SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
199
RESULTS OBTAINED ON VALUABLE AGRONOMIC TRAITS
OF RAINFED HARD WHEAT CROP
Z.A. Ochilo 1, H.Kh. Qa shiboye 2
Scien i ic Resea ch Ins i u e o Rain ed Ag icul u e, Doc o o Philosophy in Ag icul u al
Sciences (PhD), head o labo a o y1
Scien i ic Resea ch Ins i u e o Rain ed Ag icul u e, Doc o o Ag icul u al Sciences, depu y
di ec o o scien i ic a ai s2
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17290877
Abs ac . The a icle p esen s he esul s o scien i ic esea ch conduc ed a he cen al
expe imen al a m o he Lalmiko Ag icul u al Resea ch Ins i u e o s udy he economically
aluable ai s o du um whea in Lalmiko ields in 2023–2024.
Keywo ds: du um whea , a ie y, accession, idge, Lalmiko ield, phenological
obse a ions, p oduc i i y, yield, spikele s, spike leng h, g ain coun , e alua ion, b eeding.
In oduc ion
Acco ding o analy ical da a om he In e na ional G ains Council o 2022, global du um
whea p oduc ion is 37–40 million onnes, o 5% o he o al whea a ea. In ecen yea s, global
clima e change has impac ed g ain quali y and yields o cul i a ed a ie ies. Hea and d ough a e
obse ed du ing he ea ing and g ain illing s ages o whea . The e o e, o u he s eng hen ood
secu i y in he ace o global clima e change, i is essen ial o conduc scien i ic esea ch o de elop
du um whea a ie ies ha a e esilien o ad e se en i onmen al ac o s and boas high yields and
g ain quali y. In ecen yea s, ch onic d ough in a able land has esul ed in a sligh dec ease in
yields. This signi ican ly impac s c op yields. Du um whea g ain is conside ed unique o ou
coun y and is in high demand in he ood indus y, pa icula ly as an impo an aw ma e ial o
he p oduc ion o pas a and con ec ione y p oduc s. Cu en ly, mo e han 500,000 ons o du um
whea a e equi ed annually o pas a p oduc ion in he coun y. To ully mee his demand, du um
whea is impo ed om ab oad a p ices 10-15% highe . The e o e, cul i a ing du um whea o e
la ge a eas in ou coun y is a p essing issue.
I is well-es ablished in he li e a u e ha in Clause 3.3 o Appendix 1 o he Dec ee on he
Ac ion S a egy o he Fu he De elopmen o he Republic o Uzbekis an4 se s he objec i es
o "expanding scien i ic esea ch o c ea e and in oduce new b eeding a ie ies o ag icul u al
c ops esis an o diseases and pes s, adap ed o local soil, clima ic, and en i onmen al condi ions."
Based on hese objec i es, o mee he needs o he popula ion o ou epublic o du um whea
g ain, pas a, and con ec ione y p oduc s, i is u gen and necessa y o de elop new a ie ies o
du um whea o cul i a ion in a able lands wi h high g ain quali y, high yields compa ed o o he
a ie ies, and esis ance o ad e se en i onmen al ac o s.
Dec ee o he P esiden o he Republic o Uzbekis an da ed Feb ua y 7, 2017 No. PF-4947
"On he Ac ion S a egy o he Fu he De elopmen o he Republic o Uzbekis an o 2017–
2021" No. PF-5853 o Oc obe 23, 2019 "On he S a egy o he De elopmen o Ag icul u e o
he Republic o Uzbekis an o 2020-2030" PF-60 da ed Janua y 28, 2022 "On he De elopmen
S a egy o he New Uzbekis an o 2022-2026" This esea ch p ojec con ibu es o he
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
200
implemen a ion o p io i y objec i es ou lined in egula ions and o he legal documen s ela ed o
his ac i i y.
Du um whea is second only o b ead whea in e ms o sown a ea and dis ibu ion.
Acco ding o gene ic cha ac e is ics, du um whea has 28 ch omosomes, while b ead whea has
42. Du um whea belongs o he ce eal amily (G amineae), genus T i icum, and species du um L.
The e a e 27 known species o whea , 6 o which a e wild. Among he cul i a ed species, he mos
widely cul i a ed a e b ead (T. aes i um) and ha d (T. du um). O he species o wild and cul i a ed
whea a e also used in gene ic esea ch and b eeding, pa icula ly o he p oduc ion o hyb ids
h ough in e speci ic c ossing. The numbe o a ie ies a ies depending on he species, wi h he
mos common being T. aes i um, T. compac um, T. du um, and T. u gudum. Udachin R.A.,
Shakhmedo R.Sh. [1].
I is wo h emphasizing ha Va enisa E.T. emphasizes in he wo k ha es ablishing a
co ela ion be ween yield and indi idual p oduc i i y elemen s is o g ea impo ance in he
b eeding p ocess when s udying he ela ionship be ween he necessa y economic and biological
ai s ha de e mine he p oduc i i y o ag icul u al c ops a a gi en le el. Acco ding o J.T.
Uma o and H.T. Adilo [2], en i onmen al ac o s such as high empe a u e, low ela i e
humidi y, and d ough ha e a nega i e impac on plan g ow h condi ions, spike leng h, spikele
numbe , and g ain yield.
The g ow h o du um whea plan s du ing he g owing season is he main indica o
de e mining yield. A numbe o scien is s, including J.T. Uma o [3], no e a posi i e ela ionship
be ween p oduc i e g ow h and yield. A.P. Pushka enko [4] no ed ha high yields can be achie ed
h ough he ollowing cha ac e is ics: he numbe o spikele s pe spike, he numbe o g ains, and
he g ain weigh . Acco ding o M. Reynolds e al. [5], en i onmen al condi ions, un a o able
g owing condi ions, empe a u e, low ela i e humidi y, and d ough nega i ely a ec spike leng h
and he numbe o spikele s pe spike.
Ma e ials and me hods. Field and labo a o y expe imen s we e conduc ed in acco dance
wi h accep ed me hods and based on he guidelines ecommended by he Gallao ol Scien i ic
Expe imen al S a ion o he Resea ch Ins i u e o G ain and Legume C ops (2004). I should be
no ed ha du ing he s udy, phenological obse a ions, ield, and labo a o y analyses we e
conduc ed acco ding o he me hods o he All-Union Resea ch Ins i u e o Plan G owing (1984).
Biome ic analyses we e conduc ed acco ding o he me hods o he S a e Commission o Tes ing
Ag icul u al C op Va ie ies (1985, 1989). The d ough and hea esis ance o a ie ies and
accessions was de e mined in he s a ion's plan physiology labo a o y using he me hod o N.
Kozhushko (1987).
Resul s and analysis. The yield o ag icul u al c ops g own in Lalmiko a ields is di ec ly
ela ed o wea he condi ions: in yea s wi h a o able ai empe a u es, he a ailabili y o
p ecipi a ion and hea du ing he co esponding phases o plan g ow h in luences high o low
yields. Yield is he yield ob ained om a single plan . Acco ding o he esea ch esul s, he o al
yield o he s udied a ie ies and lines in he p ima y expe imen al a ie y es ing plo a e aged
2.7–3.5 uni s, and he p oduc i e yield was 2.0–2.8 uni s. Based on he esul s o 2023–2024, he
a e age o al yield o he s anda d a ie y "Leucu um-3" was 2.7 uni s, and he p oduc i e yield
was 2.4 uni s. The ob ained esul s con i m ha he new a ie ies and lines in some cases
ou pe o m he s anda d a ie y. This demons a es hei high e ec i eness in u he b eeding and
p oduc ion condi ions. All quan i a i e indica o s a e p esen ed in de ail in Table 1.
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
201
Table 1. Yield indica o s o du um whea a ie ies and lines in he p ima y expe imen al
a ie y es ing plo (Gallao ol - 2023-2024).
№
Name o a ie ies and
anges
Clus e ing, (pieces)
Gene al
P oduc i e
2023
2024
a e age
2023
2024
a e age
1
Leuku um-3 (an)
3,0
2,5
2,7
3,0
1,8
2,4
2
Pea l
3,0
2,4
2,7
2,0
2,0
2,0
3
DNS-2023/4
3,0
2,6
2,8
3,0
2,0
2,5
4
DNS-2023/7
3,0
2,4
2,7
3,0
1,8
2,4
5
DNS-2023/8
3,0
2,6
2,8
3,0
2,0
2,5
6
DNS-2023/9
3,0
2,6
2,8
2,0
2,2
2,1
7
DNS-2023/10
3,0
2,6
2,8
2,0
2,2
2,1
8
DNS-2023/14
3,0
2,8
2,9
3,0
2,2
2,6
9
DNS-2023/15
3,0
2,6
2,8
3,0
2,0
2,5
10
DNS-2023/18
4,0
2,4
3,2
3,0
2,0
2,5
11
DNS-2023/23
3,0
2,8
2,9
2,0
2,4
2,2
12
DNS-2023/24
4,0
3,0
3,5
3,0
2,6
2,8
13
DNS-2023/25
3,0
2,8
2,9
2,0
2,2
2,1
14
DNS-2023/26
3,0
2,8
2,9
3,0
2,4
2,7
15
DNS-2023/29
4,0
2,8
3,4
3,0
2,2
2,6
16
DNS-2023/30
3,0
2,8
2,9
2,0
2,6
2,3
17
NP-2023/10
3,0
2,4
2,7
3,0
1,8
2,4
18
NP-2023/17
3,0
2,6
2,8
2,0
2,2
2,1
19
NP-2023/22
3,0
2,6
2,8
3,0
2,4
2,7
20
NP-2023/26
3,0
2,8
2,9
2,0
2,2
2,1
21
NP-2023/34
3,0
2,4
2,7
2,0
2,0
2,0
22
NP-2023/41
3,0
2,8
2,9
3,0
2,4
2,7
23
NP-2023/45
3,0
2,8
2,9
3,0
2,4
2,7
24
NP-2023/46
4,0
3,0
3,5
3,0
2,6
2,8
25
NP-2023/48
4,0
2,6
3,3
3,0
2,2
2,6
26
NP-2023/49
3,0
2,4
2,7
3,0
1,6
2,3
27
NP-2023/55
4,0
2,6
3,3
3,0
2,0
2,5
28
NP-2023/64
4,0
2,8
3,4
3,0
2,6
2,8
I is impo an o highligh ha many ideas and opinions ha e been ecognized and
p o en by wo ld scien is s ega ding he main ea indica o s. A.A. Amano ., M.N.Klinse ich
[6] no ed ha he leng h and densi y o he ea a e a ie al cha ac e is ics o he plan and
depend on ex e nal en i onmen al ac o s. Tha is, when he e is a lo o mois u e in he soil,
i can ha e a posi i e e ec on he leng h and densi y o he ea , and when i is insu icien ,
i can ha e a nega i e e ec .
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
202
Acco ding o M.P. Reynolds e al. [7], he mos impo an indica o in de e mining
he yield is he numbe o g ains in he ea . This cha ac e is ic depends on he biology o he
plan and he condi ions o ca e. In ou expe imen s, i was de e mined ha he ea leng h in
a ie ies and idges is 6.8-8.6 cm, he numbe o ea s is up o 16.0-20.1, and he numbe o
g ains is 35.6-40.9. The ea leng h o he s anda d a ie y "Leuku um-3" was 7.8 cm, he
numbe o ea s was 18.9, and he numbe o g ains was 37.8 (Table 2).
Table 2. Main ea pa ame e s o du um whea (Gallao ol 2023-2024)
№
Name o a ie ies
and anges
Main spike indica o s
Spike leng h,
(cm)
Numbe o ea s,
(pcs)
Numbe o g ains,
(pieces)
2023
2024
a e age
2023
2024
a e age
2023
2024
a e age
1
Leuku um-3 (an)
8,
0
7,
6
7,8
20,
0
17,
8
18,9
40,0
35,
6
37,8
2
Pea l
7,
6
7,
5
7,5
18,
0
17,
6
17,8
36,0
35,
2
35,6
3
DNS-2023/4
7,
1
7,
4
7,2
18,
0
18,
0
18,0
36,0
39,
6
37,8
4
DNS-2023/7
7,
6
8,
0
7,8
20,
0
20,
0
20,0
40,0
40,
0
40,0
5
DNS-2023/8
7,
4
7,
4
7,4
19,
0
19,
6
19,3
38,0
39,
2
38,6
6
DNS-2023/9
8,
0
7,
5
7,7
18,
0
19,
2
18,6
36,0
38,
4
37,2
7
DNS-2023/10
8,
1
7,
3
7,7
19,
0
17,
6
18,3
38,0
35,
2
36,6
8
DNS-2023/14
9,
0
7,
5
8,2
20,
0
18,
0
19,0
40,0
39,
6
39,8
9
DNS-2023/15
7,
5
7,
3
7,4
18,
0
17,
8
17,9
36,0
35,
6
35,8
10
DNS-2023/18
8,
1
7,
3
7,7
19,
0
17,
4
18,2
38,0
41,
8
39,9
11
DNS-2023/23
7,
1
7,
7
7,4
18,
0
18,
0
18,0
36,0
43,
2
39,6
12
DNS-2023/24
8,
0
7,
6
7,8
19,
0
17,
8
18,4
38,0
42,
7
40,3
13
DNS-2023/25
7,
0
7,
4
7,2
17,
0
17,
4
17,2
34,0
41,
8
37,9
14
DNS-2023/26
7,
5
7,
5
7,5
17,
0
19,
8
18,4
34,0
39,
6
36,8
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
203
15
DNS-2023/29
7,
4
6,
5
6,9
18,
0
14,
4
16,2
36,0
43,
2
39,6
16
DNS-2023/30
6,
2
8,
1
7,1
17,
0
20,
0
18,5
34,0
40,
0
37,0
17
NP-2023/10
8,
0
7,
5
7,7
19,
0
19,
6
19,3
38,0
39,
2
38,6
18
NP-2023/17
8,
0
7,
4
7,7
19,
0
19,
4
19,2
38,0
38,
8
38,4
19
NP-2023/22
7,
5
7,
7
7,6
18,
0
19,
2
18,6
36,0
38,
4
37,2
20
NP-2023/26
7,
4
6,
5
6,9
18,
0
14,
0
16,0
36,0
42,
0
39,0
21
NP-2023/34
7,
5
6,
5
7,0
18,
0
14,
0
16,0
36,0
42,
0
39,0
22
NP-2023/41
8,
0
7,
2
7,6
19,
0
19,
4
19,2
38,0
38,
8
38,4
23
NP-2023/45
7,
5
8,
0
7,7
19,
0
20,
2
19,6
38,0
40,
4
39,2
24
NP-2023/46
7,
6
8,
7
8,1
19,
0
21,
2
20,1
38,0
42,
4
40,2
25
NP-2023/48
7,
5
6,
4
6,9
19,
0
14,
6
16,8
38,0
43,
8
40,9
26
NP-2023/49
8,
1
6,
1
7,1
20,
0
13,
2
16,6
40,0
39,
6
39,8
27
NP-2023/55
7,
6
6,
1
6,8
19,
0
13,
2
16,1
38,0
39,
6
38,8
28
NP-2023/64
9,
3
7,
9
8,6
20,
0
19,
2
19,6
40,0
38,
4
39,2
Conclusion. In e ms o p oduc i i y, he a ie ies DNS-2023/14, DNS-2023/24, DNS-
2023/26, DNS-2023/29, NP-2023/22, NP-2023/41, NP-2023/45, NP-2023/46, NP-2023/48, NP-
2023/55, NP-2023/64 ha e highe indica o s o bunch o ma ion compa ed o he s anda d a ie y
"Leucu um-3", and in e ms o he main indica o s o he ea - DNS-2023/14, NP-2023/46, NP-
2023/64. The beds we e selec ed o plan ing and s udying nex yea . The ob ained esul s con i m
he biological and economic po en ial o hese a ie ies and lines, as well as hei high gene ic
po en ial. The e o e, in he ollowing yea 's expe imen s, hese a ie ies and lines we e selec ed
o eseeding and es ing o u he s udy, assessmen o hei en i onmen al adap abili y, and
sus ainable yield.
REFERENCES
1. Udachin R.A., Shakhmedo I.Sh. Whea in Cen al Asia. Tashken : Fan Publishing House.
1984. p. 134.
2. Uma o Zh.T., Adilo Kh.T. Resea ch on he de elopmen o a high-quali y du um whea
a ie y in he ields o Lalmiko a and some o i s esul s. Republican Scien i ic Con e ence.
Scien i ic Collec ion. Gallao ol 2007, Ma ch 17, pp. 50-53.
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025
ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ
204
3. Uma o Zh.T. Ea liness and p oduc i i y o hyb ids in in e a ie al c osses o shenisi unde
i iga ion. P oceedings o he Uzbek Resea ch Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion. No. 17. Tashken .
1985. pp. 66-69.
4. Pushka enko A.P. Fea u es o he s uc u e o he ascula sys em o ea -bea ing in e nodes
in di e en win e whea a ie ies. Coll. p oc. Physiological aspec s o p oduc i i y, sel -
es eem, and s ess. Odessa, 1984. pp. 145-150.
5. Reynolds M.P., M. Balo a, M.I.B. Delgado, I. Amani, and R.A. Fische 1994 "Physiological
and mo phological ea u es associa ed wi h sp ing whea yield unde ho , i iga ed condi ions.
Aus . J. Plan Physiol. 21: 717-730.
6. Amano A.A., M.N. Klinse ich "Va iabili y and co ela ion s uc u e o elemen s o
physiological ai s o whea plan s aken in o accoun in b eeding o sal ole ance and
p oduc i i y." Bulle in o he Regional Ne wo k o La ge and Small Ag icul u al C ops in
Cen al Asia and T anscaucasia. No. 2. Alma y, 2001. pp. 6–8.
7. Reynolds, M.P., Say e, K.D., and Fische , R.A. "Yield Po en ial o Mode n Cul i a s: I s
Rela ionship o a Less Compe i i e Ideo ype." Field C ops Res. 37, 1994, pp. 49–160.
