FACTIONAL POLITICS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY

SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 70 FACTIONAL POLITICS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY Dr. Abdoulaye Josep PhD, Lingvistika, Dakar University – Cheikh Anta Diop University Senegal Abstract: France was in a troubled socio-political situation by the end of the 18th century. For a long time, representatives of the third class after the recall of the uninvited General-States had expressed their discontent. Following the outbreak of rebellions in the country, a revolution broke out with the occupation of the Bastille on 14 July. Representatives of the third class were also briefly analyzed in the political processes of declaring themselves Legislative Assembly after the Constituent Assembly. The article also shows the role of political parties in the rapid development of the revolution, which was important. This scientific article discusses the emergence of political parties, their political programs, differences in their views on how to manage the state. It is also analyzed that during the revolution, the press was placed on the level of “fourth power”. This article highlights the role played by the political parties at the top of the government in human rights, private property, the collapse of the monarchy in France and the establishment of the republican system. Keywords: Revolution, States-General, Constituent Assembly, parties, Royalists, Liberals, Jacobinists, Feuillants, Cordeliers, Girondists. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 71 There are many cases of political and socio-economic crisis in the 21st century. The solution to such issues depends on elections in powerful states and the exchange of governments. An example of this is the conflict in Russia-Ukraine and the Middle East. Including, in legal-democratic states, the main sign of the formation of civil societies is the authorities, which are carried out on the basis of universal elections. The role of political parties 1 in the Democratic states, which have developed legally in the current period, is incomparable. Political parties are considered one of the important civil society institutions that act as a “bridge” between society and the state. As humanity improved, new and new bodies also emerged in the field of state management. One such organization was the parliament, in which the role of political parties also increased and began to play an important role in public administration. The parliamentary system, which was not of great importance in the Middle Ages, has now taken an important place in the life of society. In particular, by the 17th and 18th centuries, a two – party system had formed in Great Britain. Against the backdrop of the great French Revolution of 1789, many parties and clubs were formed in France. This gave rise to a multiparty system in France. They all had their own goals and programs. Also, the formation of this multiparty system, as well as the variety of competition and views between them, also became important in history. On May 5, 1789, King Louis XVI summoned the States-General in an attempt to right the difficult economic situation. For the past 150 years, this organization was practically not called. The convocation of the States-General 1 Party is a latin word derived from “parthio” meaning “to be, to be, to separate”. The party can also be understood as” a group of people who are ideologically responsible, whose interests are common, who are set aside to do a certain job". SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 72 allowed representatives of the third class to express their displeasure to the King. This phenomenon can be said to have been the prelude to the beginning of the revolution in France. Shortly after, on July 14, 1789, the occupation of the Bastille was followed by a revolution, and the entire country was covered by a popular movement. As a result, royal power was brought down in the country, with power initially controlled by the National Assembly, which was considered the Provisional Government, and later by the Constituent Assembly. At the same time, contradictions began between representatives of the upper circle in the field of management. This led to the formation of early parties and clubs in the country. It should be noted that after the National Assembly declared itself a Constituent Assembly, the deputies worked on the Constitution for two years. It was their activity that determined the essence of revolutionary changes. It should be mentioned that a revolution is not a high level of organized violence in itself, which can be described as a rebellion, but a revolution-the replacement of one political or social system by another in illegal ways [1-B-45]. In other words, such changes are carried out in most cases when the law violates the rules. However, the paradox of any revolution is that it is necessary to immediately create new ones in order to ensure the preservation and operation of a new system created as a result of the destruction of its predecessor legal institutions. Deputies of the Constituent Assembly carried out updates over the next two years. This caused periodic outbreaks of unrest in various parts of the country. These chaotic actions did not play a decisive role in the activities of the new legislature's government in the fall of 1789. At the Constituent Assembly, the division of Deputies into a number of political groups (parties) was determined [1B-46]. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 73 Also, during the ongoing revolution in France, many parties and groups were formed and operated in the political life of the country, these were the following parties: – The Liberal Party was a party founded in 1789, led by Honoré de Mirabeau, and the party stood at the top of government from 1789 to 1791. – Royalists - this party is named after the king, this party came into being in France in 1789 as a socio – political movement of supporters of the restoration of Bourbon royal power [2-B-77]. This movement is organized into several stages, which can be divided as follows: 1) from July 1789 to September 1791. 2) from the establishment of the constitutional monarchy in the autumn of 1791 until the fall of 10 August 1792. 3) from 1792 to 1800. 4) ”Society of 1789" – as founders Mirabeau, Lafayette, Sies, Condorcet, etc. – Jacobinists-operated under the name” Breton “in 1789, and the same political group separated from contains by the formation of the” Society of Friends of the Constitution". Its name is derived from the name of the Monastery of St. Yakov. They held their meetings in the library of this monastery. The difference of this party from the Breton party was that Jacobinists could be accessed not only by deputies of the Constituent Assembly, but also by other persons. However, the majority of the membership fee was 12 livres of admission, and the annual membership fee was 24 livres [3-B-22]. It was this expensive membership fee that caused the party to move away from the popular masses. Jacobinists were Republicans and fought to establish a republican system in the country. - Cordeliers – It is derived from the name of the building where the Assembly was held, just like the Jacobinists, and was founded in 1790. It was also SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 74 officially known as the” declaration of human and civil rights". Notable exponents of this political party are John Paul Marat, lawyer Ropespierre, lawyer Danton, journalist Camille Demulen, poet d'Eglantine, publisher Momoro, journalist Jacques Eber and publicist poet Bonville, among others. Many of the manifestations of the сordeliers, who were close to the Jacobins except for small differences in the idea of сordeliers, later became the main leaders of the jacobinists. - Feuillants – It split from the Jacobinists as a right-wing group due to the disagreement that arose at the session of July 16, 1791. The name of the feuillants is derived from the name of the monastery building, which in previous times belonged to the monks of the Order of Feuillants. This group was led by Lafayette, Bayi, and the so-called "triumvirate" of Barnow, Dupor, and Alexander Lamet. - Girondin’s – This party was formed in 1791. In particular, in the 1791 elections to the Legislative Assembly, the Left Bloc was formed as an opposition to the feuillants, and three lawyers from this bloc were elected to the Legislative Assembly. They were Verneau, Jansonne and Gade, [3-B-28] elected as deputies from the Department of Gironde, which was winemaking. The group, led by Brisso, a Parisian jurist and publicist who eventually led the Jacobinists ' right wing, was called "girondists" under the common name, and Brisso became their leader. While the jirondaites shared an opinion with the Jacobinists, they were divided over the issue of the execution of the King. Because the girondists were trying to save the life of the King. Including, in France, it can be seen that the political parties that were at the top of the government during the years of the revolution carried out reforms in favor of a number of people. But it should be added that a large part of the reforms carried out were in the interest of the bourgeoisie. It is permissible to dwell on the SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 75 main ones on the reforms carried out by the parties while the revolution continues in the country. these are: 1. As early as the beginning of the revolution, on the initiative of the parties in the country, the “Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen” was adopted on August 26, 1789. It can be understood from this that it is this declaration that will serve as the basis for the development of human rights laws throughout the world in the next period. At the same time, it should be added that with the adopted Declaration in France, the “Declaration of Independence”, adopted in the United States on July 4, 1776, was the product of the 18th-century European “enlighteners”. The difference between them was that the U.S. “Declaration of Independence” was short and lame, while the “Declaration of human and civil rights” in France was voluminous. 2. The media served as the ”fourth authority" in France. Because each political party had its own newspaper printed. The aim of this, on the other hand, is that they can increase their supporters as much as possible and thus know that they have fought against their opponents. 3. The end of the monarchy and the proclamation of the Republic in the years of the revolution can also be said to be the product of their initiative. 4. In the country, feudal procedures were completely abolished. The escalation in the land and the privileges of a number of categories were also abolished. This reform served as proof of the law on the legal equality of the citizens of the country. 5. The law on the inviolability of private property by the government and the decree on the division of land properties of emigrants who left the country into the people took great importance, albeit not as fairly implemented as ever. At the same time that the revolution was in progress in France, there was an atmosphere of intense competition between the parties. This factor caused them to SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IDEAS IN MODERN EDUCATION Vol. 2. Issue 1. 76 struggle to physically destroy each other. More common people suffered from this struggle. It can be concluded that the revolution that began in France was important in the history of the world and made it possible to bring news to life in many areas. An example of a revolutionary achievement is the activities of the political party and clubs of the time. First of all, focusing on the difference between a club and a political party, it is understood that political parties are united on a certain idea, have a clear political program and a group of people who can represent the right of their supporters in a political framework. The clubs, on the other hand, represent a group (circle) United on the basis of a certain idea that they are a community of people who do not have political programs. It should also be added that it is these political clubs that are the first stage of the formation of parties. Also, with the beginning of the revolution, power was led first by liberals and then successively by royalists, girondists and jacobinists. The previous period of the revolution, from 1789 to 1794, showed the atmosphere of real democracy. This factor was the leading reason for the frequent alternation of government in France. During the years of the revolution, the number of political parties increased. The alternation of governments, on the other hand, gave the parties that took power the opportunity to test their political teachings in practice. REFERENCES: 1. Bovikin D., Chudinov А. French Revolution. – Мoscow. “Аlpina non-fikish” 2020 – P. 319 2. Piskunova Y.P. The royalist movement in France during the Consulate. Thesis of DSc. – Volgograd, 1999 – P. 190.