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FACTIONAL POLITICS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY
D . Abdoulaye Josep
PhD, Ling is ika, Daka Uni e si y – Cheikh An a Diop Uni e si y
Senegal
Abs ac : F ance was in a oubled socio-poli ical si ua ion by he end o
he 18 h cen u y. Fo a long ime, ep esen a i es o he hi d class a e he ecall
o he unin i ed Gene al-S a es had exp essed hei discon en . Following he
ou b eak o ebellions in he coun y, a e olu ion b oke ou wi h he occupa ion o
he Bas ille on 14 July. Rep esen a i es o he hi d class we e also b ie ly
analyzed in he poli ical p ocesses o decla ing hemsel es Legisla i e Assembly
a e he Cons i uen Assembly. The a icle also shows he ole o poli ical pa ies
in he apid de elopmen o he e olu ion, which was impo an . This scien i ic
a icle discusses he eme gence o poli ical pa ies, hei poli ical p og ams,
di e ences in hei iews on how o manage he s a e. I is also analyzed ha
du ing he e olu ion, he p ess was placed on he le el o “ ou h powe ”. This
a icle highligh s he ole played by he poli ical pa ies a he op o he
go e nmen in human igh s, p i a e p ope y, he collapse o he mona chy in
F ance and he es ablishmen o he epublican sys em.
Keywo ds: Re olu ion, S a es-Gene al, Cons i uen Assembly, pa ies,
Royalis s, Libe als, Jacobinis s, Feuillan s, Co delie s, Gi ondis s.
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The e a e many cases o poli ical and socio-economic c isis in he 21s
cen u y. The solu ion o such issues depends on elec ions in powe ul s a es and he
exchange o go e nmen s. An example o his is he con lic in Russia-Uk aine and
he Middle Eas . Including, in legal-democ a ic s a es, he main sign o he
o ma ion o ci il socie ies is he au ho i ies, which a e ca ied ou on he basis o
uni e sal elec ions. The ole o poli ical pa ies
1
in he Democ a ic s a es, which
ha e de eloped legally in he cu en pe iod, is incompa able.
Poli ical pa ies a e conside ed one o he impo an ci il socie y
ins i u ions ha ac as a “b idge” be ween socie y and he s a e. As humani y
imp o ed, new and new bodies also eme ged in he ield o s a e managemen . One
such o ganiza ion was he pa liamen , in which he ole o poli ical pa ies also
inc eased and began o play an impo an ole in public adminis a ion. The
pa liamen a y sys em, which was no o g ea impo ance in he Middle Ages, has
now aken an impo an place in he li e o socie y.
In pa icula , by he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies, a wo – pa y sys em had
o med in G ea B i ain. Agains he backd op o he g ea F ench Re olu ion o
1789, many pa ies and clubs we e o med in F ance. This ga e ise o a mul i-
pa y sys em in F ance. They all had hei own goals and p og ams. Also, he
o ma ion o his mul ipa y sys em, as well as he a ie y o compe i ion and
iews be ween hem, also became impo an in his o y.
On May 5, 1789, King Louis XVI summoned he S a es-Gene al in an
a emp o igh he di icul economic si ua ion. Fo he pas 150 yea s, his
o ganiza ion was p ac ically no called. The con oca ion o he S a es-Gene al
1
Pa y is a la in wo d de i ed om “pa hio” meaning “ o be, o be, o sepa a e”.
The pa y can also be unde s ood as” a g oup o people who a e ideologically
esponsible, whose in e es s a e common, who a e se aside o do a ce ain job".
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allowed ep esen a i es o he hi d class o exp ess hei displeasu e o he King.
This phenomenon can be said o ha e been he p elude o he beginning o he
e olu ion in F ance. Sho ly a e , on July 14, 1789, he occupa ion o he Bas ille
was ollowed by a e olu ion, and he en i e coun y was co e ed by a popula
mo emen . As a esul , oyal powe was b ough down in he coun y, wi h powe
ini ially con olled by he Na ional Assembly, which was conside ed he
P o isional Go e nmen , and la e by he Cons i uen Assembly. A he same ime,
con adic ions began be ween ep esen a i es o he uppe ci cle in he ield o
managemen . This led o he o ma ion o ea ly pa ies and clubs in he coun y.
I should be no ed ha a e he Na ional Assembly decla ed i sel a
Cons i uen Assembly, he depu ies wo ked on he Cons i u ion o wo yea s. I
was hei ac i i y ha de e mined he essence o e olu iona y changes. I should
be men ioned ha a e olu ion is no a high le el o o ganized iolence in i sel ,
which can be desc ibed as a ebellion, bu a e olu ion- he eplacemen o one
poli ical o social sys em by ano he in illegal ways [1-B-45]. In o he wo ds, such
changes a e ca ied ou in mos cases when he law iola es he ules. Howe e , he
pa adox o any e olu ion is ha i is necessa y o immedia ely c ea e new ones in
o de o ensu e he p ese a ion and ope a ion o a new sys em c ea ed as a esul
o he des uc ion o i s p edecesso legal ins i u ions.
Depu ies o he Cons i uen Assembly ca ied ou upda es o e he nex wo
yea s. This caused pe iodic ou b eaks o un es in a ious pa s o he coun y.
These chao ic ac ions did no play a decisi e ole in he ac i i ies o he new
legisla u e's go e nmen in he all o 1789. A he Cons i uen Assembly, he
di ision o Depu ies in o a numbe o poli ical g oups (pa ies) was de e mined [1-
B-46].
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Also, du ing he ongoing e olu ion in F ance, many pa ies and g oups
we e o med and ope a ed in he poli ical li e o he coun y, hese we e he
ollowing pa ies:
– The Libe al Pa y was a pa y ounded in 1789, led by Hono é de
Mi abeau, and he pa y s ood a he op o go e nmen om 1789 o 1791.
– Royalis s - his pa y is named a e he king, his pa y came in o being
in F ance in 1789 as a socio – poli ical mo emen o suppo e s o he es o a ion
o Bou bon oyal powe [2-B-77]. This mo emen is o ganized in o se e al s ages,
which can be di ided as ollows:
1) om July 1789 o Sep embe 1791.
2) om he es ablishmen o he cons i u ional mona chy in he au umn o
1791 un il he all o 10 Augus 1792.
3) om 1792 o 1800.
4) ”Socie y o 1789" – as ounde s Mi abeau, La aye e, Sies, Condo ce , e c.
– Jacobinis s-ope a ed unde he name” B e on “in 1789, and he same
poli ical g oup sepa a ed om con ains by he o ma ion o he” Socie y o F iends
o he Cons i u ion". I s name is de i ed om he name o he Monas e y o S .
Yako . They held hei mee ings in he lib a y o his monas e y. The di e ence o
his pa y om he B e on pa y was ha Jacobinis s could be accessed no only by
depu ies o he Cons i uen Assembly, bu also by o he pe sons. Howe e , he
majo i y o he membe ship ee was 12 li es o admission, and he annual
membe ship ee was 24 li es [3-B-22]. I was his expensi e membe ship ee ha
caused he pa y o mo e away om he popula masses. Jacobinis s we e
Republicans and ough o es ablish a epublican sys em in he coun y.
- Co delie s – I is de i ed om he name o he building whe e he
Assembly was held, jus like he Jacobinis s, and was ounded in 1790. I was also
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o icially known as he” decla a ion o human and ci il igh s". No able exponen s
o his poli ical pa y a e John Paul Ma a , lawye Ropespie e, lawye Dan on,
jou nalis Camille Demulen, poe d'Eglan ine, publishe Momo o, jou nalis
Jacques Ebe and publicis poe Bon ille, among o he s. Many o he
mani es a ions o he сo delie s, who we e close o he Jacobins excep o small
di e ences in he idea o сo delie s, la e became he main leade s o he
jacobinis s.
- Feuillan s – I spli om he Jacobinis s as a igh -wing g oup due o he
disag eemen ha a ose a he session o July 16, 1791. The name o he euillan s
is de i ed om he name o he monas e y building, which in p e ious imes
belonged o he monks o he O de o Feuillan s. This g oup was led by La aye e,
Bayi, and he so-called " ium i a e" o Ba now, Dupo , and Alexande Lame .
- Gi ondin’s – This pa y was o med in 1791. In pa icula , in he 1791
elec ions o he Legisla i e Assembly, he Le Bloc was o med as an opposi ion
o he euillan s, and h ee lawye s om his bloc we e elec ed o he Legisla i e
Assembly. They we e Ve neau, Jansonne and Gade, [3-B-28] elec ed as depu ies
om he Depa men o Gi onde, which was winemaking. The g oup, led by
B isso, a Pa isian ju is and publicis who e en ually led he Jacobinis s ' igh
wing, was called "gi ondis s" unde he common name, and B isso became hei
leade . While he ji ondai es sha ed an opinion wi h he Jacobinis s, hey we e
di ided o e he issue o he execu ion o he King. Because he gi ondis s we e
ying o sa e he li e o he King.
Including, in F ance, i can be seen ha he poli ical pa ies ha we e a he
op o he go e nmen du ing he yea s o he e olu ion ca ied ou e o ms in
a o o a numbe o people. Bu i should be added ha a la ge pa o he e o ms
ca ied ou we e in he in e es o he bou geoisie. I is pe missible o dwell on he
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main ones on he e o ms ca ied ou by he pa ies while he e olu ion con inues
in he coun y. hese a e:
1. As ea ly as he beginning o he e olu ion, on he ini ia i e o he pa ies
in he coun y, he “Decla a ion o he igh s o man and o he ci izen” was
adop ed on Augus 26, 1789. I can be unde s ood om his ha i is his
decla a ion ha will se e as he basis o he de elopmen o human igh s laws
h oughou he wo ld in he nex pe iod. A he same ime, i should be added ha
wi h he adop ed Decla a ion in F ance, he “Decla a ion o Independence”,
adop ed in he Uni ed S a es on July 4, 1776, was he p oduc o he 18 h-cen u y
Eu opean “enligh ene s”. The di e ence be ween hem was ha he U.S.
“Decla a ion o Independence” was sho and lame, while he “Decla a ion o
human and ci il igh s” in F ance was oluminous.
2. The media se ed as he ” ou h au ho i y" in F ance. Because each
poli ical pa y had i s own newspape p in ed. The aim o his, on he o he hand, is
ha hey can inc ease hei suppo e s as much as possible and hus know ha hey
ha e ough agains hei opponen s.
3. The end o he mona chy and he p oclama ion o he Republic in he
yea s o he e olu ion can also be said o be he p oduc o hei ini ia i e.
4. In he coun y, eudal p ocedu es we e comple ely abolished. The
escala ion in he land and he p i ileges o a numbe o ca ego ies we e also
abolished. This e o m se ed as p oo o he law on he legal equali y o he
ci izens o he coun y.
5. The law on he in iolabili y o p i a e p ope y by he go e nmen and
he dec ee on he di ision o land p ope ies o emig an s who le he coun y in o
he people ook g ea impo ance, albei no as ai ly implemen ed as e e .
A he same ime ha he e olu ion was in p og ess in F ance, he e was an
a mosphe e o in ense compe i ion be ween he pa ies. This ac o caused hem o
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s uggle o physically des oy each o he . Mo e common people su e ed om his
s uggle.
I can be concluded ha he e olu ion ha began in F ance was impo an
in he his o y o he wo ld and made i possible o b ing news o li e in many a eas.
An example o a e olu iona y achie emen is he ac i i ies o he poli ical pa y
and clubs o he ime. Fi s o all, ocusing on he di e ence be ween a club and a
poli ical pa y, i is unde s ood ha poli ical pa ies a e uni ed on a ce ain idea,
ha e a clea poli ical p og am and a g oup o people who can ep esen he igh o
hei suppo e s in a poli ical amewo k. The clubs, on he o he hand, ep esen a
g oup (ci cle) Uni ed on he basis o a ce ain idea ha hey a e a communi y o
people who do no ha e poli ical p og ams. I should also be added ha i is hese
poli ical clubs ha a e he i s s age o he o ma ion o pa ies.
Also, wi h he beginning o he e olu ion, powe was led i s by libe als
and hen successi ely by oyalis s, gi ondis s and jacobinis s. The p e ious pe iod
o he e olu ion, om 1789 o 1794, showed he a mosphe e o eal democ acy.
This ac o was he leading eason o he equen al e na ion o go e nmen in
F ance. Du ing he yea s o he e olu ion, he numbe o poli ical pa ies
inc eased. The al e na ion o go e nmen s, on he o he hand, ga e he pa ies ha
ook powe he oppo uni y o es hei poli ical eachings in p ac ice.
REFERENCES:
1. Bo ikin D., Chudino А. F ench Re olu ion. – Мoscow. “Аlpina non- ikish”
2020 – P. 319
2. Piskuno a Y.P. The oyalis mo emen in F ance du ing he Consula e. Thesis
o DSc. – Volgog ad, 1999 – P. 190.
