विकास खण्ड नरायनपुर (जनपद मिर्ज़ापुर) में ग्रामीण विकास पर कृषि पद्धतियों का प्रभाव : एक भू-स्थानिक दृष्टिकोण

Jou nal o Resea ch and De elopmen
Pee Re iewed In e na ional, Open Access Jou nal.
ISSN : 2230-9578 | Websi e: h ps://j d b.o g Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| Augus - 2025
103
(  ) : 
- 
, ,  ,  ,. .
Email: a ichailus e @gmail.com
Manusc ip ID:
JRD -2025-170817
ISSN: 2230-9578
Volume 17
Issue 8(B)|
Pp. 103-109
Aug 2025
Submi ed:13 July. 2025
Re ised: 28 July. 2025
Accep ed: 13 Aug. 2025
Published: 31 Aug. 2025
Lkkj
;g /;;u Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj] yk e kZiqj esa — "k çFkk ksa ds xzkeh.k odkl ij çHkko dh
kap dj k gS] lesa losZ{k.k& k/kk j MsVk o'ys"k.k dk mi;ksx d;k x;k gSA ;g o HkUu — "k
o /k;ksa] Hkw e mi;ksx iSVuZ] lapkbZ ç.kk y;ksa kSj Qly mRiknu çFkk ksa ds k FkZd odkl] jks xkj
ds oljksa kSj xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh lkekU; HkykbZ ij ;ksxnku dh kap dj k gSA bl {ks= esa
ekS wnk — "k çFkk ksa dh çHkko'khy k kSj LFkj k dk kdyu djus ds y, 300 mÙkjnk k ksa] uesa
dlku kSj — "k J ed 'kk ey gSa] dk losZ{k.k d;k x;kA ;g 'kks/k — "k mRiknd k dks c<+kus okys
çeq[k Roksa kSj muds xzkeh.k k h odk ij çHkko dh igpku djus dk ç;kl dj k gSA ;g
dlkuksa kSj J edksa }kjk lkeuk dh kus okyh pqukS ;ksa] Sls lalk/kuksa] çkS|ks xdh kSj ç 'k{k.k
d igq¡p] dks Hkh le>us dk ç;kl dj k gSA bu Roksa dk o'ys"k.k djds] /;;u ;g n'kkZ k gS
d — "k j.kuh ;k¡ xzkeh.k odkl] k FkZd LFkj k kSj i;kZoj.kh; LFkj k dks c<+kok nsus esa dSls
lgk;d gks ld h gSaA i j.kkeLo:i] ;g u"d"kZ uh uekZ k ksa kSj g /kkjdksa dks çHkkoh uh ;k¡
kSj gL {ksi M kbu djus ds y, ewY;oku a –Z "V çnku djus dk y{; j[k s gSa] ks — "k
çFkk ksa dks c<+kok nsus kSj {ks= esa LFkj xzkeh.k odkl dks çksRlk g dj ldsaA dqy eykdj] ;g
'kks/k xzkeh.k odkl kSj — "k ds nh?kZdk yd lkek d& k FkZd çx esa ;ksxnku dh egÙkk ij
O;kid ppkZ esa ;ksxnku djus dk ç;kl dj k gSA
dhoMZ% — "k çFkk,¡] xzkeh.k odkl] k FkZd odkl] jks xkj ds olj
i jp;
— "k dks yacs le; ls xzkeh.k FkZO;oLFkk ksa dh jh<+ ekuk k k gS] ks hou;kiu dk
eq[; lzks çnku dj h gS] [kk| lqj{kk lq u 'p dj h gS] kSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa k FkZd LFkj k esa
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns h gSA dbZ odkl'khy {ks=ksa esa] — "k u dsoy LFkkuh; ula[;k dh h odk dk
leFkZu dj h gS] c Yd O;kid lkek d& k FkZd odkl dks c<+kok nsus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk
uHkk h gSA e kZiqj ys esa LFk Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj dk xzkeh.k i j–'; ,d o o/k — "k i;kZoj.k
çnku dj k gS] lesa o HkUu çdkj dh Qlysa] eos'kh kSj ikjai jd — "k çFkk,¡ 'kk ey gSaA
gkyka d] blds — "k laHkkouk ksa ds cko wn] bl {ks= dks dbZ pqukS ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ k gS]
ks blds odkl kSj lexz xzkeh.k odkl esa #dkoV Mky h gSaA bu pqukS ;ksa esa Hkw e dk ijnu]
O;o LFk lapkbZ ç.kk y;k¡] k/kq ud — "k duhdksa d lh e igq¡p] kSj [kjkc ck kj
dus DV oVh 'kk ey gSa] ks mRiknd k kSj LFkkuh; ula[;k dh h odk ij çHkko Mky s gSaA Hkw e
dk ijnu] ks eq[; :i ls R; /kd [ks h] ouksa dh dVkbZ] kSj jklk; ud moZjdksa ds R; /kd
mi;ksx ds dkj.k gks k gS] us eêh dh moZj k esa deh dh gS] lls Qly mi çHkk o gks jgh
gSA
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Add ess o co espondence:
, , ,  ,  , . .
How o ci e his a icle:
,(
2025).
(  ) :
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Jou nal o Resea ch and De elopmen , 17(8(B)), 103–109.
O iginal A icle
Jou nal o Resea ch and De elopmen
Pee Re iewed In e na ional, Open Access Jou nal.
ISSN : 2230-9578 | Websi e: h ps://j d b.o g Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| Augus - 2025
104
{ks= dh lapkbZ ç.kk y;k¡] ks Dlj iqjkuh kSj [kjkc j[k&j[kko okyh gks h gSa] O;o LFk gSa] lds i j.kkeLo:i
egRoiw.kZ mxkbZ ds ekSle esa y dh deh gks h gS kSj — "k mRiknd k ij kSj ncko iM+ k gSA blds ykok] ukjk;.kiqj
ds dlku ck kjksa d lh e igq¡p ds dkj.k la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] ks Dlj cØh esa nsjh] Qlyksa ds y, de dhe sa] kSj
mi ds ckn uqdlku dks c<+k k gSA ;s leL;k,¡ {ks= dh k FkZd LFkj k esa ;ksxnku dj h gSa kSj dlkuksa kSj — "k
J edksa ds hou L j ij çHkko Mky h gSaA
bu pa k ksa dks /;ku esa j[k s gq,] bl /;;u dk mís'; Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa — "k çFkk ksa dk o'ys"k.k
djuk kSj mudk xzkeh.k odkl ij lh/kk kSj çR;{k çHkko le>uk gSA bl 'kks/k esa Hkw&LFkk ud duhdksa] Sls d
h kbZ,l ¼HkkSxks yd lwpuk ç.kkyh½ eku p=.k] ds lkFk&lkFk losZ{k.k k/kk j MsVk laxzg.k i) dk la;ks u d;k
k,xk] k d ;g kapk k lds d o HkUu — "k o /k;k¡] Hkw e mi;ksx iSVuZ] kSj Qly ç.kkyh k FkZd odkl] jks xkj
kSj lexz xzkeh.k dY;k.k dks dSls çHkk o dj h gSaA mís'; ;g gS d mu LFkk;h — "k çFkk ksa dh igpku dh k lds ks
{ks= esa lkeus k jgh leL;k ksa dks gy dj ld h gSa kSj — "k mRiknd k kSj xzkeh.k odkl dks lq/kkjus ds y,
lQk j'ksa nh k ldsaA
blds ykok] /;;u dk mís'; ekS wnk — "k çFkk ksa dh çHkko'khy k dk ewY;kadu djuk kSj ;g ns[kuk
gS d ;s çFkk,¡ {ks= dh cny h i;kZoj.kh; kSj k FkZd i j LFk ;ksa ds uqlkj dSls uqdw y dh k ld h gSaA bl kap
ds ek/;e ls] 'kks/k uh uekZ k ksa] — "k o'ks"kKksa kSj LFkkuh; g /kkjdksa ds y, ewY;oku kudkjh çnku djsxk] k d os
,sls çHkkoh j.kuh ;k¡ S;kj dj ldsa ks Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa LFkk;h — "k o` ) kSj xzkeh.k odkl dks c<+kok nsaA a %] ;g
/;;u — "k kSj xzkeh.k odkl ds chp laca/k dks xgjs ls le>us esa ;ksxnku nsus dk ç;kl djsxk] k d {ks= esa
nh?kZdk yd k FkZd kSj lkek d çx dks c<+kok ey ldsA
Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj] ks mÙkj çns'k ds e kZiqj ys esa LFk gS] ,d çeq[k :i ls xzkeh.k i j–'; okyk
kSj o o/k — "k FkZO;oLFkk ls laiUu {ks= gSA bl Cy‚d esa cgq ls — "k i jokj jg s gSa ks iuh h odk ds y, — "k
ij uHkZj gSaA {ks= dh — "k x o /k;k¡ o HkUu çdkj dh Qlyksa dks doj dj h gSa] uesa uk Sls xsgwa] pkoy] kSj nkysa]
lkFk gh lkFk ckxokuh Qlysa Sls l C ;k¡ kSj Qy 'kk ey gSaA eos'kh ikyu] o'ks"k :i ls xk; kSj cd j;k¡] Hkh LFkkuh;
FkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku dj h gSaA gkyka d] bl {ks= dh — "k {ke k ds cko wn] Cy‚d dks dbZ pqukS ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ k gS ks bldh mRiknd k kSj lexz odkl dks çHkk o dj h gSaA mUu — "k duhdksa dh deh] lapkbZ dh lh e
igq¡p] kSj Hkw e ijnu dh ckj&ckj leL;k çeq[k #dkoVsa gSaA blds jä] olajpuk leL;k,¡] Sls [kjkc lM+d
dus DV oVh kSj i;kZI ck kj igqap] LFkkuh; dlkuksa dks gksus okyh d Bukb;ksa dks kSj c<+k ns h gSaA
ukjk;.kiqj dk — "k i j–'; dbZ çk— d kSj ekuo u eZ dkjdksa ls çHkk o gks k gS ks mRiknd k
kSj leqnk; dh lkek d& k FkZd HkykbZ dks çHkk o dj s gSaA c d mi kÅ eêh kSj uqdwy yok;q i j LFk ;k¡ — "k
ds y, olj çnku dj h gSa] xy Hkw e çca/ku] u; e o"kkZ] kSj ikjai jd — "k o /k;ksa ij R; /kd uHkZj k
nh?kZdk yd LFkj k dks çHkk o dj h gSA Cy‚d esa lkek d& k FkZd leku k,¡ Hkh gSa] gka NksVs dlku kSj — "k J ed
Sls gk 'k, ij jgus okys oxZ /kd çHkk o gks s gSa kSj os [kjkc — "k çFkk ksa ds ç dwy çHkkoksa ds y, /kd
laosnu'khy gks s gSaA
xzkeh.k odkl ij — "k i) ;ksa dk çHkko
— "k çFkk,¡ ,d {ks= ds xzkeh.k odkl dks lh/ks çHkk o dj h gSa] ks k FkZd LFkj k] jks xkj] [kk|
lqj{kk kSj lexz HkykbZ dks çHkk o dj h gSaA Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ds lanHkZ esa] — "k çFkk,¡ {ks= ds lkek d& k FkZd i j–';
dks kdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk uHkk h gSaA — "k] ks h odk dk çeq[k lzks gS] LFkkuh; ula[;k ds y, k; L j]
jks xkj ds olj kSj lalk/kuksa dh miyC/k k dks u/kkZ j dj h gSA
— "k çFkk,¡ xzkeh.k odkl dks çHkk o djus dk ,d çeq[k jhdk muds k FkZd odkl ij çHkko Mkyus
ds ek/;e ls gSA ikjai jd — "k o /k;k¡] Sls d ,dy Qly mxkuk kSj uEu& ko';d k okyh duhdksa ij uHkZj k]
mPp — "k mi dh laHkkouk dks lh e dj h gSaA blds i j.kkeLo:i dlkuksa ds y, k; L j de gks k k gS] ks
Dlj mUgsa xjhch dh ksj /kdsy k gSA blds oijh ] k/kq ud kSj l — "k çFkk ksa dks iukus Sls d Qly pØ]
S od — "k] kSj çHkkoh lapkbZ duhdksa dk mi;ksx mRiknd k kSj k; l` u dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls c<+k ld k gSA blds
jä] — "k mRiknd k esa lq/kkj ls /k'ks"k mRiknu mRiUu gks ld k gS] ls LFkkuh; kSj {ks=h; ck kjksa esa cspk k
ld k gS] lls k FkZd odkl dks mÙks uk ey h gS kSj hou L j esa o` ) gks h gSA — "k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jks xkj l` u
esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk uHkk h gSA Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa] cM+h la[;k esa yksx — "k J ed ds :i esa dke dj s gSa] pkgs os
dlku gksa ;k — "k J edA gkyka d] ikjai jd — "k o /k;ksa dh {ke k ds dkj.k i;kZI jks xkj ds olj kSj de
e nwjh gks jgh gSA k/kq ud — "k duhdksa] — "k çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa] kSj laca /k x o /k;ksa Sls d eos'kh ikyu] iksYVªh
kSj eNyh ikyu esa o o/khdj.k ds }kjk u, jks xkj ds olj iSnk d, k ld s gSaA blds ykok] ubZ — "k duhdksa
kSj ewY; lao /kZ mRiknksa esa ç 'k{k.k kSj dkS'ky odkl çnku djus ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks l'kä cuk;k k ld k gS
kSj jks xkj ds oljksa dks c<+k;k k ld k gSA
Hkw e mi;ksx ds iSVuZ kSj Qly ç.kkyh Hkh — "k mRiknd k kSj xzkeh.k ula[;k dh k FkZd LFkj k u/kkZ j
djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk uHkk h gSaA ukjk;.kiqj esa] ikjai jd Hkw e mi;ksx ds iSVuZ kSj iqjkus Qly ç.kk y;k¡ Dlj Hkw e ds
i;kZI mi;ksx dh ksj ys k h gSaA ,dh— — "k ç.kk y;ksa] — "k ok udh] kSj o o/kh— Qly o /k;ksa dks c<+kok nsdj
Jou nal o Resea ch and De elopmen
Pee Re iewed In e na ional, Open Access Jou nal.
ISSN : 2230-9578 | Websi e: h ps://j d b.o g Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| Augus - 2025
105
— "k mRiknd k esa lq/kkj d;k k ld k gSA ;s çFkk,¡ u dsoy mi c<+k h gSa] c Yd yok;q i jo Zu kSj ck kj
m kj&p<+ko ls laca /k ks [keksa dks Hkh de dj h gSaA blds jä] lapkbZ lq o/kk,¡ ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSa ks — "k
çFkk ksa dh lQy k u/kkZ j dj h gSaA u {ks=ksa esa lapkbZ olajpuk lh e gS] ogka lw[kk iM+us ij Qlysa oQy gks k h
gSa] lls xjhch dk pØ kSj c<+ k k gSA y çca/ku esa lq/kkj] lapkbZ usVodZ dk oL kj kSj y&cp duhdksa Sls
Mªi kSj Lçadyj lLVe dks iukdj — "k mRiknu esa egRoiw.kZ o` ) gks ld h gS kSj dlkuksa ds hou;kiu dks LFkj k
ey ld h gSA
blds ykok] — "k çFkk ksa ds lkek d kSj i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dks u j ank ugha d;k k ld kA
l — "k çFkk,¡] Sls jklk; ud moZjdksa kSj dhVuk'kdksa dk /kd mi;ksx] eêh ds ijnu] So o o/k k dh gk u
kSj i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dk dkj.k cuh gSaA nwljh ksj] l — "k çFkk,¡ ks eêh laj{k.k] y çca/ku kSj S od — "k ij
dsa æ gSa] i;kZoj.kh; uqdlku dks de dj ld h gSa kSj nh?kZdk yd — "k mRiknd k dks c<+k ld h gSaA
xzkeh.k ula[;k dk LokLF; kSj iks"k.k Hkh — "k çFkk ksa ls xgjs qM+s gks s gSaA mUu — "k duh d;k¡
kSj o o/kh— Qlysa csg j iks"k.k] [kk| lqj{kk kSj lexz HkykbZ dh ksj ys k h gSaA c<+h gqbZ — "k mRiknd k iks"kd Roksa
ls Hkjiwj [kk| inkFkksaZ dh s eady kiw Z çnku dj ld h gS] lls dqiks"k.k kSj laca /k LokLF; leL;k ksa esa deh k
ld h gSA la{ksi esa] Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj dh — "k çFkk ksa dk xzkeh.k odkl ij xgjk çHkko iM+ k gSA l — "k çFkk ksa dks
iukdj] Hkw e mi;ksx iSVuZ esa lq/kkj] lapkbZ lq o/kk ksa dk oL kj kSj u, jks xkj ds oljksa dk uekZ.k djds — "k
mRiknd k dks c<+kuk ko';d gS k d lkek d& k FkZd o` ) dks c<+kok n;k k lds kSj {ks= esa hou dh xq.koÙkk esa
lq/kkj gks ldsA — "k {ks= ls laca /k pqukS ;ksa dk lek/kku djuk u dsoy k FkZd i j.kkeksa dks c<+kok nsxk] c Yd Cy‚d
ukjk;.kiqj ds xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh lkek d kSj i;kZoj.kh; LFkj k esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsxkA
/;;u ds mís';
 Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa — "k çFkk ksa ds LFkk ud o j.k dk o'ys"k.k djukA
 — "k mRiknd k kSj xzkeh.k odkl lads dksa ds chp laca/k dk ijh{k.k djukA
 dlkuksa ds — "k L Fkj k] mRiknd k kSj k FkZd ykHk ds ckjs esa – "Vdks.k dk ewY;kadu djukA
 l çFkk ksa ds ek/;e ls — "k dk;Z{ke k dks c<+kus ds y, lQk j'ksa çnku djukA
uqla/kku Ø;k o /k
;g 'kks/k MsVk laxzg ds y, losZ{k.k o /k dk mi;ksx dj k gS] lesa Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ds 300
mÙkjnk k ksa dk ,d uewuk kdkj 'kk ey gS] lesa dlku] — "k J ed kSj — "k O;olk; ek yd 'kk ey gSaA LVªSVhQkbM
jSaMe lSEi yax dk mi;ksx d;k x;k gS k d uewuk Cy‚d ds o HkUu xkaoksa dk ç u /kRo dj lds] ks o o/k — "k çFkk ksa
kSj lkek d& k FkZd LFk ;ksa dks doj dj k gSA ,d laj p ç'ukoyh S;kj dh xbZ gS k d — "k çFkk ksa ds çeq[k
igyq ksa ij MsVk ,d= d;k k ldsA blesa mxk, kus okys Qlyksa ds çdkj] iukbZ xbZ — "k duhdksa] lapkbZ lq o/kk ksa
dh miyC/k k kSj çHkko'khy k] Fkk moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa kSj S od — "k i) ;ksa dk mi;ksx 'kk ey gSA losZ{k.k esa
mÙkjnk k ksa }kjk lkeuk dh k jgh pqukS ;ksa dks Hkh lacks /k d;k x;k gS] Sls mRiknu] HkaMkj.k kSj oi.ku esa leL;k,a]
lkFk gh k FkZd LFk ;ka kSj — "k k; dk xzkeh.k i jokjksa dh k h odk ij çHkkoA MsVk laxzg muds laca /k xkaoksa esa
mÙkjnk k ksa ds lkFk keus&lkeus lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls d;k k,xk] uds ikl M Vy midj.kksa d igqap gS] muds
y, eksckby& k/kk j losZ{k.kksa }kjk bls iwjd d;k k,xkA ;g e J eksM – "Vdks.k O;kid MsVk laxzg lq u 'p djus
dk mís'; j[k k gS] c d mÙkjnk k ksa dh o o/k igq¡p dks /;ku esa j[k s gq,A
MsVk o'ys"k.k
Qly iSVuZ
k ydk 1 kids {ks= esa mxkbZ kus okyh Qlyksa dh o o/k k
dFku
la[;k
iz ”k
–<+ kiwoZd lge
12
4.0
lge
50
16.7
VLFk
60
20.0
lge
88
29.3
–<+ kiwoZd lge
90
30.0
dqy
300
100.0
Jou nal o Resea ch and De elopmen
Pee Re iewed In e na ional, Open Access Jou nal.
ISSN : 2230-9578 | Websi e: h ps://j d b.o g Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| Augus - 2025
106
kd` 1 kids {ks= esa mxkbZ kus okyh Qlyksa dh o o/k k
k ydk 1 esa çL q i j.kke mÙkjnk k ksa dh /kkU; o o/k k ds ckjs esa /kkj.kk ksa dks n'kkZ s gSaA mÙkjnk k ksa dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ gLlk ¼30-0%½ us ;g –<+ k ls lge kbZ d muds {ks= esa o HkUu çdkj dh Qlysa mxkbZ k h gSa] c d 29-
3% us bl dFku ls lge O;ä dh] ks Qly o o/k k ds ckjs esa lkekU; ldkjkRed – "Vdks.k dks n'kkZ k gSA gkyka d]
20-0% mÙkjnk k VLFk Fks] ;g n'kkZ s gq, d mUgksaus Qly o o/k k ds opkj dk u ks leFkZu d;k kSj u gh ojks/k
d;kA nwljh ksj] 16-7% us lge O;ä dh] kSj 4-0% us –<+ lge kbZ] ks ;g n'kkZ k gS d dqN yksx eku s gSa
d {ks= esa Qly o o/k k lh e gSA ;s kadM+s lq>ko ns s gSa d c d /kdka'k mÙkjnk k o HkUu çdkj dh Qlysa mxkbZ
kus dk uqHko dj s gSa] Qj Hkh dqN yksx eglwl dj s gSa d {ks= esa — "k o o/k k dks c<+k;k k ld kA
lapkbZ d igqap
k ydk 2 Qly mRiknu ds y, o"kkZ k/kk j — "k dh qyuk esa ljdkjh lapkbZ ;ks uk,a
dFku
la[;k
iz ”k
o"kkZ k/kk j — "k ij iwjh jg
uHkZj
20
6.7
o"kkZ k/kk j — "k ij /kd
uHkZj
55
18.3
VLFk
55
18.3
ljdkjh lapkbZ ij /kd uHkZj
70
23.3
ljdkjh lapkbZ ij iwjh jg
uHkZj
100
33.3
dqy
300
100.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
–<+ kiwoZd
lge lge VLFk lge –<+ kiwoZd
lge
Qly iSVuZ
la[;k iz ”k
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
o"kkZ k/kk j — "k
ij iwjh jg uHkZj
o"kkZ k/kk j — "k
ij /kd uHkZj
VLFk ljdkjh lapkbZ ij
/kd uHkZj
ljdkjh lapkbZ ij
iwjh jg uHkZj
lapkbZ d igqap
la[;k iz ”k
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107
kd` 2 Qly mRiknu ds y, o"kkZ k/kk j — "k dh qyuk esa ljdkjh lapkbZ ;ks uk,a
k ydk 2 esa çL q u"d"kZ mÙkjnk k ksa dh lapkbZ ;ks uk ksa ij Qly mRiknu ds y, o"kkZ k/kk j — "k dh
qyuk esa uHkZj k dks m kxj dj s gSaA mÙkjnk k ksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ gLlk ¼33-3%½ ljdkjh lapkbZ ;ks uk ksa ij –<+ uHkZj
gS] c d 23-3% ljdkjh lapkbZ ij /kd uHkZj gSa] ks — "k x o /k;ksa ds y, kSipk jd lapkbZ ç.kk y;ksa ij ,d
egRoiw.kZ uHkZj k dks n'kkZ k gSA blds oijh ] 6-7% mÙkjnk k o"kkZ k/kk j — "k ij –<+ uHkZj gSa] kSj 18-3% o"kkZ k/kk j
o /k;ksa ij /kd uHkZj gSa] ks ;g n'kkZ k gS d de ç 'k dlku çk— d o"kkZ ij lapkbZ ds y, uHkZj gSaA 'ks"k 18-3%
mÙkjnk k VLFk Fks] ks nksuksa o /k;ksa ds chp dksbZ Li"V çkFk ed k ;k uHkZj k ugha n[kk s gSaA ;g MsVk ;g n'kkZ k gS d
dlkuksa esa ljdkjh lapkbZ ;ks uk ksa dks o"kkZ k/kk j — "k ij çkFk ed k nsus dh lkekU; ço` Ùk gS] ks 'kk;n lapkbZ
ç.kk y;ksa }kjk çnku dh xbZ mPp o'oluh; k kSj u;a=.k ds dkj.k gS] gkyka d o"kkZ k/kk j o /k;k¡ {ks= esa Hkh Hkh
egRoiw.kZ cuh gqbZ gSaA
k/kq ud duhdksa dk mi;ksx
k ydk 3 k/kq ud — "k duhdsa Sls ladj ch ] S od [ks h] ;k — "k i) ;ksa esa e'khuhdj.k
dFku
la[;k
iz ”k
dHkh ugha
3
1.0
'kk;n gh dHkh
55
18.3
dHkh&dHkh
80
26.7
Dlj
60
20.0
ges'kk
102
34.0
dqy
300
100.0
kd` 3 k/kq ud — "k duhdsa Sls ladj ch ] S od [ks h] ;k — "k i) ;ksa esa e'khuhdj.k
k ydk 3 esa çL q MsVk ;g n'kkZ k gS d {ks= esa mÙkjnk k ksa }kjk k/kq ud — "k duhdksa Sls gkb czM ch ksa]
S od — "k kSj ;ka =dhdj.k dk d uh gn d mi;ksx d;k k k gSA mÙkjnk k ksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ gLlk ¼34-0%½ us
c k;k d os ges'kk k/kq ud — "k duhdksa dk mi;ksx dj s gSa] ks — "k esa uokpkj kSj çkS|ks xdh ds y, e cw
çkFk ed k dks n'kkZ k gSA blds jä] 20-0% mÙkjnk k bu duhdksa dk Dlj mi;ksx dj s gSa] c d 26-7% dHkh&dHkh
budk mi;ksx dj s gSa] ks dlkuksa ds chp bu duhdksa ds mi;ksx dk e/;e L j n'kkZ k gSA ,d NksVk ç 'k mÙkjnk k
¼18-3%½ us dgk d os k/kq ud — "k duhdksa dk 'kk;n gh dHkh mi;ksx dj s gSa] kSj dsoy 1-0% mÙkjnk k ksa us ;g lads
n;k d os dHkh bu duhdksa dk mi;ksx ugha dj sA ;g lq>ko ns k gS d c d k/kq ud — "k i) ;ksa dk O;kid :i
ls iuk;k k jgk gS] Qj Hkh dqN dlku ,sls gSa uds ikl bu o /k;ksa dk lh e igqap ;k çkFk ed k gSA dqy eykdj]
i j.kke ;g n[kk s gSa d {ks= esa mRiknd k kSj LFkj k esa lq/kkj ds y, mUu — "k duhdksa ds mi;ksx dh ksj ,d
c<+ h ço` Ùk gSA
0
20
40
60
80
100
dHkh ugha 'kk;n gh
dHkh dHkh&dHkh Dlj ges'kk
k/kq ud duhdksa dk mi;ksx
la[;k iz ”k

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108
k FkZd çHkko
k ydk 4 — "k k; us lexz hou L j esa lq/kkj d;k gS
dFku
la[;k
iz ”k
–<+ kiwoZd
lge
35
11.7
lge
20
6.7
VLFk
84
28.0
lge
40
13.3
–<+ kiwoZd
lge
121
40.3
dqy
300
100.0
kd` 4 — "k k; us lexz hou L j esa lq/kkj d;k gSA
k ydk 4 esa çL q i j.kke ;g n'kkZ s gSa d mÙkjnk k — "k k; ds muds lexz hou L j ij çHkko ds ckjs esa
D;k lksp s gSaA ,d egRoiw.kZ cgqe ] 40-3%] us bl ij ksj n;k d — "k k; us muds hou L j dks csg j cuk;k gS] ks
;g n'kkZ k gS d cgq ksa ds y, — "k muds k FkZd dY;k.k esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku dj h gSA blds jä] 13-3% us
lge O;ä dh] lls ;g kSj Li"V gks k gS d — "k k; dk k h odk ij ldkjkRed çHkko gSA gkyka d] ,d
egRoiw.kZ gLlk] 28-0%] VLFk jgk] ks ;g n'kkZ k gS d dqN yksxksa ds y, — "k k; dk muds hou L j ij çHkko u ks
egRoiw.kZ gS kSj u gh ux.;A nwljh ksj] 6-7% us lge gks s gq,] kSj 11-7% us iwjh jg ls lge gks s gq, ;g lads
n;k d — "k k; us muds hou dh LFk esa lq/kkj djus esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha d;kA dqy eykdj] MsVk ;g lq>ko
ns k gS d c d — "k k; dbZ mÙkjnk k ksa ds hou L j esa lq/kkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk uHkk h gS] blds çHkko dks ysdj
ula[;k esa i;kZI HkUu k,¡ gSaA
u"d"kZ
;g /;;u Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa xzkeh.k odkl dks c<+kok nsus esa — "k çFkk ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkw edk dks js[kka d
dj k gSA ;g n'kkZ k gS d c d gkb czM ch ksa] S od [ks h kSj ;ka =dhdj.k Slh k/kq ud — "k duhdksa us mRiknd k
kSj n{k k ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mkyk gS] Qj Hkh dbZ pqukS ;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA i;kZI lapkbZ lq o/kk ksa d lh e igq¡p kSj
o"kkZ k/kk j — "k ij uHkZj k — "k odkl esa ck/kk mRiUu dj h gS] lls dlku yok;q i jo Zuksa ds ç laosnu'khy
gks k s gSaA blds ykok] i;kZI ck kj igqap dlkuksa dks muds mRiknksa dk iwjk ykHk mBkus ls jksd h gS] lls mudh
k; L j kSj lexz k FkZd LFkj k çHkk o gks h gSA gkyka d] u"d"kksaZ esa lq/kkj ds olj Hkh ns[ks x, gSaA GIS& k/kk j
;ks uk dk ,dhdj.k — "k mRiknd k esa LFkk ud HkUu k ksa dk eku p=.k djus ds y, ,d k'kk ud lek/kku çnku
dj k gS] lls csg j y {k gL {ksi kSj lalk/ku koaVu laHko gks k gSA lapkbZ] Qly çca/ku kSj ck kj dus DV oVh
dks uqdw y djus ds y, çkS|ks xdh dk ykHk mBkdj bl {ks= esa — "k LFkj k dks c<+k;k k ld k gSA blds jä]
,sls dlku&dsa æ uh ;ksa dks iukuk ks cq u;knh <kaps kSj oÙkh; ck/kk ksa nksuksa dks lacks /k djsa] ;g lq u 'p dj
ld k gS d xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dks l — "k çFkk ksa ls ykHk gksA a esa] c d k/kq ud çFkk ksa ds ek/;e ls — "k
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
–<+ kiwoZd
lge lge VLFk lge –<+ kiwoZd
lge
k FkZd çHkko
la[;k iz ”k
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109
mRiknd k dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ dne mBk, x, gSa] ;g ko';d gS d lapkbZ] ck kj dh igqap kSj lalk/ku çca/ku dh
py jgh pqukS ;ksa dk lek/kku d;k k,A lgh uh gL {ksi kSj duhdh midj.kksa ds çHkkoh mi;ksx ds lkFk] Cy‚d
ukjk;.kiqj ,d /kd yphyk kSj le`) — "k {ks= cuk ld k gS] ks iuh xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds y, nh?kZdk yd k FkZd
kSj lkek d çx dks c<+kok nsxkA
lanHkZ
1. eJk] h- ds- ¼2019½- Cy‚d L j dh ;ks uk esa — "k odkl dk ç'kklu- *Hkkj h; yksd ç'kklu i =dk] 34*¼4½]
1005&1019A
2. yky] ih-] ckny] ih- ,l-] & dqekj] ,l- ¼2017½- e kZiqj ys esa lkeqnk ;d k/kk j çk— d lalk/ku çca/ku dk —
"k LFkj k kSj k h odk lqj{kk ij çHkko- *QkekZdksXukslh kSj QkbVksds eLVªh i =dk] 6*¼6S½] 123&125A
3. lkb d;k] ch- ¼2022½- le esa xzkeh.k k h odk odYi kSj blls laca /k leL;k,¡- *oS 'od çca/ku 'kks/k i =dk]
12*¼1½] 34A
4. gyksb/kkjh] ,e-] & c# k] Mh- lh- ¼2011½- pkoy ds uds o'ks"k ck;ksekl dk odsUæh— c yh mRiknu ds y,
laHkkO; k: le ds y[kheiqj ys esa ,d h kbZ,l& k/kk j /;;u- *l odkl ds y, Å kZ] 15*¼3½]
214&222A
5. e/kqjh] ,e-] okjh] ,p- kj-] & HkkS ed] ih- ds- ¼2014½- k h odk laosnu'khy k lwpdkad o'ys"k.k: cgkj ds lanHkZ esa
laosnu'khy k dk /;;u djus ds y, ,d – "Vdks.k- * kack: kink ks [ke /;;u i =dk] 6*¼1½] 13A
6. lag] lh- oh-] ja u] kj-] 'ks[kj] ,l-] lag] ,- ds-] SLoky] ,- ds-] & iku] kj- ,l- ¼2018½- >kj[kaM ds laFkky
ijxuk {ks= ds dlkuksa dh lkek d& k FkZd LFk kSj – "Vdks.k: ,d csapekdZ o'ys"k.k- *, 'k;kbZ — "k oL kj]
FkZ'kkL= kSj lek 'kkL= i =dk] 22*¼2½] 1&6A
7. nqcs] ih- ds-] lag] ,-] pkSj l;k] kj-] ikaMs] ds- ds-] cqansyk] ,- ds-] lag] h- ,l-] & Hkyk'k] ih- lh- ¼2022½- iwohZ mÙkj
çns'k esa LFkj pkoy&xsgwa mRiknu kSj e`nk moZj k lq/kkj ds y, i'kq [kkn kSj ikS/kksa ds o'ks"k k/kk j la'kks/ku-
*bdksy‚ dy ba h u; jax] 177*] 106551A
8. e qenkj] ,l-] nkl] ,-] & eaMy] ,l- ¼2023½- i 'pe caxky ds eanikpd Cy‚d esa unh dukjs dVko kSj LFkkuh;
ula[;k dh k h odk laosnu'khy k- *i;kZoj.k] odkl kSj LFkj k] 25*¼1½] 138&175A
9. lsaxj] kj- ,l-] lag] ch- ch-] Hkkj}k ] ,u-] & lag] ,- ds- ¼2008½- NÙkhlx<+ ds k nok l;ksa esa ,uMCY;wMhih kj, dk
Qly mRiknu ij çHkko- *Hkkj h; uqla/kku i =dk] 8*¼1½] 54&56A
10. nqcs] ih- ds-] lag] h- ,l-] Hkyk'k] ih- lh-] nqcs] ih- ds-] lag] h- ,l-] & Hkyk'k] ih- lh- ¼2020½- iwohZ mÙkj çns'k
esa iukbZ xbZ — "k çFkk,¡- * uqdwyh — "k çFkk,¡: cny s yok;q esa yphykiu uekZ.k* esa ¼i`- 93&122½A
11. nÙkk] ,l- ¼2018½- lapkbZ kSj — "k oL kj ds dkj.k&çHkko o'ys"k.k: i 'pe caxky ds c/kZeku ys ds ;&neksnj
baVj¶ywo ds daDlk Cy‚d dk ,d /;;u- *l y lalk/ku çca/ku] 4*] 469&487A
12. dqekj] ,l-] & dqekj] kj- ¼2014½- xksHkh mxkus okyksa }kjk mi;ksx d, x, o HkUu lwpuk lzks ksa dk oL kj- *Hkkj h;
lkek d uqla/kku i =dk] 55*¼5½] 745&750A