Ad ancing science wi h collabo a i e
inno a ion
P oceedings o he IV In e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence
23-24 Oc obe 2025
Seoul. Sou h Ko ea
2025
UDC 001.1
BBC 1
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. “Ad ancing science wi h collabo a i e inno a-
ion”. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. Oc obe 23-24. 2025. 85 p.
ISBN 978-92-44514-73-3
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17465081
Publishe : «Wo ld o Con e ences»
Main o ganiza ion:
Edi o : Ta mo Vesik
Layou : Asko Laa
The con e ence ma e ials a e in he public domain unde he CC BY-NC 4.0 In e na-
ional license.
The publishe is no esponsible o he ma e ials published in he collec ion. All ma-
e ials a e p o ided in he au ho 's edi ion and exp ess he pe sonal posi ion o he pa -
icipan o he con e ence.
The sample o he ci a ion o publica ion is: Abbaso a Gul ekin, Gadjie a Lala, Sa a li
Gunel THE STUDY OF ENERGY AND GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE DIPEPTIDE MOL-
ECULE // Ad ancing science wi h collabo a i e inno a ion. P oceedings o he IV In-
e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 2025. Pp. 12-16.
URL: h ps://con e ence-w.com/
Con ac in o ma ion
Websi e: h ps://con e ence-w.com/
E-mail: in o@con e ence-w.com
Con en
A s
Bakybekkyzy Zhana , Kulbeko a Aigul Keneo na
ORGANISATION OF THE WORK OF A CHOREOGRAPHER-TEACHER IN A SPORTS TEAM
5
Biological sciences
Huseynzade Gule Aydin, Valiye a Leyla Ib ahim
LANDSCAPING OF BAKU: HISTORY, CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS
12
Economic sciences
Lopo enco Vio ica, Kozma Yana
APPLICABILITY OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC TRENDS TO MOLDOVA’S FINANCIAL SYSTEM
14
Nushaba Aslan gizi Hajiye a, Se inc Sa a gizi Babaye a
FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES OF ENTERPRISES IN AZERBAIJAN IN
MODERN CONDITIONS
20
Sulaymono Fa ukh Shukh a o ich
ADVANCING THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TAXATION AS A DRIVER OF FISCAL EFFICIENCY
25
Y.P. Kha chenko, Tymo ieie a N.V.
ASPECTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY ON DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN
THE COUNTRY
27
His o ical sciences
Ellada Khay ullah Za ga o a, Rahil Maha am Ja a o
THE VOICE OF THE CASPIAN: THE REALITY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND WAYS OUT
32
Ju isp udence
Behbudo Qah aman No uz oglu
THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND HEIR INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL-LEGAL
THOUGHT
37
Medical sciences
Gunel Sul ano a, Fa ima Velie a, Duyghu Sul anli
THE FREQUENCY OF OSTEOPATİA İN PREMATURE BABİES
48
S oike ych M.V., Ti o a M.V., Ta aso a T.S., Simono a O.V.
POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING THE SEVERITY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
50
Pedagogical sciences
Rena Abdullaye a
OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS
52
Khudie a Fe ide
FACTORS THAT INCREASE STUDENTS MOTIVATION TO LEARN
54
Khudie a Gul ukhsa
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES
56
Abbaso a Susan Goshga , Dashdemi o A zu O uj
INTERNATIONAL MODELS OF STEAM EDUCATION: INNOVATIONS AND IMPACTS ON STUDENT OUTCOMES
59
Philological sciences
Cu bano a M.A.
OUR LANGUAGE IN THE ERA OF INDEPENDENCE
63
Khadija Mi zaye a
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WORD ORDER IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: FROM OLD HIGH GERMAN TO
MODERN SYNTAX
68
I ada Shamsizadeh
FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBS OF MOTION
70
Physical sciences
Ka imo A ghan Mahammadali oglu, Mammadzade Mahiza Tagi gizi
THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE OF THE UNIVERSE: A SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUE BETWEEN PHYSICS AND
MATHEMATICS
74
Technical sciences
Da onbeko Dilmu od Abdujalilo ich, Khamido Khasan Abdumu alo ich
FEATURES AND MODES OF D2D INTERACTIONS IN NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS
79
Makhmudo Makhsum Mubashi o ich
ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY AND STABILITY OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES OF CADASTRAL DATA TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES
81
Shamil Samedzade
MODERN METHODS OF PROTECTING OILFIELD EQUIPMENT FRO CORROSION
84
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
5
A s
ORGANISATION OF THE WORK OF A CHOREOGRAPHER-TEACHER IN A SPORTS TEAM
Bakybekkyzy Zhana
RSE a PCHV Kazakh Na ional Academy o Cho eog aphy
Kazakhs an, As ana
Kulbeko a Aigul Keneo na
Doc o o Pedagogical Sciences, P o esso
RSE a PCHV Kazakh Na ional Academy o Cho eog aphy
Kazakhs an, As ana
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ПЕДАГОГА-ХОРЕОГРАФА В СПОРТИВНОЙ КОМАНДЕ
Бакытбеккызы Жанар
РГП на ПХВ Казахская национальная академия хореографии
Казахстан, Астана
Кульбекова Айгуль Кенесовна
Доктор педагогических наук, профессор
РГП на ПХВ Казахская национальная академия хореографии
Казахстан, Астана
Abs ac
The a icle examines key ac o s in o ganizing pedagogical and cho eog aphic ac i i ies wi hin spo s
eams (including ball oom dancing, hy hmic gymnas ics, and igu e ska ing). D awing on esea ch by o eign
au ho s and con empo a y me hodological de elopmen s, he s udy summa izes and de ines e ec i e me hods
and he s uc u al amewo k o cho eog aphic sessions and he aining p ocess. I also explo es he in e ac ion
be ween cho eog aphe s and coaching s a in assessing a hle es’ a is ic p epa a ion.
The ele ance o he esea ch is de e mined by he g owing impo ance o cho eog aphic aining in
a is ic spo s, whe e he a is ic componen becomes a decisi e ac o in achie ing success a in e na ional-
le el compe i ions. Mode n judging sys ems equi e a high le el o a is ic and aes he ic eadiness om a h-
le es, which unde sco es he need o scien i ic comp ehension and sys ema iza ion o he o ganiza ional and
me hodological aspec s o a cho eog aphe ’s wo k wi hin a spo s eam.
The pape p esen s a comp ehensi e analysis o he heo e ical and me hodological ounda ions o cho-
eog aphic aining, including he p inciples o indi idualiza ion, consis ency, s age-based p og ession, and
in e disciplina y coope a ion. Pa icula a en ion is gi en o he speci ics o cho eog aphic p epa a ion ac oss
a ious spo s disciplines— hy hmic gymnas ics, igu e ska ing, synch onized swimming, and ball oom danc-
ing. The s udy sys ema izes me hodological app oaches o planning cho eog aphic aining h oughou he
annual aining cycle, dis inguishing be ween he p epa a o y, aining, p e-compe i ion, compe i ion, and e-
co e y pe iods.
A signi ican po ion o he esea ch ocuses on he o ganiza ional and me hodological aspec s o he
cho eog aphe ’s p o essional ac i i y, including he s uc u e o cho eog aphic lessons, di e en ia ion o me h-
odological app oaches depending on a hle es’ quali ica ions, and cha ac e is ics o he main me hods and ools
used in cho eog aphic aining. The s udy examines in de ail demons a ion and isual me hods, e bal ins uc-
ion, p ac ical exe cises, game and compe i i e me hods, as well as c ea i e and imp o isa ional app oaches.
The a icle emphasizes he need o in e disciplina y collabo a ion be ween he cho eog aphe , coaching
s a , s eng h and condi ioning specialis s, spo s psychologis s, and medical pe sonnel. Such coope a ion en-
su es he comp ehensi e and sys ema ic p epa a ion o a hle es, minimizes o e load isks, and p omo es he
ha monious de elopmen o he a hle e’s pe sonali y.
The pape also p esen s a sys em o moni o ing and assessing a hle es’ cho eog aphic eadiness, in-
cluding ongoing, s age-based, and inal assessmen s. The e alua ion c i e ia include echnical accu acy o
mo emen s, ampli ude and exp essi eness, musicali y, a is y, and composi ional in eg i y o he pe o -
mance. The necessi y o employing bo h subjec i e expe assessmen s and objec i e ins umen al me hods,
such as ideo analysis, is subs an ia ed.
A sepa a e sec ion is de o ed o he p o essional compe encies o he spo s eam cho eog aphe , con-
side ed as an in eg a i e pe sonal quali y encompassing specialized cho eog aphic knowledge, pedagogical
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
6
skills, me hodological p o iciency, and indi idual ai s. The impo ance o con inuous p o essional de elop-
men , sel -educa ion, and he enhancemen o pedagogical mas e y is unde lined.
The indings o he s udy a e o p ac ical signi icance o cho eog aphe s, coaches, and specialis s in
a is ic spo s, con ibu ing o imp o ed e ec i eness o cho eog aphic aining and highe a hle ic pe o -
mance.
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются ключевые факторы по организации педагогической и
хореографической деятельности в спортивных коллективах (спортивные танцы, художественная
гимнастика, фигурное катание). Опираясь на исследования зарубежных авторов и современные
методические разработки специалистов, в работе обобщены и определены эффективные методы и
структура хореографических занятий и тренировочного процесса, а также рассмотрено взаимодействие
хореографов с тренерским составом по оценке художественной подготовки спортсменов.
Актуальность исследования обусловлена возрастающей ролью хореографической подготовки в
художественных видах спорта, где артистический компонент становится определяющим фактором
успешности выступлений на соревнованиях международного уровня. Современные требования
судейских систем предполагают высокий уровень художественно-эстетической подготовленности
спортсменов, что детерминирует необходимость научного осмысления и систематизации
организационно-методических аспектов деятельности педагога-хореографа в структуре спортивной
команды.
В работе представлен комплексный анализ теоретико-методологических основ
хореографической подготовки, включающий рассмотрение принципов индивидуализации,
системности, этапности и междисциплинарного взаимодействия. Особое внимание уделено специфике
хореографической подготовки в различных видах спорта: художественной гимнастике, фигурном
катании, синхронном плавании и спортивных танцах. Систематизированы методические подходы к
планированию хореографической подготовки на различных этапах годичного тренировочного цикла,
выделяя подготовительный, учебно-тренировочный, предсоревновательный, соревновательный и
восстановительный периоды.
Значительное место в исследовании занимает анализ организационно-методических аспектов
деятельности педагога-хореографа, включая структуру занятии хореографии, дифференциацию
методических подходов в зависимости от квалификации спортсменов, а также характеристику
основных методов и средств хореографической подготовки. Подробно рассмотрены метод показа и
демонстрации, словесный метод, метод практического выполнения упражнений, игровой и
соревновательный методы, метод творческих заданий и импровизации.
Акцентируется внимание на необходимости междисциплинарного взаимодействия педагога-
хореографа с тренерским составом, специалистами по физической подготовке, спортивными
психологами и медицинским персоналом, что обеспечивает комплексность и системность подготовки
спортсменов, минимизирует риски перегрузок и способствует гармоничному развитию личности
спортсмена.
В статье представлена система контроля и оценки хореографической подготовленности
спортсменов, включающая текущий, этапный и итоговый контроль. Рассмотрены критерии оценки
хореографической подготовленности, включающие техническую точность выполнения движений,
амплитуду и выразительность, музыкальность, артистизм и композиционную целостность программы.
Обоснована необходимость использования как субъективных экспертных оценок, так и объективных
инструментальных методов, включая видеоанализ.
Отдельный раздел посвящен профессиональным компетенциям педагога-хореографа
спортивной команды, рассматриваемым как интегративное качество личности, включающее
специальные хореографические знания, педагогические умения, спортивно-методическую
подготовленность и личностные качества. Подчеркивается важность непрерывного
профессионального развития, самообразования и совершенствования педагогического мастерства.
Результаты исследования имеют практическую значимость для педагогов-хореографов,
тренеров и специалистов в области художественных видов спорта, способствуя повышению
эффективности хореографической подготовки и достижению высоких спортивных результатов.
Keywo ds: cho eog aphe -pedagogue, spo s eam, cho eog aphic aining, me hodology, cho eog a-
phe ’s ac i i y planning.
Ключевые слова: педагог-хореограф, спортивная команда, хореографическая подготовка,
методика, планирование деятельности хореографа.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
7
Введение
Современный спорт невозможно представить без интеграции художественных и педагогических
методов в подготовке спортсменов. Это означает, что в ряде дисциплин, а именно, художественной
гимнастике, фигурном катании, синхронном плавании, хореографическая подготовка является не
вспомогательным, а базовым компонентом профессионального роста спортсмена. Сегодня роль
педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде заключается не только в обучении технике движения, но и
в формировании целостной двигательной культуры, развитии артистизма и сценической
выразительности у молодых спортсменов, что напрямую влияет на результативность выступлений и
конкурентоспособность всей команды или отдельного участника.
Актуальность исследования обусловлена возрастающими требованиями к художественно-
эстетическому компоненту в технико-эстетических видах спорта. Согласно данным Международного
олимпийского комитета, за последние два десятилетия оценочные критерии артистизма и
хореографической подготовленности в судейских протоколах увеличились на 35-40%, что
свидетельствует о трансформации приоритетов в спортивной подготовке [5]. В связи с этим
деятельность педагога-хореографа приобретает стратегическое значение в достижении высоких
спортивных результатов.
Целью данного исследования является систематизация и научное обоснование организационно-
методических аспектов деятельности педагога-хореографа в структуре спортивной команды.
Объектом исследования выступает процесс хореографической подготовки спортсменов в технико-
эстетических видах спорта, предметом – организационно-педагогические условия эффективной
деятельности педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде.
Основная часть
Теоретико-методологические основы хореографической подготовки в спорте
Организация работы педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде представляет собой
комплексный и многоуровневый процесс, направленный на развитие художественных, технических и
психофизических качеств спортсменов. Деятельность хореографа не сводится исключительно к
обучению базовым танцевальным движениям, она включает формирование двигательной и
эстетической культуры, развитие музыкальности, пластичности, координации, а также интеграцию
художественного компонента и сценического искусства в соревновательные программы. В условиях
современного спорта хореографическая подготовка заняла статус одного из основных составляющих
профессионального уровня спортивной команды.
Методологической основой работы педагога-хореографа выступают принципы
индивидуализации, системности и этапности, интеграции художественной и физической подготовки,
междисциплинарного взаимодействия и постоянного контроля [1, с. 46]. Например:
- индивидуализация предполагает учет возрастных, моторных и психологических особенностей
каждого спортсмена;
- системность выражается в планировании подготовки спортсменов в годовых, месячных и
недельных циклах с постепенным усложнением профессиональных задач;
- интеграция художественной и физической составляющей позволяет развивать у спортсменов
технику и выразительность одновременно;
- взаимодействие с тренерским штабом и медицинским персоналом обеспечивает
согласованность нагрузок и поддержку психофизиологического состояния спортсменов;
- контроль в форме экспертной оценки, видеоанализа и самооценки спортсменов гарантирует
своевременную коррекцию педагогического и учебно-тренировочного процесса.
Следует отметить, что ключевым элементом деятельности педагога-хореографа в спортивной
команде является планирование. Таким образом, деятельность педагога-хореографа в процессе
подготовки спортсменов следует рассматривать по основным этапам целостной организованной и
плановой системы:
1. Подготовительный период. Здесь основное внимание уделяется постановке корпуса,
изучению базовых элементов классического танца, развитию чувства ритма, гибкости и координации
элементарных движений.
2. Учебно-тренировочный период – это этап, где акцент работы смещается на
совершенствование техники движений, работу над артистизмом и выразительностью выполнения
спортивной программы.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
8
3. Предсоревновательный период. Основными задачами для спортсменов, как правило,
становятся отработка соревновательных программ, синхронизация движений, постановка композиций
и эмоциональной выразительности.
4. Соревновательный период. В данный период внимание сосредотачивается на отработке
программ, стабильности исполнения и психологической готовности спортсмена к предстоящим
соревнованиям.
5. Восстановительный этап используется для снижения нагрузок, творческих форм работы,
импровизации и анализа прошедшего спортивного сезона.
Специфика хореографической подготовки в различных видах спорта
Анализ научно-методической литературы позволяет констатировать, что специфика
хореографической подготовки детерминирована особенностями конкретного вида спорта. В
художественной гимнастике хореографическая подготовка составляет до 40% от общего объема
тренировочного времени и направлена на формирование пластичности, выразительности и
технической точности движений [2]. Исследования В.Ю. Сосиной демонстрируют, что
систематические хореографические занятия способствуют совершенствованию координационных
способностей гимнасток на 28-32% по сравнению с контрольной группой, не получавшей
специализированной хореографической подготовки.
В фигурном катании хореографическая составляющая интегрирована в структуру технической
подготовки и акцентирована на развитии баланса, скольжения и артистической выразительности в
условиях специфической опорной поверхности. Согласно данным Международного союза
конькобежцев (ISU), артистический компонент в произвольных программах оценивается по пяти
критериям, что составляет 50% от общей оценки выступления [6].
В спортивных танцах хореографическая подготовка представляет собой основу технической и
художественной составляющей. Специфика данного вида спорта заключается в необходимости
синхронизации движений партнеров, музыкальной интерпретации и соответствии стилистическим
канонам различных танцевальных направлений. Научные исследования T. Moshenska и I. Bod enko a
подтверждают, что групповые композиции в спортивной аэробике требуют специфической
хореографической подготовки, направленной на формирование ансамблевого взаимодействия и
пространственной ориентации [4, p. 40].
Организационно-методические аспекты деятельности педагога-хореографа
Необходимо отметить, что эффективность деятельности педагога-хореографа напрямую связана
с его тесным взаимодействием с тренерским штабом. Абсолютный тандем, совместные обсуждения
планов, регулярные просмотры тренировочных и соревновательных выступлений, анализ проделанной
работы, корректировка программ и обсуждение результатов позволяют выстроить согласованную
стратегию подготовки спортсменов и поступательное продвижение к поставленным целям.
Следует выделить еще важную составляющую эффективной подготовки спортсменов, которая
сводится к междисциплинарной связи и сотрудничеству с тренерами по общей физической подготовке
(ОФП), спортивными психологами и врачами, что обеспечивает комплексный и системный подход,
минимизирует риск перегрузок и способствует гармоничному развитию спортсменов, их
профессиональному росту и конкурентоспособности.
Структура хореографического занятия в спортивной команде традиционно включает три
основных раздела: подготовительную, основную и заключительную части. Подготовительная часть
(15-20% времени занятия) направлена на функциональную подготовку организма спортсмена к
предстоящей нагрузке, включает разминочные упражнения у станка, элементы партерной гимнастики
и суставную разминку. Основная часть (65-70% времени) сосредоточена на освоении нового
материала, совершенствовании технических элементов, работе над композиционными фрагментами и
отработке соревновательных программ. Заключительная часть (10-15% времени) предполагает
упражнения на восстановление, растяжку и рефлексию проделанной работы [7].
Важным аспектом организации хореографической подготовки выступает дифференциация
методических подходов в зависимости от квалификации спортсменов. На начальном этапе подготовки
(спортсмены массовых разрядов) преобладают групповые формы работы с акцентом на формирование
базовых двигательных навыков и музыкально-ритмического воспитания. На этапе спортивного
совершенствования (кандидаты в мастера спорта и мастера спорта) возрастает доля индивидуальной
работы, направленной на формирование индивидуального исполнительского стиля и максимальную
реализацию артистического потенциала спортсмена.
Методы и средства хореографической подготовки спортсменов
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
15
Republic o Moldo a, whe e ecen changes in he in e na ional inancial en i onmen — om e ms o ade
and capi al lows, o mone a y policy mo emen s and ma ke ola ili y — ha e imp in ed a dynamic wi h
di ec e ec s on s abili y, g ow h and di ec ions o economic de elopmen .
In ecen yea s, he inancial sys em o he Republic o Moldo a has accumula ed signi ican changes,
in luenced by global inancial de elopmen s. These changes in ol e in e na ional ade, economic policies,
inancial ma ke s, he c isis caused by a ious ac o s, which con ibu es o signi ican consequences o he
economic amewo k o he Republic o Moldo a.
The unc ioning o he inancial sys em o he Republic o Moldo a is in luenced in a complex way by
global inancial me amo phoses o economic s abili y, g ow h and de elopmen . The e o e, in o de o
main ain he e iciency o he inancial sys em, i is essen ial o analyze he dynamics o global inancial
de elopmen s and o capi alize on oppo uni ies o sus ainable economic g ow h.
Global T ends, Local Impac : Recalib a ing Moldo a’s Financial Sys em.
The global economic en i onmen is e ol ing as an in ica e landscape, o e ing a ious oppo uni ies
and obs acles o he banking indus y. Recen imes ha e been cha ac e ized by excep ional global occu -
ences, c ea i e economic s a egies and g oundb eaking echnological p og ess, placing he banking sec o a
he o e on o ema kable change [4]. The apid shi owa ds digi aliza ion, along wi h changes in cus ome
demands and egula o y s uc u es, has g ea ly impac ed banking p ac ices and app oaches[5].
The banking wo ld is on he b ink o ans o ma i e change. The inancial landscape, once cha ac e ized
by adi ion and s abili y, has now become a dynamic a ena whe e digi iza ion, changing cus ome expec a-
ions, and dis up i e o ces p opel he indus y o wa d. In an e a o unp eceden ed inno a ion, banking ins i-
u ions a e ew i ing hei s a egies o maximize g ow h oppo uni ies [6].
Figu e 1. Global economic ends
Sou ce: elabo a ed by he au ho
Impac o in e es a es on banking. Mone a y policies implemen ed by cen al banks, especially in e-
la ion o in e es a es, ha e a subs an ial impac on he banking indus y. This in luence a ec s loan in e es
a es, c edi expenses and he gene al inancial s abili y. Consequen ly, banks a e con on ed wi h he ask o
adjus ing o hese luc ua ions in o de o uphold p o i abili y and ope a ional e ec i eness. To add ess in-
c easing loan expenses and le e age po en ial ad an ages, inancial ins i u ions employ ac ics like b oadening
income s eams, e ining asse and liabili y mix u es, and imp o ing liquidi y managemen p ocedu es [7].
Impac o in e es a es on banking
Technological ad ances in banking
E olu ion o cus ome expe ience
Regula o y en i onmen and compliance
Sus ainabili y and banking
Risk managemen
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
16
Figu e 2. Mone a y policy ansmission in Moldo a
Sou ce: elabo a ed by he au ho based on [8].
The NBM policy a e d i es ma ke a es wi h asymme ic pass- h ough—deposi s espond as e and
mo e s ongly han loans—comp essing ma gins du ing igh ening and easing g adually du ing he subsequen
loosening cycle.
NBM policy igh ening → ea ly-2023 peak, hen s eady easing. The policy a e climbs sha ply
h ough 2022, peaks a ound Q1-2023, and alls h oughou 2023–2024.
Deposi s adjus as e and mo e s ongly han loans. A e age deposi a es jump quickly du ing he
hike cycle and decline isibly once easing s a s; a e age loan a es mo e mo e slowly and wi h smalle am-
pli ude.
Ma gin dynamics (NIM) unde p essu e in he hike phase, hen s abilize. Du ing igh ening, und-
ing cos s (deposi s) ise as e han asse yields (loans), comp essing ma gins. As policy eases, deposi cos s
e ea and he sp ead no malizes g adually.
Clea ansmission wi h lags. The pass- h ough om policy o ma ke a es is e iden , bu iming
di e s: deposi s ≫ loans on speed and magni ude, consis en wi h sho - eno unding s. slowe ep icing o
ou s anding loans.
La e-2024 con e gence. By end-2024, all h ee se ies end lowe wi h a na owe deposi –loan gap,
signalling a mo e se led in e es - a e en i onmen .
In Moldo a, he pass- h ough o mone a y policy o ma ke a es is clea bu asymme ic. Deposi a es
eac swi ly and wi h la ge ampli ude han loan a es, comp essing ne in e es ma gins in he igh ening phase
and no malizing g adually as he policy s ance eases
Banks a e implemen ing a ious s a egies o add ess he simul aneous issues o inc eased deposi and
loan cos s. These s a egies encompass expanding e enue s eams beyond in e es income, op imizing he
balance be ween asse s and liabili ies, and imp o ing liquidi y managemen p ac ices. Fu he mo e, banks a e
making in es men s in inancial echnology o enhance loan unde w i ing and isk managemen p ocedu es.
Mo eo e , he e is a g owing emphasis on de eloping pe sonalized banking p oduc s and se ices, u ilizing
da a analy ics o gain deepe insigh s in o cus ome needs and beha io s. This enables banks o adop mo e
s a egic app oaches o p icing and p oduc de elopmen .
Technological ad ances in banking. The apid in eg a ion o A i icial In elligence (AI) and cloud com-
pu ing has e olu ionized he e iciency o banking ope a ions. AI has ans o med decision-making in he
banking indus y, o e ing enhanced cus ome se ice wi h cha bo s and ad anced c edi sco ing models. On
he o he hand, cloud compu ing p o ides adap able and e sa ile in as uc u e solu ions, acili a ing he swi
implemen a ion o new se ices, os e ing collabo a ion, and minimizing ope a ional expenses. These cu ing-
edge echnologies empowe banks o no only s eamline hei ope a ions bu also o in oduce inno a i e
p oduc s and se ices ha ca e o he e e -changing demands o cus ome s.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
%
%
A g Loan Ra e (%) A g Deposi Ra e (%) NBM Policy Ra e (%)
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
17
Quan um compu ing is poised o e olu ionize he banking indus y by p o iding enhanced cybe secu-
i y measu es and imp o ed inancial o ecas ing capabili ies. Wi h i s unpa alleled speed in p ocessing com-
plex calcula ions, quan um compu ing can e ec i ely de ec audulen ac i i ies, s eng hen enc yp ion ech-
niques, and pe o m igo ous s ess es s on inancial asse s. The u iliza ion o quan um algo i hms enables he
iden i ica ion o sub le pa e ns and isks ha adi ional compu ing me hods may o e look, he eby o e ing a
deepe unde s anding o ma ke ends and cus ome beha io s. As quan um compu ing p og esses, i holds
he po en ial o eshape he banking sec o , o e ing mo e secu e and s eamlined app oaches o handling i-
nancial in o ma ion and p edic ing u u e ma ke ends.
E olu ion o cus ome expe ience. The banking indus y is cu en ly expe iencing a signi ican change
owa ds hype -pe sonaliza ion, p opelled by ad ancemen s in da a analy ics and a i icial in elligence. This
s a egy su passes con en ional pe sonalized se ices by p o iding banking expe iences cus omized speci i-
cally o he p e e ences, beha io s, and inancial backg ound o e e y clien . By combining ex ensi e da a se s
wi h complex algo i hms, banks can p edic cus ome equi emen s, deli e pe sonalized inancial guidance,
and cus omize p oduc s and se ices o sui indi idual si ua ions.
Open banking is a e olu iona y mo emen wi hin he inancial se ices indus y, d i en by bo h egu-
la o y equi emen s and echnological ad ancemen s. This mo emen manda es banks o sha e inancial da a
wi h hi d-pa y p o ide s (TPPs) only wi h he consen o hei cus ome s. As a esul , i os e s a mo e com-
pe i i e and inno a i e banking en i onmen . By enabling he c ea ion o new inancial p oduc s and se ices,
open banking empowe s cus ome s o ha e g ea e con ol o e hei inances, enjoy enhanced con enience,
and ecei e be e alue. Mo eo e , i acili a es he seamless in eg a ion o banking se ices in o e e yday
li e, allowing o eal- ime inancial managemen ac oss mul iple accoun s, pe sonalized inancial ad ice, and
inno a i e paymen solu ions. The impac o open banking on cus ome se ice inno a ion is signi ican , as i
encou ages collabo a ion ac oss he inancial ecosys em o deli e excep ional cus ome expe iences.
Regula o y en i onmen and compliance. The banking sec o 's egula o y amewo k is con inuously
changing o ackle eme ging isks and main ain inancial s abili y. Banks mus adjus o hese changes by
es ablishing s ong compliance measu es. This adap a ion in ol es enhancing isk managemen p ocedu es,
inc easing anspa ency, and u ilizing echnologies ha aid in compliance. Emb acing new egula o y ame-
wo ks no only assis s banks in educing legal and epu a ional isks bu also enables hem o capi alize on
esh oppo uni ies, building us wi h cus ome s and egula o s.
Sus ainabili y and banking. The banking sec o is p og essi ely acknowledging he signi icance o En-
i onmen al, Social and Go e nance (ESG) p inciples in in luencing sus ainable business s a egies. The in e-
g a ion o ESG s anda ds equi es he assessmen o in es men s, loans, and inancial p oduc s acco ding o
hei en i onmen al oo p in , social accoun abili y, and go e nance p ac ices. This ansi ion is a esponse o
he inc easing consume p e e ence o e hical banking and he need o add ess po en ial long- e m inancial
isks linked o clima e change, social ins abili y, and go e nance de iciencies.
Risk managemen . Wi hin he cu en u bulen landscape, banks a e encoun e ing a b oad spec um o
isks, anging om inancial ma ke luc ua ions o eme ging h ea s such as clima e change and geopoli ical
ins abili y. To e ec i ely manage hese no el isks, inancial ins i u ions mus emb ace ad anced isk man-
agemen s a egies. This en ails ha nessing he powe o big da a analysis and a i icial in elligence o o ecas
and e alua e isks, di e si ying po olios o mi iga e exposu e, and o mula ing con ingency plans o un o e-
seen e en s.
Wi h he ise o digi al banking, cybe secu i y has become a majo ocus. The inc eased digi iza ion o
banking ope a ions has opened up new a enues o cybe h ea s, anging om da a b eaches o complex cybe -
a acks a ge ing inancial sys ems. To ensu e he secu i y o hei sys ems and cus ome in o ma ion, banks
a e making signi ican in es men s in cybe secu i y ools such as enc yp ion, mul i- ac o au hen ica ion, and
eal- ime moni o ing. Mo eo e , hey a e p omo ing a cul u e o cybe secu i y awa eness among bo h employ-
ees and cus ome s. Wo king closely wi h egula o y agencies and engaging in in o ma ion-sha ing ini ia i es
a e also key s a egies in bols e ing he indus y's de enses agains cybe h ea s.
S a egic banking planning in imes o economic unce ain y. In he ace o economic unce ain y, banks
a e equi ed o exhibi agili y, o esigh and esilience in hei s a egic planning. This en ails no only di e si-
ying hei sou ces o income, op imizing hei cos s uc u es, and enhancing hei isk managemen ame-
wo ks, bu also p io i izing he de elopmen o sus ainable p ac ices and in es ing in digi al in as uc u e o
ensu e p epa edness o u u e ope a ions.
Global economic challenges and banking. Financial ins i u ions a e inc easingly in eg a ing agile ope -
a ional models, expanding hei in es men po olios, and ha nessing echnology o mi iga e isks associa ed
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
18
wi h economic luc ua ions. The p ima y ocus is on cons uc ing a s u dy amewo k ha can no only wi h-
s and economic down u ns bu also capi alize on he oppo uni ies hey b ing. S a egic pa ne ships, digi al
ans o ma ion, and inno a i e p oduc o e ings a e highligh ed as essen ial pilla s suppo ing his esilience.
In la ion con inues o be a c ucial issue o he banking sec o , exe ing in luence o e lending a es and
in es men s a egies. As cen al banks globally make adjus men s o hei mone a y policies o comba in la-
ion, banks ace he challenge o managing inc eased ope a ional cos s while simul aneously p o iding com-
pe i i e in e es a es o hei cus ome s. This si ua ion calls o a me iculous app oach o p icing s a egies,
asse alloca ion, and cos managemen . Mo eo e , banks a e d i en o in es in AI and au oma ion o enhance
ope a ional e iciency and imp o e cus ome expe iences in he ace o moun ing in la ion.
Figu a 3. Bank P o i abili y and In la ion in Moldo a (2022–2024)
Sou ce: elabo a ed by he au ho based on [8].
Run-up (2022 → ea ly-2023): In la ion accele a es s eeply, while bank p o i abili y ises wi h a lag—
ROE climbs mo e isibly han ROA, consis en wi h asse yields ep icing and s ong in e es income.
Q1-2023 spike: The highligh ed peak in ROE coincides wi h peak in la ion. This e lec s ep icing
asymme y—asse yields adjus quickly while unding cos s (deposi s) and isk cha ges ca ch up la e — em-
po a ily boos ing p o i abili y.
No maliza ion (mid-2023 → 2024): As disin la ion se s in, ROE and ROA end down. Ne in e es
ma gins comp ess as deposi cos s adjus and loan demand cools; p o i abili y con e ges owa d a lowe , s ead-
ie le el.
La e-2024: S abiliza ion a mode a e ROE/ROA sugges s a mo e p edic able a e en i onmen , wi h
ma gins no longe d i en by ex eme p ice dynamics.
Bank p o i abili y in Moldo a mo es wi h he in la ion cycle bu wi h a clea lag. ROE peaks in Q1-
2023 du ing he in la ion apex, hen no malizes as disin la ion comp esses ne in e es ma gins and unding
cos s e-align
In conclusion, he inancial ins i u ions ha possess he abili y o e icien ly handle isks, consis en ly
inno a e and p omp ly add ess cus ome demands will lou ish in his e e -changing landscape. The p ospec s
o inancial ins i u ions a e p omising o hose who a e p epa ed o con e obs acles in o possibili ies, gua -
an eeing hei signi icance and iumph in he upcoming decade. The p ocess o eimagining banking has al-
eady begun and i equi es s a egic ision and lexibili y o unlock u u e expansion and du abili y.
To conclude, we highligh s ha in ecen yea s, pa icula ly ollowing he Global Financial C isis, he e
has been a signi ican ans o ma ion in he inancial sys em's s uc u e wo ldwide. Fin ech ad ancemen s ha e
a p o ound impac on he global ope a ions o inancial ins i u ions. These ad ancemen s ha e he capaci y o
e olu ionize he inancial sys em by in oducing inno a i e p oduc s and se ices, implemen ing con empo-
a y business models and os e ing heigh ened compe i ion among es ablished playe s, pa icula ly banks and
insu ance companies. While his ans o ma ion holds he po en ial o enhance he e iciency o he inancial
sys em, i also aises pe inen ques ions abou i s s abili y and esilience [9].
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
in la ion a e
ROA/ROE
ROA ROE in la ion a e
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
19
Fin ech s a -ups, as new en an s in he inancial ma ke , a e o e ing inancial p oduc s and se ices
mo e e icien ly han es ablished inancial ins i u ions like banks and insu ance companies. These in ech com-
panies a e able o ope a e wi hou ha ing o comply wi h he egula o y equi emen s ha adi ional in e me-
dia ies a e bound by. Despi e he a ied na u e o in ech inno a ions, he e m is used o desc ibe ad ance-
men s in inancial se ices and p oduc s d i en by eme ging in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies,
such as IT and mobile connec i i y, which a e ans o ming he inancial landscape wo ldwide. While he
p opo ion o new playe s in he inancial sys em emains ela i ely small compa ed o adi ional ins i u ions,
in ech inno a ions like c owd unding, ma ke place lending, c yp ocu encies and obo-ad ice a e con inu-
ously p og essing and gaining ma ke sha e. This chap e p esen s an o e iew o he inancial me amo phoses
in ech ma ke and i s impac on he inancial sys em's a chi ec u e, d awing on a comp ehensi e e iew o
bo h heo e ical and empi ical li e a u e [10].
Conclusion
Viewing inance as a complex, in e connec ed sys em, we aced he channels h ough which wo ldwide
shocks and inno a ions shape ou comes in Moldo a.
- Mone a y policy pass- h ough in Moldo a is clea bu asymme ic: deposi a es adjus as e and wi h
la ge ampli ude han loan a es, comp essing NIM du ing igh ening and no malizing only g adually du ing
easing.
- P o i abili y ollows he p ice cycle wi h a lag—peaking nea he in la ion apex and hen con e ging
o s eadie le els as disin la ion and highe unding cos s bi e.
- Banks ha ac i ely manage ep icing gaps, di e si y unding, and s eng hen liquidi y bu e s a e be e
posi ioned o p ese e ma gins ac oss cycles.
- Technology—AI and cloud—imp o es e iciency, isk sco ing and ime- o-ma ke , while also
enabling new cus ome expe iences and business models; his is a compe i i e necessi y, no a luxu y.
- Eme ging echnologies (including quan um) and open-banking egimes will u he in ensi y
compe i ion and da a-d i en pe sonaliza ion, aising bo h oppo uni ies and supe iso y demands.
- ESG in eg a ion is ad ancing as in es o s and supe iso s p ice clima e and go e nance isks;
alignmen o incen i es and disclosu e s anda ds will shape capi al alloca ion.
- Cybe isk emains a i s -o de conce n in a digi alizing sys em, equi ing laye ed con ols, eal- ime
moni o ing and sec o -le el in o ma ion sha ing.
- S a egically, Moldo an ins i u ions ha pai p uden isk managemen wi h disciplined inno a ion
will be bes placed o con e ola ili y in o du able g ow h.
Pe scu , alinie ea p udenței cu p og esul es e cea mai sigu ă cale pen u ca sec o ul inancia din
Moldo a să ămână ele an , ezis en și o ien a sp e c eș e e.
Re e ences
1. Le ine, R. (1997). Financial de elopmen and economic g ow h: Views and agenda. Jou nal o Eco-
nomic Li e a u e, 35(2), 688–726.
2. Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1998). Financial dependence and g ow h. Ame ican Economic Re iew,
88(3), 559–586.
3. Haldane, A. G., & May, R. M. (2011). Sys emic isk in banking ecosys ems. Na u e, 469(7330),
351–355.
4. BIS. (2023). Annual Economic Repo 2023. Basel: Bank o In e na ional Se lemen s.
5. IMF. (2024). Global Financial S abili y Repo . Washing on, DC: In e na ional Mone a y Fund.
6. Wo ld Bank. (2020). Global Financial De elopmen Repo 2019/2020: Bank Regula ion and Su-
pe ision a Decade a e he Global Financial C isis. Washing on, DC.
7. Wo ld Bank. (2022). Global Financial De elopmen Repo 2021/2022: Financial Inclusion. Wash-
ing on, DC.
8. Na ional Bank o Moldo a. (2024). Annual Repo . Chișinău: NBM.
9. A ne , D. W., Ba be is, J., & Buckley, R. P. (2016). The e olu ion o Fin ech: A new pos -c isis
pa adigm? Geo ge own Jou nal o In e na ional Law, 47(4), 1271–1319.
10. B unne meie , M. K., & Oehmke, M. (2013). The ma u i y a ace. Jou nal o Finance, 68(2),
483–521.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
20
FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES OF ENTERPRISES IN
AZERBAIJAN IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Nushaba Aslan gizi Hajiye a
Aze baijan Uni e si y o Technology
Se inc Sa a gizi Babaye a
Aze baijan Uni e si y o Technology – mas e 's s uden
MÜASİR ŞƏRAİTDƏ AZƏRBAYCANDA MÜƏSSİSƏLƏRİN GƏLİR VƏ XƏRCLƏRİNİN
STRUKTURUNUN XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ
Nüşabə Aslan qızı Hacıye a
Azə baycan Texnologiya Uni e si e i
Se inc Sa a qızı Babaye a
Azə baycan Texnologiya Uni e si e i – magis an
Ye li müəssisələ ilə iq isadiyya ın əqabə ə da amlılığının a ı ılmağı məqsədi ilə espublikamızın
is ehsal ə inno asiya exnologiyala ının ə biqi sahəsində digə apa ıcı dö lə lə dən ge iliyini ən aşağı
endi mək əsas hədə lə dən bi i ola aq qa şıya qoyulmuşdu . Bununla bağlı ola aq inno asiya əaliyyə inin
inkişa ının s imullaşdı ılmağına yönəldilmiş ay ı-ay ı ədbi lə g e çəkləşdi ili .Ölkəmizdə sənayedə exnoloji
inno asiyala a çəkilmiş xə clə 2022-ci il üz ə 22540,4 mln. mana olubdu 2024-cü ildə ölkəmizdə sənayedə
exnoloji inno asiyala a çəkilən xə clə ümumilikdə 53 273,0 min mana (yəni əxminən 53.27 milyon
AZN) olmuşdu .
Müqayisə üçün: 2022-ci ildə bu gös ə ici 22 540,4 min mana olmuşdu — yəni 2024-də xə clə 2022-
yə nisbə ən əhəmiyyə li də əcədə a ıb.
2020–2024-cü illə də sənayedə exnoloji inno asiyala a çəkilmiş xə clə
Bu q a ik 2020–2024-cü illə ə zində ölkəmizdə sənaye sahəsində exnoloji inno asiyala a çəkilmiş
xə clə in dinamikasını gös ə i . Gö ündüyü kimi, 2024-cü ildə xə clə əhəmiyyə li də əcədə a a aq 53 273,0
min mana a ça mışdı .
Mənbə: Azə baycan Respublikası Dö lə S a is ika Komi əsi ə açıq iq isadi hesaba la .
Respublikamızda inno a i ə müasi exnologiyala nəzdində əqabə xüsusiyyə li sənaye is ehsalının
əaliyyə i üz ə münbi şə ai ya a maq, həmin sahədə sahibka lığa dəs ək e mək, qey i-ne sahəsinin da amlı
inkişa ını əmin e mək, ə əndaşla ın is ehsal sahəsində məşğulluğunu çoxal maq üçün espublikamızda
sənaye ə müasi exnologiyala pa kla ı ya adılmaqdadı .
İq isadiyya ın ənzimlənməyində ən əsi edici ünsü lə dən bi i hesab edilən e gi u ma mexanizminin
indiki inkişa sə iyyəsi i mala ın inno asiya işinin dəs əklənməyi üz ə əsi li güzəş lə i e mək iq ida ına
malikdi .
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
21
“Azə baycan dö lə inin Ve gi Məcəlləsində dəyişikliklə olunması haqda” Respublikamızın 21 dekab
2012-ci il a ixli Qanunu ilə həmin qanunun ə biqi haqda ölkə p eziden imizin 29 dekab 2012-ci il a ixli
sə əncamı espublikamızın e gi sis eminin
mode nləşməyi is iqamə ində önəmli addımla dan a ılmışdı .
Sözügedən Qanunla sənaye ilə exnologiyala pa kında əaliyyə üz ə əsaslı e gi güzəş lə i nəzə də
u ulubdu .
Odu ki, sənaye ilə exnologiyala pa kında in as uk u un, is ehsal sek o la ının ya adılmağı ə
ikin isi, həmçinin elmi- ədqiqa ilə əc übə- kons uk o çalışmala ının gö ülməyi üçün sənaye ilə
exnologiyala pa kının əsas əşkila ı (ope a o u) ilə eziden lə i asi əsilə lazımi ic a hakimiyyə i o qanının
əsdiqedən sənədi nəzdində exnikanın, exnoloji a adanlıqla ilə exnikala ın idxalı ƏDV-dən xa ic
olunmuşdu .
Eyni zamanda, sənaye ə exnologiyala pa kının ya adılmağı ə həmin pa kda əaliyyə in əmin
olunması üçün ələb edilən əsas əsai lə in alınmağının ƏDV-dən azad olunması inno a i əaliyyə in maliyyə
u umunu azalda aq in es isiyala ın maliyyə ilə in lyasiya isklə inin çox yumşaldılması ə nə icədə
sahibka la ın bu yöndə mo i asiyasının əhəmiyyə li şəkildə dəs əklənməyi üz ə geniş imkanla açmaqdadı .
Hazı da Azə baycan dö lə ində elmi a aşdı mala adə ən AMEA-nın elmi- ədqiqa əşkila la ında,
nazi lik, hökümə komi ələ i, səhmda opluluqla ilə şi kə lə in əsasındakı sahə elmi ədqiqa əşkila la ında
ə ali əhsil ocaqla ında ka ed a, labo a o iya ilə ay ı-ay ı elmi ədqiqa qu umla ında apa ılı .Gəli
müəssisələ in ə digə əsə ü a subyek lə inin maliyyə ə əsə ü a əaliyyə ini əks e di ən əsas iq isadi
ka eqo iyala dan bi idi .
Baza münasibə lə inin önəmli ka eqo iyası kimi mən əə müəyyən unksiyala ı ye inə ye i məkdədi .
Mən əə in iq isadi məzmunu onun unksiyala ı nəzdində izah olunu . Mən əə , öncə, müəssisə ilə əsə ü a
əşkila la ının aydalı əaliyyə inin nə icəsi ə mühüm gös ə icisidi . Bi sözlə, müəssisənin mən əə i olmağı
onun işinin əhməiyyə li olmasını əks e di i . Ancaq mən əə lilik də əcəsi müəssisə üz ə mühüm əhəmiyyə
kəsb e miş iq isadi gös ə ici sayılı . Müəssisə ə əsə ü a əşkila la ının mən əə qazanması onun
əsisçilə inin ə ya mülkiyyə çilə inin başlıca məqsədidi .
Mən əə in kəmiyyə i bi çox amildən asılıdı . Onla dan bəzisi müəssisədən asılıdı , başqala ı isə
müəssisədən asılı sayılmı .
Mən əə müəssisənin xüsusi kapi alının çoxaldılmasının mənbəidi . Baza münasibə lə i mühi ində
müəssisənin sə əncamında olan mən əə hesabına menece lə in es isiya ilə di iden siyasə ini, müəssisənin
inkişa imkanla ını aşka edi lə .
Müəssisələ in da amlı əaliyyə inin əsasında dayanan ən əsas amil gəli in həcminin a ı ılması ilə
əlaqəda dı . Azə baycanda əaliyyə gös ə ən müəssisələ in böyük əksə iyyə inin gəli i sa ışdan əldə olunan
maliyyə esu sla ı ilə xa ak e izə olunu .
Müəssisələ də gəli in a masına əsi edən bi çox amillə a dı . Həmin amillə aşağıdakı ə kibdə
e ilmişdi :
✓
müqa ilə şə lə inin mü a iq olan məhsul is ehsalının həcminin çoxaldılması;
✓
maya dəyə inin aşağı salınmağı;
✓
məhsulun key iyyə inin yüksəldilməyi;
✓
çeşidin yaxşılaşdı ılmağı;
✓
is ehsal ondla ından is i adənin yaxşılaşdı ılmağı;
✓
əmək məhsulda lığının a ı ılmağı.
Bu yuxa ıda qeyd olunan amillə əsasən müəssisədən asılıdı . Müəssisədən asılı olmayan amillə isə
son akıla dan əşkil olunmuşdu : əbii, coğ a i, nəqliyya şə ai i; məhsul is ehsalı ə sa ışının exniki şə lə i
ə s. Azə baycanda əaliyyə gös ə ən sənaye müəssisələ inin gəli lə i aşağıdakı mənbələ hesabına əmin
edili :
✓
əm əəlik məhsul sa ışından mən əə ;
✓
başqa məhsul ə xidmə lə dən mən əə ;
✓
əsas ondla ın sa ışından mən əə ;
✓
sa ışdan kəna gəli lə ilə xə clə .
İlk nö bədə ümumi mən əə in daxilində ümumi məhsul (iş, xidmə ə s.) sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə i
qeyd e mək zə u idi . Ona gö ə ki, bu mən əə müəsisənin başlıca iş əaliyyə indən əldə olunan mən əə di .
Əm əəlik məhsul sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə i hesablamaq üçün məhsul sa ışından əldə olunan gəli
ƏDV, aksizlə i ilə məhsulun maya dəyə inə daxil olmuş is ehsal ə sa ış xə clə i daxildi .Nə icədə, məhsulun
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
22
sa ışından mən əə ümumi mən əə in önəmli hissəsini, yəni 80-90 aizini əşkil e məkdədi . Buna gö ə də
ümumi mən əə in həmin hissəsinə xüsusi diqqə e mək lazımdı .
Bi inci ola aq bunu qeyd edək ki, əm əəlik məhsulun sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə lə sa ılmayan malın
qalıqla ının dəyişməsi əsi edi . Müəssisədə qalan bu cü qalıqla ın həcmi nə qədə yüksək ola sa, bi o qədə
də müəssisə az mən əə qazanacaqdı .
Müəssisədə sa ılmayan malla ın həcmi komme siya əaliyyə i ilə sa ışın şə lə i ə s. səbəblə dən
asılıdı . Odu ki, müəsisənin çox məhsul is ehsal e məsi mümkündü , ancaq az sa a bilə .
Bundan əla ə sa ılmayan məhsul qalıqla ında lap en abelli məmula la ın xüsusi çəkisi çoxala bilə .
Beləliklə bu qalıqla ın məbləği çoxala bilə . Müəssisə öz mən əə in həcmini çoxal maq üçün sa ılmayan
qalıqla ın məbləğ, həmçinin də miqda baxımından həcminin azalmağı üçün bəzi ədbi lə qəbul e məlidi .
Məhsul sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə in həcminə əsi edən ən önəmli amil məhsul is ehsalı ilə sa ışın
həcminin dəyişməyi gös ə icisidi . Odu ki, sa ışın həcmi nə qədə i i ola sa, müəssisə bi o qədə çox mən əə
qazanacaqdı ə əksinə. Mən əə həmin amildən bi başa asılıdı .
İndiki dö də is ehsalın həcminin aşağı enməsi (bəzi əks əsi gös ə ən amillə i hesaba almaya aq, məs.,
qiymə lə in a mağı) mən əə in həcminin azalmağına gə i ib çıxa ı . Bu cü bi əziyyə is ehsalın
əhəmiyyə liliyinin a ı ılmağı ə exniki baxımdan əzələnməyi hesabına is ehsalın həcminin a ı ılmağı üçün
əxi ə salınmaz ədbi lə in qəbul olunması zə u iliyi sayəsində o aya çıxı . Öz-özlüyündə müəssisələ a asında
hesablaşma - ödəmə in izamının əkmilləşdi ilməyi özü də sa ış şə lə inin yaxşılaşdı ılmağına ə bu isə öz-
özlüyündə mən əə in həcminin çoxalmasına səbəb olacaq. Məhsul maya dəyə inin sə iyyəsinin düşməyi özü
də əm əəlik məhsulun sa ışından mən əə in sə iyyəsinə əsi edən amillə dən bi idi . Beləki , sa ışın həcmi
mən əə ə bi başa əsi edi sə, mən əə lə maya dəyə i a asında ə s bağlılıq a . Yəni, məhsulun maya də ə i
aşağı endikdə mən əə çoxalı ə əksinə. Ancaq maya dəyə i amili müəyyən səbəblə in əsi i al ında qalı .
Buna gö ə də maya dəyə inin sə iyyəsinin dəyişməyi əhlil olunan ax mü ləq onun aşağı düşməyinə
ə ya a mağına səbəb olan amillə i müəyyən e mək lazımdı . Məqsəd is ehsal ilə sa ış xə clə inin aşağı
düşməyi ə bunun sayəsində mən əə in a ması üçün ədbi lə işləyib hazı layı .
Müəssisədə mən əə in o malaşmasına əsi edən bi başa amillə dən bi i də ə biq edilən qiymə lə di .
Baza əlaqələ inə keçid mühi ində müəssisələ özlə i sə bəs qiymə lə i aşka edi lə . Sə bəs qiymə lə i aşka
edən ax müəssisələ bu məhsulun əqabə qabiliyyə i, ələb ilə əkli i ə s. bi inci gö ü ü lə . Deməli, mallla a
müəyyən olunan sə bəs qiymə lə müəyyən şəkildə müəssisədən asılı olan amillə ə daxil olunu . Ancaq
müəsisədən asılı olmayan amil ola aq öləknin nizamlaşdı ıcı qiymə lə i çıxış e mnəkdədi . Bu cü qiymə lə
inhisa çı müəssisələ in məhsulla ına müəyyən olunu . Aydındı ki, qiymə lə is ehsal edilmiş məhsulla ın
key iyyə indən asılı olmaqla müəyyən olunu . Məhsulun key iyyə i isə məhsulun exniki
əkmilləşdi ilməyindən ə s. asılıdı .
Yuxa ıda qeyd olunan amillə lə bə abə məhsulun qu uluşunda həya a keçi ilən dəyişiklik özü də
mən əə in sə iyyəsinə əsi edi . Odu ki, is ehsal edilmiş məhsulun qu uluşunda en ebelli malla ın xüsusi
çəkisi çoxaldıqda müəssisənin sa ışdan mən əə in həcmi də çoxalacaqdı . Ancaq məhsulun qu uluşunda aşağı
en abelli malla ın həcminin a mağı mən əə in həcminin azalmağına səbəb olacaqdı .
Nə icədə, əm əəlik məhsulun sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə in həcminə əsi edən amillə (mən əə in
azalmağına ə ya a mağına səbəb olan amillə ) mü ləq dəqiq əhlil edilməlidi .
Müəssisədə ümumi mən əə in o malaşmağında əm əəlik məhsul sa ışından əldə edilolunan mən əə lə
bə abə , qey i-mal xa ak e li mal (iş, xidmə ) sa ışından əldə olunan mən əə də daxil olunu . Ümumi
mən əə in həcmində bu cü mən əə bi neçə aiz əşkil e məkdədi . Sai sa ışın nə icələ i müsbə ə neqa i
ola bilə . Sai sa ışa daxil olunu :
✓
nəqliyya əsə ü a ından daxil olmuş gəli lə ;
✓
köməkçi kənd əsə ü a ından daxil olmuş əsai lə ;
✓
ica ə əsə ü a ından daxil olmuş əsai lə .
Nə icədə, müəssisələ başqa sa ışdan həm mən əə , həm də zə ə qazana bilə lə . Mal-ma e ial
qiymə lə i ilə bə abə , müəssisələ də əsas ondla ın da a ıqlığı əmələ gələ bilə ə bu əsas ondla ın sa ışından
əldə olunan mən əə də ümumi mən əə in ə kibinə daxil olunu . Çox ə lazımsız əsas ondla ın sa ışından
əldə olunan mən əə onla ın sa ış qiymə i iləbi inci ilk dəyə i ( ə ya qalıq) a asındakı ə q ola aq hesablanılı .
Ancaq bu ada in lyasiyanın a ış empindən asılı ola aq qanunla aşka olunmuş indeks əsasında ilk dəyə in
a ı ılmağı mü ləq nəzə ə alınmalıdı .
Təsə ü a subyek lə ində sa ışdan qı aq nə icələ də aşağıdakı gəli lə (xə clə ) nəzə ə alınmaqdadı :
✓
digə müəssisələ in əaliyyə ində pay iş i akından gəli ;
✓
əmlakın ic aəyə e ilməyindən gəli ;
✓
müəssisəyə aid səhm, is iq az ə s. gəli ;
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
23
✓
qiymə li kağızla ın sa ışından gəli ;
✓
sanksiyala a əsasən (cə imə, penya ə s.) alınan ə ödənilən məbləğlə .
Əgə sanksiyala a əsasən məbləğ büdcəyə daxil oluna sa, o ax bu məbləğlə sa ışdan qı aq
əməliyya la üz ə xə clə ə daxil olunmuş ə həmin məbləğ müəssisənin sə əncamında qalmış mən əə
hesabına ödənilməkdədi .
Müəssisələ də sa ışdan qı aq gəli lə də (xə clə ) məhsul is ehsalı ə sa ışı ilə bağlı olmayan digə
əsai lə də ola bilə : 1991-ci ilə qədə sa ışdan qə aq gəli lə in (xə clə ) ə kibində, yalnız cə imə, peniya ə
ə s. belə əsai lə nəzə də u ulu du.
Ancaq
baza
münasibə lə i mühi ində
sa ışdan
kəna
gəli lə ə
yeni
elemen lə də daxil olunu . Həmin elemen lə müəssisənin sahibka lıq əaliyyə i ilə bağlıdı . Məsələn:
✓
başqa müəssisələ in əaliyyə ində pay iş i akından gəli ;
✓
əmlakın ica əyə e ilməyindən gəli ;
✓
müəssisəyə aid səhm ə is iq azla a əsasən di iden lə ilə aizlə .
İs ehsal xə clə i əsas iq isadi ka eqo iyala ın o malaşmasında əhəmiyyə li ol oynayan anlayışdı .
İs ehsal xə clə i müəssisələ in no mal ə dayanıqlı əaliyyə gös ə məsinin əsasında du u . İs ehsal xə clə inin
azaldılması, sözsüz ki, xalis mən əə i a ı acaqdı . Bu baxımdan da is ehsal xə clə inin s uk unun əha əli
əhlili müəssisənin qa şısında dayanan ən əhəmiyyə li məsələdi . Maliyyənin də düzgün ida ə edilməsinin
başında is ehsal xə clə inin azaldılması ə düzgün əhlili dayanı .
İs ehsal xə ci dedikdə, hə hansı bi məhsulun ilk andan son ana kimi is ehsalına çəkilmiş bü ün xə clə i
əha ə edi . Belə ki, ma e ialın qiymə i, is ehsalına çəkilmiş xə clə , işçilə in əmək haqqı, daşınma xə clə i ə
digə əyina lı xə clə is ehsal xə clə inin əsas ə kib hissələ ini əşkil edi .
İs ehsal p osesi özü-özlüyündə uzunmüddə li ə qısamüddə li olmaqla iki dö ü əha ə edi . İs ehsal
p osesinin uzunmüddə li ə qısamüddə li olması is ehsal xə clə inin də belə ka eqo iyala a bölünməsinə şə ai
ya adı .
Qısamüddə li dö xə clə in heç olmazsa bi inin sabi olduğu, digə inin isə dəyişilə biləcəyi dö
kəsiyini əha ə edi . Məhz bu səbəbdən də yuxa ıda qeyd olunan sabi xə clə məhz qısamüddə li dö də özünü
gös ə i . Çünki sabi xə clə in əsasında daşınmaz əmlak, is ehsal a adanlıqla ı ə digə bu qəbildən olan
xə clə əşkil edi . İşçi qü əsi ə xammal isə dəyişən xə clə in əsasını əşkil edi . Qısa müddə ə zində isə
müəssisə, ida ə ə əşkila la ın bina ə ya a adanlıq, is ehsal asi ələ i alması o qədə də asan deyil, bununla
yanaşı əhalinin ə ya qey i-əhali q upla ının a an ələba ının ödənilməsi məqsədilə is ehsalın həcmini a ı maq
ə is ehsalı sü ə ləndi mək məqsədilə yeni işçilə i qəbul edilməsi, is ehsala daha çox xammalla ın daxil
edilməsi po ensial imkanla dı ə dəyişən xə clə in əsasında dayanı .
Uzunmüddə li dö isə müəssisə, ida ə ə əşkila la ın yuxa ıda qeyd
E diyimiz ə ümumilikdə bü ün is ehsal amillə inin həcminin dəyişdiyi ax kəsiyidi .
Müəssisə, ida ə ə əşkila la da maliyyə menecmen inin əşkili xə clə in düzgün p oqnozlaşdı ılması,
onla ın ida ə olunması ə müəssisə, ida ə ə əşkila ın son nə icədə en abelli əaliyyə gös ə məsi ə
uzunmüddə li dö də əqabə ə ab gə i ə bilməsi zə u ə indən meydana gəli . Maliyyə menecmen i dedikdə,
adından gö ündüyü kimi müəssisənin maliyyə esu sla ının ida ə edilməsi sis emi başa düşülü . Qeyd olunan
məsələ kəna dan nə qədə sadə ə bəsi gö sənsə də, əslində müəssisənin da amlı əaliyyə inin özəyini əşkil
e diyindən ki ayə qədə də in ə kompleks yanaşmanı ələb edən anlayışdı . Müəssisənin maliyyə
esu sla ının əsasında isə maliyyə siyasə ini, me odla ını ə maliyyə asi ələ ini, həmçinin də maliyyə
s abilliyini ə a ımının əmin edilməsi sahəsində qa şıya qoyulmuş məqsədə ça maq üçün düzgün ida əe mə
qə a la ını seçib hazı layan insanla ı əlaqələndii ən esu sla dayanı . Maliyyə menecmen inin qa şısında
du an əsas məqsəd də məhz həmin maliyyə esu sla ının düzgün ida əedilməsi ə son nə icədə müəssisə, ida ə
ə əşkila la ın həm qısamüddə li dö də, həm də uzunmüddə li dö də mü azinə inin saxlanmasını əmin
edi . Maliyyə menecmen i maliyyə sis eminin bü ün həlqələ inə əsi e məklə mü əkkəb baza konyuk u ası
şə ai ində ida əe mə s uk u unun ən zə u i ə kib hissəsi kimi əaliyyə gös ə i .
Maliyyə menecmen i elə maliyyə siyasə idi ki, qısamüddə li ə uzunmüddə li dö lə də müəssisənin
esu sla ından səmə əli is i adə olunmasına ə maliyyə xidmə lə inin əaliyyə is iqamə lə inin
müəyyənləşdi ilməsinə xidmə edi . Maliyyə menecmen i sahəsində siyasə in işlənib ə səyə gəlməsi gəlməsi
üçün maliyyə mənbəyinin əsasında dö lə maliyyə o qanla ının əsmi hesaba la ı, ins i u sional baza
s uk u la ının in o masiyası, s a is ik məluma la , sahələ a ası ə dö lə lə a ası məluma la ın müqayisə
olunması, şi kə lə in kəna is i adəsi üçün nəzə də u ulmuş maliyyə-mühasiba sənədlə i dayanı . Bu ada
ins i u sional baza s uk u la ı dedikdə, bankla , əm əə, ond ilə alyu a bi jala ı, eləcə də in es isiya şi kə lə i
nəzə də u ulu .
Mühasiba lıq uço unda şi kə in maliyyə- əsə ü a əaliyyə lə inin uço unda hesabla ı ə başqa no ma i
sənədlə i əsas gö ü ülü . Bununla belə is ehsalda xə clə in uço unun həya a keçi ilməsi ə ma e ialla ın maya
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
24
qiymə inin əyin edilməsi o ması is ehsalın p insiplə indən, bu axılan məhsulun başqa nö lə inin
exnologiyasından, is ehsalın əşkilindən ə bi neçə amillə dən, eləcə də müəssisədə is ehsal xə clə in
uço unun qu ulması p insiplə indən asılıdı .
Müəssisələ in əksə iyyə ində, is ehsal məs ə lə inin uço unun ənənə i a ian ından, yəni yuxa ıda
gös ə ilənin bi inci a ian ından is i adə edi lə . Belə ki, bu a ian əsasında is ehsal məs ə lə inin uço unun
apa ılmasını nəzə dən keçi ək. Xə clə in əsni a ında qeyd edilmişdi ki, ma e ialın maya qiymə inə məxsus
edilmə ə zinə əsasən məs ə lə müs əqim ə müs əqim olmayan məs ə lə ə bölünü lə . Müs əqim xə clə ə
müs əqim ma e ial məs ə lə i ə əmək xə clə i, sosial ələba la a olan ayı mala la bi gə əmək haqqının
xə clə i, exnoloji məqsədlə ə gö ə is i adə olunan yanacaq ə ene jinin qiymə i daxildi .
Müəssisələ də is ehsala a bu axılan ə silinmiş məhsulla ın ge çək maya dəyə i ölkənin uço p ak ikası
üçün ənənə i olan o a maya qiymə i üsulu asi əsilə əyin olunu . Bu ada hesaba ayında is ehsala bu axılan
məhsul əmina la ı uço qiymə lə ilə silini . Ayın sonunda kəna laşmala hesablanı ə sə edilmiş ma e ialla
ma e ial qalığı a asında bölüşdü ülü , sə edilmiş ma e iala düşən hissə is ehsal xə clə inə silini . Lakin
u ğulamaq lazımdı ki, ma e ialla ın is ehsala a bu axılması onla ın heç də ak iki sə edilməsi demək deyil.
Bu ma e ialla ın xə clə ə daxil edilməsi mü a iq sənəd, yaxud da ayın sonuna sə olunmamış ma e ialla ın
in en a izasiyasının məluma la ı əsasında eallaşdı ılı . Ma e ialla ın dəyə i xə clə ə mü a iq ilkin sənədlə
(limi -zabo ə əqlə i, ələbnamələ ) əsasında daxil edili .
İlkin sənədlə də xə clə müəssisənin is ehsal bölmələ i, məmula nö lə i ə ma e ialla ın q upla ı üz ə
kodlaşdı ılı . Nə icədə bu emal məs ə lə inin, ilk nö bədə ma e ial məs ə lə inin müx əli in o masiyala
a asında bölüşdü ülməsini asanlaşdı mış olu .
Köməkçi ma e ialla məmula la ın maya dəyə ində yuxa ı xüsusi çəkiyə sahib olmadıqla ı üçün onla
ay ıca kalkulyasiya maddəsində uço a alınmı ə ya əsas ma e ialla kimi məhsulla ın maya qiymə inə bi başa
şamil edili .
Müs əqim olan ene ji ə yanacaq (əsasən, qaz) xə clə i də ay ıca kalkulyasiya maddəsində yox, mühüm
ə ya dımçı olan xammalla la ə ma e ialla la bi maddədə uço a salını . Sözügedən məs ə lə başqa
məmula la a asında onla ın hə ahidi üçün nəzə ə alınan no ma i (sme a) s a kala a mü ənasib ola aq
bölüşdü ülü .
İn o masiyanın hazı edilməsi üçün ma e ialın bu axılması hələ heç dəhəmin ma e ialdan ak iki is i adə
olunması deyildi . Bu səbəblə də is ehsal p osesi zamanı ma e ialla ın sə i üzə ində daxili nəza ə in
eallaşdı ılması mühüm ol oynayı . Həmin nəza ə müəssisədə müəyyən edilmiş no ma i məs ə lə lə ak iki
məs ə lə in müqayisə olunması ə uzaqlaşmala ın aşka a çıxa ılması usulu ilə eallaşdı ılı . P ak ikada belə
nəza ə in, is ehsalın exnologiyasından ə başqa ak o la dan asılı şəkildə, müx əli üsulla ı mö cuddu ki,
bunla sənədləşdi mə, dəs -biçim ə in en a izasiya üsulla ıdı .
Müəssisədə ma e ialla ın eh iya la ının qiymə lə inin dəyişilməsi nə icəsində (bu dəyişiklik çox
dinamikdi ) məhsulla ın dəyə i dəyişi . Bu amilin ma e ial məs ə lə inin dəyə i adəsində no mala ın
dəyişilməsinə (nəqliyya - əda ükə xə clə inin a ması, e gilə in s a kala ının dəyişilməsi ə s.) əsi i mü ləq
öy ənilməli ə deməli ya anan uzaqlaşmala ın uço u apa ılmalı, səbəblə i ə günahka la ı aşka edilməlidi .
Sosial ə iq isadi ələba la la bi gə əməyin e ilməsinə əsasən məs ə lə məhsulla ın maya dəyə lə ini
əşkil edən mühüm maddələ dən bi idi . Bunun üçün də qeyd edilən xə clə in uço unun dəqiq ola aq əşkili ə
kalkulyasiyası a asında düzgün bölüşdü ülməsi maya dəyə inin doğ u hesablanması üçün əsas şə di .
İs ehsalda işləyən işçilə in əmək haqla ı müs əqim olmayan xə clə in müx əli məhsulla a asında
paylaşdı ılması üçün də əhəmiyyə lidi .
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
31
yak sklado a ma ke ynhu. Osno ni ponia ia [Dis ance lea ning cou se "Ma ke ing and und aising in lib a -
ies". Lesson 6. Fund aising as a componen o ma ke ing. Basic concep s]. (n/d). Re ie ed om
h p://www.lib a y.done sk.ua/~olena/zan/zan06.h ml [in Uk ainian].
9. Kha chenko, Yu. (2023). Ins y u sionalne zabezpechennia s ano lennia znannie oi ekonomiky
Uk aini [Ins i u ional ensu ing he es ablishmen o he knowledge economy in Uk aine]. P oblemy i pe spek-
y y ekonomiky a up a linnia - P oblems and P ospec s o Economics and Managemen , (4 (32), 65–78. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.25140/2411-5215-2022-4(32)-65-78
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
32
His o ical sciences
THE VOICE OF THE CASPIAN: THE REALITY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND WAYS
OUT
Ellada Khay ullah Za ga o a
Rahil Maha am Ja a o
Facul y o His o y and Geog aphy
Sumgayi S a e Uni e si y, Sumgayi ci y, Aze baijan
ORCİD - 0009-0007-0172-8350
ORCİD - 0009-0006-1437-2253
Abs ac
The Caspian Sea, as he wo ld’s la ges enclosed body o wa e , holds bo h na u al and s a egic
signi icance. In ecen decades, he sea has aced a se ious ecological c isis: wa e le els a e declining,
biodi e si y is being los , and an h opogenic impac s a e inc easing. Key con ibu ing ac o s include clima e
change, oil and gas ex ac ion, indus ial and domes ic was e, ma i ime ac i i y, and egula o y and legal gaps.
These p ocesses ha e ad e se e ec s on ishe ies, ou ism, anspo a ion, and he li elihoods o coas al
popula ions. The Caspian li o al s a es a e aking measu es o p o ec ecological balance and ensu e
sus ainable use h ough egional coope a ion amewo ks such as he F amewo k Con en ion and in e na ional
ini ia i es like COP29. Res o ing he Caspian’s ecological s abili y equi es s eng hened scien i ic esea ch,
in e egional coo dina ion, and u gen in e en ion measu es—ac ions ha a e signi ican bo h locally and
globally.
Keywo ds: Caspian Sea, Ecological c isis, Biodi e si y, An h opogenic impac s, Oil and gas ex ac ion,
Clima e change, Regional coope a ion, F amewo k Con en ion, COP29, Ecological s abili y, Sus ainable
de elopmen , Caspian seal, S u geon, Global clima e policy, Legal and egula o y amewo k.
İn oduc ion
The Physical-Geog aphical Posi ion o he Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea, isola ed om he wo ld ocean, con ains app oxima ely 45% o he Ea h's lake wa e s
and lies 27.67 me e s below sea le el (as o 2017). The sea s e ches 1,200 km in leng h and a ies in wid h
om 204 o 466 km, co e ing an a ea o 392,000 km². I s o al wa e olume is 79,000 cubic kilome e s, wi h
an a e age dep h o 207 me e s and a maximum dep h o 1,025 me e s in he Lanka an dep ession. The Volga
Ri e plays a p ima y ole in eeding he Caspian, accoun ing o 80% o he o al annual in low. O he i e s
con ibu e as ollows: he Ku a Ri e – 6%, he U al Ri e – 5%, and he Te ek, Sulak, and Samu i e s
oge he – 4.5%. F om I anian e i o y, he Se id ud, Shi ud, and Go gan i e s accoun o abou 4–4.5%.
O he was ewa e s en e ing he sea, 60% a e linked o he Volga Ri e , while a signi ican po ion comes ia
he Ku a and U al Ri e s. Majo sou ces o indus ial and domes ic pollu ion include la ge ci ies such as Baku,
Sumgayi , Makhachkala, As akhan, Tu kmenbashi, Rash , and Anzali. [1, p. 1]
The Impo ance o he Caspian Sea and he Rele ance o he Ecological C isis
As he wo ld's la ges enclosed wa e body, he Caspian Sea holds excep ional na u al and s a egic
impo ance. I s as a ea and ene gy esou ces play a c ucial ole in he economies o egional s a es. Howe e ,
in ecen decades, he Caspian has aced a se e e ecological c isis. Acco ding o scien is s, he sea le el has
been consis en ly declining since 1995. Be ween 2006 and 2024, he le el has d opped by app oxima ely 2
me e s. Cu en ly, he Caspian Sea lies 29 me e s below sea le el—i s lowes eco ded poin . P ojec ions
sugges ha by he end o he 21s cen u y, he sea le el may dec ease by ano he 9–18 me e s, po en ially
sh inking he sea’s o al a ea by nea ly one- ou h.
The mos se ious h ea conce ns he no heas e n pa o he sea, especially along Kazakhs an’s sho es,
whe e he wa e s a e shallow and oil and gas p oduc ion, as well as shipping ac i i ies, a e highly in ensi e.
The p ima y cause o he c isis is conside ed o be clima e change. Dec easing p ecipi a ion and ising
empe a u es ha e accele a ed e apo a ion. Be ween 1979 and 2015, he a e age annual ai empe a u e o e
he Caspian inc eased by 1°C, which in ensi ied wa e loss. A he same ime, an h opogenic impac s—
pa icula ly oil and gas ex ac ion and ma i ime ac i i y—ha e u he inc eased he ecological bu den.
The Caspian Sea is home o an es ima ed 48 billion ba els o oil and 292 illion cubic me e s o na u al
gas. While exploi a ion o hese esou ces gene a es conside able e enue, i also causes signi ican
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
33
en i onmen al damage. As a esul , he sea is expe iencing bo h a dec ease in wa e le els and inc easing
pollu ion. This c isis poses a di ec h ea o he economies, ene gy secu i y, and ecological balance o he
egion’s coun ies. Thus, he ecological de elopmen s in he Caspian ha e become an issue o bo h egional
and global conce n. [2]
C isis Impac in he No h and Local Pe spec i es
O e he pas 20 yea s, he Caspian Sea’s le el has d ama ically declined, especially in i s no he n pa s
nea he bo de s o Kazakhs an and Russia. This educ ion h ea ens biodi e si y and nega i ely a ec s he
ishing indus y, anspo a ion, ou ism, and he oil sec o . A 70-yea -old esiden o Kazakhs an’s A y au
egion, Amanjay Iba ulo, is a li ing wi ness o hese changes. His home used o be jus 2 kilome e s om he
sea, bu oday he coas line has e ea ed mo e han 20 kilome e s. The eceding wa e has u ned he o me
sho eline in o d y, windy plains. Iba ulo ecalls he So ie e a, highligh ing he sea’s abundance and he lack
o unemploymen a he ime. F om 1980 o 2000, e en a simple olleyball ne was enough o ishing, and i
was easy o ca ch wo o h ee s u geons wi hin hal an hou .
The shallow dep h and inc easing ecological pollu ion make he no he n coas pa icula ly ulne able.
The clima e is ha sh, wi h low ain all, cons an winds, and equen d ough s. The e ea o he sea no only
a ec s he economy bu also se e ely impac s he daily li es o local communi ies. T adi ional ishing p ac ices
a e disappea ing, ou ism is declining, and anspo a ion ou es a e changing. In he long e m, his p ocess
h ea ens bo h he na u al ecosys em and he egion’s ene gy and economic esou ces. The e o e, he ecological
changes occu ing along he Caspian’s no he n sho es ep esen a c i ical issue wi h bo h local and global
implica ions. [3]
Poli ical Awa eness and U gency o he C isis
The apid d op in he Caspian Sea’s le el has become a se ious conce n o Aze baijan and o he egional
coun ies. P esiden Ilham Aliye aised his issue in a discussion wi h Russian P esiden Vladimi Pu in,
calling he si ua ion “ca as ophic.” Du ing he mee ing, he no ed ha ocks p e iously subme ged unde wa e
ha e now isen o e one me e abo e he su ace. Nazim Mahmudo , head o he Na ional
Hyd ome eo ological Se ice unde Aze baijan’s Minis y o Ecology, a ibu ed he declining sea le el o
inc eased e apo a ion due o clima e change and he di e sion o Volga Ri e wa e s o ag icul u al pu poses.
Acco ding o him, hese changes a e nega i ely a ec ing no only he ecological sys em bu also oil and gas
ope a ions and o he economic sec o s.
While Aliye and Pu in ag eed o join ly analyze he si ua ion, in e na ional e o s o comba clima e
change a e also being emphasized. In his con ex , he upcoming UN COP con e ence o be held in Baku his
No embe ca ies pa icula impo ance. [4]
Causes o he Ecological C isis
In ecen decades, he apid decline in he wa e le el o he Caspian Sea has aised se ious
en i onmen al conce ns. Acco ding o scien is s’ o ecas s, he sea le el may d op by app oxima ely ou
me e s wi hin he nex decade. In he Kazakh sec o , o e he pas 15 yea s, he wa e olume has dec eased
by 7.1%, and he su ace a ea has sh unk om 113.8 km² in 2008 o 105.7 km² in 2023. This dec ease has
nega i ely a ec ed he sea’s biological sys em and unique ecosys em. One o he main easons is pollu ion
linked o in ensi ied oil and gas ex ac ion ollowing he collapse o he So ie Union. Indus ial was e,
chemicals, and domes ic sewage en e ing he sea ia i e s ha e u he de e io a ed he Caspian’s ecological
balance. The highes le els o pollu ion a e obse ed h ough he Volga (84.5%), Ku a (6.1%), and U al (3.1%)
i e s. Ci ies loca ed along hese i e s—such as Baku, Sumgayi , Makhachkala, and As akhan—a e
conside ed majo sou ces o pollu ion.
Endemic species o he Caspian, pa icula ly s u geon species and he Caspian seal, ha e seen d as ic
popula ion declines. While in he ea ly 20 h cen u y he Caspian seal popula ion was es ima ed a a ound 1
million, oday i luc ua es be ween 111,000 and 360,000. This si ua ion a ec s no only biodi e si y bu also
sec o s such as ishing and ou ism. Despi e egional coope a ion, issues emain in he implemen a ion o he
2006 F amewo k Con en ion. Weak en o cemen o en i onmen al legisla ion and lack o in e s a e
coo dina ion con ibu e o he deepening o he c isis. In addi ion, clima e change, dec easing p ecipi a ion,
and inc eased e apo a ion accele a e he d op in wa e le els. As a esul , he Caspian Sea is unde h ea bo h
biologically and economically. Wi hou u gen measu es, he comple e des uc ion o he lo a and auna is a
likely ou come. [5]
The deepening ecological c isis is d i en by in ensi ied an h opogenic impac s, an unclea legal-
egula o y amewo k, and con lic ing na ional in e es s among he coas al s a es. The main causes o his c isis
can be classi ied in o se e al g oups:
1. Discha ge o domes ic and indus ial was e in o he Caspian Sea is a majo sou ce o pollu ion.
Acco ding o he UN de ini ion, pollu ion e e s o subs ances in oduced in o he ma ine en i onmen by
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
34
human ac i i ies, ei he di ec ly o indi ec ly, which cause ha m o li ing esou ces, pose h ea s o human
heal h, hinde ma ine ac i i ies, and educe wa e quali y (Uni ed Na ions, 1982). In he Caspian egion, was e
om indus ial acili ies and he ag icul u al sec o has led o an imbalance in he ecosys em.
2. Pollu ion caused by ma i ime anspo and shipping ac i i ies. Oil and chemical leaks om
essels and he di ec discha ge o was ewa e in o he sea ha e a nega i e impac on ecological balance.
Mo eo e , he lack o a ully es ablished in e na ional legal egime in he Caspian basin makes i di icul o
implemen collec i e esponse measu es agains ship- ela ed pollu ion.
3. Oil and gas ex ac ion ac i i ies. Explo a ion and p oduc ion on he seabed, along wi h d illing
ope a ions, pose some o he mos se ious pollu ion isks due o leaks and acciden s. Fo example, echnological
acciden s on oil igs can lead o widesp ead ecological disas e s in a sho ime. These e en s a ec no only
he ma ine en i onmen bu also he socio-economic li e o he coas al popula ions.
4. Po en ial discha ge o adioac i e and o he haza dous was e om he use o nuclea ene gy.
This issue also aises conce n a he in e na ional le el, as he Caspian—being a closed wa e body—has
limi ed capaci y o abso b and eco e om such pollu ion, making i s consequences mo e p olonged and
des uc i e.
5. The use o he sea o mili a y pu poses is also conside ed a isk ac o o ecological balance.
Du ing he Cold Wa , mili a y es s and weapons anspo conduc ed in he Caspian Sea le behind esidual
impac s ha con inue o a ec he ma ine en i onmen oday.
F om a his o ical pe spec i e, he ea ies signed be ween I an and he USSR in 1921 and 1940 add essed
only he exploi a ion o ma ine esou ces bu did no include he legal egula ion o seabed esou ces and
en i onmen al p o ec ion. This gap is one o he main easons o mode n-day coope a ion p oblems among
he Caspian li o al s a es. A e Wo ld Wa II, he expansion o oil p oduc ion and disco e y o new ields in
Aze baijan b ough abou he in ensi ied exploi a ion o he Caspian’s na u al esou ces. Thus, he causes o
he ecological c isis in he Caspian Sea a e mul i ace ed and a e linked o economic, legal, and poli ical ac o s.
O e coming his c isis is only possible h ough egional coope a ion, he c ea ion o a uni ied legal egime,
and he implemen a ion o policies ha comply wi h in e na ional en i onmen al s anda ds. [6, p. 968]
The dis up ion o ecological balance poses dange ous consequences o bo h he egional popula ion
and he global clima e cycle. The agic en i onmen al disas e ha occu ed in he A al Sea se es as a wa ning
o he Caspian as well. Due o he Caspian’s lack o connec ion o oceans o open seas, i s sel -pu i ica ion
capaci y is ex emely limi ed. The e o e, he sea lacks sus ainable mechanisms o neu alize he impac o
pollu an s. The low o biological, indus ial, and ag icul u al was e causes se ious damage o he ecosys em.
A e he collapse o he So ie Union, he inc ease in he numbe o coas al s a es led o uncoo dina ed usage
o he Caspian. The lack o clea ly de ined ecological esponsibili y o each s a e deepened he c isis. The
main sou ces o pollu ion include oil and gas p oduc ion and he discha ge o indus ial was e in o he sea.
Es ima es sugges ha he la ges olume o was e en e ing he Caspian comes om Russia (50%), ollowed
by Aze baijan (16%) and I an (11%). Due o he expansion o he oil indus y, Aze baijan is no ed as one o
he leading pollu e s o he Caspian Sea. [6, p. 969]
Conclusion
Emphasizing he Impo ance o he Caspian's En i onmen al Secu i y
Legal coope a ion conce ning he Caspian Sea has p ima ily ocused on ensu ing en i onmen al secu i y
and p o ec ion. The F amewo k Con en ion signed in Teh an in 2003 and a i ied by Aze baijan in 2006 was
he i s signi ican documen in his di ec ion. The “P o ocol on P epa edness, Response and Coope a ion in
Comba ing Oil Pollu ion Inciden s,” adop ed in he ci y o Ak au in 2011, en e ed in o o ce in 2016 a e
accession by all Caspian li o al s a es. Ano he p o ocol signed in Moscow in 2012 ocused on p e en ing
land-based sou ces o pollu ion. The ag eemen signed in Moscow in 2018 u he expanded he ounda ion
o egional coope a ion by egula ing issues ela ed o he assessmen o ansbounda y impac s. [1, pp. 10–
11] Today, he Caspian Sea aces a iple en i onmen al c isis: clima e change, loss o biodi e si y, and
pollu ion. By he end o he cen u y, a po en ial 18-me e d op in wa e le els could se e ely impac
ecosys ems, ishe ies, ag icul u e, and egional ood secu i y. This is no only an ecological bu also a socio-
economic c isis. To mi iga e he c isis, h ee key di ec ions a e essen ial: s eng hening scien i ic esea ch,
expanding egional coope a ion among coun ies, and implemen ing u gen measu es. The Caspian Sea has
he po en ial o se e as a global model o sol ing such en i onmen al p oblems. Join decisions adop ed
wi hin he amewo k o COP29 will ep esen a c ucial s ep owa d es o ing he ecological balance o he
sea. [7]
Impac and Key Ou comes o COP29 on he Caspian Region
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
35
Discussions held du ing COP29 ha e ushe ed in a new phase o egional and in e na ional coope a ion
aimed a add essing he en i onmen al c isis in he Caspian Sea. Ag eemen s eached among he Caspian
li o al s a es ocused on he complex esolu ion o issues such as he decline in wa e le els, loss o
biodi e si y, and inc eased an h opogenic impac s. The join decla a ion and ag eed ac ion plan adop ed as a
esul o he nego ia ions a e no only essen ial o s abilizing he ecological si ua ion bu also hold s a egic
impo ance in ensu ing sus ainable de elopmen ac oss he egion.
Wi h he suppo o in e na ional o ganiza ions, pa icula ly he Uni ed Na ions En i onmen
P og amme (UNEP), hese ini ia i es o esee he c ea ion o coo dina ed moni o ing mechanisms o p o ec
he Caspian ecosys em, he implemen a ion o join scien i ic esea ch o mi iga e he e ec s o clima e change,
and he applica ion o inno a i e app oaches in wa e esou ce managemen . These measu es also include he
ea men o was ewa e , educ ion o indus ial pollu ion sou ces, and he de elopmen o new egula o y
amewo ks o ensu e he en i onmen al sus ainabili y o coas al in as uc u e.
The mos signi ican con ibu ion o COP29 o he Caspian egion is ha he esolu ion o en i onmen al
p oblems will no longe be limi ed o na ional e o s bu will ins ead be add essed h ough egional
coo dina ion suppo ed by legal and ins i u ional mechanisms. This p ocess lays a undamen al ounda ion o
he u u e p e en ion o ecological isks, he p ese a ion o ecosys em se ices in he Caspian Sea, and he
enhancemen o he socio-economic wel a e o coas al communi ies.
Mee ings and documen s adop ed du ing COP29 wi h he pa icipa ion o Caspian basin coun ies ha e
been o majo impo ance in e ms o egional clima e and wa e esou ce managemen . The “Decla a ion on
Coope a ion in Comba ing he Decline o he Caspian Sea Wa e Le el” o icially con i med he join app oach
o he i e li o al s a es o clima e change and wa e le el issues, while also ein o cing mu ual esponsibili y
o he p o ec ion o egional ecosys ems. This ini ia i e was complemen ed by he “S a egic Pa ne ship
Ag eemen ,” which suppo s he de elopmen o enewable ene gy and sus ainable economic g ow h in he
Caspian basin. [8]
The summi also highligh ed global issues o clima e inance and echnical coope a ion. The launch o
he “Loss and Damage Fund,” inaliza ion o he Pa is Ag eemen ca bon ma ke ules, and s eng hening o
echnical suppo mechanisms unde Na ional Adap a ion Plans (NAPs) we e among he main achie emen s
o COP29. Howe e , he ac ha only $300 billion o he $1.3 illion annually equi ed o de eloping
coun ies has been secu ed e ealed a signi ican inancial gap and unde sco ed he need o inc ease global
inancial commi men s. Addi ionally, disag eemen s among coun ies ega ding he ansi ion om ossil uels
o enewable ene gy sou ces du ing COP29 nego ia ions p e en ed a ull endo semen o his ansi ion. This
has been no ed as a c i ical issue o be add essed in u u e clima e policy discussions a upcoming COP e en s.
The summi also showcased he s a egic impo ance o he Caspian basin o he global audience and expanded
he po en ial o join ac ion among egional coun ies. The “Caspian Sea Basin Tipping Poin s” esea ch
p esen ed by he Caspian Policy Cen e and egional expe s e ealed ha clima e change, land use, and o he
en i onmen al ac o s ha e b ough he Caspian basin o a c i ical ans o ma ion h eshold. These indings
p o ide a scien i ic ounda ion o decision-making and ein o ce he need o s eng hened ansbounda y
coope a ion among he egion’s coun ies. [8]
P io i y Measu es o Ecological S abili y in he Caspian Sea
The sus ainable use o he Caspian Sea and he p o ec ion o he igh s o u u e gene a ions should be
a p io i y o all li o al s a es. To achie e his, conc e e measu es mus be iden i ied o ensu e ecological
s abili y. The ollowing poin s ou line speci ic p oposals o p o ec ing he Caspian Sea and ensu ing
en i onmen al sus ainabili y:
1. I is essen ial o imp o e bo h na ional and egional legisla ion conce ning he use o li ing and non-
li ing ma ine esou ces, which equi es coope a ion among all li o al s a es.
2. In ag icul u e, i is i al o a oid monocul u e p ac ices, enhance sowing and i iga ion echniques,
and comba land deg ada ion.
3. Suppo should be p o ided o he p omp o ganiza ion o a egional con en ion ocused on he
en i onmen al p o ec ion o he Caspian Sea.
4. Compliance wi h sa e y p o ocols in he anspo a ion o oil and he use o app op ia e me hods o
o sho e ex ac ion and coas al anspo is c ucial.
5. P e- ea men o municipal was e and he es ablishmen o local and household biogas sys ems will
con ibu e o imp o ing wa e quali y.
6. In as uc u e should be de eloped in po s and e minals o ecei e excess oil ma e ials, and he
anspo a ion and discha ge o oil should be conduc ed in acco dance wi h egional egula ions.
7. En i onmen al insu ance sys ems mus be implemen ed o ships and o he ma i ime ope a ions o
ensu e compensa ion o ecological damage. [6, p. 974]
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
36
The measu es ou lined abo e will ensu e he sus ainable use o he Caspian Sea’s li ing and non-li ing
esou ces. Reducing was e, p o ec ing land and wa e , and ensu ing he sa e anspo o oil and o he esou ces
will minimize ecological isks. Regional coope a ion and suppo o con en ions a e among he key ac o s
in p o ec ing he sea. The iden i ica ion o sensi i e coas al a eas and he es ablishmen o p o ec ed zones will
ensu e he conse a ion o biodi e si y. As a esul , hese ac ions, ca ied ou h ough join commi men s by
Caspian basin coun ies, will gua an ee ecological s abili y in he sea and ensu e sus ainable esou ce use o
u u e gene a ions.
Re e ences
1. Azə baycan Respublikası P eziden inin İşlə İda əsinin PREZİDENT KİTABXANASI –
Azə baycan Ekologiyası – Xəzə dənizi – S. 1, S. 10-11
2. Amangeldina, A. (2025) - “A al Sea Synd ome: Why Is he Caspian Sea Sh inking?” -
h ps://ca negieendowmen .o g/ ussia-eu asia/poli ika/2025/03/caspian-en i onmen -c isis?lang=en
3. Clémen Gi a do . (2024) – “Kazakhs an's Caspian Sea is d ying up, wi h disas ous consequences”
- h ps://www.lemonde. /en/m-le-mag/a icle/2024/10/22/kazakhs an-s-caspian-sea-is-d ying-up-wi h-
disas ous-consequences_6730160_117.h ml
4. Reu e s. (2024) – “Aze baijan aises ala m o e Caspian Sea's 'ca as ophic' sh inking” -
h ps://www. eu e s.com/wo ld/aze baijan- aises-ala m-o e -caspian-seas-ca as ophic-sh inking-2024-08-
19/ 5. Aiman Nakispeko a. (2023) – “The As ana Times” B inging Kazakhs an o he wo ld” – “Sh inking
Caspian Sea and Pollu ion Lead o Unwan ed Consequences” - h ps://as ana imes.com/2023/08/sh inking-
caspian-sea-and-pollu ion-lead- o-unwan ed-consequences/
6. Tomaj A ian Kia, D . Mida ala Rani. (2015) – “The en i onmen o Caspian Sea: Consequences and
Solu ions” - Schola s Jou nal o A s, Humani ies and Social Sciences – S. 968-969, S. 974
7. h ps://www.unep.o g/news-and-s o ies/speech/wo king- oge he - esilience-caspian-sea
8. Da id Mo an. (2024) – “COP 29: The Caspian COP” – CASPİAN POLİCY CENTER -
h ps://caspianpolicy.o g/ esea ch/en i onmen /cop-29- he-caspian-cop?u m
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
37
Ju isp udence
THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND HEIR INFLUENCE ON PO-
LITICAL-LEGAL THOUGHT
Behbudo Qah aman No uz oglu
PhD in Law, Associa e P o esso ,
Nakhchi an S a e Uni e si y
h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0008-9934-9435
Abs ac
The esea ch examines he de elopmen o poli ical mo emen s and labo o ganiza ions in Aze baijan
du ing he ea ly 20 h cen u y, pa icula ly be ween 1905 and 1907. The pe iod wi nessed he eme gence o
nume ous poli ical pa ies, including “Hümmə ,” “Di ai,” “Qey ə ,” “İ i aq,” and “Əş-Şəms,” as a esponse
o social, economic, and ideological changes b ough abou by he expansion o capi alism and indus ial
p oduc ion, especially in Baku’s oil indus y.
Ini ially, many o ganiza ions we e small and uns uc u ed. Fo ins ance, “İ i aq” e ol ed om a loosely
o ganized g oup in o a mo e coo dina ed en i y unde he in luence o he Socialis -Re olu iona y (ESER)
pa y. Simila ly, “Əş-Şəms” and “Hümmə ” ope a ed unde he guidance o he RSDFP (Russian Social
Democ a ic Labou Pa y) Baku Commi ee, o en p oducing e olu iona y pamphle s and publica ions o
mobilize wo ke s and sp ead socialis ideas.
Labo o ganiza ion became a signi ican aspec o he e olu iona y mo emen . In 1906, wo ke s began
o ming ade unions unde he new labo law, wi h di e ences eme ging be ween Bolshe iks and Menshe iks
o e o ganiza ional p inciples. Bolshe iks ad oca ed o uni ed unions ac oss ades and e hnici ies, while
Menshe iks p e e ed sepa a e unions based on p o ession. Despi e in e nal disag eemen s, Bolshe iks
success ully es ablished he Oil Wo ke s’ Union in Baku, which soon included 300 membe s wi h an execu i e
commi ee.
Poli ical engagemen also ex ended o elec o al campaigns and public demons a ions. The Fi s S a e
Duma elec ions highligh ed di isions be ween Bolshe iks and Menshe iks ega ding pa icipa ion. While
Bolshe iks boyco ed he elec ions, Menshe iks and o he socialis pa ies ac i ely engaged, hough nei he
achie ed signi ican elec o al success. Re olu iona y ac i i y pe sis ed despi e ep ession by he Tsa is
au ho i ies, including s ikes, demons a ions, and he o ma ion o a med wo ke de achmen s o p o ec ion
and e olu iona y ac ion.
The esea ch concludes ha hese poli ical pa ies and labo o ganiza ions played a c ucial ole in
os e ing poli ical awa eness, legal consciousness, and ci ic esponsibili y among Aze baijanis. Thei ac i i ies
con ibu ed o he es ablishmen o democ a ic and legal p inciples, he p omo ion o na ional iden i y, and he
s uggle agains Tsa is opp ession. Mo eo e , hey laid he ideological g oundwo k ha ul ima ely acili a ed
he c ea ion o he Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic in 1918.
Keywo ds: Aze baijan, Baku, Ea ly 20 h Cen u y, Poli ical Pa ies, Socialis Mo emen s, Bolshe iks,
Menshe iks, T ade Unions, Labo O ganiza ion, “Hümmə ” Pa y,“İ i aq”,“Əş-Şəms”, “Di ai”, Wo ke s’
S ikes, S a e Duma Elec ions
In oduc ion
Poli ical pa ies a e among he main ins i u ions ha play a c ucial ole in he go e nance o mode n
socie y, he egula ion o s a e–ci izen ela ions, and he o ma ion o he poli ical will o he people. They a e
o ganiza ions ha exp ess he in e es s o a ious social s a a, classes, and g oups wi hin socie y and seek o
ealize hese in e es s by in luencing poli ical powe .
The eme gence and de elopmen o poli ical pa ies a e closely linked o he long- e m social, economic,
and ideological e olu ion o human socie y. As capi alism de eloped, indus ializa ion expanded, and social
s a i ica ion deepened, poli ical pa ies became an in eg al pa o public li e in Eu opean coun ies by he end
o he 19 h cen u y. This p ocess la e ex ended o he Russian Empi e and i s e i o ies, including Aze baijan.
The o ma ion o poli ical pa ies in Aze baijani socie y since he la e 19 h cen u y was accompanied by
he ise o he wo king class, he inc easing ac i i y o he in elligen sia, and he s eng hening o na ional
libe a ion ideas. Pa icula ly in Baku, he accele a ion o indus ializa ion, he expansion o wo ke s’
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
38
mo emen s, and he g ow h o social discon en led o he eme gence o poli ical consciousness and he
c ea ion o o ganiza ions and pa ies o a ious o ien a ions.
Pa ies and public associa ions such as “Hümmə ,” “Di ai,” “İ i aq,” “Qey ə ,” and “Əş-Şəms”
played a signi ican ole in he na ional awakening o he people, in sp eading ideas o eedom and equali y,
and in he de elopmen o legal hough . As a esul o hei ac i i ies, concep s such as cons i u ional
eedoms, eedom o he p ess and exp ession, he igh o o e, equali y, and social jus ice en e ed he
poli ical agenda o socie y.
The ele ance o his opic lies in he ac ha he his o y o he eme gence and de elopmen o poli ical
pa ies p o ides no only insigh in o he poli ical p ocesses o he pas bu also aluable scien i ic and p ac ical
expe ience o he o ma ion o a mode n democ a ic socie y. The oo s o oday’s mul i-pa y sys em a e
di ec ly connec ed o he socio-poli ical mo emen s o ha pe iod.
The aim o his esea ch is o analyze scien i ically he p ocess o o ma ion o poli ical pa ies in
Aze baijan du ing he 19 h–20 h cen u ies, hei ideological and o ganiza ional ounda ions, hei ole in socio-
poli ical li e, and hei in luence on he de elopmen o legal hough .
The main objec i es o he esea ch a e as ollows:
1. To de e mine he socio-economic and ideological ac o s ha in luenced he eme gence o poli ical
pa ies;
2. To s udy he s ages o o ma ion o he i s poli ical o ganiza ions in Aze baijan;
3. To analyze he ideological and poli ical di ec ions o he main pa ies ha ope a ed in he 19 h–20 h
cen u ies;
4. To iden i y he ole o poli ical pa ies in he de elopmen o na ional consciousness and legal
hough ;
5. To e alua e he in luence o hese p ocesses on he es ablishmen o he Aze baijan Democ a ic
Republic.
The objec o he esea ch is he p ocess o poli ical o ganiza ion and pa y o ma ion in Aze baijani
socie y du ing he 19 h–20 h cen u ies.
The subjec o he esea ch is he socio-poli ical ac i i ies o hese pa ies and he ou comes o hese
ac i i ies in he his o y o legal hough .
The scien i ic and p ac ical signi icance o he s udy lies in he ac ha he his o y o he o ma ion
o poli ical pa ies p o ides an oppo uni y o unde s and he ideological oo s o Aze baijan’s mode n poli ical
sys em and o e alua e he s ages o de elopmen o na ional s a ehood consciousness. The s udy o his opic
is ele an and mul i ace ed in e ms o poli ical science, law, and his o y.
Thus, he p ocess o o ma ion o poli ical pa ies was no only an impo an e en in he socio-poli ical
li e o Aze baijan bu also a decisi e s age in he de elopmen o legal hough and democ a ic alues.
The Mass Poli ical S ike o May 1, 1903
The newspape Isk a w o e abou he May 1, 1903 mass poli ical s ike:
“A magni icen s ike ook place. In he en i e ci y, in he Black Ci y and he Whi e Ci y, in Bayil and
Bibiheyba , in Balakhani, he o e whelming majo i y o wo ke s wen on s ike...”
Acco ding o his o ical accoun s, a e he May s ike, Aze baijani wo ke s a Mi zabekyan s’ obacco
ac o y “ olun a ily began o join he wo ke s’ ci cles and eques ed he dis ibu ion o p oclama ions.” Abou
six y o hem es ablished hei own ci cles whe e p opaganda was conduc ed in hei na i e language. They
also ec ui ed wo ke s om o he labo sec o s in o hese ci cles.
On July 1, he s ike ha began in he mechanical wo kshops o he Baku Machine-Building Company
and Man ashe ’s Bibiheyba Oil Company sp ead in o a gene al s ike upon he call o he Baku Commi ee o
he Russian Social-Democ a ic Labou Pa y (RSDLP). A eleg am da ed July 5, 1903, sen o he o ice o he
Caucasian Vice oy, s a ed:
“Today, in Balakhani, h ee la ge oil ields a e on s ike. No demands ha e been submi ed; he wo ke s
ha e quie ly dispe sed o hei homes. T am d i e s in he ci y ha e also gone on s ike...”
Ano he eleg am epo ed ha he s ike which began in he Baku Machine-Building Plan on July 2
had sp ead o o he mechanical wo kshops. The main demand o he wo ke s was a wage inc ease.
Taking ad an age o he chao ic si ua ion in Baku, he leade s o he s ike ied o con ince he masses
ha he mo emen se ed he in e es s o he wo ke s. Howe e , mos o he main agi a o s we e A menians
and Jews who we e, in ac , de ending hei own na ional in e es s. Du ing a ga he ing o 4,000 wo ke s a he
“Wol ’s Ga e,” in lamma o y speeches we e deli e ed in A menian, and lea le s calling o e enge o he
Kishine pog oms we e dis ibu ed by Jewish ac i is s. Thus, he July s ike, which had begun wi h economic
demands, was ans o med unde he leade ship o he Baku Commi ee in o a gene al poli ical mo emen —
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
39
and e en in o a na ional mo emen o A menians and Jews. The s ike was only supp essed a e he a i al o
he 262nd Salyan In an y Rese e Regimen in Baku.
The i s a med clash occu ed in he Whi e Ci y when he s iking c owd h ew s ones a he Cossacks
and e en opened i e. On he e ening o July 7, when he ci y’s powe s a ion ceased ope a ion, Baku was
plunged in o da kness. No newspape s we e published. Only by he e ening o July 8 did he ci y’s elec ic
s a ion esume wo k. Indus ial ac i i y in he Black Ci y was es o ed on July 10, in Bibiheyba be ween July
12–15, in he Whi e Ci y be ween July 11–14, and in Balakhani be ween July 13–17. Howe e , So ie
his o iog aphy alsely claimed ha he s ike las ed un il July 22.
A chi al ma e ials e eal ha du ing he s ike, 92 oil wells we e se on i e. Se e al ac o s indica e
ha he s ike had a poli ical a he han an economic cha ac e . The wo ke s and employees o en e p ises
such as he Nobel B o he s Associa ion, Shibae & Co., and he Caspian–Black Sea Company, who
pa icipa ed in he s ike, we e no su e ing economically. These companies had al eady opened schools,
lib a ies, and o ganized plays and eadings o hei wo ke s. The e o e, hei pa icipa ion was an ac o
solida i y, demanding ha poo e wo ke s also be aised o such a social le el. A e he a es o 120 ac i e
s ike leade s, li e in Baku e u ned o no mal.
In Isk a issue no. 45, i was w i en:
“The magni icen up ising o he sou he n wo ke s is an e en o g ea signi icance o he en i e u u e
eedom mo emen .” Issue no. 53 o he same newspape was en i ely de o ed o his e en . In he a icle i led
‘Wha Do he July Days Tell Us?’, i was s a ed: “In he sou h o Russia, e en s o immense impo ance ha e
aken place... Nowhe e in Russia, and pe haps nowhe e in he wo ld, has he e been such a massi e mo emen .
Rega dless o na ionali y o p o ession, e e yone wen on s ike. E en in he hal -cen u y his o y o he
socialis mo emen in Wes e n Eu ope, no poli ical s ike has e e eached such a scale.”
S. M. A andiye la e w o e abou his:
“The 1903 Baku s ike had no only All-Russian bu also in e na ional signi icance. The leade o he
Ge man Social Democ a ic Pa y, Augus Bebel, men ioned his in he Reichs ag, saying ha he wo ke s’
mo emen had achie ed wo g ea ic o ies ha yea : one was he Baku s ike, and he o he was he success
o Ge man Social Democ acy in he elec ions.”
As in p e ious his o ical pe iods, in 1903 A menians again sough o use he socialis mo emen o
hei own na ional in e es s. Du ing he July gene al s ike in Baku, he Balakhani mo emen ook on such a
cha ac e , and e en he Baku S ike Commi ee could no in luence hem. This was no only he case in Baku
and Ti lis bu also in all egions o he Caucasus whe e A menians we e nume ous. I he A menian p ole a ia
showed such an a i ude owa d he Russian e olu iona y mo emen , wha could be expec ed om hei
peasan s, bou geoisie, and in ellec uals? The numbe o A menian Social Democ a s was e y small, as mos
in ellec uals had joined he A menian na ional mo emen . Social Democ a s we e b anded as “ ai o s o hei
na ion.”
The esolu ion adop ed by he s ike s exp essed suppo o he Oc obe 17 Mani es o and he hope ha
he p omised poli ical eedoms would soon be g an ed. A empo a y o ganiza ional bu eau consis ing o en
Aze baijani wo ke s was es ablished o p esen essen ial demands. This esolu ion con adic ed he RSDLP
Baku Commi ee’s own decision, which condemned he Mani es o. Acco ding o I. Bagi o a in he book
Poli ical Pa ies and O ganiza ions in Aze baijan a he Beginning o he 20 h Cen u y, he esolu ion was
close in spi i o ha o he Cade s han o he Social Democ a s. I should be no ed ha , apa om he
Bolshe iks, almos all poli ical pa ies, social o ganiza ions, and e en he cle gy welcomed he Oc obe 17
Mani es o. This was na u al, since o na ions ha had long su e ed unde absolu ism—and o hose in he
colonies unde addi ional opp ession—such cons i u ional igh s we e indeed one o he g ea es achie emen s
o he Fi s Russian Re olu ion.
A he end o 1905, a e olu iona y mo emen also eme ged among s uden s o Baku’s seconda y
schools. In No embe –Decembe , Aze baijani s uden s c ea ed an o ganiza ion called Ukhü ə
(“B o he hood”). Membe s o he Hümmə pa y such as M. Azizbeyo and M. F. Akhundo ca ied ou Social
Democ a ic p opaganda wi hin his o ganiza ion, which al eady indica ed an in e nal di ision wi hin he
Hümmə mo emen .
Hümmə es ablished b anches in Ganja, Shusha, Nakhchi an, Jul a, and Ti lis. The las one, being he
la ges , was unde he in luence o Geo gian Menshe iks. Acco ding o a chi al documen s, in 1905, Ash a
Yuzbeyo , oge he wi h A. Bay amo , G. A. Taghizade, G. Shabano , and A. Abdullaye , decided o c ea e
a sepa a e ci cle in Tbilisi independen o he Baku Hümmə b anch. Re e ing o he memoi s o G. A.
Taghizade, I. Bagi o a no es ha Ash a Yuzbeyo , who had wo ked wi h he Geo gian Social Democ a Jason
Chkhenadze since 1901, along wi h G. A. Taghizade and I. Vazi o , unde he leade ship o Na iman
Na imano , es ablished Hümmə ci cles in Tbilisi, Nakhchi an, and Jul a in 1904. Howe e , he claim ha
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
40
Na imano , who o icially joined he Baku Hümmə b anch in 1905, ounded a Hümmə ci cle in Tbilisi in
1904 aises ques ions.
Acco ding o he Police Depa men ’s ma e ials, by he end o 1905 he Hümmə ci cle had mo e han
100 membe s. The dis ibu ion o Aze baijani-language Social Democ a ic lea le s in Tbilisi was di ec ly
connec ed wi h Hümmə ’s ac i i ies. These lea le s exp essed solida i y wi h he peasan up isings in Russia
and he s ike o Ganja ailway wo ke s, calling o a join s uggle agains absolu ism. The p oclama ions we e
p in ed a he Qey ə p in ing house by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh and F. Nemanzadeh.
Like he Bolshe ik Hümmə in Baku, he Menshe ik Hümmə in Tbilisi also had local b anches in
Ba umi, Pe o sk, Vladika kaz, Ka s, Ye e an, and Nakhchi an. Acco ding o a epo om he ac ing head
o he Tbilisi Genda me ie da ed Feb ua y 15, 1908:
“On No embe 12, 1907, a eceip bea ing he name o he Hümmə Pa y was ound on Heyda
Ka balayi Ali oglu Mammado , a esiden o Nakhchi an, in he E i an Go e no a e...”
The eceip bo e he seal “Ti lis B anch o Hümmə ” and con i med he paymen o a 50-kopeck
membe ship ee, g an ing he igh o pa icipa e in all o ganiza ional mee ings. Mammado s a ed ha he had
ecei ed he eceip by mail om Haji Mi Bagi Mi Heyda zadeh in Tbilisi. On Janua y 6, 1908, he Tbilisi
go e no ecei ed a pe i ion om he ci y pos o ice conce ning he “Ti lis Muslim Socie y.” The pe i ion
epo ed ha he well-known socialis e olu iona y Seyid Mi Bagi Mi Heyda zadeh, a membe o he
mosque p ope y adminis a ion, had come o Tbilisi and was leading one o he comba de achmen s. Du ing
a sea ch, Mi Heyda zadeh claimed ha he was nei he a membe o he Hümmə no he Socialis
Re olu iona y Pa y, hough many sou ces iden i y him as a membe o he Hümmə Tbilisi b anch.
One o he o ganiza ion’s ac i is s, Gasim Jalalbeyo , ecalled in his memoi s ha Mi Heyda zadeh
had been a membe o a Ma xis ci cle in Nakhchi an in 1905. A e escaping p ison and eaching Tbilisi, Mi
Heyda zadeh epo ed o he Hümmə Tbilisi b anch abou he si ua ion in Nakhchi an. By he decision o he
O ganiza ional Bu eau, A. I. Yuzbeyo and A. Bay amo we e sen o Nakhchi an, whe e hey es ablished a
local bu eau consis ing o Mi Heyda zadeh, I. A. Sul ano , I. Sheikho , and H. Mammado , wi h H.
Mammado elec ed as sec e a y. A chi al ma e ials indica e ha owa d he end o 1905, a nucleus o he
RSDLP (Russian Social-Democ a ic Labou Pa y) was es ablished in Nakhchi an by ax inspec o Semechko.
The i s membe s o his ci cle we e Gasim Jalalbeyo , Mi -Bagi Mi -Heyda zadeh, Heyda Mammado ,
Naja gulu Naja o , he silk ins uc o Ku a eladze, and Bogusla sky. A simila nucleus was also ounded in
Jul a in 1906, whe e Naja gulu and Rzagulu Naja o and Nas ulla Sheikho we e among he main ac i is s.
The same a chi al ma e ial no es ha he Nakhchi an o ganiza ion had mo e han i y membe s. The
o ganiza ion no only ca ied ou socialis p opaganda among peasan s, he u ban poo , and soldie s bu also
closely coope a ed wi h I anian e olu iona ies. The b o he s Ka balayi Mammad and Ka balayi Abdulla
Taghiye we e I anian e olu iona ies who ope a ed in Nakhchi an. Since b anches o he I anian Social
Democ a ic Pa y had been es ablished in Baku and Ti lis, he co esponding Hümmə b anches unde he same
name coope a ed wi h hem and ook an ac i e pa in he I anian Re olu ion.
While he Baku b anch o Hümmə ollowed he p og am and s a u e o he Bolshe ik Pa y, he Ti lis
b anch p epa ed i s own p og am and egula ions. A b ochu e i led “The Ti lis Socie y o Anjuman Ümmə ”,
disco e ed in Decembe 1909 om Mammad-Ali Ka balayi-Islam oglu, a esiden o I a an, included he
p og am o he Hümmə Pa y. The p og am s a ed ha he pa y was c ea ed o de end he in e es s and
imp o e he condi ion o he poo and wo king classes. Six o i s hi een a icles we e de o ed o he eedoms
o speech, assembly, associa ion, hough , belie , he p ess, and he igh o s ike. The emaining a icles
demanded: an eigh -hou wo kday; gene al, di ec , and sec e su age; equal ea men o ich and poo in
cou s; uni e sal and compulso y educa ion; he in oduc ion o a p og essi e ax sys em; and he ans e o
s a e, noble, and landlo d lands o peasan s.
The s a u e o he Hümmə Pa y’s Ti lis b anch de ined i s o ganiza ional s uc u e and membe ship
ules. Pe sons abo e he age o i een could join he pa y and we e issued s amped membe ship ca ds. Each
membe had o pay a mon hly ee o i y kopecks o he pa y easu y. The pa y’s sup eme au ho i y was i s
assembly, which was o ganized in h ee o ms:
a) Special and sec e mee ings; b) mee ings o wel e membe s; and
b) c) gene al mee ings o all membe s.
The s a u e also en isaged he es ablishmen o a special ibunal o punish hose who be ayed pa y
a ai s. No membe could lea e he pa y anks wi hou he pe mission o he assembly. Simila o he RSDLP,
he p inciple o democ a ic cen alism was implemen ed in a dis inc i e o m: mee ings o wel e membe s
we e subo dina e o he sec e mee ings, and he gene al mee ings o all membe s we e bound by he decisions
o he wel e-membe sessions.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
47
Unde he in luence o he RSDLP Baku Commi ee, he “Hümmə ” o ganiza ion did no ini ially ha e
i s own p og am, ope a ing ins ead unde he guidance o he cen al commi ee. Th ough i s p ess, he
commi ee p oduced lea le s and p oclama ions, such as Naşi Din and Ko Vsem, dissemina ing e olu iona y
ideas. By May 26, 1906, “Hümmə ” co-published he newspape Də ə -qoç in Aze baijani and A menian wi h
he A menian sec ion o he Baku Commi ee, while i s o gan Bakı Raboçi clandes inely published he RSDLP
p og am in Aze baijani, acili a ing he sp ead o Bolshe ik ideas among Aze baijani wo ke s.
Despi e he supp ession o he 1905–1906 up isings, e olu iona y ac i i y pe sis ed. Gene al s ikes
occu ed in ea ly 1906, wi h o e 60,000 pa icipan s ac oss Aze baijan, and wo ke s’ mili ias (“d uzhinas”)
we e o med o p o ec s ike s and pa y membe s. “Hümmə ” also main ained i s own igh ing uni , e lec ing
i s ac i e pa icipa ion in e olu iona y mobiliza ion. The o ganiza ion engaged in publishing newspape s such
as Təkamül (E olu ion) and Yoldaş (Com ade), which ea u ed a icles by p ominen Aze baijani in ellec uals
including M. A. Rasulzade, C. M. E endiye , and N. Na imano .
Th ough hese ac i i ies, “Hümmə ” con ibu ed signi ican ly o he de elopmen o poli ical
consciousness among Aze baijani wo ke s, s eng hening na ional awa eness and social solida i y. I s
publica ions and o ganiza ional wo k helped ins ill alues o social jus ice, equali y, and ci ic esponsibili y,
laying he g oundwo k o u u e poli ical mobiliza ion and he e en ual es ablishmen o he Aze baijan
Democ a ic Republic in 1918.
Re e ences
1. Rae ski, A. Bolshe ism and Menshe ism in Baku, 1904–1905. Baku, 1930, p. 11.
2. S ya oxo ski, T. Russian Aze baijan, 1905–1920. “Xəzə ,” No. 1, 1990, p. 92.
3. Lenin, V. I. Collec ed Wo ks, Vol. 3, Baku, 1980.
4. Be enson, L. Baku Oil Fields and Fac o ies om a Sani a y-Medical Pe spec i e. Sain Pe e sbu g,
1897. 5. Repo on he Audi o Baku Ci y and he Baku Go e no a e by Sena o Kuzminski, 1906, p. 108.
6. Kaspi, Decembe 12, 1899, No. 268.
7. Köyüşo , Z. Views o Aze baijani Educa o s (Second Hal o he 19 h Cen u y). Baku, 1960, p. 19.
8. Kaspi, Augus 6, 1899, No. 157.
9. Ma x, K., and Engels, F. The Communis Mani es o. Baku, 1961, pp. 6, 36.
10. Məmmədzadə, M. B. The Aze baijani Na ional Mo emen . Baku, 1992, p. 19.
11. Ske ches o he His o y o Pedagogical Though among USSR Peoples: 18 h Cen u y – Fi s Hal
o he 19 h Cen u y. Moscow, 1973, p. 527.
12. An hology o Aze baijani Pedagogical Though . Moscow, 1989, p. 23.
13. A ghani, J. Response o Al-A ghani o Renan, “Jou nal-ed-Deu, Re u a ion o Ma e ialis s,” p. 177,
Pa is, 1942.
14. Jou nal o he Islamic Wo ld, 1913, Pa II, Vol. VIII, pp. 568–569.
15. His o y o he Muslims. Philosophy, Vol. II, Wiesbaden, 1966, p. 1487.
16. Said Ahmad Khan. Taqzib al-Akhlaq (Ci iliza ion), Laho e, 1913, Vol. 2, p. 18.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
48
Medical sciences
THE FREQUENCY OF OSTEOPATİA İN PREMATURE BABİES
Gunel Sul ano a
Fa ima Velie a
Duyghu Sul anli
Depa men o Pa hological Physiology o Aze baijan Medical Uni e si y
Rele ance: Me abolic bone disease o p ema u e babies os eopa ia is one o he mos common p oblems
in neona al uni s. The mos impo an isk ac o s a e p ema u e bi h, low bi h weigh , immobiliza ion,
ch onic diseases and some medica ions. This necessi a es ea ly diagnosis and ea men o in an s a isk.
Aim: Os eopa ia is an impo an mo bidi y o e y low bi h weigh in an s. In his s udy we aimed o
app ecia e he equancy o os eope- nia, he e hiological ac o s and he clinical and labo a o y indings o
os eopa ia in ou clinic.
Ma e ial and Me hod: The eco ds o p e e m in an s who we e admi ed om Janua y 2018 o
Decembe 2022 wi h he diagnosis o os eopa ia we e e iewed. Clinical da a and in o ma ion abou hese
in an s we e assessed acco ding o he da a base o ou clinic and he iles o cases. The ges a ional age,
sexuali y, bi h weigh , clinical indings and labo a o y indings o ou cases we e eco ded. This was a
e ospec i e medical cha e iew.
Resul s: Ou o a o al o 345 cases, 110 we e diagnosed as os eopa ia. The incidence was 3.1%. 94
cases (83%) we e p e e ms wi h
<32 ges a ional age and 91 o hem had <1250 g bi h weigh s. Respi a o y dys ess (39% mild and
47% se e e) was he mos common ini ial complain o hese p e e m in an s and among hese cases 73% had
been suppo ed by en ila ion. 42 cases ecei ed s e oid ea - men because o b onchopulmona y dysplasia.
50% o he cases we e diagnosed a he age o 15- 30 days pos na ally. The cases who we e symp oma ic
comp ised 50% o he o al numbe and ho ax de o mi ies we e he majo mani es a ions. Also, in 4 cases
emu ac u e was iden i ied. As he e idence o bone unde mine alisa ion, inc eased ALP and dec eased P
le els we e he mos ly de e mined labo a o y indings.
Conclusions: The incidence o os eopa ia o p ema u i y in ou clinic was de e mined as 3.1% wich was
lowe han ha epo ed in he li e a u e. The incidences o os eopa ia among in an s bo n be o e 28 week o
ges a ional age and wi h <1000 g . bi h weigh we e, espec i ely, 22.5% and 18.4%. The pa hogenesis o
disease is mul i ac o ial. Respi a o y dys ess synd ome, en ila ion suppo , s e oid ea men o
b onchopulmona y dysplasia, sepsis, nec o izing en e ocoli is, o al pa en e al nu i ion, p olonged
hospi aliza ion we e con- i med as common e hiological ac o s. (Tu k A ch Ped 2009; 44: 18-22)
Keywo ds: B onchopulmona y dysplasia (BPD), espi a o y dys ess synd ome (RDS), s e oid
ea men , e y low bi h weigh p e e m
an ioxida i e indica o s.
Lıs o publıshed scıen ı ıc wo ks
1. Aliye M.Kh., Sul ano a G.M., Aliye O.S., Aliye E.M., Hajiye a S.I., Aliye a C.T., Sa a aliye a
L.Kh. Diabe ic os eopa ia as a mani es a ion o delayed complica ions o diabe es // Aze baijan Medical
Jou nal, Baku: 2021, No. 4, p. 190-196, ISSN 0005-2523
2. Mammadzade A.Y., Aghamaliye a U.C., Panahi M. A., Sul ano a G. M., Ahmadzade U. I. The ole
o endo helial dys unc ion in in a ascula coagula ion o blood and lymph and dis up ion o issue lympha ic
d ainage du ing diabe es // Hono ed Scien is P o esso T. A. Based on he Ma e ials o he In e na ional
Scien i ic-P ac ical Cong ess dedica ed o he 100 h anni e sa y o Aliye 's bi h, "Ac ual P oblems o
Medicine 2021", Oc obe 6-8, Aze baijan, Baku, 2021, p. 322-323.
3. Sul ano a G.M., Gasimo a A.S., Ahmadzadeh U. I. , Gasimo a N.N. Bone Me abolism Diso de s
Du ing Diabe es Melli us // Na u e and Science in e na ional scien i ic jou nal, Baku, 2022, olume 4, issue
10, olume 4, Issue 10, pages 55-56, ISSN 2707- 1146 e-ISSN 2709-4189 impac ac o 1.642 DOI:
10.36719/2707-1146/25/12-16.
4. Sul ano a G. Şəkə li diabe zamanı sümük me abolizm pozulmala ı // VII İn e na ional Scien i ic and
P ac ical Con e ence, Ques ions hypo heses answe s science XXI cen u y, To on o Canada, Ma ch 26-27 2024
, UDC 001.1, BBC 1, pages 54-57, ISBN 978-91-5423-61-9, h ps//doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.10899717
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
49
5. Wang L, Li T, Liu J, Wu X, Wang H, Li X, e al. Associa ion be ween glycosyla ed hemoglobin Alc
and bone biochemical ma ke s in ype 2 diabe ic pos menopausal women: a c oss-sec ional s udy. BMC
Endoc Diso d 2019,
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
50
POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING THE SEVERITY OF UL-
CERATIVE COLITIS
S oike ych M.V.
PhD, Head o he Depa men o in es inal diseases, SI “Ins i u e o Gas oen e ology o he Na ional Acad-
emy o Medical Sciences o Uk aine”, Dnip o.
Ti o a M.V.
PhD, Senio Resea che o he Depa men o miniin asi e endoscopic in e en ions and ins umen al diag-
nos ics, ul asound doc o o he SI “Ins i u e o Gas oen e ology o he Na ional Academy o Medical Sci-
ences o Uk aine”, Dnip o, Uk aine.
Ta aso a T.S.
PhD, Senio Resea che o he Depa men o in es inal diseases, S a e Ins i u ion “Ins i u e o Gas oen e -
ology o he Na ional Academy o Medical Sciences o Uk aine”, Dnip o, Uk aine
Simono a O.V.
PhD, Senio Resea che o he Depa men o miniin asi e endoscopic in e en ions and ins umen al
diagnos ics, ul asound doc o o he SI “Ins i u e o Gas oen e ology o he Na ional Academy o Medical
Sciences o Uk aine”, Dnip o, Uk aine
Rele ance. Endoscopic and his ological examina ions play a c ucial ole in he diagnosis o ulce a i e
coli is (UC), which allow o con i m he diagnosis, de e mine he deg ee o ac i i y o he in lamma o y p o-
cess, and he ex en o in es inal damage [1, 2]. The combina ion o endoscopy and ul asound has led o he
use o in aluminal sonog aphic imaging in many diseases, including UC [3]. T ans ec al ul asound, as a ype
o endo-ul asound (TRUS), is a minimally in asi e p ocedu e ha allows o assess bo h in es inal and ex-
ain es inal mani es a ions o he disease and, along wi h colonoscopy, can p o ide doc o s wi h mo e in o -
ma ion [4, 5, 6].
Keywo ds: ans ec al ul asound, ulce a i e coli is.
Objec i e. To de e mine he ela ionship be ween he clinical, endoscopic pic u e o he disease and
ul asonog aphic changes in he in es inal wall in pa ien s wi h UC using TRUSD.
Ma e ials and me hods. Pa ien s we e di ided in o g oups depending on he se e i y o he disease
acco ding o he Mayo Sco ing Sys em: 47 mode a e pa ien s and 26 se e e pa ien s. The examina ion was
pe o med on an expe -class ul asound scanne SonoScape S60 using a low- equency con ex senso o 3.5
MHz and a ec o- aginal con ex senso o 6 MHz. The ec al ansduce is inse ed o a dep h o 10-15 cm and
he wall hickness, s a i ica ion in o laye s and s uc u e o each laye a e assessed. Comp ession elas og aphy
is pe o med a a dep h o 5-8 cm om he anus. The blood low densi y in he in es inal wall is assessed by
Dopple scanning by calcula ing he colou Dopple signal (CDS) pe 1 cm2.
Resul s. Thickening o he ec al wall o ˃5 mm was ypical o 100% o pa ien s. The hickness o he
wall and submucosa depended on he se e i y o UC. Thus, he wall hickness (6.7 (5.4; 7.72) mm s. 8.9
(7.88; 9.27) mm, p=0.002) and submucosal laye hickness (3.66 (2.3; 5.6) mm s. 5.67 (5; 6.27) mm, p=0.015)
signi ican ly di e ed be ween mode a e and se e e UC. The analysis o TRUSD pa ame e s e ealed a en-
dency o inc ease he hickness o he mucosal laye wi h an inc ease in endoscopic ac i i y. The deg ee o
ascula isa ion di e ed signi ican ly be ween mode a e and se e e UC ac i i y. The eg ession analysis e-
ealed a ela ionship be ween he in es inal wall hickness ( =0.44; p=0.0121) and he submucosal laye hick-
ness ( =0.86; p=0.006) wi h he Mayo index. The co ela ion o colon wall hickness wi h s ool equency
( =0.37; p=0.018), leukocy osis ( =0.38; p=0.016) and ESR ( =0.35; p=0.027) was es ablished. The majo i y
o pa ien s wi h se e e UC (86.7%) had g ade 3 blood low densi y in he ec al wall. The numbe o CDS
co ela ed wi h he se e i y o hype aemia o he colon mucosa ( =0.302; p=0.016), ulce a ion ( =0.314;
p=0.012), he deg ee o bleeding o he UC (0.356; p=0.004) and, in gene al, wi h he index o endoscopic
ac i i y o UC (0.335; p=0.007). And he deg ee o CO blood low densi y co ela ed wi h he deg ee o mu-
cosal bleeding ( =0.312; p=0.013). The hickness o he muscle laye co ela ed wi h he deg ee o CO bleeding
( =0.420; p=0.001).
The ROC analysis e ealed he possibili y o using he deg ee o blood low densi y o de e mine he
endoscopic ac i i y o UC. The h eshold alue o he numbe o loci pe 1 cm2 indica ing p onounced endo-
scopic ac i i y was 8, he sensi i i y was 58.8% and he speci ici y was 76.2%.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
51
Conclusions. Endoscopic examina ion in pa ien s wi h UC should be complemen ed by TEE. The es-
ablished co ela ions be ween clinical, endoscopic and ul asound pa ame e s can be used o de e mine disease
ac i i y.
Re e ences
1. Li L, Cheng R, Wu Y, Lin H, Gan H, Zhang H. Diagnosis and managemen o in lamma o y bowel
disease. J E id Based Med. 2024 Jun;17(2):409-433. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12626. Epub 2024 Jun 27. PMID:
38934234.
2. Fábián A., Bo R., Szepes Z. The use o ul asound in colonic and pe ianal diseases. Cu Opin Gas-
oen e ol. 2023. №39(1). P. 50-56. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000891.
3. EFSUMB Recommenda ions and Clinical Guidelines o In es inal Ul asound (GIUS) in In lamma-
o y Bowel Diseases. EFSUMB-Emp ehlungen und klinische Lei linien ü den gas oin es inalen Ul aschall
(GIUS) ch onisch en zündlichen Da me k ankungen (CED) / G. Maconi e al. Ul aschall Med. 2018. №39(3).
P. 304-317. doi:10.1055/s-0043-125329
4. P edic i e alue o Milan ul asound c i e ia in ulce a i e coli is: A p ospec i e obse a ional coho
s udy / M. Allocca e al. Uni ed Eu opean Gas oen e ol J. 2022. №10(2). P. 190-197. doi:10.1002/ueg2.12206.
5. Rana S.S., Kan e B., Shah J., Nada R., Kal a N., Gup a R. Role o EUS in idiopa hic ulce a i e
coli is. Endosc. Ul asound. 2021;10:313–314. doi: 10.4103/EUS-D-20-00224.
6. Jin R.F., Chen Y.M., Chen R.P., Ye H.J. Endoscopic ul asonog aphy in he e alua ion o condi ion
and p ognosis o ulce a i e coli is. Wo ld J. Clin. Cases. 2022;10:4818–4826. doi:
10.12998/wjcc. 10.i15.4818
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
52
Pedagogical sciences
OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING
ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS
Rena Abdullaye a
senio eache o Baku Sla ic Uni e si y
No only in sol ing scien i ic p oblems bu also in e e yday li e, a i icial in elligence (AI) has ound
i s way in o many sphe es o human ac i i y. The end o use AI has also in luenced he educa ional p ocess.
Pla o ms such as G amma ly, Cha GPT, W i e & Imp o e, and o he s enable s uden s no only o lea n w i ing
success ully bu also o check hei comple ed assignmen s, ecei ing ins an and indi idualized eedback. In
u n, eaching s a in educa ional ins i u ions ecognize he necessi y o adap ing he lea ning p ocess o
mode n eali ies [1, p.123].
W i ing skills in a o eign language a e pa icula ly ele an in oday’s wo ld, whe e globaliza ion,
academic mobili y, and in e cul u al communica ion se hei own ules and condi ions. Fo example, in o de
o gain a espec able place in he academic wo ld, i is impo an o deg ee seeke s o publish he esul s o
hei esea ch in in e na ional scien i ic jou nals. This means ha hey mus mas e he in e na ionally accep ed
s anda ds o academic w i ing.
In he mode n wo ld, along wi h adi ional o ms o educa ion, con empo a y online pla o ms ha
de elop w i ing and edi ing skills come o hei aid. By applying inno a i e echnologies, s uden s ha e he
oppo uni y o s udy a ious models o w i en wo ks, he eby lea ning o adap hei s yle o he ask, s uc u e
di e en ypes o w i en ex s, and wo k au onomously. AI echnologies also inc ease s uden s’ mo i a ion
[2]. Howe e , many esea che s, such as J. Cooley [3], A. Be mus [4], N. Tikhono a [5], and o he s, a e
conce ned ha s uden s’ use o AI o w i ing a ious kinds o ex s b ings no only ad an ages bu also a
numbe o p oblems. The easy accessibili y o such p og ams encou ages hei use o dishones pu poses. By
gene a ing essays, a icles, esea ch pape s, and o he simila ex s, s uden s make hei asks easie bu ail o
de elop hei own c i ical and c ea i e hinking skills o engage deeply wi h he ma e ial, which causes
i epa able ha m o hei in ellec ual g ow h. Mo eo e , he excessi e use o AI in comple ing w i ing
assignmen s leads o iola ions o academic in eg i y.
Ano he d awback is ha pla o ms such as Cha GPT and o he s can some imes p oduce ex ha
appea s plausible bu is in ac alse o inaccu a e, and use s mus he e o e e i y he eliabili y o he
in o ma ion. In addi ion, cons an eliance on AI o ex gene a ion o en depe sonalizes w i ing, dep i ing
au ho s o hei unique s yle and s anda dizing he w i en p oduc . Fu he mo e, he use o cha bo s dep i es
s uden s o he oppo uni y o de elop essen ial esea ch skills such as sea ching o , p ocessing, and analyzing
in o ma ion.
How can hese side e ec s o digi al echnologies be a oided? Se e al possible solu ions can be
p oposed o add ess he abo e-men ioned p oblems:
• When selec ing asks, emphasis should be placed on speci ic assignmen s based on s uden s’ pe sonal
expe iences and wo ld iews. Fo ins ance, s uden s can be asked o w i e abou hei pe sonal imp essions o
opinions conce ning a ph ase spoken by a cha ac e in a book o ilm, o a pa icula ac ion, e c.
• Assign a ask ha in ol es desc ibing a join ly a ended e en , museum isi , o excu sion.
• O ganize in-class w i ing assignmen s while es ic ing access o digi al de ices.
• Mo i a e lea ne s o comple e hei wo k independen ly, wi hou he use o AI.
• Requi e s uden s o submi a s ep-by-s ep plan o collec ing and using ma e ials in hei essays o
esea ch pape s.
Each yea , AI con inues o de elop and imp o e, and a hough ul, well-in o med app oach by educa o s
can inspi e s uden s o use echnological oppo uni ies p oduc i ely a he han eso o academic dishones y
o b eaches o academic e hics.
Bibliog aphy
1. Pichue a A.V. Teaching Fo eign Language W i ing in a Blended Lea ning Fo ma in he Con ex o
A i icial In elligence Technology De elopmen // Wo ld o Science, Cul u e, and Educa ion, No. 4, 2024, p.
123.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
53
2. Khalybo a M. Fea u es o Blended Fo eign Language Lea ning in a Non-Linguis ic Uni e si y //
Azimu h o Scien i ic Resea ch: Pedagogy and Psychology, 2021, No. 2 (35), pp. 311–313.
3. Kooli, C. (2023) Cha bo s in Educa ion and Resea ch: A C i ical Examina ion o E hical Implica ions
and Solu ions. Sus ainabili y, 15, A icle 5614. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su15075614
4. Be mus A.G. Academic F aud and Imi a ions in Highe Educa ion as an On ological Challenge o
Educa ion in he 21s Cen u y // Li elong Educa ion: The 21s Cen u y, 2023, Issue 1 (41). DOI:
10.15393/j5.a .2023.8244.
5. Tikhono a N.V., Ildugano a G.M. “I’m F igh ened by he Speed a Which A i icial In elligence Is
De eloping”: S uden s’ Pe cep ion o A i icial In elligence in Fo eign Language Lea ning // Highe Educa ion
in Russia, 2024, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 63–83. DOI: 10.31992/0869-3617-2024-33-4-63-83.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
54
FACTORS THAT INCREASE STUDENTS MOTIVATION TO LEARN
Khudie a Fe ide
Aze baijan S a e Pedagogical Uni e si y
Abs ac
I should be no ed ha mo i a ion is no inna e, i is an acqui ed quali y. The eache 's p o essionalism
and mas e y a e he main ools ha de elop mo i a ion. Achie ing high mo i a ion in he lea ning p ocess is
impo an o success in aining and in u u e li e. Mo i a ion may no always be high, i may depend on he
s uden 's s a e ( eelings), ci cums ances, he speci ic subjec being s udied, and he eache 's pe sonali y. A
s uden 's desi e o lea n does no depend on jus one mo i e, i consis s o a sys em o in e connec ed,
complemen a y mo i es. Lea ning mo i a ion is one o he impo an p oblems ha cha ac e ize he child's
men al de elopmen . A s uden who is eage o lea n will ce ainly ha e lea ning successes. An impo an
aspec o he dynamics o lea ning mo i a ion is cha ac e ized by i s mani es a ion in p ac ically all aspec s o
he s uden 's ac i i y and beha io . The lack o in e nal in e es in lea ning ac i i ies leads o ge ing used o
he loss o alues, and is mo e di ec ed owa ds he p o ision o social in e es s. Many expe s iden i y h ee
ypes o needs: achie emen , a ilia ion, and powe (powe ). All o hese ela e o high-le el needs ha a e
achie ed. Achie emen is no a esul , bu a ga eway o success. A ilia ion is he abili y o coope a e and eel
a sense o belonging, social in e ac ion, and powe (powe ) is he mos p io i y a ea o a pe son's need. Powe
is de i ed om he knowledge and li e expe ience a pe son has acqui ed in a pa icula ield o ac i i y.
Keywo ds: success, communica ion, mo i a ion, aining, quali y
Many expe s dis inguish h ee ypes o needs: achie emen , a ilia ion, and powe (au ho i y). All o
hese a e associa ed wi h high demands ha ha e been placed on indi iduals. Achie emen is no a esul , bu
a pa h o success. Bonding is a sense o mu ual coope a ion and belonging, he oppo uni y o social
in e ac ion, and au ho i y is he mos impo an a ea o human needs. Powe comes om he knowledge a
pe son has acqui ed and hei li e expe ience in a pa icula ield o ac i i y.
Requi emen s a e cha ac e ized by s eng h and a keen desi e. The mo i e o lea ning ac i i ies is
p ecisely hese acqui ed needs. S uden s i s and o emos y o sa is y hei mos p essing needs.
The ul illmen o all hese equi emen s in he lea ning p ocess will be he a ge a eas o mo i a ion.
The mo i a ion o lea ning ac i i ies is he moni o ing and assessmen o s uden s' academic achie emen s
wi h he aim o imp o ing he e ec i eness o he educa ional p ocess and u he inc easing hei in e es in
lea ning.
The “quali y indica o s o eache s in he gene al educa ion sys em” a e mainly as ollows: "possession
o scien i ic and heo e ical knowledge in line wi h cu en equi emen s o he special y, abili y o
communica e and wo k sensi i ely wi h child en, mo al and spi i ual quali ies, pedagogical e hics and cul u e,
skills in coope a ion, esea ch wo k, sel -educa ion, and managemen ; he abili y o p esen hei ac i i ies and
bene i om ad anced pedagogical p ac ices; quali ies o ai ness, esponsibili y, and accoun abili y, espec
and au ho i y among he public a he school whe e hey wo k; he abili y o pa icipa e in p ojec s,
compe i ions, and educa ional p og ams ha equi e c ea i i y and heal hy compe i ion."[9]
A eache possessing hese quali ies is capable o p ope ly o ganizing s uden s' mo i a ion o lea n,
which will lead o a deepening and b oadening o hei knowledge o he subjec s s udied, an imp o emen in
hei wo ld iew, and he e inemen o hei communica ion, cogni i e, social, and o he li e skills.
Some expe s call communica ion he main d i ing o ce behind he de elopmen o a s uden 's
pe sonali y in he lea ning p ocess. I he eache is able o c ea e he necessa y condi ions o communica ion,
he s uden will de elop social mo i a ion. Social mo i a ion is linked o he desi e o be use ul o o he s. A
his ime, he s uden acqui es he skills o eamwo k, coope a ion, and building since e ela ionships wi h
iends.
Le us highligh he mos impo an needs o mo i a ing lea ning ac i i ies and link hem o he lea ning
mo i es aken om “Compe encies de eloped in s uden s a he gene al educa ion le el.” "Thinking skills –
c ea i i y, c i ical hinking, p oblem sol ing, decision making, independen lea ning; ac ion skills –
communica ion, coope a ion, digi al li e acy, in o ma ion li e acy, medical li e acy; alues – unde s anding o
na ional iden i y and posi ion on he o ma ion o a sense o na ional p ide, pe sonal and social esponsibili y,
espec o democ acy and human igh s, espec o cul u al di e si y"[9].
As wise men ha e no ed, a s uden 's mind is no a essel o be illed, bu a o ch o be li , and hose who
know how o ligh a o ch bu n hemsel es.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
55
Con empo a y social si ua ions a ec child en's de elopmen in di e en ways:
- child en's in o ma ion li e acy has inc eased d ama ically;
- mode n child en ead signi ican ly less classical li e a u e;
- hey ha e poo exp essi e speech skills, as hey ind i di icul o communica e wi h hei pee s, e c.
The e o e, e e y eache cu en ly aces a e y di icul ask in he eaching p ocess. “How o lea n in
new condi ions?” E e y eache ies o o e hei own unique model o sol ing he p oblem. One o he mos
impo an ques ions acing he educa ion sys em oday, pe haps he mos impo an one, is wha me hods and
app oaches should be used in he eaching p ocess so ha s uden s become mo e in e es ed in lea ning, acqui e
knowledge independen ly, ga he he necessa y in o ma ion hemsel es, pu o wa d hypo heses, gene alize,
and d aw conclusions. This means ha mode n s uden s need o be augh uni e sal lea ning skills so ha hey
can engage in independen lea ning ac i i ies. No ac i i y is possible wi hou mo i a ion. Mo i a ion, o a
s uden 's desi e o lea n, is one o he key ac o s in success ul lea ning. Tha is why he opic we ha e chosen
is ele an .
The main ask o schoolchild en is eaching. Educa ional wo k is associa ed wi h e y high demands on
he o e all men al de elopmen o he child. The in ellec ual de elopmen o a s uden is di ec ly ela ed o he
acquisi ion o new knowledge. The e en s and de elopmen al p ocesses ha ake place a school shape he
u u e pe sonal de elopmen o he s uden . I is impo an o a pe son o be in e es ed in school li e and
lea ning. In his espec , he opic we ha e chosen is also ele an .
Du ing ou esea ch, we also acked and summa ized he opinions o Russian scien is s on his issue.
Among hem, A.K. Ma ko , speaking abou he mo i e o educa ional ac i i y, e e s o a ious aspec s o a
s uden 's educa ional ac i i y. Tha is, pay a en ion o he needs, goals, a i udes, e c. o he s uden in lea ning.
E.P. Ilyin cha ac e izes mo i es as needs, goals, in en ions, mo i a ions, and pe sonali y ai s ha
de e mine human beha io . In his opinion, he beginning o any ac ion a ises om a need and demand, which
hen u n in o a mo i e. CONTRARY. Magun's need is a eeling o lack o some hing physiological o
psychological, a lack o some hing o someone. He desc ibes his as a belie in u h.
A g oup o scien is s de ines need and demand as he need o knowledge ha a pe son wishes o acqui e.
A.N. Leon ie shows ha mo i es gi e lea ning ac i i ies pe sonal meaning. Thus, mo i a ion o lea ning
ac i i ies is a se o mo i es ha o m a i udes owa d a speci ic se o ac ions aimed a achie ing a esul .
Resea ch shows ha he e a e se e al ypes o mo i a ion: cogni i e, social, and achie emen
mo i a ion. Unde he in luence o achie emen mo i a ion, s uden s s i e o success and high academic
esul s. A.N. Leon ie links s uden s' mo i a ion o achie e success wi h hei compe i ion wi h hemsel es,
hei desi e o be compe en and skilled. P.Yu. Galpe in conside s c ea i i y o be he highes mo i a ion, one
o he s ages o human de elopmen . Acco ding o M.A. S epano a, social mo i a ion leads o he eme gence
o esponsibili y, which exis s only in socie y. X. Heckhausen cha ac e izes mo i a ion as a posi i e
phenomenon in o e coming ailu es and s uggling wi h di icul ies in he lea ning p ocess.
Re e ences
1. Go dee a, T.O., Syche O.A. In e nal sou ces o pe se e ance and i s ole in success ul lea ning //
Psychology o Lea ning. – 2012. No. 1. pp. 33-4854.
2. Ilyin, E.P. Mo i a ion and mo i es / E.P. Ilyin. – S . Pe e sbu g. Pi e , – 2000. – pp. 65, 68, 253
3. Ma ko a, A.K. Fo ma ion o mo i a ion o lea n. / A.K. Ma ko a, T.A. Ma is, A.B. O lo . – Mos-
cow: P os eshchenie, – 2003. – 192 p.
4. Remizo a, T.N. Fo ma ion o posi i e mo i a ion o lea ning in s uden s // Scien i ic esea ch in
educa ion. – 2010. No. 1. p. 27
5. Talyzina, N. F. Educa ional Psychology: A Tex book o S uden s o Seconda y Pedagogical Educa-
ional Ins i u ions / N.F. Talyzina. – Moscow: Akademiya, – 1998. – 288 p.
6. Ulyanich, E.V., Ac i a ing he cogni i e ac i i y o s uden s wi h low mo i a ion o lea n in ma he-
ma ics lessons // La ge con e ence hall addi ional educa ion, ec o s o de elopmen . – 2019. No. 1 (3). pp.
79-82.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
56
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES
Khudie a Gul ukhsa
Aze baijan S a e Academy o Physical Edica ion and Spo s
Abs ac
In he p ocess o physical educa ion and spo s aining, mo o ac i i y is imp o ed. This includes 2
complexes: he de elopmen o mo o quali ies and he o ma ion o mo o quali ies. The o ma ion o mo o
quali ies is e y impo an in all ypes o spo s. I mo o quali ies a e no de eloped o he necessa y ex en , i
is impossible o achie e high esul s in spo s. In spo s physiology, he main mo o quali ies a e he ollowing.
Muscle s eng h, speed, endu ance, agili y and lexibili y. Physiological mechanisms o he mani es a ion o
o ce and i s de elopmen . Fo ce is he abili y o o e come ex e nal esis ance due o muscle con ac ion. This
is a e y impo an mo o quali y. Thus, he pe o mance o any unnecessa y mo emen is no necessa y.
Howe e , he e a e a la ge numbe o mo emen s whose pe o mance is necessa y. In dynamic mo emen s,
o ce, as is known, is he p oduc o mass and he speed ansmi ed o his mass. A he same ime, i is
impo an o emembe ha he maximum o ce o bo h impac s canno be maximum. Because he e is a
eedback and dependence be ween hem. In o de o he o ce o change he maximum mass and he dis ance
om his mass o change i s posi ion, a su icien ly ce ain accele a ion is equi ed. Thus, he mass ha changes
posi ion will be a quan i y. The speed will emain cons an , and he o ce will be eal and ela i e. Real o ce
is he a io o his maximum o ce o he physiological c oss-sec ion o he muscle. Howe e , ela i e o ce is
he a io o his muscle o ce o i s ana omical c oss-sec ion. The ela i e o ce o he muscles is necessa y o
he success ul mo emen o he body.
Keywo ds: muscle, heal h, spo s mo emen s, physiological c i e ia
The de elopmen o muscle s eng h is associa ed wi h ce ain changes ha occu in he body unde he
in luence o s eng h mo emen s. These include mo phological, biochemical, and physiological changes.
Based on mo phological changes, his mani es s i sel as an inc ease in muscle c oss-sec ional a ea o as
in e nal hype ophy. Muscle s eng h, especially in isome ic condi ions, depends on muscle hickness, o he
numbe o muscle ibe s ha de e mine i s c oss-sec ional a ea. Since he numbe o muscle ibe s inc eases
un il a ce ain age, muscle hype ophy is de e mined no by he numbe o ibe s, bu by hei hickness.
Coo dina ion ac o s include he ollowing. Mechanisms o in amuscula and in e muscula con ol.
Muscles a e ela ed o in e nal coo dina ion mechanisms: ac i e mo o ac i i y, ine egula ion, namely he
mo o neu ons o hese muscles. Regula ion o mo o neu on i ing equency. Ac i a ion o mo o uni s The
mo e mo o uni s in ol ed in muscle con ac ion, he g ea e he o ce de eloped. A his ime, la ge mo o
uni s wi h a highe con ac ion h eshold a e mobilized. The equency o mo o neu on impulses de e mines
muscle ension. I muscle ension is low, muscle con ac ion in ol es small mo o uni s, and hey demons a e
a single con ac ion mode, which is high. This p o ides a weak bu less i ing muscle con ac ion. As he
in ensi y o he s imula ing e ec s inc eases, no only a e new, la ge mo o neu ons mobilized, bu he
equency o impulses in small mo o neu ons also inc eases. Smalle caps wo k in a mo e powe ul e anic
mode. Thei e ec pu s mos mo emen s in o a e anic mode o excessi e con ac ion, and i he mo o uni s
do no con ac simul aneously, he esul ing ension will be g ea e . A his ime, he s eepness o he inc easing
o ce inc eases and he jumping o ce de elops. I de e mines a hle ic pe o mance in weigh li ing and ack
and ield in as mo emen s. This mani es s i sel in inc eased ac i i y o he muscles ha suppo he unc ions
o adjacen join s.
The maximum olun a y o ce o a pa icula muscle g oup depends on i s maximum s eng h. The
di e ence be ween he wo is called he powe de ici .
The mo e pe ec he cen al con ol o he muscula appa a us o a muscle o muscle g oup, he smalle
he de ici o he muscle o muscle g oup. The powe de ici also depends on he men al s a e o a hle es: in
some emo ional si ua ions, a pe son exhibi s s eng h ha signi ican ly exceeds hei maximum s eng h
capabili ies.
The s eng h de ici indica o depends on he numbe o muscle g oups in ol ed simul aneously: he
mo e muscle g oups in ol ed, he highe he indica o will be. This is because i is easie o coo dina e he
con ac ile ac i i y o a small numbe o muscles han o many muscles, especially du ing dynamic s eng h
exe cises. The e o e, he measu ed s eng h alues in epea ed measu emen s luc ua e much mo e han he
s a ic s eng h alues. Dynamic s eng h dec eases du ing concen ic muscle con ac ion, bu no du ing s a ic
s eng h. Howe e , in eccen ic con ac ion mode, g ea e s a ic s eng h occu s, and since he speed o
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
63
Philological sciences
OUR LANGUAGE IN THE ERA OF INDEPENDENCE
Cu bano a M.A.
Baku S a e Uni e si y Depa men
Abs ac
Undoub edly, o e e y na ion, language is a e lec ion o he cul u e and his o y o which i belongs,
which is why language occupies a special place in he li e o any socie y.
The 20 h cen u y was a pe iod o de elopmen and p ospe i y o ou na i e language. I was a mos
aluable pe iod o ime when ou language was comp ehensi ely ca ed o . The 20 h cen u y saw he beginning
o he s uggle o decla e Aze baijani he o icial language.
Keywo ds: independence, uni e si y, J. Jabba li, U. Hajibeyo , M. E. Rasulzade, na ional leade
Fo cen u ies, he Aze baijani people ha e d eamed o eedom and ha e always ough o na ional
independence.
When we alk abou independence, we emembe he Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic (ADR), es ab-
lished on May 28, 1918, and he socio-poli ical and li e a y en i onmen o ha pe iod. Al hough i did no
las long, we as a people we e able o as e independence and we e ecognized by many coun ies a ound he
wo ld. E e y Aze baijani should know and emembe his da e.
Aze baijan is a coun y and Aze baijanis a e a people who ha e wice had he hono o independence.
Thus, ou people ha e wice had he oppo uni y o ha e an independen s a e. Un o una ely, ou i s inde-
pendence las ed only 23 mon hs. Bu when M. E. Rasulzade was asked wha he had achie ed in such a sho
pe iod o ime, he eplied: “Al hough i was only a li le, we we e able o gi e he people a as e o eedom.”
The e o ms ca ied ou du ing his sho pe iod ha e le an indelible ma k on he his o y o ou people.
Rega dless o na ionali y, poli ical and eligious a ilia ion, g an ing equal igh s o all, es ablishing s a e bo -
de s, adop ing he a ibu es o Aze baijani s a ehood, and decla ing Aze baijani he s a e language c ea ed a
s ong ounda ion o Aze baijan's u u e independence" (7.3.).
Du ing he exis ence o he ADR, e o ms we e ca ied ou in he ields o educa ion, inance, he mili-
a y, he oil indus y, and o he s. Twen y- h ee gene al educa ion schools (six o men and ou o women),
i e echnical schools, h ee eache aining colleges, h ee S . Nina schools o women, a poly echnic school,
comme cial schools, boa ding schools, and o he s we e opened in Aze baijan. In o de o es ablish Baku S a e
Uni e si y, he Aze baijani au ho i ies adop ed a esolu ion (3.52) in ea ly May 1919.
Na u ally, lib a ies, eading ooms, and hea e s we e opened du ing hose yea s, and ehabili a ion wo k
was also ca ied ou .
In i s sho exis ence, he ADR ca ied ou e o ms equi alen o a cen u y's wo h. Among o he hings,
he Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic c ea ed all he necessa y condi ions in he ields o science and educa ion
o a ac women o he educa ion sys em.
The i s ec o o he uni e si y, Vasily I ano ich Razumo sky, called Baku S a e Uni e si y a new
o ch on he bo de be ween “Eu ope and Asia.” In i s ea ly yea s, he uni e si y had wo acul ies: medicine
and his o y and philology. To s eng hen he uni e si y's ma e ial and echnical base, many leading specialis s
we e in i ed, aluable books we e pu chased om Russia and Tu key, and, in sho , 15 million ubles we e
alloca ed om he s a e budge o he 1919-1920 academic yea . M.E. Rasulzade, N. Yusi beyli, Khabib Bek
Shakh ah insky, and o he s made a huge con ibu ion o he ounda ion o he uni e si y.
The Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic also e i alized he li e a y and cul u al scene, adding o he
sp ing ime mood. People a ha ime we e p oud o hei na ional s a ehood, and any e en s and inno a ions
we e ecei ed wi h g ea en husiasm.
Du ing his pe iod, a la ge g oup o in ellec uals eme ged in Aze baijan. Many o hem had ecei ed
highe educa ion in Russia, Ge many, F ance, and a numbe o o he Eu opean ci ies, so hey we e e y amil-
ia wi h Eu opean cul u e and, in gene al, wi h wo ld cul u e. These people we e able o uni e and c ea e he
Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, hanks o hei in ellec ual po en ial,
lo e, and ca e o hei people. The e o e, he younge gene a ion should always be eminded o hei ou s and-
ing cul u e, a , and he achie emen s o cul u al igu es and hose in he socio-poli ical sphe e o ha pe iod.
Alibek Huseynzade, Ahmed Bek Agaye , Jalil Mammadkulizade, Uzeyi Hajibeyo , Ja a Jabba li, and many
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
64
o he s con ibu ed o he beginning and de elopmen o he na ional awakening o he people h ough hei
wo ks (3.10).
The younges among hese in ellec uals, Ja a Jabba li, s udied in Baku a he Rushiya Usuli School,
whe e he was augh by such enowned educa o s and pa io s as M. Mahmudbeko and Panah Kasumo . Wi h
he aim o awakening na ional consciousness and a sense o pa io ism in hei s uden s, hese eache s ins illed
a lo e o he pas , adi ions, mo al alues, he beau y o language, and he sanc i y o he homeland. I is
likely ha he young Ja a Jabba ly, in luenced by he in e es ing lec u es o his eache M. Mahmudbeko and
a e eading his book “Ou Dic a ion,” made no es in his pocke no ebook, which is kep in he a chi es o he
M. Fizuli Ins i u e o Manusc ip s o he Na ional Academy o Sciences o Aze baijan, no ing: “The c udes
and mos igno an wo d in ou language is mo e aluable han beau i ul o eign wo ds” (4.8).
A i Rus amly in his book “Ja a Jabba ly and he Na ional Libe a ion Mo emen ,” as well as in his
published a icle dedica ed o he un imely dea h o Ja a Jabba li's closes iend, Mi za Bala Mammadzade,
“Ja a Jabba li (Li e, Wo k, and Un imely Dea h),” w o e: “In Decembe 1919, a he second cong ess o Mu-
sa a , Ja a and I we e a he o e on o land e o ms in a o o he peasan s.”
Ja a Jabba li, oge he wi h his close iends and associa es, s ood a he o igins o he c ea ion o he
Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic and ook an ac i e pa in he second cong ess o Musa a , which played an
excep ional ole in he implemen a ion o he na ional libe a ion mo emen . I s ill emembe Ja a 's speech:
“In a ee homeland, we mus be ee and happy. Idealis s who pu sue a g ea na ional idea will need peasan s
wea ing bas shoes” (4.8).
A he beginning o he 20 h cen u y and du ing he c ea ion o he Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic, he
compose o he Aze baijani na ional an hem, Uzeyi Hajibeyo , was ac i e as bo h a w i e and a publicis .
His wo k belongs o a pe iod when he impo ance o language was cons an ly being discussed. F om he i s
days o independence, he joined he p og essi e li e a y mo emen , as he conside ed i an hono o de end he
language om any a acks in he name o he u u e and cul u al de elopmen o he people. The e o e, he
main heme o his jou nalism and comedies is he ex ensi e s uggle agains pseudo-na ionalis sen imen s and
he de ense o he language.
Uzei Hajibeyo was an a is who de o ed his en i e c ea i e li e o he powe ul Aze baijani language,
i s na ional and his o ical colo , and i s s ylis ic di e si y. Fo his eason, he main ac o unde lying Uzeyi
Hajibeyo 's jou nalism was his diligen use and de ense o he e nacula (5.303). In one o his a icles, he
emphasized ha his main mission was o s udy he ocabula y o he Aze baijani language.
Uzei Hajibeyo explained he impo ance o language in he cul u al de elopmen o a people in an
accessible way. In his wo ks, he emphasized ha knowledge o all he sec e s o language is he ic o y o an
a is . “I i is possible o exp ess a hough in ou language, he e is no need o use A abic and Pe sian wo ds”
(5.277). "I hink I am no mis aken in saying ha language is he mos impo an alue o humani y. All human
de elopmen and he sp ead o e e y hing in he wo ld, he li e and ac i i ies o ou ances o s, e en app oxi-
ma e assump ions abou u u e gene a ions and hei li es a e connec ed wi h he s ong in luence o language"
(Ü.Hacıbəyo . Əsə lə i, II c., səh.324).
In some o his jou nalis ic wo ks, Uzeyi Hajibeyo subs an ia ed ce ain ideas wi h e en s, si ua ions,
and comple e images. When I speak o “ he independen signi icance o each wo k, I mean he people.”
As we can see, nei he Ja a Jabba ly no Uzeyi Hajibeyo we e philologis s, bu each o hem openly
demons a ed hei posi ion on language and exp essed aluable hough s abou i .
Du ing he ADR, all mee ings we e held in Aze baijani. E en ep esen a i es who did no speak hei
na i e language well enough we e o ced o speak Aze baijani. M. E. Rasulzade was he mos ocal in calling
on all membe s o pa liamen o speak Aze baijani (Tu kic).
Y. Seido 's ex book Language, School, and Teaching P oblems du ing he Pe iod o he Aze baijan
Democ a ic Republic published pa liamen a y mee ings and speeches. On page 23 o he ex book, i is no ed:
“M. E. Rasulzade ( om his sea ) – I p opose ha om now on, all eleg ams ecei ed by pa liamen be ans-
la ed in o Tu kic and, i necessa y, ead in Russian. This is Aze baijan – ou s a e language is Tu kic!” (7.
23,25). On page 25 – only in Tu kic, no need o Russian. Paying a en ion o hese wo ds and ema ks, we
can see how much M. E. Rasulzade ied o use ou na i e language and demanded his om o he s. Despi e
he ac ha Ja a Jabba li, Uzeyi Hajibeyo , and M. E. Rasulzade we e educa ed in Russian-Ta a schools
(Ja a Jabba li a ended he 7 h Muslim and Russian School, Uzeyi Hajibeyo in Shusha, hen in Go i, e c.),
hey always ga e p e e ence o hei na i e language and w o e hei wo ks only in Aze baijani.
Looking back on he cen u ies-long his o y o ou na i e language, i becomes clea ha he 20 h cen u y
was a pe iod o i s de elopmen and p ospe i y. This was he mos aluable pe iod o ime when ou language
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
65
was comp ehensi ely ca ed o . The 20 h cen u y saw he beginning o he s uggle o ele a e he Aze baijani
language o he highes le el and p oclaim i he s a e language.
In o de o eplace he A abic alphabe wi h a mo e sophis ica ed one, an alphabe commi ee was es ab-
lished in 1921. A ich li e a y adi ion, a ic o ious poli ical his o y, and alen ed ci izens con ibu ed o he
in ensi e de elopmen o ou language. I is impo an o no e he indispensable ole o people who ha e w i -
en hei names in gold le e s in he his o y o ou na ion, in he de elopmen and pe pe ua ion o ou na i e
language. E e y na ion is amous o i s compose s, mas e s o wo ds and a . The speake s o he language
a e i s main gua dians, bu i is he people who come om he na ion who b ing i in e na ional ecogni ion. In
his a icle, we will no w i e abou classical w i e s, only abou people who li ed and wo ked in he 20 h
cen u y. A. Khag e die , N. Vezi o , S. S. Akhundo , A. Shaig, J. Mammadkulizade, M. A. Sabi , M. Mush-
ig, D. Jabba li, and o he s played an excep ional ole in he de elopmen o he language.
A he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, he Enligh enmen mo emen had no ye de eloped a speci ic
s ylis ic app oach o posi ion on language. The li e a y language o he 20 h cen u y used a mix u e o es ab-
lished elemen s om A abic, Pe sian, Tu kish, and Russian.
The pe iod be ween Aze baijan's i s and second independence las ed 70 yea s (1920-1990), du ing
which Aze baijan was pa o he USSR. A ha ime, s yles cha ac e is ic o ha pe iod we e c ea ed and new
Russian and Eu opean wo ds associa ed wi h he ideas o socialism and communism we e in oduced.
The Russian language had wo di e en unc ions and asks in he de elopmen o he lexical composi-
ion o he Aze baijani language: a) en iching he Aze baijani language wi h Russian wo ds; b) se ing as an
in e media y in he bo owing o Eu opean wo ds. The e o e, Russian became he “sou ce language” o he
Aze baijani language (2.223).
Mas e s o he wo d who li ed and wo ked in he 20 h cen u y, such as Abdullah Shaig, J. Mammadku-
lizade, M.S. O dubadi, and o he s, no ed he posi i e ole o Russian in en iching ou language.
The deg ee o usage o new wo ds in a language is no always he same, so hey do no all con ibu e
equally o he en ichmen o he language. While some wo ds se e o de elop and en ich he language, o he s
(which a e no simila o he g amma o ha language) hinde i s de elopmen .
Along wi h his, many bo owed wo ds ha e g adually los hei le el o use in he Aze baijani language.
Fo example, uba i, da -ul- onun, cul u e, e olu iona y, e c.
I we look a he cen u ies-long his o y o he Aze baijani language, we can see ha he 20 h cen u y
was a pe iod o de elopmen and p ospe i y o ou language. This pe iod was gene ally he mos success ul
ime in e ms o he app ecia ion and a en ion gi en o he Aze baijani language. The 20 h cen u y saw he
beginning o he s uggle o decla e Aze baijani he o icial language.
In 1921, an alphabe commi ee was es ablished o imp o e he w i ing sys em. The Fi s Tu kological
Cong ess was a ended by specialis s engaged in he s udy o he cul u e, language, and his o y o Tu kic-
speaking peoples. Along wi h many o he issues, he cong ess widely discussed he ole and signi icance o
he alphabe , which is impo an o cul u al de elopmen .
Repea ed changes in w i ing sys ems o e he cou se o a cen u y (A abic, La in, and Cy illic) we e a
eac iona y policy aimed a sepa a ing he people om hei oo s. This hos ile policy was applied o he Aze -
baijani people.
The cons i u ion adop ed in 1973 did no con ain an a icle on he s a e language. Howe e , he 1956
cons i u ion con ained an a icle s a ing ha “ he s a e language o Aze baijan is Aze baijani.” In he 1978
cons i u ion, Aze baijani was decla ed he s a e language. We gained ou second independence a e he col-
lapse o he USSR. The all o So ie powe led o in ensi e econs uc ion in all a eas, including language
de elopmen .
The cons i u ion o No embe 12, 1995, s a ed ha he o icial language o Aze baijan is Aze baijani,
which es o ed he igh s o 50 million Aze baijanis and aised ou na ional p ide o new heigh s.
The builde o he new independen Republic o Aze baijan, na ional leade Heyda Aliye , emphasized:
"We al eady speak ou language eely and a e able o exp ess e e y di icul hough . This is a huge success.
We, as a people, ha e ou own language, and i is so ich ha we can desc ibe any e en in he wo ld in ou
own language" (6).
A e he es o a ion o s a e independence, inno a ions appea ed in he socio-poli ical li e o he people
o he second ime, which in luenced li e a u e and language, as well as he ocabula y o he language.
The 20 h cen u y was ma ked by majo changes in he socio-poli ical li e o all coun ies o he wo ld.
The di ision o he wo ld in o socialis and capi alis camps, ollowed by a e u n o a single pa h o de elop-
men , he su ge in in o ma ion echnology, and he adop ion and ansmission o in o ma ion had a pa icula
impac on language. These in luences did no bypass he Aze baijani language; on he con a y, as wi h o he
languages, hey had a s ong impac on ou language.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
66
Each pe iod o ime has i s own dis inc i e language and li e a y s yle. In acco dance wi h hese equi e-
men s, li e a y wo ks o a ious s yles appea . In his sense, ou li e a u e has always been subjec o change
depending on he socio-economic en i onmen .
A e he collapse o he USSR and he es o a ion o independence, agains he backd op o he weak-
ening o Aze baijani-Russian linguis ic ies, Aze baijani-Tu kic and Aze baijani-English ies expanded.
u ing he pe iod o independence, he e we e bo h easonable and un easonable a emp s o pu ge he
language o bo owed wo ds. Independence b ough he issue o c ea ing a new economic and poli ical oun-
da ion o he o e on . The ansi ion o a ma ke economy, changes in he social sphe e, and he mode n
economy in luenced he ocabula y o he language, leading o he eme gence o new wo ds in he language's
lexicon.
The Cy illic alphabe , which we had used o app oxima ely 60 yea s, was eplaced by he La in alpha-
be . Na ional leade Heyda Aliye se ou language on he pa h o de elopmen and p ospe i y.
1. The Cons i u ion o No embe 12, 1995, which s a ed ha Aze baijani is he s a e language (A icle
21) 2. On June 18, 2001, a dec ee was issued on “Imp o ing he Use o he S a e Language.”
3. On Augus 9, 2001, a dec ee was issued on “Aze baijani Alphabe and Language Day.”
4. On Sep embe 30, 2002, a law on he “S a e Language” was issued, consis ing o 3 sec ions and 20
a icles.
5. On Janua y 2, 2003, a dec ee on he “S a e Language o Aze baijan” was signed.
The p o isions on imp o ing he use o he s a e language s a ed:
1. P o ec ion o he Aze baijani language as he s a e language
2. De elopmen o he Aze baijani language as he s a e language.
Na u ally, no s a e can p o ec i s language wi hou ac i ely de eloping i . The issuance o such dec ees
led o he e i aliza ion o all s a e s uc u es o he Republic o Aze baijan, o hei e-c ea ion in acco dance
wi h he poli ical and ideological equi emen s o he na ion s a e.
The Aze baijani language is no only a means o communica ion o all Aze baijanis a ound he wo ld,
bu also se es as he language o cul u e, science, and poli ics o he en i e Aze baijani people.
Add essing young people, na ional leade Heyda Aliye said: "We ha e a e y beau i ul, ich, and
a ac i e language. E e y ci izen o Aze baijan, e e y Aze baijani, mus know hei na i e language pe ec ly.
I ad ise young people who ha e sho comings in his a ea o co ec hem. When s udying ab oad, lea ning he
language o ha coun y, and a he same ime lea ning o he languages, ne e o ge you own, and do no
eplace you na i e language wi h any o he . The e can be no hing mo e p ecious o a people, o a pe son, han
hei own language." Thus, Heyda Aliye once again emphasized he sanc i y o lo e o one's na i e lan-
guage.
One o he main p io i ies o he hal -cen u y leade ship o Heyda Aliye , he Glo ious Son o Aze -
baijan, was o aise he in ellec ual le el o he people.
Some o Heyda Aliye 's s a emen s abou language ha e become apho isms:
1. People who do no know hei na i e language a e c ipples.
2. Language is he main ac o in p ese ing and de eloping he na ional and mo al alues o any peo-
ple. 3. Language is a as wo ld.
4. Igno ance o one's na i e language, unde es ima ion o one's na i e language, is undoub edly a g ea
mis ake be o e he people.
A wo hy ep esen a i e o he Na ional Leade , P esiden o he Republic o Aze baijan Ilham Aliye ,
wi h he aim o inc easing ca e o he language, as well as o he undamen al imp o emen o linguis ics,
signed on May 23, 2012, he “S a e P og am o he Use o he Aze baijani Language in he Con ex o Glob-
aliza ion in Acco dance wi h New Requi emen s and he De elopmen o S a e Linguis ics in he Coun y.”
The dec ee and he p og am p oposed he comp ehensi e de elopmen , use, and eaching o he s a e language
and ou lined he di ec ions o his wo k.
Acco ding o his dec ee, s a ing om he 2014-2015 academic yea , in addi ion o in-dep h s udy o
hei special ies, all uni e si ies and acul ies in oduced a subjec called “Aze baijani Language and Commu-
nica ion Cul u e.”
The measu es aken by na ional leade Heyda Aliye o de elop o eign and domes ic policy, he un-
damen al p ojec s implemen ed, and he success ul con inua ion o his cou se by P esiden o he Republic o
Aze baijan Ilham Aliye day a e day ha e de e mined he de elopmen and p ospe i y o ou na i e language.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
67
Re e ences
1. N. Khudie . Aze baijani li e a y language in he So ie pe iod. Maa i Publishing House, Baku, 1989
2. Aze baijani language wi h explana ions. Publishing House o he Aze baijan SSR-EA, Baku, 1964
3. M. Abdullaye a, E. Mammado . Language, School, and Educa ion Issues in he Pe iod o he Aze -
baijan People's Republic. Elm e Tehsil Publishing House, Baku, 2018
4. A. Rus amli. Je a Jabba li and he Na ional Libe a ion Mo emen . Baku, 2018
5. A. Abbaso . W i e Uzeyi Bey Hajibeyo . Elm e Tehsil Publishing House, Baku, 2013.
6. Y. Seido . “The Aze baijani mo emen o he alphabe .” Aze baijani Teache , No embe 23, 1990.
7. Ya. Seido , S. Abbaso a. P oblems o Language, School, and Educa ion du ing he Exis ence o he
Aze baijan Democ a ic Republic. Baku, 2010.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
68
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WORD ORDER IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: FROM
OLD HIGH GERMAN TO MODERN SYNTAX
Khadija Mi zaye a
Nakhchi an S a e Uni e si y
Facul y o Fo eign Languages
h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0004-4034-1181
Abs ac
This a icle examines he his o ical de elopmen o wo d o de in he Ge man language, om Old High
Ge man (Al hochdeu sch) o Mode n High Ge man (Neuhochdeu sch). The s udy aims o analyze how he
posi ion o e bs and o e all sen ence s uc u e e ol ed o e ime, aking in o accoun mo phological,
syn ac ic, and seman ic ac o s. Ea ly Ge man exhibi ed ela i ely ee wo d o de , bu o e he cen u ies, he
sys em became mo e igid, leading o he es ablishmen o V2 ( e b-second) and V- inal s uc u es. The pape
highligh s he unc ional consequences o hese syn ac ic changes and hei ole in mode n Ge man sen ence
cons uc ion.
Keywo ds: wo d o de , V2 ule, V- inal, syn ax, his o ical linguis ics, Old High Ge man, Middle High
Ge man, Mode n High Ge man
1.In oduc ion
The Ge man language has unde gone signi ican phone ic, mo phological, and syn ac ic changes
h oughou i s his o y. Among hese, wo d o de is one o he mos c ucial s uc u al ea u es, e lec ing bo h
g amma ical and communica i e de elopmen s.
Acco ding o schola s (B aune, 2004; Paul, 2007; E oms, 2000), he e olu ion o wo d o de in Ge man
is no me ely a g amma ical phenomenon bu also a e lec ion o in o ma ion s uc u ing and sen ence
p agma ics. In Old High Ge man, mo phological ichness allowed ela i ely ee wo d o de , as case ma kings
indica ed syn ac ic oles. O e ime, as in lec ional endings weakened, wo d o de became he p ima y
indica o o g amma ical ela ionships (Behaghel, 1928).
1. Old High Ge man: he s age o syn ac ic lexibili y
Old High Ge man (ca. 750–1050) is mainly ep esen ed in w i en ex s, including eligious ex s,
ansla ions, and poe y. Sen ence s uc u e was s ongly in luenced by La in, as ansla ion ex s o en adhe ed
o La in syn ac ic pa e ns (König, 1994).
This lexibili y was la gely due o mo phological case endings, which clea ly indica ed g amma ical
oles ega dless o wo d o de (B aune, 2004). Schola s also sugges ha a ia ions in wo d o de e lec ed
hema ic and hema ic ocus (Pe o a, 2010).
2. Middle High Ge man: ansi ion owa ds sys ema iza ion
The Middle High Ge man pe iod (1050–1350) ma ks he g adual s abiliza ion o wo d o de . Du ing
his pe iod, he e b-second (V2) endency began o eme ge, laying he ounda ion o mode n Ge man syn ax
(Paul, 2007).
Sen ence s uc u e began o ely less on mo phology and mo e on syn ac ic posi ioning. Fo example:
de Mann sieh das Mädchen (subjec + e b + objec )
heu e sieh de Mann das Mädchen (ad e b + e b + subjec + objec )
A he same ime, subo dina e clauses main ained a e b- inal s uc u e:
ich weiß, dass de Mann das Mädchen sieh – “I know ha he man sees gi l”
These changes we e d i en by bo h mo phological simpli ica ion and he in luence o spoken language
on w i en o ms (Behaghel, 1928).
3. Ea ly New High Ge man: o ma ion o V2 and V- inal
The Ea ly New High Ge man pe iod (1350–1650) ep esen s he ounda ion o mode n Ge man
syn ac ic pa e ns. Du ing his ime, he V2 ule became s anda d.
In main clauses, he e b appea s in he second posi ion, while in subo dina e clauses, he e b emains
a he end:
Main clause: Heu e geh de Mann nach Hause.
Subo dina e clause: ..., weil de Mann nach Hause geh .
In in e oga i es and impe a i es, he e b appea s i s (V1 s uc u e):
Geh de Mann nach Hause?
Komm bi e he !
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
69
This “dual syn ac ic s abili y” (E oms, 2000) shows he dis inc ion be ween main (V2) and subo dina e
(V- inal) clauses.
The sp ead o w i en ex s, pa icula ly Ma in Lu he ’s Bible ansla ion (1522), accele a ed he
no maliza ion o e b placemen and syn ac ic egula i y (Zi onun, 1997).
4. Mode n Ge man: no ma i e s abili y and in o ma ion s uc u e
Mode n Ge man (1650–p esen ) exhibi s a s able syn ac ic sys em. I s wo d o de ollows h ee main
models:
1. V2 – main clauses: Ich lese das Buch.
2. V- inal – subo dina e clauses: Ich weiß, dass du das Buch lies .
3. V1 – ques ions and impe a i es: Lies du das Buch? / Komm bi e!
This sys em also con eys in o ma ion s uc u e clea ly, dis inguishing opic (Thema) om commen
(Rhema) (F ey, 2004). Fo ins ance:
Heu e lies Pe e das Buch. – emphasis on “ oday”
Pe e lies heu e das Buch. – emphasis on “Pe e ”
Wo d o de hus unc ions no only g amma ically bu also seman ically, s uc u ing new e sus known
in o ma ion.
5. Causes and consequences o wo d o de change
The his o ical changes in Ge man wo d o de can be a ibu ed o se e al ac o s:
1. Mo phological simpli ica ion: Loss o in lec ional endings made wo d posi ion syn ac ically
c ucial.
2. Phone ic s ess shi s: Mo emen o s ess o sen ence-ini ial posi ions suppo ed V2 s abiliza ion.
3. W i en language p oli e a ion: P in ing and li e a u e encou aged consis en syn ac ic pa e ns
(E oms, 2000).
4. In luence o o he languages: La in, F ench, and English models o ixed wo d o de shaped
Ge man syn ax (König, 1994).
As a esul , Mode n Ge man achie es bo h g amma ical s abili y and communica i e cla i y.
Conclusion
The e olu ion o wo d o de in Ge man illus a es a shi om mo phologically ee s uc u es o a igid
syn ac ic sys em. Old High Ge man elied hea ily on case endings o syn ac ic ela ionships, allowing lexible
wo d o de . O e ime, simpli ica ion o in lec ions led o he es ablishmen o V2 and V- inal s uc u es du ing
Middle and Ea ly New High Ge man pe iods.
Mode n Ge man syn ax balances g amma ical egula i y wi h seman ic and in o ma ion-s uc u ing
unc ions, demons a ing ha his o ical linguis ic de elopmen enhances bo h cla i y and exp essi eness in he
language.
Re e ences
1. Behaghel, O. (1928). Deu sche Syn ax: Eine geschich liche Da s ellung. Heidelbe g: Win e Ve lag.
2. B aune, W. (2004). Al hochdeu sche G amma ik. Tübingen: Max Niemeye Ve lag.
3. Duden G amma ik. (2016). Duden – Die G amma ik de deu schen Gegenwa ssp ache. Mannheim:
Duden e lag.
4. E oms, H.-W. (2000). Syn ax de deu schen Sp ache. Be lin: de G uy e .
5. F ey, W. (2004). In o ma ion S uc u e and Wo d O de in Ge man. Be lin: ZAS Pape s in
Linguis ics.
6. König, E. (1994). His o ische Syn ax des Deu schen. Be lin: Mou on de G uy e .
7. Paul, H. (2007). Mi elhochdeu sche G amma ik. Tübingen: Niemeye Ve lag.
8. Pe o a, S. (2010). Ve b Placemen in he His o y o Ge man. Ams e dam: Benjamins.
9. Tomaselli, A. (1995). Cases o V2 Va ia ion in Ea ly Ge manic Languages. Be lin: Mou on de
G uy e .
10. Zi onun, G. (1997). G amma ik de deu schen Sp ache. Be lin: de G uy e .
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
70
FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBS OF MOTION
I ada Shamsizadeh
Baku S a e Uni e si y Depa men
Abs ac
The a icle sys ema izes and analyzes e bs o mo ion in languages o di e en sys ems: Aze baijani,
English and Russian. A gene al desc ip ion o he e bs o mo ion ha o m he lexical-seman ic g oup is
gi en; he seman ic co e and uni s o he g oup's en i onmen a e iden i ied; he seman ic s uc u e o e bs o
mo ion is analyzed aking in o accoun such impo an ac o s as con ex , pa adigma ic, syn agma ic
connec ions, polysemy, synonymy, and g amma ical ea u es o a pa icula language.
Keywo ds: e bs o mo ion, he Aze baijani language, he English language, he Russian language,
lexical-seman ic g oup, co e, meanings.
The e a e a ious connec ions be ween wo ds ha a e pa o a language's ocabula y. These
connec ions a e one o he main ac o s de e mining he sys ema ic na u e o ocabula y. In gene al, he
sys ema ic na u e o ocabula y is ela ed o bo h ex alinguis ic and in alinguis ic ac o s. “The p esence o
subs an i e and o mal commonali ies be ween wo ds e lec s a ious pa e ns o mas e ing ex alinguis ic
eali y h ough signs” (1, 3).
The uni s o a language's lexical sys em a e in a ious seman ic ela ionships. Based on hese seman ic
ela ionships, lexical uni s a e o med in o lexical-seman ic g oups (LSGs). The ocabula y o a language is
cha ac e ized by ins abili y and cons an change. Along wi h he eme gence o new wo ds, o he wo ds become
a chaic. Va ious changes a e obse ed in he seman ics o wo ds: wo ds a e spli in o lexical-seman ic a ian s.
O e ime, changes in he language a ec he ocabula y. The numbe o lexical-seman ic a ian s o a wo d
changes, i.e., i inc eases o dec eases. The equency o use o wo ds and hei lexical-seman ic a ian s in
speech also a ies. One wo d is used mo e o less han ano he . This ea u e is also cha ac e is ic o he lexical-
seman ic a ian s o a wo d. In his case, he p oblems o classi ying ocabula y in o lexical-seman ic g oups
and s udying hese g oups sepa a ely a e ele an . Al hough a ious scien i ic wo ks ha e exp essed hei
iews on he p oblem o de ining lexical-seman ic g oups in he Aze baijani language, no undamen al esea ch
has been conduc ed in his a ea. G. Ja a o 's s udy ouches upon a ious lexical-seman ic g oups. In his wo k,
e bs a e highligh ed as one o he mos in e es ing ca ego ies o wo ds om a lexical-seman ic and
g amma ical poin o iew, and h ee p oblems o hei seman ic s udy a e no ed: 1) hema ic g oups o e bs;
2) seman ic ypes o e bs; 3) seman ic ela ionships be ween e bs and o he pa s o speech. G. Ja a o
singles ou e bs o mo ion as a sepa a e g oup and no es ha hey deno e phenomena associa ed wi h
mo emen in space and changes in na u al s a e. Highligh ing his ea u e o e bs, G. Ja a o di ides hem
in o h ee classes:
1. Indica ing a change in na u al posi ion; 2. Indica ing ho izon al mo emen ; 3. Indica ing e ical
mo emen (1, 85, 86, 100).
Since he seman ic ield o e bs o mo ion in di e en languages has no been s udied, no desc ip ion
o he seman ic-componen sys em o such e bs has been p o ided. The p oblems o he speech unc ionali y
o e bs o mo ion in he Aze baijani language ha e no ye been he subjec o sepa a e esea ch.
In all languages, e bs o mo ion cons i u e a speci ic lexical-seman ic g oup (he eina e e e ed o as
LSG – I.Sh.). In o de o de e mine which e bs belong o he LSG o e bs o mo ion, i is i s necessa y o
de ine he concep o “mo ion.” Mo emen is a o m o exis ence o ma e . In i s mos gene al o m, mo emen
is any in e ac ion be ween ma e ial objec s. The e is no ma e wi hou mo emen and no mo emen wi hou
ma e in he wo ld. The mo emen o ma e is absolu e. Res is ela i e; i is a mani es a ion o a ce ain
momen o mo emen (3, 210).
As can be seen, mo emen is a complex philosophical concep . I is di icul o selec e bs o mo emen
om he ocabula y o a language based on his de ini ion and combine hem in o a lexical g oup. In i s
simples o m, mo emen can be unde s ood as he displacemen o a subjec and an objec . A lis o e bs
exp essing he mo emen o a subjec and objec in he p ocess o mo ion can be compiled based on a ious
lexicog aphic sou ces and dic iona ies.
Howe e , e en in his case, i is di icul o speak o he comple eness o he LSG o e bs o mo ion.
The inclusion o some e bs in his LSG based on he accep ed c i e ia is con o e sial, o example: in
Aze baijani: əzmək “ o c ush,” “ o g ind, o pul e ize,” pa çalamaq “ o ea , o chop, o b eak, o c ush, o ea
apa , o spli ,” doğ amaq “ o chop, o c umble, cu ,” yas ılamaq ‘ o la en, p ess, c umple,’ bölmək ‘ o di ide,
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
71
sepa a e, dis ibu e (in o pa s),’ döymək ‘ o bea , pound, g ind,’ e c. These e bs con ain he concep o
mo emen , bu he e i is no he mo emen o an objec o hing, bu a change in o m.
This a icle examines a speci ic g oup o e bs o mo ion in he Aze baijani language: ge mək “ o go,
o walk, o lea e, o d i e, o depa ,” qaçmaq “ o un,” apa maq “ o ca y, o lead, o anspo , o ake away,”
daşımaq “ o anspo , o ca y, o d ag,” sü ümək “ o d ag, o pull, o haul” qo maq “ o chase, d i e away,
expel, chase away”, gəzmək “ o walk, s oll, ide a ound”, eyllənmək “ o loi e , wande a ound, be idle”,
çıxmaq “ o go ou , climb ou , ge ou ”, dı maşmaq ” climb, sc amble, clambe ”, uçmaq ‘ o ly’, üzmək ‘ o
loa , swim’, sü ünmək ‘ o c awl, d ag onesel , udge’, iməkləmək ‘ o c awl’, yu a lanmaq ‘ o oll, umble’,
sü üşmək ‘ o slide’, qalxmaq ” o ise, o climb,” enmək ‘ o descend, o go down, o climb down, o lowe , o
dec ease,’ e c.
Each lexical-seman ic ield has cen al elemen s. These elemen s a e called he co e o he LSF. O he
wo ds unc ion as uni s su ounding he LSF. A he cen e o he seman ic ield o e bs o mo ion a e he
e bs ge mək “ o go, o lea e” and gəlmək “ o come.” These e bs exp ess depa u e om a ce ain poin and
e u n o i . Such a poin is called a deic ic poin , a poin o e e ence.
The co e o e bs o mo ion also con ains ano he e b: hə əkə e mək “ o mo e.” In English, he e b
mo e is used in his case. Fo he e b mo e, he di ec ion is inde ini e. This ea u e is cha ac e is ic o
Aze baijani and o he languages, i.e., he e b hə əkə e mək “ o mo e” does no p o ide in o ma ion abou
he di ec ion o mo emen .
When de e mining he cen al elemen s o a seman ic ield, he equency o a wo d and seman ic ield
c i e ia a e used. O cou se, equency is no always a decisi e ac o . Depending on he unc ional s yle, he
equency o use o a pa icula e b may change.
S a is ical calcula ions a e equi ed o de e mine he equency o use o nuclea elemen s o e bs o
mo ion in mul isys em languages. Such calcula ions we e ca ied ou in Russian, English, and F ench. Based
on ma e ials om hese languages, s a is ical indica o s we e de e mined o samples o 5,400 e bs go, come,
and mo e. In hese samples, he e bs go – идти – alle we e used 3,400 imes, which is 63% o he o al
sample. The e bs come – приходить – eniz we e used 1,800 imes (33%) in his sample, and he e bs mo e
–mo oi we e used 200 imes (4% in o al). I should be no ed ha E.V. Ya ema's s a is ical s udy was based
on ansla ions o wo ks by he same au ho in o di e en languages (3, 28).
In a ious equency dic iona ies o he Aze baijani language, one can compa e he s a is ical indica o s
o he e bs ge mək “ o go, o lea e” and gəlmək “ o come, o a i e,” and hə əkə e mək “ o mo e.” Fo
example, in he poe ic wo ks o M. Fizuli, 27 wo d o ms o he e b wi h he oo “ge ” a e used. Thei
equency is eco ded as ollows: ge di “wen away” -22, ge mə “don' go away” -6, ge miş “gone away” -6,
ge “go” -4, ge mək “ o go, o lea e” -4, ge məz “will no go away” -4, ge sə “i he/she goes away” -4, ge diyidi
“his/he depa u e” -3, ge mən “you depa u e” -3, ge məsin “le him/he no lea e” -3, ge məsinlə “le hem
no lea e” -3, ge məyin “do no lea e” -2, ge mişdi “was lea ing” -2, ge din “you le ” -2, gedikcə, ge dikdə
“lea ing,” ge dilə “ hey le ,” ge disə “i he/she le ,” ge diyim “wha I am lea ing o ,” ge diyindən “because
o lea ing,” ge mədim “I did no lea e,” ge məli ” should lea e”, ge məmək ‘no o lea e’, ge məzəm ‘I will
no lea e’, ge məzsə ‘i he/she does no lea e’, ge səm ‘i I lea e’, ge sin ‘le him/he lea e’ (4, 90-91). The
o al numbe o occu ences o he e b “ge ” is 79. In compa ison, he e b “gəl” is used 249 imes, which is
h ee imes mo e han he e b “ge .” In Fizuli's language, he ollowing wo d o ms wi h he oo gəl “ o come,
o a i e” a e no ed: gəl-47, gəldi-49, gəldigin-2, gəldikcə-15, gəldikdə, gəlgəldilə -2, gəldim-6, gəldin,
gəldiyi, gəldiyim, gəldiyimdə, gəldiyimi, gəldiyin -3, gəldiyincə, gələ-4, gələgö , gələn-10, gələndə, gələni,
gələ -5, gəlgəc, gəlib-12, gəlibdi , gəlim, gəlin-4, gəlincə-2, gəli -20, gəli di-2, gəli kən, gəli mi, gəli sən-3,
gəlmə, gəlmədən, gəlmədi-2, gəlmək-2, gəlməmiş-2, gəlməyə, gəlməz-8, gəlmiş-8, gəlmişdi, gəlmişdi ,
gəlmişəm, gəlmişiz, gəlmişlə , gəlsə-7, gəlsin, gəlü, gəlü (4,91-92). In a s udy conduc ed on he basis o
Aze baijani newspape s, he equency o use o he e b “gəlmək” is 111, while he equency o he e b
“ge mək” is 69 (5, 63-64).
A compa a i e analysis shows ha he conclusions d awn by E.V. Ya ema ega ding he Aze baijani
language a e somewha di e en , i.e., a highe equency o he e b “gəlmək” is e ealed he e. Howe e , i
should be no ed ha in E.V. Ya ema's s udy, he calcula ions we e based on he wo ks o he same au ho .
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
72
Undoub edly, his ea u e in luenced he o e all pic u e o equency. I ollows ha he ea u es o he use o
elemen s a he cen e o he LSG o e bs o mo ion in dissimila languages a e simila . Almos he same
conclusions can be d awn when cla i ying he meanings o he cen al elemen s o he LSG.
An analysis based on he Ox o d Dic iona y shows ha he e b “go” in English has 18 basic meanings.
In addi ion, when loca i e and empo al p eposi ions a e added o his e b, many new meanings a e o med,
o example: go abou “ o walk back and o h, o s oll,” go a e “ o sea ch o ,” go ahead “ o mo e o wa d,”
e c. The English-Aze baijani dic iona y p o ides 21 di e en ansla ions o he e b “ o go,” some o
which include synonymous e bs.
The ansla ion op ions o he e b “ o go” a e as ollows: 1) o walk, o mo e; 2) o se o ; 3) o wo k,
o mo e; 4) o s e ch, o pass; 5) o disappea , o ge los , o pass; 6) o sp ead, o s e ch ou , o sp ead ou ; 7)
o ake esponsibili y, o decide on some hing; 8) se le, collapse; 9) a ange, obse e a ce ain ule; 10) se le,
a ange, en e , pass; 11) be on equal e ms; 12) add ess ( o); 13) o say, o exp ess; 14) o ing; 15) o s ike (a
clock); 16) o weaken; o lose; o d y up; 17) o die, o pe ish; 18) o pass; o be accep ed; 19) o pa icipa e;
20) o keep; o emain (6, 660-661).
The e b ge mək is ansla ed in h ee ways in he Aze baijani-English dic iona y: 1) o go; 2) o isi ,
o call on; 3) o lea e, o se o (7, 226).
Explana o y dic iona ies de ine and explain he meanings o wo ds. The main e b mus ha e a leas
one seme ha pe o ms a uni ying unc ion o a se ies o synonymous e bs o mo ion. De ining he o ms o
e b meanings includes de ining hei lexical-seman ic a ian s. Dis inc meanings a e accep ed as lexical-
seman ic a ian s. Speci ic examples play an impo an ole in explaining meanings.
The meanings o he e b ge mək in he Aze baijani language a e gi en in he explana o y dic iona y
wi h he ollowing de ini ions ge mək: e b 1. o go; o mo e, o walk. To walk slowly. To walk quickly. To
walk on oo . To walk along he oad. To walk side by side// To mo e om one place o ano he . Şah Səlimə
xa una işa ə e di ki, hə əm¬xanaya ge sin. (-“The Shah signaled o Salmakha un o go o he ha em” - I.Sh.).
2. To mo e o ano he place, o change one's place o esidence. To mo e o summe pas u es. 3. To
pass, o o e ake, o ou un. 4. Choose a c a o p o ession. Müəllimliyə ge mək (“li e ally, o become a
eache ” - I.Sh.). 5. Be on he way, in mo ion (abou some hing sen o dispa ched). Mək ub bu adan Mosk aya
iki günə gedi - (“A le e om he e o Moscow akes wo days” - I.Sh.). 6. To ake place, o happen, o
con inue. Sini də də s gedi - (“The e is a lesson in he class oom” - I.Sh.). 7. To app oach. 8. To end, o inish,
o pass - Ömü ge di - (“Li e has passed” - I.Sh.). 9. To be necessa y, o be enough. Xala a 5 me pa ça gedi
– (“I will ake 5 me e s o ab ic o a obe” - I.Sh.). 10. To be pe o med, o be s aged (abou a play,
pe o mance, e c.). Ope ada nə gedi – (“Wha is playing a he ope a?” - I.Sh.). 11. igu a i ely, o die, o
lea e his wo ld. Mən gedə səmsə mə amım genə dünyada du a – (“E en i I lea e his wo ld, my desi e will
emain in i ” – I.Sh.). 12. To ake away. 13. To ge ma ied (Ə ə ge mək “ o ge ma ied” – I.Sh.). 14. To be
sen , deli e ed o a speci ic add ess. 15. igu a i ely. o be sold. 16. To low, o o igina e. 17. When a ached
o a se ies o nouns, i o ms a ious exp essions and complex e bs, o example: ik ə ge mək “ o hink –
I.Sh.”, əldən ge mək “ o miss, o lose some hing – I.Sh.) (8, 145).
1) go – o walk, o go – ge mək; 2) o go o a walk – o walk, o go o a walk – gəzməyə ge mək; 3)
he ain goes o London – he ain goes o London; – Qa a Londona gedi ; – o go – ge mək; 4) o go by ain
– o a el by ain – qa a la ge mək; 5) o be, o be in (a ce ain posi ion, s a e) – hansısa halda, əziyyə də
olmaq; 6) o go hung y – o be, o always be hung y – ас olmaq (gəzmək, ye imək, ge məк; 7) six mon hs gone
wi h child - she is six mon hs p egnan - hamilə olmaq; 8) o be in ci cula ion, o be in use (abou a coin) -
dö iyyədə olmaq; 9) o pass om mou h o mou h - dildən dilə keçmək; 10) as he s o y goes - as hey say -
necə deyə lə ; 11) o pu , o place in a ce ain place müəуyən уе ə qoymaq; 11) whe e is his ca pe o go? -
whe e should his ca pe be laid? -Whe e should I pu his ca pe ?; 12) o go (abou a clock) - o wo k, o go;
13) o bea (abou he hea ) - o bea ; 14) o be in ac ion, o wo k (abou a machine) - o wo k; 15) o sound,
o ing (abou a bell, e c.) – səsləmnək; 16) o s ike (abou a clock) – işləmək; 17) o go bang – o snap –
çı pmaq; o explode – pa lamaq; o shoo (abou a gun) – a əş açmaq ə s.
The examples abo e show ha despi e he nume ous meanings o wo ds ha o m he co e o he g oup
o e bs o mo ion in di e en languages, he e a e also signi ican di e ences when hey coincide. The e b
ge mək in Aze baijani, when combined wi h a ious wo ds, o ms many new meanings and lexical-seman ic
a ian s, o example: özündən ge mək “ o lose consciousness, o ain ,” əldən ge mək “1. o lo e someone
deeply; 2. o lose some hing”; könüllü ge mək ‘ o go, o go olun a ily’; zəhləsi ge mək ‘ o dislike, o no
ole a e, o no accep someone’; yola ge mək ‘ o ge along wi h someone’; güzəş ə ge mək ‘ o make
concessions o someone,’ e c.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
79
Technical sciences
FEATURES AND MODES OF D2D INTERACTIONS IN NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS NET-
WORKS
Da onbeko Dilmu od Abdujalilo ich
P o esso o Tashken Uni e si y o In o ma ion Technologies
named a e Muhammad al-Khwa izmi, DSc
Khamido Khasan Abdumu alo ich
Head o ECAS UNICON.UZ LLC, PhD
Abs ac
This a icle examines he p inciples, a chi ec u e, and ope a ing modes o De ice- o-De ice (D2D)
echnology in he con ex o he e olu ion o wi eless ne wo ks om 5G o 6G. The cha ac e is ics o in-band
and ou -o -band communica ions, hei ad an ages and limi a ions in e ms o spec al e iciency, eliabili y,
and au onomy a e analyzed. I is shown ha hyb id D2D mechanisms capable o dynamically swi ching
be ween modes p o ide an op imal balance be ween speed, obus ness, and powe consump ion, o ming he
basis o nex -gene a ion sel -o ganizing communica ion sys ems.
Keywo ds: D2D communica ion, in-band, ou -o -band, a chi ec u e, 5G, 6G, IoT, base s a ion, co e,
adio esou ce
Mode n wi eless ne wo ks a e unde going a p o ound ans o ma ion: hey a e g adually mo ing om
igidly cen alized s uc u es o mo e lexible, decen alized, and sel -o ganizing sys ems. One o he key a eas
o his e olu ion has become De ice- o-De ice (D2D) echnology — he abili y o de ices o di ec ly in e ac
wi h each o he wi hou he necessa y in ol emen o a base s a ion o ne wo k co e. Ini ially, D2D was seen
as a way o inc ease spec al e iciency in LTE ne wo ks, bu wi h he ad en o 5G and p epa a ions o 6G,
i has become a s a egic elemen o hyb id and dis ibu ed communica ions a chi ec u es.
Da a ansmission delays, educed ope a o ne wo k load, and inc eased channel esilience in conges ion
o eme gency si ua ions. Fu he mo e, D2D c ea es he ounda ion o applica ion scena ios such as V2V ( e-
hicle- o- ehicle communica ion), IoT (In e ne o Things) and Public Sa e y Communica ions, whe e i is c i -
ical o ensu e eliable and as ansmission o in o ma ion wi hou he in ol emen o cen al nodes.
As we mo e owa ds six h gene a ion echnologies, he e is a g owing end owa ds in eg a ing D2D
wi h a i icial in elligence sys ems, dis ibu ed compu ing (Edge/Fog Compu ing) and cogni i e adio esou ce
managemen . All his b ings us close o c ea ing ully adap i e ne wo ks in which de ices independen ly
selec he op imal communica ion mode, alloca e esou ces, and main ain he equi ed quali y o se ice (QoS
and QoE).
Thus, he s udy o D2D in e ac ions in he con ex o nex - gene a ion ne wo ks is becoming no jus a
echnical ask, bu an impo an s ep owa ds building sma e , mo e esilien and human-cen ic elecommu-
nica ions sys ems o he u u e [1-3].
The D2D communica ions a chi ec u e is a supe s uc u e o e he adi ional cellula ne wo k s uc u e
and can ope a e bo h unde ope a o con ol (ne wo k - assis ed) and in s andalone (Ad - hoc) mode. I s essence
lies in he di ec exchange o da a be ween use de ices (UE1 and UE2) wi hou ou ing h ough he base
s a ion (gNB/eNB) and co e (5G). Depending on he scena io, connec ion managemen and adio esou ce
alloca ion may emain wi h he ne wo k o be ans e ed o he de ices hemsel es.
The a chi ec u e includes se e al laye s, each o which is esponsible o i s own pa o he ansmission
p ocess:
1) Physical laye (PHY) is he adio in e ace esponsible o modula ion, coding, and signal ansmis-
sion. In D2D, i uses NR subca ie s (uplink 5G NR) o dedica ed equency bands.
2) The da a link laye (MAC) alloca es esou ces, p e en s collisions, and manages e ansmissions
(HARQ). 5G uses an imp o ed Sidelink. MAC is a schedule ha p o ides coo dina ion in ime and equency.
3) Ne wo k laye (RRC, PDCP) – esponsible o es ablishing and main aining connec ions, as well as
packe ou ing. D2D implemen s wo modes: con olled (ne wo k - con olled) and au onomous.
4) Applica ion laye – implemen s speci ic se ices: om s eaming ideo and con en sha ing o elem-
e y in IoT de ices.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
80
D2D communica ion modes di e in he deg ee o in as uc u e in ol emen , he ype o spec um
used, and he me hods o connec ion managemen .
Mode 1 - In - band D2D (ne wo k-managed). Da a exchange occu s in he ope a o 's licensed spec um,
wi h cen alized con ol ia gNB. This op ion ensu es high eliabili y, synch oniza ion, and secu i y, bu in-
c eases he isk o in e e ence wi h o he use s.
Mode 2 - Ou -o -band D2D (au onomous). Communica ion occu s ou side he main ange, o example
ia Wi - Fi Di ec , mmWa e o Blue oo h. This app oach is ca ie -independen , bu less s able and ulne able
o da a secu i y [4-6].
5G and 6G ne wo ks, bo h modes a e used, c ea ing a balance be ween con ollabili y, speed and au on-
omy (Table 1). Table 1
Compa ison o in-band and ou -o -band ope a ing modes
No.
Pa ame e
In-band D2D
Ou -o -band D2D
1
F equency ange
Coincides wi h cellula ne wo k equencies
Uses al e na i e spec um (Wi - Fi, mmWa e )
2
In e e ence
Possible wi h cell phone subsc ibe s
Minimal, bu less manageable
3
Connec ion managemen
Via eNB/gNB
S andalone o P2P
4
Bandwid h
High a sho ange
Depends on he channel echnology
5
Ene gy consump ion
Mode a e, op imized by he ne wo k
Abo e, equi es de ice coo dina ion
6
Sa e y
Ope a o con olled
Requi es local p o ec ion mechanisms
An analysis o Table 1 shows ha in - band mode is mo e e ec i e in scena ios wi h mul iple de ices
ope a ing in he ne wo k and s ingen quali y o se ice equi emen s, o example, in V2X, eMBB, o URLLC
sys ems. In such en i onmen s, he base s a ion manages he alloca ion o adio esou ces, educing in e e -
ence and ensu ing s able ne wo k ope a ion. Howe e , his app oach equi es cons an ope a o in ol emen
and may c ea e addi ional load on he in as uc u e.
Ou -o -band mode, on he o he hand, gi es de ices mo e eedom. I 's au onomous and lexible, making
i pa icula ly use ul in IoT en i onmen s o o eme gency communica ions when a base s a ion is una ailable.
This mode educes ne wo k dependency bu equi es sma e coo dina ion algo i hms be ween de ices o a oid
con lic s when sha ing adio channels.
When conside ing spec al e iciency, he in-band app oach has an ad an age due o cen alized e-
quency planning and ope a o con ol. Ou -o -band communica ions, on he o he hand, a e mo e ocused on
s abili y and a ailabili y, whe e he p io i y is no maximum ansmission speed, bu main aining a eliable
channel unde all condi ions [1-4].
In he u u e o 6G ne wo ks, hyb id solu ions a e ecei ing pa icula a en ion. De ices a e expec ed
o be able o dynamically swi ch be ween in-band and ou -o -band modes, adap ing o he cu en en i onmen ,
load le el, and quali y o se ice equi emen s. This adap abili y will b ing D2D ne wo ks close o he ideal
o sel -o ganizing and cogni i ely con olled sys ems capable o independen ly main aining an op imal balance
be ween speed, eliabili y, and powe consump ion.
Re e ences
1. Da onbeko D.A., Khamido Kh.A. The Role o An ennas in Ensu ing D2D Scena io in Sa elli e
Mobile Communica ions // In e na ional Jou nal o Inno a i e Resea ch in Compu e Science and Technology
(IJ1RCST), Volume-13, lssue-4, 2025. – p.109-115
2. Логинов, В. И. Спутниковые телекоммуникационные технологии: учебное пособие / В. И. Ло-
гинов. — Нижний Новгород: ВГУВТ, 2014. — 72 с.
3. Pise sky Yu.V., Naza o A.M., Pula o Sh.U., Madamino H.Kh., Vo ino K.A. Sa elli e communi-
ca ions / Tu o ial. - Tashken : " METODIST NASHRIYOTI ", 2024. - 200 p.
4. Louis J. Ippoli o, J . Sa elli e Communica ions Sys ems Enginee ing. A mosphe ic E ec s, Sa elli e
Link Design and Sys em Pe o mance/A John Wiley and Sons, L d, Publica ion. - 2008.-396 p.
5. G.Ma al, M.Bousque , Zh.Sun. Sa elli e Communica ions Sys ems: Sys ems, Techniques and
Technology (6 h Edi ion) / Wiley, 2020. – 800 p.
6. Pise sky Yu.V., Vo ino K.A., Dadamukhamedo a D.D. S udy o he in luence o equi alen iso op-
ically adia ed powe on he quali y o communica ion in a ious sa elli e communica ion sys ems // “Muham-
mad al - Kho azmiy a lodla i” ilmiy - amaliy a axbo o - ahliliy ju nali №4(30)/2024. -p.145-148.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
81
ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY AND STABILITY OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES OF CADAS-
TRAL DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES
Makhmudo Makhsum Mubashi o ich
Di ec o UNICON.UZ LLC, PhD
Abs ac
This a icle examines he eliabili y and s abili y o ne wo k opologies used o ansmi cadas al da a
o elecommunica ions acili ies. A compa a i e analysis o s uc u al schemes - s a , ing, ee, mesh, and
hyb id - is conduc ed in e ms o hei aul ole ance, edundancy, and eco e y ime. An app oach o selec ing
he op imal opology is p oposed, aking in o accoun he speci ics o cadas al sys em in o ma ion lows. I is
shown ha a hyb id a chi ec u e p o ides he bes balance be ween eliabili y, cos e ec i eness, and
ope a ional s abili y o na ional communica ions cadas es.
Keywo ds: eliabili y, da a ansmission ne wo k, sus ainabili y, opology, s a , ee, ing, hyb id opol-
ogy, cadas al sys em, elecommunica ions in as uc u e, mesh ne wo k, s uc u al connec i i y, aul ole -
ance
Mode n elecommunica ions ne wo ks a e mul ilaye ed dis ibu ed sys ems comp ising housands o
nodes, channels, and subsys ems, be ween which la ge olumes o da a con inuously ci cula e. One o he key
a eas o hei digi al de elopmen is he c ea ion and imp o emen o cadas al sys ems o communica ions
acili ies -specialized in o ma ion and analy ical pla o ms designed o he accoun ing, moni o ing, and man-
agemen o communica ions in as uc u e. These sys ems accumula e in o ma ion on he echnical condi ion
o ansmission lines, base s a ions, ibe -op ic lines, an enna- eede de ices, and o he elemen s, c ea ing a
uni ied digi al space o he elecommunica ions indus y.
Wi h he implemen a ion o he “Digi al Uzbekis an-2030” p og am and he ansi ion o sma ci ies,
he impo ance o cadas al sys ems is g owing signi ican ly [1]. They a e no longe simply egis e s o objec s
bu a e becoming ac i e elemen s o he digi al ecosys em, acili a ing in e ac ion be ween go e nmen agen-
cies, elecom ope a o s, and in as uc u e companies. The eliabili y and sus ainabili y o hese sys ems a e
becoming c i ical ac o s de e mining he alidi y o managemen decisions, he e icien use o esou ces, and
he s abili y o elecommunica ions se ices.
Ne wo k in as uc u e, which acili a es da a exchange be ween e i o ial nodes, s o age se e s, and
ex e nal depa men al sys ems, plays a cen al ole in he unc ioning o cadas al sys ems. E en a b ie ailu e
o a single elemen can lead o da a loss, dis up ion o synch oniza ion, o empo a y se ice in e up ion.
The e o e, analyzing he eliabili y and s abili y o ne wo k opologies used o ansmi cadas al da a is one o
he mos impo an scien i ic and p ac ical asks in he mode n in o ma ion and communica ions indus y [2].
When designing such ne wo ks, special a en ion is paid o he choice o opological s uc u e—s a ,
ing, ee, mesh o hyb id. This choice de e mines connec i i y, edundancy, and sys em eco e y ime a e
ailu es. Al hough hese opologies ha e long been s udied in classical elecommunica ions ne wo ks, hei
applica ion in he con ex o cadas al sys ems equi es special conside a ion. He e, he in o ma ion lows a e
di e en in na u e - hey include accoun ing da a packe s, da abase upda es, eques s and equipmen eleme y,
which places special demands on he ne wo k a chi ec u e and ou ing algo i hms [3, 4].
In ecen yea s, he e has been g owing in e es in modeling he eliabili y o elecommunica ions s uc-
u es using g aph heo y and p obabilis ic p ocesses. Howe e , mos exis ing models a e ocused on anspo
o use ne wo ks, while cadas al da a sys ems ha e a numbe o speci ic ea u es: pe iodic in o ma ion up-
da es, e i o ial s a i ica ion, dependence on channels o a ious le els (including sa elli e and VPN connec-
ions), and s ic equi emen s o he in eg i y and cu ency o ansmi ed da a.
When designing cadas al da a ansmission ne wo ks, i 's impo an no only o selec he opology bu
also o ensu e an op imal balance be ween eliabili y, da a h oughpu , and in as uc u e cos -e ec i eness.
Unlike con en ional elecommunica ions sys ems, whe e dynamic use lows p edomina e, cadas al ne wo ks
ansmi s uc u ed da a wi h egula upda es, making i c i ical o minimize la ency and p e en da a incon-
sis encies. Table 1 compa es he eliabili y and esilience o ne wo k opologies o cadas al da a ansmission
sys ems [5-8].
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
82
Table 1
Compa a i e assessmen o he eliabili y and s abili y o ne wo k opologies o cadas al da a ansmission
sys ems
№
Ne wo k
opology
The na u e o
connec i i y
Faul ole ance
Channel
edundancy
A e age
eco e y ime
Bene i s o cadas al
sys ems
1
S a
Cen alized, 1 node
– co e
Low: Cen e
ailu e blocks
he ne wo k
Minimum
High (depending
on he cen e )
Ease o adminis a ion,
clea hie a chy, ease o ac-
coun ing
2
Ring
Closed, sequen ial
Medium: Single
Faul Tole ance
Low
A e age ( eco e y
by a de ou ou e)
Single channel ailo e ca-
pabili y, load balancing
3
T ee
Hie a chical
A e age: de-
pends on he
main b anches
A e age
A e age
Con enien o he adminis-
a i e s uc u e o he ca-
das al egis e (dis ic - e-
gion-cen e )
4
Mesh
Fully connec ed,
mul iple ou es
High: Rou ing
bypasses aul y
nodes
High
Low (high sel -
o ganiza ion)
Maximum aul ole ance,
au oma ic connec ion e-
co e y
5
Hyb id
(T ee +
Mesh)
Combined:
hie a chy + backup
connec ions
High, wi h
mode a e excess
Medium-high
Low-medium
Op imal balance o eliabil-
i y, speed, and cos ; sui able
o na ional cadas es
One o he simples and mos common con igu a ions emains he s a opology, in which all pe iphe al
nodes - egional cadas al cen e s o depa men al se e s - connec o a cen al node ha pe o ms da a coo -
dina ion and s o age unc ions. The ad an ages include ease o adminis a ion, low la ency, and clea delinea-
ion o unc ions be ween he cen e and b anches. The main disad an age is he dependence o he en i e
ne wo k on he cen al node: i s ailu e leads o a comple e hal in da a exchange and loss o synch oniza ion
[2-5].
Ring opologies a e used whe e communica ion con inui y and he abili y o bypass a single ailu e a e
essen ial. Nodes a e connec ed in a closed loop, allowing da a o ci cula e along al e na i e ou es. Such solu-
ions a e e ec i e o e i o ial cadas al ne wo ks, whe e da a exchange be ween adjacen egions mus be
ensu ed e en i a single link ails. Howe e , wi h dual o cascading ailu es, he ing s uc u e becomes uns a-
ble, equi ing he implemen a ion o edundancy mechanisms.
A ee-like (hie a chical) opology is mos ypical o s a e cadas al sys ems, whe e da a exchange is
o ganized by le el - om dis ic nodes o egional nodes and hen o he cen al da abase. This s uc u e is
na u al in e ms o adminis a i e subo dina ion and logical da a dis ibu ion. I s weakness is i s dependence
on unk b anches: he ailu e o a single in e media e node can lead o he loss o communica ion wi h an
en i e g oup o subo dina e cen e s. To mi iga e hese isks, edundan connec ions be ween nodes o he same
le el a e necessa y.
A mesh ne wo k is cha ac e ized by mul iple in e connec ions be ween nodes, ensu ing maximum aul
ole ance. I any elemen ails, da a is au oma ically e ou ed along o he ou es. In cadas al sys ems, his
a chi ec u e is pa icula ly e ec i e o mission-c i ical segmen s - be ween na ional da a cen e s, backup cloud
si es, and analy ics pla o ms. The main d awback o mesh ne wo ks is he complexi y o se up and he high
cos o main aining edundan connec ions.
The mos balanced solu ion o la ge cadas al sys ems is a hyb id opology, combining he ad an ages o
se e al app oaches. Fo example, cen al nodes can be meshed o enhance he s abili y o he backbone, while
egional and local cen e s a e connec ed o hem using a ee-like s uc u e. This o ganiza ion ensu es eliable
ope a ion a a mode a e cos , while main aining he necessa y lexibili y and scalabili y.
The analysis shows ha he esilience o cadas al da a ansmission ne wo ks is de e mined no only by
he selec ed opology, bu also by he le el o edundancy, ou ing mechanisms, and backup s uc u e. Fo
na ional and indus y sys ems, hyb id a chi ec u es, which combine eliable backbone segmen s wi h hie a -
chically o ganized pe iphe al nodes, a e conside ed op imal. This app oach ensu es he con inui y o cadas al
se ices e en du ing pa ial channel ailu es and p omo es inc eased us in he da a ha unde pins he man-
agemen o he coun y's elecommunica ions in as uc u e [6-8].
Re e ences
1. "On app o al o he S a egy “Digi al Uzbekis an-2030” and measu es o i s e ec i e
implemen a ion". Dec ee o he P esiden o he Republic o Uzbekis an, da ed Oc obe 5, 2020, №DP-6079.
URL: h ps://lex.uz/docs/5031048
2. Isae R.I. Mul imedia communica ion ne wo ks: a u o ial. – T. “Aloqachi”. - 2017. – 320 p.
3. Mukhi dino M.M., Makhmudo M.M. Inno a i e De elopmen o he Field o Communica ions,
In o ma iza ion and Telecommunica ion Technologies (monog aph). Tashken : Zamin Nash , 2021. - 768 p.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
83
4. Joksić Dušan, Baja B anisla . Elemen s o spa ial da a quali y as in o ma ion echnology suppo o
sus ainable de elopmen planning // Spa ium. – 2004, Issue 11.- p.77-83
h ps://doi.o g/10.2298/SPAT0411077J
5. M.Mukhi dino , M.Makhmudo , R.Sai ulin. Au oma ed sys em o collec ing and p ocessing cadas-
al in o ma ion (monog aph) – “Yangi Nash Nash iyo i” LLC - 2019 - 260 p.
6. Velichko V.V., Subbo in E.A., Shu alo V.P., Ya osla se A.F. Telecommunica ion sys ems and
ne wo ks. Volume 3: Mul ise ice ne wo ks. Moscow: Go yachaya Liniya-Telecom, 2015.- 592 p.
7. M. M. Makhmudo . Analysis o Me hods o Fo ming Cadas al In o ma ion o Telecommunica ion
Facili ies // “DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING FIELDS AND ECONOMIC SECTORS IN THE
PROCESS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS”. Con e ence
p oceedings. Tashken , Uzbekis an. 2025. – p. 388-390.
8. M. M. Makhmudo . Analysis o Ne wo k Topologies Applied o he T ansmission o Cadas al
In o ma ion on Telecommunica ion In as uc u e // Challenges and p oblems o mode n science. P oceedings
o he XXIII In e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence. London, Uni ed Kingdom. 2025. – p. 41-44.
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
84
MODERN METHODS OF PROTECTING OILFIELD EQUIPMENT FRO CORROSION
Shamil Samedzade
Aze baijan S a e Oil İndus y Uni e si y
Abs ac
Co osion in he oil and gas indus y is one o he main p oblems ha se iously a ec s he sa e y and
se ice li e o equipmen . High p essu e, empe a u e, and agg essi e chemical en i onmen s cause apid wea
o me als. Mode n p o ec ion me hods – ca hodic p o ec ion, an i-co osion coa ings, chemical inhibi o s, and
sma senso sys ems – se e o minimize co osion isks. Inno a i e ma e ials, especially nanocomposi es and
sel -healing echnologies, ep esen u u e di ec ions o de elopmen . The applica ion o hese me hods e-
duces acciden s in he indus y and inc eases economic e iciency. A comp ehensi e app oach o co osion
p o ec ion is he key o sus ainable oil p oduc ion.
Keywo ds: Co osion p o ec ion, ca hodic p o ec ion, an i-co osion coa ings, chemical inhibi o s.
The oil and gas indus y is one o he main pilla s o he global economy. The eliabili y, sa e y, and
longe i y o equipmen used in his indus y di ec ly depend on co osion con ol measu es.
Co osion – he deg ada ion o me als h ough chemical and elec ochemical p ocesses – poses ase ious
h ea , especially o oil ield equipmen ope a ing unde high p essu e, high empe a u e, and agg essi e en i-
onmen s. This a icle ex ensi ely analyzes mode n co osion p o ec ion me hods, echnologies, and hei p ac-
ical applica ions.
Fiq. 1
Co osion P oblems in Oil ield Equipmen : Pipelines, pump-comp esso sys ems, sepa a o s, ese oi s,
gas-li sys ems, and o he equipmen used in oil p oduc ion and anspo a ion can be quickly damaged, espe-
cially when exposed o saline wa e and acidic componen s. C acks and mic o-pe o a ions caused by co osion
can lead o acciden s, gas and oil leaks, and e en explosions. Mo eo e , co osion has a majo economic im-
pac , cos ing millions o dolla s annually.Mode n Co osion P o ec ion Me hods: Mode n indus y uses an
in eg a ed app oach o comba co osion, including physical, chemical, and digi al echnologies. Ca hodic and
Anodic P o ec ion Sys ems: Ca hodic p o ec ion is he mos widely used
elec ochemical p o ec ion me hod in he oil indus y. This me hod minimizes co osion by al e ing he
po en ial o he me al su ace. The e a e wo main ypes: - Gal anic anode sys ems – useme als such as zinc,
magnesium, and aluminum; - Imp essed cu en sys ems (ICCP) – p o ec ion ensu ed by an ex e nal sou ce o
di ec cu en . These sys ems a e mainly applied in pipelines, o sho e pla o ms, and unde g ound anks.
An i-Co osion Coa ings and Nano echnology: Mode n coa ings no only c ea e a physical ba ie bu
also p o ide chemical esis ance. Epoxy, polyu e hane, luo opolyme , and nanocomposi e-based coa ings di -
e in co osion esis ance. The applica ion o nanopa icles enhances esis ance o mic oc acking and, in some
cases, enables sel -healing mechanisms.
Chemical Inhibi o s and hei Applica ion: Co osion inhibi o s a e added o low luids du ing oil and
gas p oduc ion o o m a p o ec i e laye on me al su aces. They a e di ided in o he ollowing ca ego ies: -
IV in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Seoul. Sou h Ko ea. 23-24.10.2025
85
Anodic inhibi o s – slow down oxida ion; - Ca hodic inhibi o s – weaken educ ion eac ions; - Film- o ming
inhibi o s – co e he me al su ace and limi di usion. The selec ion o inhibi o s depends on he chemical
composi ion o he en i onmen , empe a u e, and p essu e o he sys em.
Sma Moni o ing and Senso Technologies: In mode n indus y, eal- ime moni o ing sys ems a e used
o de ec co osion ea ly. Fibe -op ic senso s, elec ochemical co osion coupons, and acous ic emission ech-
nologies allow he co osion a e in pipelines and deep wells o be acked. IoT-based sys ems ansmi da a o
cen al se e s, p o iding an ea ly wa ning mechanism. Ma e ial Selec ion and Inno a i e Design: The du a-
bili y o ma e ials used in he oil indus y is a key ac o in co osion con ol. The ollowing ma e ials a e
p e e ed: - S ainless s eels (AISI 304, 316); Duplex and supe duplex s eels; - Ti anium and nickel-based al-
loys; - Composi e ma e ials and FRP pipes. Ma e ial selec ion is e alua ed based on bo h physical p ope ies
and economic e iciency.
P ac ical Applica ions and Indus ial Expe ience: Fo example, on o sho e pla o ms in he Caspian
Sea, ca hodic p o ec ion sys ems combined wi h epoxy coa ings ha e inc eased pipeline se ice li e by 15–20
yea s. In coun ies like he USA and No way, AI-based analy ic pla o ms a e used o p edic co osion beha -
io . Economic Impac s and Risk Reduc ion: Economic losses caused by co osion amoun o billions o dolla s
annually. P e en i e measu es play a key ole in a oiding acciden s. A p oac i e app oach implemen ing p e-
en i e p o ec ion sys ems ins ead o epai s – ensu es 30–40% cos sa ings in he long e m.Fu u e De elop-
men P ospec s: Nanopa icle- ein o ced coa ings; Sel -healing ma e ials; - AI and Big Da a-d i en isk anal-
ysis; - Robo -based main enance sys ems.
Conclusion:
1.The applica ion o mode n p o ec ion echnologies inc eases equipmen longe i y, p e en s p oduc-
ion in e up ions, and ensu es indus ial sa e y.
2. The conduc ed esea ch demons a es ha he co osion p o ec ion o oil ield equipmen plays a c u-
cial ole in ensu ing he eliabili y, du abili y, and economic e iciency o p oduc ion p ocesses.
3. The in ensi y o co osion phenomena di ec ly depends on ope a ing condi ions, he chemical com-
posi ion o he en i onmen , empe a u e and p essu e pa ame e s, as well as he physicochemical p ope ies
o he ma e ials used. The e o e, i is conside ed app op ia e o implemen co osion p o ec ion measu es in a
complex manne — h ough he in eg a ed applica ion o echnological, chemical, and elec ochemical me h-
ods. 4. The implemen a ion o ad anced co osion moni o ing sys ems and inhibi o echnologies signi i-
can ly ex ends he se ice li e o equipmen , p e en ing acciden s and educing economic losses.
Li e a u e
1. Donham, J.E. (1987). Co osion in pe oleum p oduc ion ope a ions. In: ASM Handbook, Volume
13: Co osion, 9e (eds. L.J. Ko b and D.L. Olson), 1232–1261. ASM In e na ional.
2. Hughes, B. (2013). To al Sys ems App oach Handbook o P oduc ion Chemicals, 2e (eds. N. A zmil-
le and R. Fishe ). Bake Hughes Inco po a ed Liquid-domina ed Sys ems (pp. 22–46) & Gas-domina ed Sys-
ems (pp. 50–70).
3. Kane, R.D. (2006). Co osion in pe oleum p oduc ion ope a ions. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 13C:
Co osion: En i onmen s and Indus ies (eds.S.D. C ame and B.S. Co ino J ,), 925. ASM In e na ional.
4. S one, P.J. (1987). Co osion inhibi o s o oil and gas p oduc ion. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 13:
Co osion, 9e (eds. L.J. Ko b and D.L. Olson),
478–484. ASM In e na ional.
5. NACE SP0775-2018-SG (2018) P epa a ion, ins alla ion, analysis, and in e p e a ion o co osion
coupons in oil ield ope a ions. Hous on, TX: NACE In e na ional.
6. NACE MR0176-2012 (2012) Me allic ma e ials o sucke - od pumps o co osi e oil ield en i on-
men s. Hous on, TX: NACE In e na ional.
7. CSA Z662-15 (2015). Oil and Gas Pipeline Sys ems, 7e. Canadian S anda ds Associa ion.
8. CAPP Technical Documen (2018). Bes managemen p ac ice o mi iga ion o in e nal co osion in
ca bon s eel oil e luen pipeline sys ems,July 2018-0027, The Canadian Associa ion o Pe oleum P oduce s
(CAPP),Calga y, Albe a, Canada.
