Hematologic and plasma biochemical reference values for three flying fox species (Pteropus sp.)

Hematologic and Plasma Biochemical Reference Values for Three Flying Fox Species (Pteropus sp.) Author(s): Darryl J. Heard and Darby A. Whittier Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 464-470 Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095690 Accessed: 04-10-2018 12:10 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms American Association of Zoo Veterinarians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine This content downloaded from 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oct 2018 12:10:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28(4): 464-470, 1997 Copyright 1997 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians HEMATOLOGIC AND PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE VALUES FOR THREE FLYING FOX SPECIES {PTEROPUS SP.) Darryl J. Heard, B.Sc, B.V.M.S., Ph.D., and Darby A. Whittier, D.V.M. Abstract: Reference h?matologie and plasma biochemical values from island {Pteropus hypomelanus), Malaysian {P. vampyrus), and Rodriquez Island {P. rodricensis) flying foxes were determined. In comparison to other mammals, these bats had very low plasma cholesterol and urea levels, which may be related to diet. The predominant white blood cells observed in P. hypomelanus and P. vampyrus were lymphocytes, while in P. rodricensis they were neutrophils. Elevated plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase observed in the juvenile P. hypomelanus were expected, given the greater osteogenic activity of growing animals. In P. hypomelanus, bilirubin levels were higher in juveniles than in adults, and cholesterol levels were higher in females than in males. Key words: Hematology, Megachiroptera, Pteropus sp., flying fox, bat. INTRODUCTION The mammalian order Chiroptera is subdivided into the Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera. Megachiroptera comprises 42 genera and 166 spe cies confined to a single family, the Pteropodidae.6 This family of fruitand nectar-feeding bats is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, east to Australia and the Caroline and Cook islands.8 Most bat blood studies have focused on Microchiropterans.9 Consequently, there is lim ited published research examining flying fox he matology,710~12 and there are very few reports of reference values710 that can be used for captive an imal health evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Blood samples were collected from Malaysian {Pteropus vampyrus, n = 13), island {P. hypo melanus, n = 67) and Rodriguez Island {P. rod ricensis, n = 16) flying foxes as part of a pre ventive health care program at the Lubee Foun dation, a private research and breeding facility in north central Florida. The animals included in the study were assessed as healthy on the basis of physical examination. All bats were housed in in door/outdoor flight enclosures; were fed a mix ture of fruits, vegetables, commercial primate chow, and a vitamin supplement; were exposed to a natural photoperiod; and received water ad libitum. All animals were either captive-born or imported from their countries of origin at least 2 years prior to the study. Blood collection and processing To facilitate physical examination and blood collection, each bat was anesthetized with isoflur ane (Aerrane, Anaquest, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) (5% decreased to 2.5%) in oxygen (2 L/min) supplied through a mask attached to a non rebreathing system. All blood samples were col lected within 3 min of physical capture and be tween 9 and 11 am to minimize any effects of restraint and circadian rhythms, respectively. A 3 ml heparinized (sodium heparin 1,000 IU/ml, Elk ins-Sinn, Inc., Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08003, USA) syringe and 25-gauge needle were used to collect blood from either the brachial vein or ar tery on the medial surface of the hum?rus. After collection, the needle was removed, and 0.5 ml of blood was transferred to a lithium heparin tube (Microtainer, Becton Dickinson and Co., Ruther ford, New Jersey, USA) and transported to a com mercial clinical pathology laboratory (LabCorp, Gainesville, Florida, USA) for h?matologie anal ysis, using a manual technique for the white cell differential and an automated counter (Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500) for the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglo bin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count. An additional 1.0 ml of blood was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 min, and the plasma was transferred to a 1.0-ml cryotube placed in crushed ice and transported to the same commercial laboratory for biochemical analysis using an automated analyzer (Olympus AU5200): glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon di oxide, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, as partate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, bilirubin, BUN/creatinine ratio, glob From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sci ences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Flor ida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0126, USA. 464 This content downloaded from 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oct 2018 12:10:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms HEARD AND WHITTIER?FLYING FOX HEMATOLOGY 465 ulin, albumin/globulin ratio, gamma-glutamyl transferase, ion gap, and ionized calcium. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plasma biochemical and hematological reference values for each species are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Plasma, rather than serum, was used for biochemical analysis because serum had been observed previously by the authors to be as sociated with false values such as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypoglycemia. Although sodium heparin was used for an antico agulant, we assumed it would not affect sodium values because of the small volume used. Plasma calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, and creatinine were within reported reference ranges from a compre hensive review of biochemical values for primates, carnivores, pinnipeds, proboscids, perissodactyls, and artiodactyls.2 However, urea levels were low, especially when compared to carnivores and pin nipeds.2 This is probably a reflection of the low protein content of the flying fox diet, urea being the primary nitrogen end-product of protein metabo lism. The cholesterol levels for all three bat species were very low compared to values reported for oth er mammals.5 These values were even lower than those observed in swine fed a low-fat diet.5 Plasma cholesterol levels reflect a balance between dietary intake and synthesis, primarily in the liver.5 The diet of these bats is low in cholesterol and may account for the low plasma levels. Glucose levels were higher than those previously reported for P. hypomelanus (94 ?11 mg/dl) and P. vampyrus (88 ? 9 mg/dl).11 The reason for this is unknown, but it may reflect the differences in restraint technique, collection times, and sample handling. The glucose levels were higher than those reported in domestic monogastric mammals.5 In captive flying foxes, glucose levels have been shown to vary significantly during a 24-hr period, with the lowest levels just before feeding in late afternoon.11 In this study, all blood collections were performed at the same time, in the morning, to avoid this effect. The hematocrits were'higher than those reported in wild-caught Indian flying foxes {P. giganteous) (37 ? 6%),7 similar to grey-headed flying foxes {P. poliocephalus) {Al ? 0.7%),12 and lower than wild and captive Egyptian fruit bats {Rousettus aegyptia cus) (44 ? 2 to 58 ? 4%).10 Hemoglobin concen trations paralleled hematocrits and were greater than those reported in P. giganteous (13.4 ? 2.2 g/dl),7 but less than P. poliocephalus (17.9 ?1.3 g/dl)12 and R. aegyptiacus (14.4 ? 1.4 to 17.4 ? 2.0 g/dl).10 The predominant white blood cell ob served in P. hypomelanus and P. vampyrus was the lymphocyte, as compared to the neutropil in in P. rodricensis. Plasma biochemical and hematological reference values for juvenile (^1 yr old) and adult (>1 yr old) P. hypomelanus are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The higher absolute lymphocyte numbers observed in juvenile P. hypomelanus are a common finding in juvenile mammals of many species.4 The elevated levels of plasma calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phospha tase in the juvenile bats are also expected, given the greater osteogenic activity in growing animals.5 The average alkaline phosphatase levels of juve niles were almost twice levels in adults. Bilirubin levels were also higher in juveniles than in adults. Plasma biochemical and hematological reference values for male and female, and pregnant and non pregnant female P. hypomelanus are presented in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels in females were generally higher than in males. Acknowledgment: Published as Lubee Founda tion Journal Series no. 30. LITERATURE CITED 1. Dunaway, P. B., and L. L. Lewis. 1965. Taxonomic relation of erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume and body weight in mammals. Nature 205: 481-484. 2. Gascoyne, S. C, P. M. Bennett, J. K. Kirkwood, and C. M. Hawkey. 1994. Guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory findings in birds and mammals with unknown reference ranges: plasma biochemistry. Vet. Rec. 134: 7 11. 3. Ifuta, N. B., H. Gevaerts, and E. R. Kuhn. 1988. Thyroid hormones, testosterone, and estradiol-17? in plas ma of Epomops franquea (Tomes, 1860) (Chiroptera) in the rain forest of the equator. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 69: 378-380. 4. Jain, N. C. 1993. Essentials of Veterinary Hema tology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 5. Kaneko, J. J. 1989. Clinical Biochemistry of Do mestic Animals, 4th ed. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California. 6. Kunz, T. H., and E. D. Pierson. 1994. Bats of the world: an introduction. In: Nowak, R. M. (ed.). Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Pp. 1-46. 7. Lewis, J. H. 1977. Comparative hematology: studies on Chiroptera, Pteropus giganteous. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 58A: 103-107. 8. Nowak, R. M. 1994. Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Mary land. 9. Riedesel, M. L. 1977. Blood physiology. In: Wim This content downloaded from 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oct 2018 12:10:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 466 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE 2 'S 'u ?I || cd cd 5? 11 cd C *3 * S +1 S3 '?5? s: -V 9. c .2 rt 2 *^ ?a ^ es si 8 /-s _< ^ (N os m 1C ^ ^ H ri d ^ 3?Sa 333 *-h vo 00 (N p O ON H h m i" H I I I O ?o g oo >n ,?HinriH?\S?vbrJM?iriMinSr!i? in ^ oo es c . .. .R<? I ?< o es ?o A VO I (N CS ?< S J? 00 en rjm m ?< ?n _ O O O ? ? (N (N ^ o ^ ^ Tf o en ^ <~1 ??. cneSOCSr-<CSCSCSm +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 CS 00 ON CS VO On d vo en en d h^cnooooioooi ^ 2 ^ 2 oo ri vo o m Tt O o _: ^ ^ ^ I | I 7 7 ^ <^ ? 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A. (ed.). Biology of Bats. Academic Press, New York, New York. Pp. 485-517. 10. Van Der Westhuyzen, J. 1988. Haematology and iron status of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptia cus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90A(1): 117-120. 11. Widmaier, E. P., and T. H. Kunz. 1993. Basal, di urnal, and stress-induced levels of glucose and glucocor ticoids in captive bats. J. Exper. Zool. 265: 533-540. 12. Wightman, J., J. Roberts, G. Chaffey, and N. S. Agar. 1986. Erythrocyte biochemistry of the grey-headed fruit bat {Pteropus poliocephalus). Comp. Biochem. Phys iol. 88B(1): 305-307. Received for publication 20 June 1996. This content downloaded from 159.178.89.118 on Thu, 04 Oct 2018 12:10:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms