RESULTS OBTAINED ON VALUABLE AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF RAINFED HARD WHEAT CROP

SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 199 RESULTS OBTAINED ON VALUABLE AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF RAINFED HARD WHEAT CROP Z.A. Ochilov1, H.Kh. Qarshiboyev2 Scientific Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture, Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Sciences (PhD), head of laboratory1 Scientific Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, deputy director for scientific affairs2 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17290877 Abstract. The article presents the results of scientific research conducted at the central experimental farm of the Lalmikor Agricultural Research Institute to study the economically valuable traits of durum wheat in Lalmikor fields in 2023–2024. Keywords: durum wheat, variety, accession, ridge, Lalmikor field, phenological observations, productivity, yield, spikelets, spike length, grain count, evaluation, breeding. Introduction According to analytical data from the International Grains Council for 2022, global durum wheat production is 37–40 million tonnes, or 5% of the total wheat area. In recent years, global climate change has impacted grain quality and yields of cultivated varieties. Heat and drought are observed during the earing and grain filling stages of wheat. Therefore, to further strengthen food security in the face of global climate change, it is essential to conduct scientific research to develop durum wheat varieties that are resilient to adverse environmental factors and boast high yields and grain quality. In recent years, chronic drought in arable land has resulted in a slight decrease in yields. This significantly impacts crop yields. Durum wheat grain is considered unique to our country and is in high demand in the food industry, particularly as an important raw material for the production of pasta and confectionery products. Currently, more than 500,000 tons of durum wheat are required annually for pasta production in the country. To fully meet this demand, durum wheat is imported from abroad at prices 10-15% higher. Therefore, cultivating durum wheat over large areas in our country is a pressing issue. It is well-established in the literature that in Clause 3.3 of Appendix 1 to the Decree on the Action Strategy for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan4 sets the objectives of "expanding scientific research to create and introduce new breeding varieties of agricultural crops resistant to diseases and pests, adapted to local soil, climatic, and environmental conditions." Based on these objectives, to meet the needs of the population of our republic for durum wheat grain, pasta, and confectionery products, it is urgent and necessary to develop new varieties of durum wheat for cultivation in arable lands with high grain quality, high yields compared to other varieties, and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2017 No. PF-4947 "On the Action Strategy for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017– 2021" No. PF-5853 of October 23, 2019 "On the Strategy for the Development of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030" PF-60 dated January 28, 2022 "On the Development Strategy of the New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026" This research project contributes to the SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 200 implementation of priority objectives outlined in regulations and other legal documents related to this activity. Durum wheat is second only to bread wheat in terms of sown area and distribution. According to genetic characteristics, durum wheat has 28 chromosomes, while bread wheat has 42. Durum wheat belongs to the cereal family (Gramineae), genus Triticum, and species durum L. There are 27 known species of wheat, 6 of which are wild. Among the cultivated species, the most widely cultivated are bread (T. aestivum) and hard (T. durum). Other species of wild and cultivated wheat are also used in genetic research and breeding, particularly for the production of hybrids through interspecific crossing. The number of varieties varies depending on the species, with the most common being T. aestivum, T. compactum, T. durum, and T. turgudum. Udachin R.A., Shakhmedov R.Sh. [1]. It is worth emphasizing that Varenisa E.T. emphasizes in her work that establishing a correlation between yield and individual productivity elements is of great importance in the breeding process when studying the relationship between the necessary economic and biological traits that determine the productivity of agricultural crops at a given level. According to J.T. Umarov and H.T. Adilov [2], environmental factors such as high temperature, low relative humidity, and drought have a negative impact on plant growth conditions, spike length, spikelet number, and grain yield. The growth of durum wheat plants during the growing season is the main indicator determining yield. A number of scientists, including J.T. Umarov [3], note a positive relationship between productive growth and yield. A.P. Pushkarenko [4] noted that high yields can be achieved through the following characteristics: the number of spikelets per spike, the number of grains, and the grain weight. According to M. Reynolds et al. [5], environmental conditions, unfavorable growing conditions, temperature, low relative humidity, and drought negatively affect spike length and the number of spikelets per spike. Materials and methods. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in accordance with accepted methods and based on the guidelines recommended by the Gallaorol Scientific Experimental Station of the Research Institute of Grain and Legume Crops (2004). It should be noted that during the study, phenological observations, field, and laboratory analyses were conducted according to the methods of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Growing (1984). Biometric analyses were conducted according to the methods of the State Commission for Testing Agricultural Crop Varieties (1985, 1989). The drought and heat resistance of varieties and accessions was determined in the station's plant physiology laboratory using the method of N. Kozhushko (1987). Results and analysis. The yield of agricultural crops grown in Lalmikora fields is directly related to weather conditions: in years with favorable air temperatures, the availability of precipitation and heat during the corresponding phases of plant growth influences high or low yields. Yield is the yield obtained from a single plant. According to the research results, the total yield of the studied varieties and lines in the primary experimental variety testing plot averaged 2.7–3.5 units, and the productive yield was 2.0–2.8 units. Based on the results of 2023–2024, the average total yield of the standard variety "Leucurum-3" was 2.7 units, and the productive yield was 2.4 units. The obtained results confirm that the new varieties and lines in some cases outperform the standard variety. This demonstrates their high effectiveness in further breeding and production conditions. All quantitative indicators are presented in detail in Table 1. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 201 Table 1. Yield indicators of durum wheat varieties and lines in the primary experimental variety testing plot (Gallaorol - 2023-2024). № Name of varieties and ranges Clustering, (pieces) General Productive 2023 2024 average 2023 2024 average 1 Leukurum-3 (an) 3,0 2,5 2,7 3,0 1,8 2,4 2 Pearl 3,0 2,4 2,7 2,0 2,0 2,0 3 DNS-2023/4 3,0 2,6 2,8 3,0 2,0 2,5 4 DNS-2023/7 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,0 1,8 2,4 5 DNS-2023/8 3,0 2,6 2,8 3,0 2,0 2,5 6 DNS-2023/9 3,0 2,6 2,8 2,0 2,2 2,1 7 DNS-2023/10 3,0 2,6 2,8 2,0 2,2 2,1 8 DNS-2023/14 3,0 2,8 2,9 3,0 2,2 2,6 9 DNS-2023/15 3,0 2,6 2,8 3,0 2,0 2,5 10 DNS-2023/18 4,0 2,4 3,2 3,0 2,0 2,5 11 DNS-2023/23 3,0 2,8 2,9 2,0 2,4 2,2 12 DNS-2023/24 4,0 3,0 3,5 3,0 2,6 2,8 13 DNS-2023/25 3,0 2,8 2,9 2,0 2,2 2,1 14 DNS-2023/26 3,0 2,8 2,9 3,0 2,4 2,7 15 DNS-2023/29 4,0 2,8 3,4 3,0 2,2 2,6 16 DNS-2023/30 3,0 2,8 2,9 2,0 2,6 2,3 17 NP-2023/10 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,0 1,8 2,4 18 NP-2023/17 3,0 2,6 2,8 2,0 2,2 2,1 19 NP-2023/22 3,0 2,6 2,8 3,0 2,4 2,7 20 NP-2023/26 3,0 2,8 2,9 2,0 2,2 2,1 21 NP-2023/34 3,0 2,4 2,7 2,0 2,0 2,0 22 NP-2023/41 3,0 2,8 2,9 3,0 2,4 2,7 23 NP-2023/45 3,0 2,8 2,9 3,0 2,4 2,7 24 NP-2023/46 4,0 3,0 3,5 3,0 2,6 2,8 25 NP-2023/48 4,0 2,6 3,3 3,0 2,2 2,6 26 NP-2023/49 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,0 1,6 2,3 27 NP-2023/55 4,0 2,6 3,3 3,0 2,0 2,5 28 NP-2023/64 4,0 2,8 3,4 3,0 2,6 2,8 It is important to highlight that many ideas and opinions have been recognized and proven by world scientists regarding the main ear indicators. A.A. Amanov., M.N.Klinsevich [6] noted that the length and density of the ear are varietal characteristics of the plant and depend on external environmental factors. That is, when there is a lot of moisture in the soil, it can have a positive effect on the length and density of the ear, and when it is insufficient, it can have a negative effect. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 202 According to M.P. Reynolds et al. [7], the most important indicator in determining the yield is the number of grains in the ear. This characteristic depends on the biology of the plant and the conditions of care. In our experiments, it was determined that the ear length in varieties and ridges is 6.8-8.6 cm, the number of ears is up to 16.0-20.1, and the number of grains is 35.6-40.9. The ear length of the standard variety "Leukurum-3" was 7.8 cm, the number of ears was 18.9, and the number of grains was 37.8 (Table 2). Table 2. Main ear parameters of durum wheat (Gallaorol 2023-2024) № Name of varieties and ranges Main spike indicators Spike length, (cm) Number of ears, (pcs) Number of grains, (pieces) 2023 2024 average 2023 2024 average 2023 2024 average 1 Leukurum-3 (an) 8, 0 7, 6 7,8 20, 0 17, 8 18,9 40,0 35, 6 37,8 2 Pearl 7, 6 7, 5 7,5 18, 0 17, 6 17,8 36,0 35, 2 35,6 3 DNS-2023/4 7, 1 7, 4 7,2 18, 0 18, 0 18,0 36,0 39, 6 37,8 4 DNS-2023/7 7, 6 8, 0 7,8 20, 0 20, 0 20,0 40,0 40, 0 40,0 5 DNS-2023/8 7, 4 7, 4 7,4 19, 0 19, 6 19,3 38,0 39, 2 38,6 6 DNS-2023/9 8, 0 7, 5 7,7 18, 0 19, 2 18,6 36,0 38, 4 37,2 7 DNS-2023/10 8, 1 7, 3 7,7 19, 0 17, 6 18,3 38,0 35, 2 36,6 8 DNS-2023/14 9, 0 7, 5 8,2 20, 0 18, 0 19,0 40,0 39, 6 39,8 9 DNS-2023/15 7, 5 7, 3 7,4 18, 0 17, 8 17,9 36,0 35, 6 35,8 10 DNS-2023/18 8, 1 7, 3 7,7 19, 0 17, 4 18,2 38,0 41, 8 39,9 11 DNS-2023/23 7, 1 7, 7 7,4 18, 0 18, 0 18,0 36,0 43, 2 39,6 12 DNS-2023/24 8, 0 7, 6 7,8 19, 0 17, 8 18,4 38,0 42, 7 40,3 13 DNS-2023/25 7, 0 7, 4 7,2 17, 0 17, 4 17,2 34,0 41, 8 37,9 14 DNS-2023/26 7, 5 7, 5 7,5 17, 0 19, 8 18,4 34,0 39, 6 36,8 SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 203 15 DNS-2023/29 7, 4 6, 5 6,9 18, 0 14, 4 16,2 36,0 43, 2 39,6 16 DNS-2023/30 6, 2 8, 1 7,1 17, 0 20, 0 18,5 34,0 40, 0 37,0 17 NP-2023/10 8, 0 7, 5 7,7 19, 0 19, 6 19,3 38,0 39, 2 38,6 18 NP-2023/17 8, 0 7, 4 7,7 19, 0 19, 4 19,2 38,0 38, 8 38,4 19 NP-2023/22 7, 5 7, 7 7,6 18, 0 19, 2 18,6 36,0 38, 4 37,2 20 NP-2023/26 7, 4 6, 5 6,9 18, 0 14, 0 16,0 36,0 42, 0 39,0 21 NP-2023/34 7, 5 6, 5 7,0 18, 0 14, 0 16,0 36,0 42, 0 39,0 22 NP-2023/41 8, 0 7, 2 7,6 19, 0 19, 4 19,2 38,0 38, 8 38,4 23 NP-2023/45 7, 5 8, 0 7,7 19, 0 20, 2 19,6 38,0 40, 4 39,2 24 NP-2023/46 7, 6 8, 7 8,1 19, 0 21, 2 20,1 38,0 42, 4 40,2 25 NP-2023/48 7, 5 6, 4 6,9 19, 0 14, 6 16,8 38,0 43, 8 40,9 26 NP-2023/49 8, 1 6, 1 7,1 20, 0 13, 2 16,6 40,0 39, 6 39,8 27 NP-2023/55 7, 6 6, 1 6,8 19, 0 13, 2 16,1 38,0 39, 6 38,8 28 NP-2023/64 9, 3 7, 9 8,6 20, 0 19, 2 19,6 40,0 38, 4 39,2 Conclusion. In terms of productivity, the varieties DNS-2023/14, DNS-2023/24, DNS2023/26, DNS-2023/29, NP-2023/22, NP-2023/41, NP-2023/45, NP-2023/46, NP-2023/48, NP2023/55, NP-2023/64 have higher indicators of bunch formation compared to the standard variety "Leucurum-3", and in terms of the main indicators of the ear - DNS-2023/14, NP-2023/46, NP2023/64. The beds were selected for planting and studying next year. The obtained results confirm the biological and economic potential of these varieties and lines, as well as their high genetic potential. Therefore, in the following year's experiments, these varieties and lines were selected for reseeding and testing for further study, assessment of their environmental adaptability, and sustainable yield. REFERENCES 1. Udachin R.A., Shakhmedov I.Sh. Wheat in Central Asia. Tashkent: Fan Publishing House. 1984. p. 134. 2. Umarov Zh.T., Adilov Kh.T. Research on the development of a high-quality durum wheat variety in the fields of Lalmikora and some of its results. Republican Scientific Conference. Scientific Collection. Gallaorol 2007, March 17, pp. 50-53. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 204 3. Umarov Zh.T. Earliness and productivity of hybrids in intervarietal crosses of shenisi under irrigation. Proceedings of the Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Protection. No. 17. Tashkent. 1985. pp. 66-69. 4. Pushkarenko A.P. Features of the structure of the vascular system of ear-bearing internodes in different winter wheat varieties. Coll. proc. Physiological aspects of productivity, selfesteem, and stress. Odessa, 1984. pp. 145-150. 5. Reynolds M.P., M. Balota, M.I.B. Delgado, I. Amani, and R.A. Fischer 1994 "Physiological and morphological features associated with spring wheat yield under hot, irrigated conditions. Aust. J. 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