विकास खण्ड नरायनपुर (जनपद मिर्ज़ापुर) में ग्रामीण विकास पर कृषि पद्धतियों का प्रभाव : एक भू-स्थानिक दृष्टिकोण

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 103 (  ) :  -  , ,  ,  ,. . Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-170817 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 8(B)| Pp. 103-109 Aug 2025 Submitted:13 July. 2025 Revised: 28 July. 2025 Accepted: 13 Aug. 2025 Published: 31 Aug. 2025 Lkkj ;g v/;;u Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj] ftyk fetkZiqj esa —f"k çFkkvksa ds xzkeh.k fodkl ij çHkko dh tkap djrk gS] ftlesa losZ{k.k&vk/kkfjr MsVk fo'ys"k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;g fofHkUu —f"k fof/k;ksa] Hkwfe mi;ksx iSVuZ] flapkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj Qly mRiknu çFkkvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl] jkstxkj ds voljksa vkSj xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh lkekU; HkykbZ ij ;ksxnku dh tkap djrk gSA bl {ks= esa ekStwnk —f"k çFkkvksa dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj fLFkjrk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, 300 mÙkjnkrkvksa] ftuesa fdlku vkSj —f"k Jfed 'kkfey gSa] dk losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA ;g 'kks/k —f"k mRikndrk dks c<+kus okys çeq[k rRoksa vkSj muds xzkeh.k vkthfodk ij çHkko dh igpku djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ;g fdlkuksa vkSj Jfedksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa] tSls lalk/kuksa] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj çf'k{k.k rd igq¡p] dks Hkh le>us dk ç;kl djrk gSA bu rRoksa dk fo'ys"k.k djds] v/;;u ;g n'kkZrk gS fd —f"k j.kuhfr;k¡ xzkeh.k fodkl] vkfFkZd fLFkjrk vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsus esa dSls lgk;d gks ldrh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] ;g fu"d"kZ uhfr fuekZrkvksa vkSj fgr/kkjdksa dks çHkkoh uhfr;k¡ vkSj gLr{ksi fMtkbu djus ds fy, ewY;oku var–Zf"V çnku djus dk y{; j[krs gSa] tks —f"k çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj {ks= esa fLFkj xzkeh.k fodkl dks çksRlkfgr dj ldsaA dqy feykdj] ;g 'kks/k xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj —f"k ds nh?kZdkfyd lkekftd&vkfFkZd çxfr esa ;ksxnku dh egÙkk ij O;kid ppkZ esa ;ksxnku djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA dhoMZ% —f"k çFkk,¡] xzkeh.k fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl] jkstxkj ds volj ifjp; —f"k dks yacs le; ls xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh jh<+ ekuk tkrk gS] tks thou;kiu dk eq[; lzksr çnku djrh gS] [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrh gS] vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fLFkjrk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gSA dbZ fodkl'khy {ks=ksa esa] —f"k u dsoy LFkkuh; tula[;k dh thfodk dk leFkZu djrh gS] cfYd O;kid lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA fetkZiqj ftys esa fLFkr Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj dk xzkeh.k ifj–'; ,d fofo/k —f"k i;kZoj.k çnku djrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu çdkj dh Qlysa] eos'kh vkSj ikjaifjd —f"k çFkk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA gkykafd] blds —f"k laHkkoukvksa ds ckotwn] bl {ks= dks dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tks blds fodkl vkSj lexz xzkeh.k fodkl esa #dkoV Mkyrh gSaA bu pqukSfr;ksa esa Hkwfe dk vijnu] vO;ofLFkr flapkbZ ç.kkfy;k¡] vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa rd lhfer igq¡p] vkSj [kjkc cktkj dusfDVfoVh 'kkfey gSa] tks mRikndrk vkSj LFkkuh; tula[;k dh thfodk ij çHkko Mkyrs gSaA Hkwfe dk vijnu] tks eq[; :i ls vR;f/kd [ksrh] ouksa dh dVkbZ] vkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa ds vR;f/kd mi;ksx ds dkj.k gksrk gS] us feêh dh moZjrk esa deh dh gS] ftlls Qly mit çHkkfor gks jgh gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: , , ,  ,  , . . How to cite this article: ,( 2025). (  ) :  -  Journal of Research and Development, 17(8(B)), 103–109. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 104 {ks= dh flapkbZ ç.kkfy;k¡] tks vDlj iqjkuh vkSj [kjkc j[k&j[kko okyh gksrh gSa] vO;ofLFkr gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i egRoiw.kZ mxkbZ ds ekSle esa ty dh deh gksrh gS vkSj —f"k mRikndrk ij vkSj ncko iM+rk gSA blds vykok] ukjk;.kiqj ds fdlku cktkjksa rd lhfer igq¡p ds dkj.k la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] tks vDlj fcØh esa nsjh] Qlyksa ds fy, de dhersa] vkSj mit ds ckn uqdlku dks c<+krk gSA ;s leL;k,¡ {ks= dh vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk esa ;ksxnku djrh gSa vkSj fdlkuksa vkSj —f"k Jfedksa ds thou Lrj ij çHkko Mkyrh gSaA bu fparkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] bl v/;;u dk mís'; Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa —f"k çFkkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkSj mudk xzkeh.k fodkl ij lh/kk vkSj vçR;{k çHkko le>uk gSA bl 'kks/k esa Hkw&LFkkfud rduhdksa] tSls fd thvkbZ,l ¼HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ç.kkyh½ ekufp=.k] ds lkFk&lkFk losZ{k.k vk/kkfjr MsVk laxzg.k i)fr dk la;kstu fd;k tk,xk] rkfd ;g tkapk tk lds fd fofHkUu —f"k fof/k;k¡] Hkwfe mi;ksx iSVuZ] vkSj Qly ç.kkyh vkfFkZd fodkl] jkstxkj vkSj lexz xzkeh.k dY;k.k dks dSls çHkkfor djrh gSaA mís'; ;g gS fd mu LFkk;h —f"k çFkkvksa dh igpku dh tk lds tks {ks= esa lkeus vk jgh leL;kvksa dks gy dj ldrh gSa vkSj —f"k mRikndrk vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl dks lq/kkjus ds fy, flQkfj'ksa nh tk ldsaA blds vykok] v/;;u dk mís'; ekStwnk —f"k çFkkvksa dh çHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu djuk vkSj ;g ns[kuk gS fd ;s çFkk,¡ {ks= dh cnyrh i;kZoj.kh; vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj dSls vuqdwfyr dh tk ldrh gSaA bl tkap ds ek/;e ls] 'kks/k uhfr fuekZrkvksa] —f"k fo'ks"kKksa vkSj LFkkuh; fgr/kkjdksa ds fy, ewY;oku tkudkjh çnku djsxk] rkfd os ,sls çHkkoh j.kuhfr;k¡ rS;kj dj ldsa tks Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa LFkk;h —f"k o`f) vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl dks c<+kok nsaA varr%] ;g v/;;u —f"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl ds chp laca/k dks xgjs ls le>us esa ;ksxnku nsus dk ç;kl djsxk] rkfd {ks= esa nh?kZdkfyd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çxfr dks c<+kok fey ldsA Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj] tks mÙkj çns'k ds fetkZiqj ftys esa fLFkr gS] ,d çeq[k :i ls xzkeh.k ifj–'; okyk vkSj fofo/k —f"k vFkZO;oLFkk ls laiUu {ks= gSA bl Cy‚d esa cgqr ls —f"k ifjokj jgrs gSa tks viuh thfodk ds fy, —f"k ij fuHkZj gSaA {ks= dh —f"k xfrfof/k;k¡ fofHkUu çdkj dh Qlyksa dks doj djrh gSa] ftuesa vukt tSls xsgwa] pkoy] vkSj nkysa] lkFk gh lkFk ckxokuh Qlysa tSls lfCt;k¡ vkSj Qy 'kkfey gSaA eos'kh ikyu] fo'ks"k :i ls xk; vkSj cdfj;k¡] Hkh LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku djrh gSaA gkykafd] bl {ks= dh —f"k {kerk ds ckotwn] Cy‚d dks dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tks bldh mRikndrk vkSj lexz fodkl dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA mUur —f"k rduhdksa dh deh] flapkbZ dh lhfer igq¡p] vkSj Hkwfe vijnu dh ckj&ckj leL;k çeq[k #dkoVsa gSaA blds vfrfjä] volajpuk leL;k,¡] tSls [kjkc lM+d dusfDVfoVh vkSj vi;kZIr cktkj igqap] LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dks gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa dks vkSj c<+k nsrh gSaA ukjk;.kiqj dk —f"k ifj–'; dbZ çk—frd vkSj ekuo fufeZr dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS tks mRikndrk vkSj leqnk; dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd HkykbZ dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA tcfd mitkÅ feêh vkSj vuqdwy tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;k¡ —f"k ds fy, volj çnku djrh gSa] xyr Hkwfe çca/ku] vfu;fer o"kkZ] vkSj ikjaifjd —f"k fof/k;ksa ij vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk nh?kZdkfyd fLFkjrk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA Cy‚d esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd vlekurk,¡ Hkh gSa] tgka NksVs fdlku vkSj —f"k Jfed tSls gkf'k, ij jgus okys oxZ vf/kd çHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj os [kjkc —f"k çFkkvksa ds çfrdwy çHkkoksa ds fy, vf/kd laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA xzkeh.k fodkl ij —f"k i)fr;ksa dk çHkko —f"k çFkk,¡ ,d {ks= ds xzkeh.k fodkl dks lh/ks çHkkfor djrh gSa] tks vkfFkZd fLFkjrk] jkstxkj] [kk| lqj{kk vkSj lexz HkykbZ dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ds lanHkZ esa] —f"k çFkk,¡ {ks= ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifj–'; dks vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA —f"k] tks thfodk dk çeq[k lzksr gS] LFkkuh; tula[;k ds fy, vk; Lrj] jkstxkj ds volj vkSj lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA —f"k çFkk,¡ xzkeh.k fodkl dks çHkkfor djus dk ,d çeq[k rjhdk muds vkfFkZd fodkl ij çHkko Mkyus ds ek/;e ls gSA ikjaifjd —f"k fof/k;k¡] tSls fd ,dy Qly mxkuk vkSj fuEu&vko';drk okyh rduhdksa ij fuHkZjrk] mPp —f"k mit dh laHkkouk dks lhfer djrh gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlkuksa ds fy, vk; Lrj de gks tkrk gS] tks vDlj mUgsa xjhch dh vksj /kdsyrk gSA blds foijhr] vk/kqfud vkSj lrr —f"k çFkkvksa dks viukus tSls fd Qly pØ] tSfod —f"k] vkSj çHkkoh flapkbZ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx mRikndrk vkSj vk; l`tu dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls c<+k ldrk gSA blds vfrfjä] —f"k mRikndrk esa lq/kkj ls vf/k'ks"k mRiknu mRiUu gks ldrk gS] ftls LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h; cktkjksa esa cspk tk ldrk gS] ftlls vkfFkZd fodkl dks mÙkstuk feyrh gS vkSj thou Lrj esa o`f) gksrh gSA —f"k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj l`tu esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa] cM+h la[;k esa yksx —f"k Jfed ds :i esa dke djrs gSa] pkgs os fdlku gksa ;k —f"k JfedA gkykafd] ikjaifjd —f"k fof/k;ksa dh v{kerk ds dkj.k vi;kZIr jkstxkj ds volj vkSj de etnwjh gks jgh gSA vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa] —f"k çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa] vkSj lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa tSls fd eos'kh ikyu] iksYVªh vkSj eNyh ikyu esa fofo/khdj.k ds }kjk u, jkstxkj ds volj iSnk fd, tk ldrs gSaA blds vykok] ubZ —f"k rduhdksa vkSj ewY; laof/kZr mRiknksa esa çf'k{k.k vkSj dkS'ky fodkl çnku djus ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks l'kä cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj jkstxkj ds voljksa dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA Hkwfe mi;ksx ds iSVuZ vkSj Qly ç.kkyh Hkh —f"k mRikndrk vkSj xzkeh.k tula[;k dh vkfFkZd fLFkjrk fu/kkZfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA ukjk;.kiqj esa] ikjaifjd Hkwfe mi;ksx ds iSVuZ vkSj iqjkus Qly ç.kkfy;k¡ vDlj Hkwfe ds vi;kZIr mi;ksx dh vksj ys tkrh gSaA ,dh—r —f"k ç.kkfy;ksa] —f"k okfudh] vkSj fofo/kh—r Qly fof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsdj Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 105 —f"k mRikndrk esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s çFkk,¡ u dsoy mit c<+krh gSa] cfYd tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj cktkj mrkj&p<+ko ls lacaf/kr tksf[keksa dks Hkh de djrh gSaA blds vfrfjä] flapkbZ lqfo/kk,¡ ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSa tks —f"k çFkkvksa dh lQyrk fu/kkZfjr djrh gSaA ftu {ks=ksa esa flapkbZ volajpuk lhfer gS] ogka lw[kk iM+us ij Qlysa foQy gks tkrh gSa] ftlls xjhch dk pØ vkSj c<+ tkrk gSA ty çca/ku esa lq/kkj] flapkbZ usVodZ dk foLrkj vkSj ty&cpr rduhdksa tSls fMªi vkSj fLçadyj flLVe dks viukdj —f"k mRiknu esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) gks ldrh gS vkSj fdlkuksa ds thou;kiu dks fLFkjrk fey ldrh gSA blds vykok] —f"k çFkkvksa ds lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vlrr —f"k çFkk,¡] tSls jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx] feêh ds vijnu] tSo fofo/krk dh gkfu vkSj i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dk dkj.k cuh gSaA nwljh vksj] lrr —f"k çFkk,¡ tks feêh laj{k.k] ty çca/ku vkSj tSfod —f"k ij dsafær gSa] i;kZoj.kh; uqdlku dks de dj ldrh gSa vkSj nh?kZdkfyd —f"k mRikndrk dks c<+k ldrh gSaA xzkeh.k tula[;k dk LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k Hkh —f"k çFkkvksa ls xgjs tqM+s gksrs gSaA mUur —f"k rduhfd;k¡ vkSj fofo/kh—r Qlysa csgrj iks"k.k] [kk| lqj{kk vkSj lexz HkykbZ dh vksj ys tkrh gSaA c<+h gqbZ —f"k mRikndrk iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj [kk| inkFkksaZ dh steady vkiwfrZ çnku dj ldrh gS] ftlls dqiks"k.k vkSj lacaf/kr LokLF; leL;kvksa esa deh vk ldrh gSA la{ksi esa] Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj dh —f"k çFkkvksa dk xzkeh.k fodkl ij xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA lrr —f"k çFkkvksa dks viukdj] Hkwfe mi;ksx iSVuZ esa lq/kkj] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkj vkSj u, jkstxkj ds voljksa dk fuekZ.k djds —f"k mRikndrk dks c<+kuk vko';d gS rkfd lkekftd&vkfFkZd o`f) dks c<+kok fn;k tk lds vkSj {ks= esa thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj gks ldsA —f"k {ks= ls lacaf/kr pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/kku djuk u dsoy vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa dks c<+kok nsxk] cfYd Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ds xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsxkA v/;;u ds mís';  Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa —f"k çFkkvksa ds LFkkfud forj.k dk fo'ys"k.k djukA  —f"k mRikndrk vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl ladsrdksa ds chp laca/k dk ijh{k.k djukA  fdlkuksa ds —f"k LfFkjrk] mRikndrk vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk ds ckjs esa –f"Vdks.k dk ewY;kadu djukA  lrr çFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls —f"k dk;Z{kerk dks c<+kus ds fy, flQkfj'ksa çnku djukA vuqla/kku fØ;kfof/k ;g 'kks/k MsVk laxzg ds fy, losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx djrk gS] ftlesa Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ds 300 mÙkjnkrkvksa dk ,d uewuk vkdkj 'kkfey gS] ftlesa fdlku] —f"k Jfed vkSj —f"k O;olk; ekfyd 'kkfey gSaA LVªSVhQkbM jSaMe lSEifyax dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS rkfd uewuk Cy‚d ds fofHkUu xkaoksa dk çfrfuf/kRo dj lds] tks fofo/k —f"k çFkkvksa vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks doj djrk gSA ,d lajfpr ç'ukoyh rS;kj dh xbZ gS rkfd —f"k çFkkvksa ds çeq[k igyqvksa ij MsVk ,d= fd;k tk ldsA blesa mxk, tkus okys Qlyksa ds çdkj] viukbZ xbZ —f"k rduhdksa] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk vkSj çHkko'khyrk] rFkk moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa vkSj tSfod —f"k i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA losZ{k.k esa mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk lkeuk dh tk jgh pqukSfr;ksa dks Hkh lacksf/kr fd;k x;k gS] tSls mRiknu] HkaMkj.k vkSj foi.ku esa leL;k,a] lkFk gh vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ka vkSj —f"k vk; dk xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh vkthfodk ij çHkkoA MsVk laxzg muds lacaf/kr xkaoksa esa mÙkjnkrkvksa ds lkFk vkeus&lkeus lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk,xk] ftuds ikl fMftVy midj.kksa rd igqap gS] muds fy, eksckby&vk/kkfjr losZ{k.kksa }kjk bls iwjd fd;k tk,xkA ;g fefJr eksM –f"Vdks.k O;kid MsVk laxzg lqfuf'pr djus dk mís'; j[krk gS] tcfd mÙkjnkrkvksa dh fofo/k igq¡p dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,A MsVk fo'ys"k.k Qly iSVuZ rkfydk 1 vkids {ks= esa mxkbZ tkus okyh Qlyksa dh fofo/krk dFku la[;k izfr”kr –<+rkiwoZd vlger 12 4.0 vlger 50 16.7 rVLFk 60 20.0 lger 88 29.3 –<+rkiwoZd lger 90 30.0 dqy 300 100.0 Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 106 vkd`fr 1 vkids {ks= esa mxkbZ tkus okyh Qlyksa dh fofo/krk rkfydk 1 esa çLrqr ifj.kke mÙkjnkrkvksa dh /kkU; fofo/krk ds ckjs esa /kkj.kkvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA mÙkjnkrkvksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ¼30-0%½ us ;g –<+rk ls lgefr trkbZ fd muds {ks= esa fofHkUu çdkj dh Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa] tcfd 293% us bl dFku ls lgefr O;ä dh] tks Qly fofo/krk ds ckjs esa lkekU; ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k dks n'kkZrk gSA gkykafd] 20-0% mÙkjnkrk rVLFk Fks] ;g n'kkZrs gq, fd mUgksaus Qly fofo/krk ds fopkj dk u rks leFkZu fd;k vkSj u gh fojks/k fd;kA nwljh vksj] 16-7% us vlgefr O;ä dh] vkSj 4-0% us –<+ vlgefr trkbZ] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dqN yksx ekurs gSa fd {ks= esa Qly fofo/krk lhfer gSA ;s vkadM+s lq>ko nsrs gSa fd tcfd vf/kdka'k mÙkjnkrk fofHkUu çdkj dh Qlysa mxkbZ tkus dk vuqHko djrs gSa] fQj Hkh dqN yksx eglwl djrs gSa fd {ks= esa —f"k fofo/krk dks c<+k;k tk ldrkA flapkbZ rd igqap rkfydk 2 Qly mRiknu ds fy, o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k dh rqyuk esa ljdkjh flapkbZ ;kstuk,a dFku la[;k izfr”kr o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij iwjh rjg fuHkZj 20 6.7 o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij vf/kd fuHkZj 55 18.3 rVLFk 55 18.3 ljdkjh flapkbZ ij vf/kd fuHkZj 70 23.3 ljdkjh flapkbZ ij iwjh rjg fuHkZj 100 33.3 dqy 300 100.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 –<+rkiwoZd vlger vlger rVLFk lger –<+rkiwoZd lger Qly iSVuZ la[;k izfr”kr 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij iwjh rjg fuHkZj o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij vf/kd fuHkZj rVLFk ljdkjh flapkbZ ij vf/kd fuHkZj ljdkjh flapkbZ ij iwjh rjg fuHkZj flapkbZ rd igqap la[;k izfr”kr Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 107 vkd`fr 2 Qly mRiknu ds fy, o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k dh rqyuk esa ljdkjh flapkbZ ;kstuk,a rkfydk 2 esa çLrqr fu"d"kZ mÙkjnkrkvksa dh flapkbZ ;kstukvksa ij Qly mRiknu ds fy, o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k dh rqyuk esa fuHkZjrk dks mtkxj djrs gSaA mÙkjnkrkvksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ¼33-3%½ ljdkjh flapkbZ ;kstukvksa ij –<+ fuHkZj gS] tcfd 23-3% ljdkjh flapkbZ ij vf/kd fuHkZj gSa] tks —f"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vkSipkfjd flapkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa ij ,d egRoiw.kZ fuHkZjrk dks n'kkZrk gSA blds foijhr] 6-7% mÙkjnkrk o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij –<+ fuHkZj gSa] vkSj 18-3% o"kkZ vk/kkfjr fof/k;ksa ij vf/kd fuHkZj gSa] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd de çfr'kr fdlku çk—frd o"kkZ ij flapkbZ ds fy, fuHkZj gSaA 'ks"k 18-3% mÙkjnkrk rVLFk Fks] tks nksuksa fof/k;ksa ds chp dksbZ Li"V çkFkfedrk ;k fuHkZjrk ugha fn[kkrs gSaA ;g MsVk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fdlkuksa esa ljdkjh flapkbZ ;kstukvksa dks o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij çkFkfedrk nsus dh lkekU; ço`fÙk gS] tks 'kk;n flapkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa }kjk çnku dh xbZ mPp fo'oluh;rk vkSj fu;a=.k ds dkj.k gS] gkykafd o"kkZ vk/kkfjr fof/k;k¡ {ks= esa vHkh Hkh egRoiw.kZ cuh gqbZ gSaA vk/kqfud rduhdksa dk mi;ksx rkfydk 3 vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdsa tSls ladj cht] tSfod [ksrh] ;k —f"k i)fr;ksa esa e'khuhdj.k dFku la[;k izfr”kr dHkh ugha 3 1.0 'kk;n gh dHkh 55 18.3 dHkh&dHkh 80 26.7 vDlj 60 20.0 ges'kk 102 34.0 dqy 300 100.0 vkd`fr 3 vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdsa tSls ladj cht] tSfod [ksrh] ;k —f"k i)fr;ksa esa e'khuhdj.k rkfydk 3 esa çLrqr MsVk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd {ks= esa mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa tSls gkbfczM chtksa] tSfod —f"k vkSj ;kaf=dhdj.k dk fdruh gn rd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkjnkrkvksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ¼34-0%½ us crk;k fd os ges'kk vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tks —f"k esa uokpkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds fy, etcwr çkFkfedrk dks n'kkZrk gSA blds vfrfjä] 20-0% mÙkjnkrk bu rduhdksa dk vDlj mi;ksx djrs gSa] tcfd 26-7% dHkh&dHkh budk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tks fdlkuksa ds chp bu rduhdksa ds mi;ksx dk e/;e Lrj n'kkZrk gSA ,d NksVk çfr'kr mÙkjnkrk ¼18-3%½ us dgk fd os vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa dk 'kk;n gh dHkh mi;ksx djrs gSa] vkSj dsoy 1-0% mÙkjnkrkvksa us ;g ladsr fn;k fd os dHkh bu rduhdksa dk mi;ksx ugha djrsA ;g lq>ko nsrk gS fd tcfd vk/kqfud —f"k i)fr;ksa dk O;kid :i ls viuk;k tk jgk gS] fQj Hkh dqN fdlku ,sls gSa ftuds ikl bu fof/k;ksa dk lhfer igqap ;k çkFkfedrk gSA dqy feykdj] ifj.kke ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd {ks= esa mRikndrk vkSj fLFkjrk esa lq/kkj ds fy, mUur —f"k rduhdksa ds mi;ksx dh vksj ,d c<+rh ço`fÙk gSA 0 20 40 60 80 100 dHkh ugha 'kk;n gh dHkh dHkh&dHkh vDlj ges'kk vk/kqfud rduhdksa dk mi;ksx la[;k izfr”kr Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 108 vkfFkZd çHkko rkfydk 4 —f"k vk; us lexz thou Lrj esa lq/kkj fd;k gS dFku la[;k izfr”kr –<+rkiwoZd vlger 35 11.7 vlger 20 6.7 rVLFk 84 28.0 lger 40 13.3 –<+rkiwoZd lger 121 40.3 dqy 300 100.0 vkd`fr 4 —f"k vk; us lexz thou Lrj esa lq/kkj fd;k gSA rkfydk 4 esa çLrqr ifj.kke ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd mÙkjnkrk —f"k vk; ds muds lexz thou Lrj ij çHkko ds ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA ,d egRoiw.kZ cgqer] 40-3%] us bl ij tksj fn;k fd —f"k vk; us muds thou Lrj dks csgrj cuk;k gS] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd cgqrksa ds fy, —f"k muds vkfFkZd dY;k.k esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku djrh gSA blds vfrfjä] 13-3% us lgefr O;ä dh] ftlls ;g vkSj Li"V gksrk gS fd —f"k vk; dk vkthfodk ij ldkjkRed çHkko gSA gkykafd] ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk] 28-0%] rVLFk jgk] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dqN yksxksa ds fy, —f"k vk; dk muds thou Lrj ij çHkko u rks egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj u gh ux.;A nwljh vksj] 6-7% us vlger gksrs gq,] vkSj 11-7% us iwjh rjg ls vlger gksrs gq, ;g ladsr fn;k fd —f"k vk; us muds thou dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha fd;kA dqy feykdj] MsVk ;g lq>ko nsrk gS fd tcfd —f"k vk; dbZ mÙkjnkrkvksa ds thou Lrj esa lq/kkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] blds çHkko dks ysdj tula[;k esa i;kZIr fHkUurk,¡ gSaA fu"d"kZ ;g v/;;u Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj esa xzkeh.k fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa —f"k çFkkvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd tcfd gkbfczM chtksa] tSfod [ksrh vkSj ;kaf=dhdj.k tSlh vk/kqfud —f"k rduhdksa us mRikndrk vkSj n{krk ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mkyk gS] fQj Hkh dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA i;kZIr flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa rd lhfer igq¡p vkSj o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ij fuHkZjrk —f"k fodkl esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gS] ftlls fdlku tyok;q ifjorZuksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gks tkrs gSaA blds vykok] vi;kZIr cktkj igqap fdlkuksa dks muds mRiknksa dk iwjk ykHk mBkus ls jksdrh gS] ftlls mudh vk; Lrj vkSj lexz vkfFkZd fLFkjrk çHkkfor gksrh gSA gkykafd] fu"d"kksaZ esa lq/kkj ds volj Hkh ns[ks x, gSaA GIS&vk/kkfjr ;kstuk dk ,dhdj.k —f"k mRikndrk esa LFkkfud fHkUurkvksa dk ekufp=.k djus ds fy, ,d vk'kktud lek/kku çnku djrk gS] ftlls csgrj yf{kr gLr{ksi vkSj lalk/ku vkoaVu laHko gksrk gSA flapkbZ] Qly çca/ku vkSj cktkj dusfDVfoVh dks vuqdwfyr djus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk mBkdj bl {ks= esa —f"k fLFkjrk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjä] ,sls fdlku&dsafær uhfr;ksa dks viukuk tks cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj foÙkh; ck/kkvksa nksuksa dks lacksf/kr djsa] ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dks lrr —f"k çFkkvksa ls ykHk gksA var esa] tcfd vk/kqfud çFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls —f"k 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 –<+rkiwoZd vlger vlger rVLFk lger –<+rkiwoZd lger vkfFkZd çHkko la[;k izfr”kr Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-8(B)| August - 2025 109 mRikndrk dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ dne mBk, x, gSa] ;g vko';d gS fd flapkbZ] cktkj dh igqap vkSj lalk/ku çca/ku dh py jgh pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk,A lgh uhfr gLr{ksi vkSj rduhdh midj.kksa ds çHkkoh mi;ksx ds lkFk] Cy‚d ukjk;.kiqj ,d vf/kd yphyk vkSj le`) —f"k {ks= cuk ldrk gS] tks viuh xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çxfr dks c<+kok nsxkA lanHkZ 1. feJk] thds¼2019½Cy‚d Lrj dh ;kstuk esa —f"k fodkl dk ç'kklu- *Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu if=dk] 34*¼4½] 1005&1019A 2. yky] ih-] ckny] ih- ,l-] & dqekj] ,l¼2017½fetkZiqj ftys esa lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr çk—frd lalk/ku çca/ku dk — f"k fLFkjrk vkSj vkthfodk lqj{kk ij çHkko- *QkekZdksXukslh vkSj QkbVksdsfeLVªh if=dk] 6*¼6S½] 123&125A 3. lkbfd;k] ch¼2022½vle esa xzkeh.k vkthfodk fodYi vkSj blls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡- *oSf'od çca/ku 'kks/k if=dk] 12*¼1½] 34A 4. fgyksb/kkjh] ,e-] & c#vk] Mhlh¼2011½pkoy ds fruds vo'ks"k ck;ksekl dk fodsUæh—r fctyh mRiknu ds fy, laHkkO;rk: vle ds y[kheiqj ftys esa ,d thvkbZ,l&vk/kkfjr v/;;u- *lrr fodkl ds fy, ÅtkZ] 15*¼3½] 214&222A 5. e/kqjh] ,e-] frokjh] ,pvkj-] & HkkSfed] ihds¼2014½vkthfodk laosnu'khyrk lwpdkad fo'ys"k.k: fcgkj ds lanHkZ esa laosnu'khyrk dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ,d –f"Vdks.k- *tkack: vkink tksf[ke v/;;u if=dk] 6*¼1½] 13A 6. flag] lhoh-] jatu] vkj-] 'ks[kj] ,l-] flag] ,- ds-] tSLoky] ,- ds-] & iku] vkj- ,l¼2018½- >kj[kaM ds laFkky ijxuk {ks= ds fdlkuksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj –f"Vdks.k: ,d csapekdZ fo'ys"k.k- *,f'k;kbZ —f"k foLrkj] vFkZ'kkL= vkSj lekt'kkL= if=dk] 22*¼2½] 1&6A 7. nqcs] ihds-] flag] ,-] pkSjfl;k] vkj-] ikaMs] dsds-] cqansyk] ,- ds-] flag] th- ,l-] & vfHkyk'k] ihlh¼2022½iwohZ mÙkj çns'k esa fLFkj pkoy&xsgwa mRiknu vkSj e`nk moZjrk lq/kkj ds fy, i'kq [kkn vkSj ikS/kksa ds vo'ks"k vk/kkfjr la'kks/ku- *bdksy‚ftdy bathfu;fjax] 177*] 106551A 8. etqenkj] ,l-] nkl] ,-] & eaMy] ,l¼2023½if'pe caxky ds eanikpd Cy‚d esa unh fdukjs dVko vkSj LFkkuh; tula[;k dh vkthfodk laosnu'khyrk- *i;kZoj.k] fodkl vkSj fLFkjrk] 25*¼1½] 138&175A 9. lsaxj] vkj- ,l-] flag] chch-] Hkkj}kt] ,u-] & flag] ,- ds¼2008½NÙkhlx<+ ds vkfnokfl;ksa esa ,uMCY;wMhihvkj, dk Qly mRiknu ij çHkko- *Hkkjrh; vuqla/kku if=dk] 8*¼1½] 54&56A 10. nqcs] ihds-] flag] th- ,l-] vfHkyk'k] ihlh-] nqcs] ihds-] flag] th- ,l-] & vfHkyk'k] ihlh¼2020½iwohZ mÙkj çns'k esa viukbZ xbZ —f"k çFkk,¡- *vuqdwyh —f"k çFkk,¡: cnyrs tyok;q esa yphykiu fuekZ.k* esa ¼i`- 93&122½A 11. nÙkk] ,l¼2018½flapkbZ vkSj —f"k foLrkj ds dkj.k&çHkko fo'ys"k.k: if'pe caxky ds c/kZeku ftys ds vt;&neksnj baVj¶ywo ds daDlk Cy‚d dk ,d v/;;u- *lrr ty lalk/ku çca/ku] 4*] 469&487A 12. dqekj] ,l-] & dqekj] vkj¼2014½xksHkh mxkus okyksa }kjk mi;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu lwpuk lzksrksa dk foLrkj- *Hkkjrh; lkekftd vuqla/kku if=dk] 55*¼5½] 745&750A