buil en i onmen . The ins alla ion c ea es an a mosphe e ha os e s he condi ions o in e species ela ionships o eme ge, “in i es non-human animals o e u n o he space om which hey ha e been expelled by mode ni y, and lays he g oundwo k o con inued encoun e s”"'. The e o e, synan h opic design can be in eg a ed in o any kind o in e en ion, e en in in as uc u es ha a e diﬃ cul o imagine, such as he Vlo wa e ingb ug ba b idge in he Ne he lands 896:;,<U>, by NEXT a chi ec s. The b idge, which se es cyclis s, pedes ians and e en occasionally ca s, p o ides habi a s o ba s in i s sec ion, so ha a la ge colony is c ea ed a ound he b idge. This case s udy shows how an objec as unc ional as a b idge can be used o ecological emedia ion"(. Resilien Ha ing he capaci y o adap and eco e om ad e se ci cums ances, such as na u al disas e s, declining economies o changing clima es, is e y impo an o a ci y. Resilience is based on an in eg i y ha lea ns om pas expe iences and is able o cope wi h u u e challenges. The e o e, he design o he ci y mus ha e he capaci y o adap o he ci cums ances b ough abou by he CE;*Ibid. CF;*Synan h opic auna and ﬂ o a a e species ha ha e adap ed o he en i onmen al condi ions o he an h opised u ban en i onmen . CG;*Sa ah Gunawan, ‘’Synan h opic Subu bia’’ (PhD diss., Uni e si y o Wa e loo, 2015), 3. CH;*Maiju Suomi and Maa i Mäkelä, ‘’Explo ing Ecological Rela ionali y Th ough A chi ec u al P ac ice,’’ Resea ch in A s and Educa ion 2024, no. 1 (May 3, 2024): 220, h ps:// doi.o g/10.54916/ ae.142537. CI;*Repai ing, emedying o emedying he damage, in his con ex he damage caused o he en i onmen . 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" %' %(