Hema ologic and Plasma Biochemical Re e ence Values o Th ee Flying Fox Species
(P e opus sp.)
Au ho (s): Da yl J. Hea d and Da by A. Whi ie
Sou ce:
Jou nal o Zoo and Wildli e Medicine,
Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 464-470
Published by: Ame ican Associa ion o Zoo Ve e ina ians
S able URL: h ps://www.js o .o g/s able/20095690
Accessed: 04-10-2018 12:10 UTC
JSTOR is a no - o -p o i se ice ha helps schola s, esea che s, and s uden s disco e , use, and build upon a wide
ange o con en in a us ed digi al a chi e. We use in o ma ion echnology and ools o inc ease p oduc i i y and
acili a e new o ms o schola ship. Fo mo e in o ma ion abou JSTOR, please con ac [email p o ec ed].
You use o he JSTOR a chi e indica es you accep ance o he Te ms & Condi ions o Use, a ailable a
h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
Ame ican Associa ion o Zoo Ve e ina ians
is collabo a ing wi h JSTOR o digi ize,
p ese e and ex end access o
Jou nal o Zoo and Wildli e Medicine
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
Jou nal o Zoo and Wildli e Medicine 28(4): 464-470, 1997
Copy igh 1997 by Ame ican Associa ion o Zoo Ve e ina ians
HEMATOLOGIC AND PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE
VALUES FOR THREE FLYING FOX SPECIES {PTEROPUS SP.)
Da yl J. Hea d, B.Sc, B.V.M.S., Ph.D., and Da by A. Whi ie , D.V.M.
Abs ac : Re e ence h?ma ologie and plasma biochemical alues om island {P e opus hypomelanus), Malaysian
{P. ampy us), and Rod iquez Island {P. od icensis) lying oxes we e de e mined. In compa ison o o he mammals,
hese ba s had e y low plasma choles e ol and u ea le els, which may be ela ed o die . The p edominan whi e blood
cells obse ed in P. hypomelanus and P. ampy us we e lymphocy es, while in P. od icensis hey we e neu ophils.
Ele a ed plasma le els o calcium, phospho us, and alkaline phospha ase obse ed in he ju enile P. hypomelanus we e
expec ed, gi en he g ea e os eogenic ac i i y o g owing animals. In P. hypomelanus, bili ubin le els we e highe in
ju eniles han in adul s, and choles e ol le els we e highe in emales han in males.
Key wo ds: Hema ology, Megachi op e a, P e opus sp., lying ox, ba .
INTRODUCTION
The mammalian o de Chi op e a is subdi ided
in o he Mic ochi op e a and Megachi op e a.
Megachi op e a comp ises 42 gene a and 166 spe
cies con ined o a single amily, he P e opodidae.6
This amily o ui - and nec a - eeding ba s is
ound in he opical and sub opical egions o he
Old Wo ld, eas o Aus alia and he Ca oline and
Cook islands.8 Mos ba blood s udies ha e ocused
on Mic ochi op e ans.9 Consequen ly, he e is lim
i ed published esea ch examining lying ox he
ma ology,710~12 and he e a e e y ew epo s o
e e ence alues710 ha can be used o cap i e an
imal heal h e alua ion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Blood samples we e collec ed om Malaysian
{P e opus ampy us, n = 13), island {P. hypo
melanus, n = 67) and Rod iguez Island {P. od
icensis, n = 16) lying oxes as pa o a p e
en i e heal h ca e p og am a he Lubee Foun
da ion, a p i a e esea ch and b eeding acili y in
no h cen al Flo ida. The animals included in he
s udy we e assessed as heal hy on he basis o
physical examina ion. All ba s we e housed in in
doo /ou doo ligh enclosu es; we e ed a mix
u e o ui s, ege ables, comme cial p ima e
chow, and a i amin supplemen ; we e exposed
o a na u al pho ope iod; and ecei ed wa e ad
libi um. All animals we e ei he cap i e-bo n o
impo ed om hei coun ies o o igin a leas 2
yea s p io o he s udy.
Blood collec ion and p ocessing
To acili a e physical examina ion and blood
collec ion, each ba was anes he ized wi h iso lu
ane (Ae ane, Anaques , Madison, Wisconsin,
USA) (5% dec eased o 2.5%) in oxygen (2
L/min) supplied h ough a mask a ached o a non
eb ea hing sys em. All blood samples we e col
lec ed wi hin 3 min o physical cap u e and be
ween 9 and 11 am o minimize any e ec s o
es ain and ci cadian hy hms, espec i ely. A 3
ml hepa inized (sodium hepa in 1,000 IU/ml, Elk
ins-Sinn, Inc., Che y Hill, New Je sey 08003,
USA) sy inge and 25-gauge needle we e used o
collec blood om ei he he b achial ein o a
e y on he medial su ace o he hum? us. A e
collec ion, he needle was emo ed, and 0.5 ml o
blood was ans e ed o a li hium hepa in ube
(Mic o aine , Bec on Dickinson and Co., Ru he
o d, New Je sey, USA) and anspo ed o a com
me cial clinical pa hology labo a o y (LabCo p,
Gaines ille, Flo ida, USA) o h?ma ologie anal
ysis, using a manual echnique o he whi e cell
di e en ial and an au oma ed coun e (Abbo
Cell-Dyn 3500) o he whi e blood cell coun , ed
blood cell coun , hemoglobin, hema oc i , mean
co puscula olume, mean co puscula hemoglo
bin, mean co puscula hemoglobin concen a ion,
and pla ele coun . An addi ional 1.0 ml o blood
was cen i uged a 3,000 pm o 5 min, and he
plasma was ans e ed o a 1.0-ml c yo ube
placed in c ushed ice and anspo ed o he same
comme cial labo a o y o biochemical analysis
using an au oma ed analyze (Olympus AU5200):
glucose, sodium, po assium, chlo ide, ca bon di
oxide, blood u ea ni ogen, c ea inine, phospho us,
o al p o ein, albumin, alkaline phospha ase, as
pa a e ansaminase, alanine ansaminase, o al
choles e ol, bili ubin, BUN/c ea inine a io, glob
F om he Depa men o Small Animal Clinical Sci
ences, College o Ve e ina y Medicine, Uni e si y o Flo
ida, Gaines ille, Flo ida 32610-0126, USA.
464
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
HEARD AND WHITTIER?FLYING FOX HEMATOLOGY 465
ulin, albumin/globulin a io, gamma-glu amyl
ans e ase, ion gap, and ionized calcium.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plasma biochemical and hema ological e e ence
alues o each species a e p esen ed in Tables 1
and 2, espec i ely. Plasma, a he han se um, was
used o biochemical analysis because se um had
been obse ed p e iously by he au ho s o be as
socia ed wi h alse alues such as hype kalemia,
hypona emia, hypochlo emia, and hypoglycemia.
Al hough sodium hepa in was used o an an ico
agulan , we assumed i would no a ec sodium
alues because o he small olume used. Plasma
calcium, phospho us, sodium, po assium, chlo ide,
o al p o ein, albumin, globulin, and c ea inine we e
wi hin epo ed e e ence anges om a comp e
hensi e e iew o biochemical alues o p ima es,
ca ni o es, pinnipeds, p oboscids, pe issodac yls,
and a iodac yls.2 Howe e , u ea le els we e low,
especially when compa ed o ca ni o es and pin
nipeds.2 This is p obably a e lec ion o he low
p o ein con en o he lying ox die , u ea being he
p ima y ni ogen end-p oduc o p o ein me abo
lism. The choles e ol le els o all h ee ba species
we e e y low compa ed o alues epo ed o o h
e mammals.5 These alues we e e en lowe han
hose obse ed in swine ed a low- a die .5 Plasma
choles e ol le els e lec a balance be ween die a y
in ake and syn hesis, p ima ily in he li e .5 The die
o hese ba s is low in choles e ol and may accoun
o he low plasma le els.
Glucose le els we e highe han hose p e iously
epo ed o P. hypomelanus (94 ?11 mg/dl) and
P. ampy us (88 ? 9 mg/dl).11 The eason o his
is unknown, bu i may e lec he di e ences in
es ain echnique, collec ion imes, and sample
handling. The glucose le els we e highe han hose
epo ed in domes ic monogas ic mammals.5 In
cap i e lying oxes, glucose le els ha e been
shown o a y signi ican ly du ing a 24-h pe iod,
wi h he lowes le els jus be o e eeding in la e
a e noon.11 In his s udy, all blood collec ions we e
pe o med a he same ime, in he mo ning, o
a oid his e ec .
The hema oc i s we e'highe han hose epo ed
in wild-caugh Indian lying oxes {P. gigan eous)
(37 ? 6%),7 simila o g ey-headed lying oxes {P.
poliocephalus) {Al ? 0.7%),12 and lowe han wild
and cap i e Egyp ian ui ba s {Rouse us aegyp ia
cus) (44 ? 2 o 58 ? 4%).10 Hemoglobin concen
a ions pa alleled hema oc i s and we e g ea e
han hose epo ed in P. gigan eous (13.4 ? 2.2
g/dl),7 bu less han P. poliocephalus (17.9 ?1.3
g/dl)12 and R. aegyp iacus (14.4 ? 1.4 o 17.4 ?
2.0 g/dl).10 The p edominan whi e blood cell ob
se ed in P. hypomelanus and P. ampy us was he
lymphocy e, as compa ed o he neu opil in in P.
od icensis.
Plasma biochemical and hema ological e e ence
alues o ju enile (^1 y old) and adul (>1 y
old) P. hypomelanus a e p esen ed in Tables 1 and
2, espec i ely. The highe absolu e lymphocy e
numbe s obse ed in ju enile P. hypomelanus a e
a common inding in ju enile mammals o many
species.4 The ele a ed le els o plasma calcium,
ionized calcium, phospho us, and alkaline phospha
ase in he ju enile ba s a e also expec ed, gi en
he g ea e os eogenic ac i i y in g owing animals.5
The a e age alkaline phospha ase le els o ju e
niles we e almos wice le els in adul s. Bili ubin
le els we e also highe in ju eniles han in adul s.
Plasma biochemical and hema ological e e ence
alues o male and emale, and p egnan and non
p egnan emale P. hypomelanus a e p esen ed in
Tables 3 and 4, espec i ely. Plasma choles e ol
le els in emales we e gene ally highe han in
males.
Acknowledgmen : Published as Lubee Founda
ion Jou nal Se ies no. 30.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Dunaway, P. B., and L. L. Lewis. 1965. Taxonomic
ela ion o e y h ocy e coun , mean co puscula olume
and body weigh in mammals. Na u e 205: 481-484.
2. Gascoyne, S. C, P. M. Benne , J. K. Ki kwood, and
C. M. Hawkey. 1994. Guidelines o he in e p e a ion o
labo a o y indings in bi ds and mammals wi h unknown
e e ence anges: plasma biochemis y. Ve . Rec. 134: 7
11.
3. I u a, N. B., H. Ge ae s, and E. R. Kuhn. 1988.
Thy oid ho mones, es os e one, and es adiol-17? in plas
ma o Epomops anquea (Tomes, 1860) (Chi op e a) in
he ain o es o he equa o . Gen. Comp. Endoc inol. 69:
378-380.
4. Jain, N. C. 1993. Essen ials o Ve e ina y Hema
ology. Lea & Febige , Philadelphia, Pennsyl ania.
5. Kaneko, J. J. 1989. Clinical Biochemis y o Do
mes ic Animals, 4 h ed. Academic P ess, Inc., San Diego,
Cali o nia.
6. Kunz, T. H., and E. D. Pie son. 1994. Ba s o he
wo ld: an in oduc ion. In: Nowak, R. M. (ed.). Walke 's
Ba s o he Wo ld. The Johns Hopkins Uni e si y P ess,
Bal imo e, Ma yland. Pp. 1-46.
7. Lewis, J. H. 1977. Compa a i e hema ology: s udies
on Chi op e a, P e opus gigan eous. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 58A: 103-107.
8. Nowak, R. M. 1994. Walke 's Ba s o he Wo ld.
The Johns Hopkins Uni e si y P ess, Bal imo e, Ma y
land.
9. Riedesel, M. L. 1977. Blood physiology. In: Wim
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
466 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE
2
'S
'u
?I
||
cd cd
5?
11
cd C
*3 *
S +1
S3
'?5?
s: -V
9. c
.2
2 *^
?a ^
es
si
8
/-s _< ^ (N os m
1C ^ ^ H i d ^
3?Sa 333
*-h o 00 (N p O ON
H h m i" H
I I I
O
?o g oo >n
,?Hin iH? S? b JM?i iMinS !i?
in ^ oo es c
. .. .R<?
I ?< o es ?o A
VO I (N CS ?< S
J?
00
en
j- m m ?< ?n _
O O O ? ? (N (N
^ o ^
^ T o
en ^ <~1 ??.
cneSOCS -<CSCSCSm
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
CS 00 ON CS VO On
d o en en d
h^cnooooioooi
^ 2 ^ 2 oo i
o
o
m T O o _: ^ ^
^ I | I 7 7 ^ <^ ? I
o en ^ o "1 ioH i^
(N
?n en o
" en O
d
(N
O
On ^ en ?< oo
oo oo h q q ^
I I l I _
m - (N -h g
-i 7 7
^^ ^O^OCON^OO^^ S
is
en ^
+ 1 +1
oo en
^ ^ en ^ on
^ en (N
+ 1 +1 +1 +1
n in n '
-h es en (N g ^
OOOOOOOCSONCS
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
o on en
d o ^ i
o oo on o
en en *-*
^ (N
_, ?n
+ 1 +1
m ^ es ^-s
T es -< o
^
i i
^ /-s o o
" o ^ _;
(N (N O
I I (N
?n ?<
' - oo ^ ^
?
en . _
?<<n^hc--'-'?<?<^Omencs
on in "^
I I I I
e^ oo o ^
(N 00 , , . .
I 00 H ^
O I CS ^
en oo | I
^ -" (N O
^ I
o ~:
en cN o
?n ) oo ^^^"I^.^on
deNeNen^ dddddoo^H oen
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
?3-Oen ocnmoomm o<3-eNcsencnesoen
22
m
d
es oo ^
On en on
inoN"-</- ONo -T ON
S^^en^P^'00'^^-4'
I es es
s ? AI 3 ? ?
H ) ON 00 H H
S 2
* ~ ^ S
7 ?? 7 7 7 ? 7 ? S 7 ?
i ^ *>. ?? * ^ S o 7 7 i 9
cso oencs^cs^cn o^O
^ T T in ^ q en en en es
esesdend'-Hen's esddddd
^ -< en O 2 S
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
+ 1 +1
es o on o on o
2 2 en' 2 oo en
enenenoenenommesenoo
es - -? _; ^ ^ ^ _; - en - -
O"
w
^
_, j c ?j ^ o?
^ ^ W c 5 g
B
8*
a ?
3 -2
e g
.2 o
_ - ^ d
O -C cd J5
CU U U CU
o
D
w S -h P 5 o
g> ? 5 W) w)-o?
h .S w> c ce
'S -S ? S 3 ?
? o J^ O X)
? &<6<
_ <^ _ _!
1 si s
h < ? ? hn ?
_?d g
3 e ? o s
cd <D cd -S
P
%2
< <
X)
o ^
O U PQ
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
HEARD AND WHITTIER?FLYING FOX HEMATOLOGY
467
-o
3
W)
o
1
s
Sa
1??
?'S
?? -S
ce S
+1
7^
Su?
es q
o ON
-h in
l I
-H O
-; d
S ?n ^
VO
in
oo
I I
o en
no ?!
O ^
^ o On
777
o o
^ I ?
^ o ^
-4 VO -4
I I I
o o o
in
- q
m d ^h
+1 +1 +1
q
es
+ 1
m
o h ^o
^ -; d
+1 +1 +1
VO 00
d
es *
en o
m
ON
q
en o
+ 1 +1 +1
ON ^ ON*
-< -
o es
+ 1 +1
es ?< en ?<
+ 1
2 d
"1 es
O en
+ 1 +1
o
ON
VO ^
I
O -H
VO -H
o d o
9
m es en es
I I I es
in en oo |
- ' o ^
en o ?-* ^ ?< es oo
I
-< n
8 ^
^ o
o 00
?< en ? _
| _^ _N
4 2
. .sag-"?
? 7 J, * 7 S
o o ^ m o
o
es
?< es
I I ,-, ^
O O o O
es on in in en oo T
m o o
3^
HHcn^^inin^M^^Min^o n
+ 1 +1
VO
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
^ m es o o o
?n ^ _; ? _; en _;
on ?< in ? i en o
in o on ^h
en - en es
es oo
* on oo es
O _; en ?<
O
es
/-n o O o NO ^
^ es ^ on oo ^
?< es in ?< en on
-* I I I I -H
I es en in q l
?<* es ^
o
^ VO
oo en
NhH H(ST OOmn^
o
m
, o"
I
ON
O es
O ^ ON
00 i-< ?<
I I I
o o o
> es
?7
o o
O VO ^ T
ON^HCSeneseST T ^- ?<en-H?^ -h
q ^
O
d
+1 +1 +1 +1 +l +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
O mMOO^OX^hM^O'H
1 . m O - es >
oo ?< in ??* en ^
?; es
in en
9 oo
o
- in q
in en oo
? m ?*
I I I
On m
* es ? ??
i I ^ 00
_> ? <? _i
, VO
I en ^ -< m -, ^ I I ^ ^
on-^ -^oooooooo
ON ^
in on oo q q es
d d es ?? -H en
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
oo o i-i m m
?^ ??
^ ^h ?;
d -h -^
+1 +l +1
00
m
00 CS
O ?< oo
^ es ^ ^
(S H H O
+ 1 +1 +1 +1
en oo on in in
es _j o (-: o
00 T
s s
o o
d d o
+1 +1 +1
o o o
d d
$
?5
8 ^
O
g . i 5
i w i S
(D? W)
U U
2 S
o ^
o B
? >>
PQ o
?2
C l S/5
._
g
>. o
o a a
S J J
*? ? ^
? Xi XJ
i a a
43 X!
S S
(U CD
- i
$ g
D o O
c D pq w
O T3 ?
'S 'S o o
C C ?3 C?
cd cd cd cd
PQ PQ PQ PQ
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE
!_ ~ I
8
es
I
es
m o
a
On '
en on
77
T CS
o oo in
I I I
in oo
I
o
I ?< -h CS '
^ - I I I
?< ?< es ^ o ?< ?h?^csoineneN -HincseS -HONO
o ^ ^ ^.
^Hesdeno^enenes
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
O o m TT M J
O O O O ? -^ VO
O on o o es oo
^ ?? en 2 oo en ^
en in d
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
en ocn^csen -csoocnin o
~ Oi^^en'^JC^ ^ d
2 II
^-n es m en
^ *. Z d o
T ' 7 7
??. o ^ ~l
^ m
I o
es en
oo ?< es ^h -. es
es o
en es oo
I I
o o oo (s o ?:
?-' ^ -' es 7
O
?? 7 ? i i "i' ,
^ -, I es ?n ^ es on ^ ^ T , 0
HH HO^WMO^HHOHO
O
?
en "IOn cN qenines^;^ q
OeNO^encNT OOOddmcNooenONO
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
ONOes oen -ONinT oincsenenoooeSTi-en o
22^2??^^^ d^T 'cn'-;^^-* ^d
_ ^ ^ es ?n en ^ ^ ^n ^ ^ ? ^ ^
^ m T - -^ d d ^ oen -eso^^
^77777^8^700^^^70^^-^
^^4^774^.^^777-.
gQH SHhHHOOHO^mNO^HHOONO
-? qenines^^, en
enenddddd -esooenON'-H
o
o m
en o es o es
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
? d ^ T *
o ? ^ o ^
m ^- ^ o
^-? ^ en ^ 00 m
T T - T o
^ en ?<
es o
es o
<u es
"cd
O ^ ^
es I 1 I
en ?-H ^
es es o
I I es
0 Hej,PH>^pH^ HO
o ~;
en en O
in es
es d es es es
00 o es no on ^
VO
I
q
en es ?<
en m
I q
00 1
en es
T es
VO
-< o T
? ? ? ?
7 7 7 9
es ?< _<
d ~T ~<
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 il il +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
cnesinm -^ o -in o
T ^"enOo?_eS-< ?
^enONinoo ooen
3
oo w
S g
8 g
na
'ob
CD
T3
c
o
00 -2 J2
.2 a
c *?>
<D g
00
O ?
?3 .S
c e
^5
?1 <D
(D h-? ?
cJ 2 <U _
2 3 ? 2 ^
5 S 22 <_ _
S S 3 B _,
C cd ? cd -^
3
,?, -* X
^ 5 5 S
^ b? 00 ""o?
00 c c >
s ? S
c 0?
o g
s _ _
5 .S g 3 g 5 S -g g S ?
U U Pu ? U D U
0 ? o ? M % ~
i < O < < < <
a
PQ
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
HEARD AND WHITTIER?FLYING FOX HEMATOLOGY
469
s
1
os
s
S3
cd
C
OX)
?
a
i
o
o
o
o
a
B g
cd s
cd *
*bb g
? I
_ ?
u
(D i
X w
Z g
0.2
c 2
o *>
1^
cd
ax)
g ?3
o -d
? +1
Sa
H g
o -;
in ^h
es es ^
- ?< es T
es
en On
es en
o o
^ VO 00
en en I
I I ON
O O T
I I I I ^ ^
OOOOOO
T m
-; es
^
. -, o o
o 2 -; ^ -;
o
o
T ?<^-, ?< c^ ?* h o ?n
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
O
dodo
+1 +1 +1 +1
en en in o o ?< in
^ ^ ^ ' -? 00 es ^
00 H IT) H CO H
- o
d ??
00 on On ?<^ ^ -h in
o 9 en ?i
00 en ^h
00
o es q ^
o on 00 9
m ?< en es
^h O ON O I
^ VO
00 00
I
I ^
VO
o
o
es ^ 00 -h cs
.".'loi I
csoo^H -Hes ooen^H o -ooo
o
q q en ^ q
1-H en en en en
+ 1 +1 +1 +1 +1
VD ^
^ in 00
en "< ^
+ 1 +1 +1
d ^.9 S
+1 +1 +1 +1
inON^ -ON o?<inen?<^
ON in On o CN
00 ?< ?< en ^
es
in
in
j- _;
- ^ O
- 00
i- ? -H
, ON VO VO NO
O
o
VO
ON VO
^-h m
I I
es en
ON 00 ^
?< en es
I 1 <?
in O I
* m' ^
?^ cN en
o
^ VO
o o
^ VO
es l
VO O
es
^- in
I I
o o
in o cs
es 9 o.
m o o
+1 +1 +1
O es On
??. 9 * ?
^ O es
es
~K 9
^ m I
0.7
o o
es
m in
ON ~; es*
o
T
+1 +1
in q
in d
+1
o
. _ VO
On ?< m ?<
^ m
+ 1 +1
^ o
_; q
en en
00
00 es es m
ON N.
ON
es^
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1
-H en
-? ^
^ m o
+1 +1 +1
hOinNh^ ^ H(NO^
o
d ^
+1 +1
VO
en
22 en' - 2 O
O
d
4 2
1
m h h
? o
0e0
es +|
en on
TT* on
?< es
g
* I
o
ON
es
O en on ?-?
q en 0 /-n
^ 00 ,-s o 9 m
T T^- _^ _^ I _4
I I 1 I 9
00000
1
o
00
00 in es
o O es en
+ 1 +1 +1 +1
in o en ^
* *> ^ _;
00 ^- in
ON
m o ?4 ^
^ -; ^ ^
+1 +1 +1 +1
en ? eN 00
-' en ?^ -<'
-h en en
o w.
* en
in ?*
+ 1 +1
o es
on in
_; ^ es
+ 1 +1
o
d
es es o
+ 1 +1 +1
O m H
-2o
^ O
+ 1 +1
^ O
? d
ipj iSSS^SSjJ^^WpqpQPQPQPQ
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
470 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE
sa , W. A. (ed.). Biology o Ba s. Academic P ess, New
Yo k, New Yo k. Pp. 485-517.
10. Van De Wes huyzen, J. 1988. Haema ology and
i on s a us o he Egyp ian ui ba , Rouse us aegyp ia
cus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90A(1): 117-120.
11. Widmaie , E. P., and T. H. Kunz. 1993. Basal, di
u nal, and s ess-induced le els o glucose and glucoco
icoids in cap i e ba s. J. Expe . Zool. 265: 533-540.
12. Wigh man, J., J. Robe s, G. Cha ey, and N. S.
Aga . 1986. E y h ocy e biochemis y o he g ey-headed
ui ba {P e opus poliocephalus). Comp. Biochem. Phys
iol. 88B(1): 305-307.
Recei ed o publica ion 20 June 1996.
This con en downloaded om 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oc 2018 12:10:57 UTC
All use subjec o h ps://abou .js o .o g/ e ms
