IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025

Advancing science with collaborative innovation Proceedings of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference 23-24 October 2025 Seoul. South Korea 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 IV international scientific conference. “Advancing science with collaborative innovation”. Seoul. South Korea. October 23-24. 2025. 85 p. ISBN 978-92-44514-73-3 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17465081 Publisher: «World of Conferences» Main organization: Editor: Tarmo Vesik Layout: Asko Laar The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Abbasova Gultekin, Gadjieva Lala, Safarli Gunel THE STUDY OF ENERGY AND GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE DIPEPTIDE MOLECULE // Advancing science with collaborative innovation. Proceedings of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference. Seoul. South Korea. 2025. Pp. 12-16. URL: https://conference-w.com/ Contact information Website: https://conference-w.com/ E-mail: [email protected] Content Arts Bakybekkyzy Zhanar, Kulbekova Aigul Keneovna ORGANISATION OF THE WORK OF A CHOREOGRAPHER-TEACHER IN A SPORTS TEAM 5 Biological sciences Huseynzade Guler Aydin, Valiyeva Leyla Ibrahim LANDSCAPING OF BAKU: HISTORY, CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS 12 Economic sciences Lopotenco Viorica, Kozma Yana APPLICABILITY OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC TRENDS TO MOLDOVA’S FINANCIAL SYSTEM 14 Nushaba Aslan gizi Hajiyeva, Sevinc Sattar gizi Babayeva FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES OF ENTERPRISES IN AZERBAIJAN IN MODERN CONDITIONS 20 Sulaymonov Farrukh Shukhratovich ADVANCING THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TAXATION AS A DRIVER OF FISCAL EFFICIENCY 25 Y.P. Kharchenko, Tymofieieva N.V. ASPECTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY ON DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE COUNTRY 27 Historical sciences Ellada Khayrullah Zargarova, Rahil Maharram Jafarov THE VOICE OF THE CASPIAN: THE REALITY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND WAYS OUT 32 Jurisprudence Behbudov Qahraman Novruz oglu THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND HEIR INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL-LEGAL THOUGHT 37 Medical sciences Gunel Sultanova, Fatima Velieva, Duyghu Sultanli THE FREQUENCY OF OSTEOPATİA İN PREMATURE BABİES 48 Stoikevych M.V., Titova M.V., Tarasova T.S., Simonova O.V. POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING THE SEVERITY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS 50 Pedagogical sciences Rena Abdullayeva OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS 52 Khudieva Feride FACTORS THAT INCREASE STUDENTS MOTIVATION TO LEARN 54 Khudieva Gulrukhsar PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES 56 Abbasova Susan Goshgar, Dashdemirov Arzu Oruj INTERNATIONAL MODELS OF STEAM EDUCATION: INNOVATIONS AND IMPACTS ON STUDENT OUTCOMES 59 Philological sciences Curbanova M.A. OUR LANGUAGE IN THE ERA OF INDEPENDENCE 63 Khadija Mirzayeva HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WORD ORDER IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: FROM OLD HIGH GERMAN TO MODERN SYNTAX 68 Irada Shamsizadeh FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBS OF MOTION 70 Physical sciences Karimov Afghan Mahammadali oglu, Mammadzade Mahizar Tagi gizi THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE OF THE UNIVERSE: A SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUE BETWEEN PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS 74 Technical sciences Davronbekov Dilmurod Abdujalilovich, Khamidov Khasan Abdumutalovich FEATURES AND MODES OF D2D INTERACTIONS IN NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS 79 Makhmudov Makhsum Mubashirovich ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY AND STABILITY OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES OF CADASTRAL DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES 81 Shamil Samedzade MODERN METHODS OF PROTECTING OILFIELD EQUIPMENT FRO CORROSION 84 IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 5 Arts ORGANISATION OF THE WORK OF A CHOREOGRAPHER-TEACHER IN A SPORTS TEAM Bakybekkyzy Zhanar RSE at PCHV Kazakh National Academy of Choreography Kazakhstan, Astana Kulbekova Aigul Keneovna Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor RSE at PCHV Kazakh National Academy of Choreography Kazakhstan, Astana ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ПЕДАГОГА-ХОРЕОГРАФА В СПОРТИВНОЙ КОМАНДЕ Бакытбеккызы Жанар РГП на ПХВ Казахская национальная академия хореографии Казахстан, Астана Кульбекова Айгуль Кенесовна Доктор педагогических наук, профессор РГП на ПХВ Казахская национальная академия хореографии Казахстан, Астана Abstract The article examines key factors in organizing pedagogical and choreographic activities within sports teams (including ballroom dancing, rhythmic gymnastics, and figure skating). Drawing on research by foreign authors and contemporary methodological developments, the study summarizes and defines effective methods and the structural framework of choreographic sessions and the training process. It also explores the interaction between choreographers and coaching staff in assessing athletes’ artistic preparation. The relevance of the research is determined by the growing importance of choreographic training in artistic sports, where the artistic component becomes a decisive factor in achieving success at internationallevel competitions. Modern judging systems require a high level of artistic and aesthetic readiness from athletes, which underscores the need for scientific comprehension and systematization of the organizational and methodological aspects of a choreographer’s work within a sports team. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of choreographic training, including the principles of individualization, consistency, stage-based progression, and interdisciplinary cooperation. Particular attention is given to the specifics of choreographic preparation across various sports disciplines—rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, and ballroom dancing. The study systematizes methodological approaches to planning choreographic training throughout the annual training cycle, distinguishing between the preparatory, training, pre-competition, competition, and recovery periods. A significant portion of the research focuses on the organizational and methodological aspects of the choreographer’s professional activity, including the structure of choreographic lessons, differentiation of methodological approaches depending on athletes’ qualifications, and characteristics of the main methods and tools used in choreographic training. The study examines in detail demonstration and visual methods, verbal instruction, practical exercises, game and competitive methods, as well as creative and improvisational approaches. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between the choreographer, coaching staff, strength and conditioning specialists, sports psychologists, and medical personnel. Such cooperation ensures the comprehensive and systematic preparation of athletes, minimizes overload risks, and promotes the harmonious development of the athlete’s personality. The paper also presents a system for monitoring and assessing athletes’ choreographic readiness, including ongoing, stage-based, and final assessments. The evaluation criteria include technical accuracy of movements, amplitude and expressiveness, musicality, artistry, and compositional integrity of the performance. The necessity of employing both subjective expert assessments and objective instrumental methods, such as video analysis, is substantiated. A separate section is devoted to the professional competencies of the sports team choreographer, considered as an integrative personal quality encompassing specialized choreographic knowledge, pedagogical IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 6 skills, methodological proficiency, and individual traits. The importance of continuous professional development, self-education, and the enhancement of pedagogical mastery is underlined. The findings of the study are of practical significance for choreographers, coaches, and specialists in artistic sports, contributing to improved effectiveness of choreographic training and higher athletic performance. Аннотация В статье рассматриваются ключевые факторы по организации педагогической и хореографической деятельности в спортивных коллективах (спортивные танцы, художественная гимнастика, фигурное катание). Опираясь на исследования зарубежных авторов и современные методические разработки специалистов, в работе обобщены и определены эффективные методы и структура хореографических занятий и тренировочного процесса, а также рассмотрено взаимодействие хореографов с тренерским составом по оценке художественной подготовки спортсменов. Актуальность исследования обусловлена возрастающей ролью хореографической подготовки в художественных видах спорта, где артистический компонент становится определяющим фактором успешности выступлений на соревнованиях международного уровня. Современные требования судейских систем предполагают высокий уровень художественно-эстетической подготовленности спортсменов, что детерминирует необходимость научного осмысления и систематизации организационно-методических аспектов деятельности педагога-хореографа в структуре спортивной команды. В работе представлен комплексный анализ теоретико-методологических основ хореографической подготовки, включающий рассмотрение принципов индивидуализации, системности, этапности и междисциплинарного взаимодействия. Особое внимание уделено специфике хореографической подготовки в различных видах спорта: художественной гимнастике, фигурном катании, синхронном плавании и спортивных танцах. Систематизированы методические подходы к планированию хореографической подготовки на различных этапах годичного тренировочного цикла, выделяя подготовительный, учебно-тренировочный, предсоревновательный, соревновательный и восстановительный периоды. Значительное место в исследовании занимает анализ организационно-методических аспектов деятельности педагога-хореографа, включая структуру занятии хореографии, дифференциацию методических подходов в зависимости от квалификации спортсменов, а также характеристику основных методов и средств хореографической подготовки. Подробно рассмотрены метод показа и демонстрации, словесный метод, метод практического выполнения упражнений, игровой и соревновательный методы, метод творческих заданий и импровизации. Акцентируется внимание на необходимости междисциплинарного взаимодействия педагогахореографа с тренерским составом, специалистами по физической подготовке, спортивными психологами и медицинским персоналом, что обеспечивает комплексность и системность подготовки спортсменов, минимизирует риски перегрузок и способствует гармоничному развитию личности спортсмена. В статье представлена система контроля и оценки хореографической подготовленности спортсменов, включающая текущий, этапный и итоговый контроль. Рассмотрены критерии оценки хореографической подготовленности, включающие техническую точность выполнения движений, амплитуду и выразительность, музыкальность, артистизм и композиционную целостность программы. Обоснована необходимость использования как субъективных экспертных оценок, так и объективных инструментальных методов, включая видеоанализ. Отдельный раздел посвящен профессиональным компетенциям педагога-хореографа спортивной команды, рассматриваемым как интегративное качество личности, включающее специальные хореографические знания, педагогические умения, спортивно-методическую подготовленность и личностные качества. Подчеркивается важность непрерывного профессионального развития, самообразования и совершенствования педагогического мастерства. Результаты исследования имеют практическую значимость для педагогов-хореографов, тренеров и специалистов в области художественных видов спорта, способствуя повышению эффективности хореографической подготовки и достижению высоких спортивных результатов. Keywords: choreographer-pedagogue, sports team, choreographic training, methodology, choreographer’s activity planning. Ключевые слова: педагог-хореограф, спортивная команда, хореографическая подготовка, методика, планирование деятельности хореографа. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 7 Введение Современный спорт невозможно представить без интеграции художественных и педагогических методов в подготовке спортсменов. Это означает, что в ряде дисциплин, а именно, художественной гимнастике, фигурном катании, синхронном плавании, хореографическая подготовка является не вспомогательным, а базовым компонентом профессионального роста спортсмена. Сегодня роль педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде заключается не только в обучении технике движения, но и в формировании целостной двигательной культуры, развитии артистизма и сценической выразительности у молодых спортсменов, что напрямую влияет на результативность выступлений и конкурентоспособность всей команды или отдельного участника. Актуальность исследования обусловлена возрастающими требованиями к художественноэстетическому компоненту в технико-эстетических видах спорта. Согласно данным Международного олимпийского комитета, за последние два десятилетия оценочные критерии артистизма и хореографической подготовленности в судейских протоколах увеличились на 35-40%, что свидетельствует о трансформации приоритетов в спортивной подготовке [5]. В связи с этим деятельность педагога-хореографа приобретает стратегическое значение в достижении высоких спортивных результатов. Целью данного исследования является систематизация и научное обоснование организационнометодических аспектов деятельности педагога-хореографа в структуре спортивной команды. Объектом исследования выступает процесс хореографической подготовки спортсменов в техникоэстетических видах спорта, предметом – организационно-педагогические условия эффективной деятельности педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде. Основная часть Теоретико-методологические основы хореографической подготовки в спорте Организация работы педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде представляет собой комплексный и многоуровневый процесс, направленный на развитие художественных, технических и психофизических качеств спортсменов. Деятельность хореографа не сводится исключительно к обучению базовым танцевальным движениям, она включает формирование двигательной и эстетической культуры, развитие музыкальности, пластичности, координации, а также интеграцию художественного компонента и сценического искусства в соревновательные программы. В условиях современного спорта хореографическая подготовка заняла статус одного из основных составляющих профессионального уровня спортивной команды. Методологической основой работы педагога-хореографа выступают принципы индивидуализации, системности и этапности, интеграции художественной и физической подготовки, междисциплинарного взаимодействия и постоянного контроля [1, с. 46]. Например: - индивидуализация предполагает учет возрастных, моторных и психологических особенностей каждого спортсмена; - системность выражается в планировании подготовки спортсменов в годовых, месячных и недельных циклах с постепенным усложнением профессиональных задач; - интеграция художественной и физической составляющей позволяет развивать у спортсменов технику и выразительность одновременно; - взаимодействие с тренерским штабом и медицинским персоналом обеспечивает согласованность нагрузок и поддержку психофизиологического состояния спортсменов; - контроль в форме экспертной оценки, видеоанализа и самооценки спортсменов гарантирует своевременную коррекцию педагогического и учебно-тренировочного процесса. Следует отметить, что ключевым элементом деятельности педагога-хореографа в спортивной команде является планирование. Таким образом, деятельность педагога-хореографа в процессе подготовки спортсменов следует рассматривать по основным этапам целостной организованной и плановой системы: 1. Подготовительный период. Здесь основное внимание уделяется постановке корпуса, изучению базовых элементов классического танца, развитию чувства ритма, гибкости и координации элементарных движений. 2. Учебно-тренировочный период – это этап, где акцент работы смещается на совершенствование техники движений, работу над артистизмом и выразительностью выполнения спортивной программы. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 8 3. Предсоревновательный период. Основными задачами для спортсменов, как правило, становятся отработка соревновательных программ, синхронизация движений, постановка композиций и эмоциональной выразительности. 4. Соревновательный период. В данный период внимание сосредотачивается на отработке программ, стабильности исполнения и психологической готовности спортсмена к предстоящим соревнованиям. 5. Восстановительный этап используется для снижения нагрузок, творческих форм работы, импровизации и анализа прошедшего спортивного сезона. Специфика хореографической подготовки в различных видах спорта Анализ научно-методической литературы позволяет констатировать, что специфика хореографической подготовки детерминирована особенностями конкретного вида спорта. В художественной гимнастике хореографическая подготовка составляет до 40% от общего объема тренировочного времени и направлена на формирование пластичности, выразительности и технической точности движений [2]. Исследования В.Ю. Сосиной демонстрируют, что систематические хореографические занятия способствуют совершенствованию координационных способностей гимнасток на 28-32% по сравнению с контрольной группой, не получавшей специализированной хореографической подготовки. В фигурном катании хореографическая составляющая интегрирована в структуру технической подготовки и акцентирована на развитии баланса, скольжения и артистической выразительности в условиях специфической опорной поверхности. Согласно данным Международного союза конькобежцев (ISU), артистический компонент в произвольных программах оценивается по пяти критериям, что составляет 50% от общей оценки выступления [6]. В спортивных танцах хореографическая подготовка представляет собой основу технической и художественной составляющей. Специфика данного вида спорта заключается в необходимости синхронизации движений партнеров, музыкальной интерпретации и соответствии стилистическим канонам различных танцевальных направлений. Научные исследования T. Moshenska и I. Bodrenkova подтверждают, что групповые композиции в спортивной аэробике требуют специфической хореографической подготовки, направленной на формирование ансамблевого взаимодействия и пространственной ориентации [4, p. 40]. Организационно-методические аспекты деятельности педагога-хореографа Необходимо отметить, что эффективность деятельности педагога-хореографа напрямую связана с его тесным взаимодействием с тренерским штабом. Абсолютный тандем, совместные обсуждения планов, регулярные просмотры тренировочных и соревновательных выступлений, анализ проделанной работы, корректировка программ и обсуждение результатов позволяют выстроить согласованную стратегию подготовки спортсменов и поступательное продвижение к поставленным целям. Следует выделить еще важную составляющую эффективной подготовки спортсменов, которая сводится к междисциплинарной связи и сотрудничеству с тренерами по общей физической подготовке (ОФП), спортивными психологами и врачами, что обеспечивает комплексный и системный подход, минимизирует риск перегрузок и способствует гармоничному развитию спортсменов, их профессиональному росту и конкурентоспособности. Структура хореографического занятия в спортивной команде традиционно включает три основных раздела: подготовительную, основную и заключительную части. Подготовительная часть (15-20% времени занятия) направлена на функциональную подготовку организма спортсмена к предстоящей нагрузке, включает разминочные упражнения у станка, элементы партерной гимнастики и суставную разминку. Основная часть (65-70% времени) сосредоточена на освоении нового материала, совершенствовании технических элементов, работе над композиционными фрагментами и отработке соревновательных программ. Заключительная часть (10-15% времени) предполагает упражнения на восстановление, растяжку и рефлексию проделанной работы [7]. Важным аспектом организации хореографической подготовки выступает дифференциация методических подходов в зависимости от квалификации спортсменов. На начальном этапе подготовки (спортсмены массовых разрядов) преобладают групповые формы работы с акцентом на формирование базовых двигательных навыков и музыкально-ритмического воспитания. На этапе спортивного совершенствования (кандидаты в мастера спорта и мастера спорта) возрастает доля индивидуальной работы, направленной на формирование индивидуального исполнительского стиля и максимальную реализацию артистического потенциала спортсмена. Методы и средства хореографической подготовки спортсменов IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 15 Republic of Moldova, where recent changes in the international financial environment — from terms of trade and capital flows, to monetary policy movements and market volatility — have imprinted a dynamic with direct effects on stability, growth and directions of economic development. In recent years, the financial system of the Republic of Moldova has accumulated significant changes, influenced by global financial developments. These changes involve international trade, economic policies, financial markets, the crisis caused by various factors, which contributes to significant consequences for the economic framework of the Republic of Moldova. The functioning of the financial system of the Republic of Moldova is influenced in a complex way by global financial metamorphoses for economic stability, growth and development. Therefore, in order to maintain the efficiency of the financial system, it is essential to analyze the dynamics of global financial developments and to capitalize on opportunities for sustainable economic growth. Global Trends, Local Impact: Recalibrating Moldova’s Financial System. The global economic environment is evolving as an intricate landscape, offering various opportunities and obstacles for the banking industry. Recent times have been characterized by exceptional global occurrences, creative economic strategies and groundbreaking technological progress, placing the banking sector at the forefront of remarkable change [4]. The rapid shift towards digitalization, along with changes in customer demands and regulatory structures, has greatly impacted banking practices and approaches[5]. The banking world is on the brink of transformative change. The financial landscape, once characterized by tradition and stability, has now become a dynamic arena where digitization, changing customer expectations, and disruptive forces propel the industry forward. In an era of unprecedented innovation, banking institutions are rewriting their strategies to maximize growth opportunities [6]. Figure 1. Global economic trends Source: elaborated by the author Impact of interest rates on banking. Monetary policies implemented by central banks, especially in relation to interest rates, have a substantial impact on the banking industry. This influence affects loan interest rates, credit expenses and the general financial stability. Consequently, banks are confronted with the task of adjusting to these fluctuations in order to uphold profitability and operational effectiveness. To address increasing loan expenses and leverage potential advantages, financial institutions employ tactics like broadening income streams, refining asset and liability mixtures, and improving liquidity management procedures [7]. Impact of interest rates on banking Technological advances in banking Evolution of customer experience Regulatory environment and compliance Sustainability and banking Risk management IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 16 Figure 2. Monetary policy transmission in Moldova Source: elaborated by the author based on [8]. The NBM policy rate drives market rates with asymmetric pass-through—deposits respond faster and more strongly than loans—compressing margins during tightening and easing gradually during the subsequent loosening cycle. NBM policy tightening → early-2023 peak, then steady easing. The policy rate climbs sharply through 2022, peaks around Q1-2023, and falls throughout 2023–2024. Deposits adjust faster and more strongly than loans. Average deposit rates jump quickly during the hike cycle and decline visibly once easing starts; average loan rates move more slowly and with smaller amplitude. Margin dynamics (NIM) under pressure in the hike phase, then stabilize. During tightening, funding costs (deposits) rise faster than asset yields (loans), compressing margins. As policy eases, deposit costs retreat and the spread normalizes gradually. Clear transmission with lags. The pass-through from policy to market rates is evident, but timing differs: deposits ≫ loans on speed and magnitude, consistent with short-tenor funding vs. slower repricing of outstanding loans. Late-2024 convergence. By end-2024, all three series trend lower with a narrower deposit–loan gap, signalling a more settled interest-rate environment. In Moldova, the pass-through of monetary policy to market rates is clear but asymmetric. Deposit rates react swiftly and with larger amplitude than loan rates, compressing net interest margins in the tightening phase and normalizing gradually as the policy stance eases Banks are implementing various strategies to address the simultaneous issues of increased deposit and loan costs. These strategies encompass expanding revenue streams beyond interest income, optimizing the balance between assets and liabilities, and improving liquidity management practices. Furthermore, banks are making investments in financial technology to enhance loan underwriting and risk management procedures. Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on developing personalized banking products and services, utilizing data analytics to gain deeper insights into customer needs and behaviors. This enables banks to adopt more strategic approaches to pricing and product development. Technological advances in banking. The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cloud computing has revolutionized the efficiency of banking operations. AI has transformed decision-making in the banking industry, offering enhanced customer service with chatbots and advanced credit scoring models. On the other hand, cloud computing provides adaptable and versatile infrastructure solutions, facilitating the swift implementation of new services, fostering collaboration, and minimizing operational expenses. These cuttingedge technologies empower banks to not only streamline their operations but also to introduce innovative products and services that cater to the ever-changing demands of customers. 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 % % Avg Loan Rate (%) Avg Deposit Rate (%) NBM Policy Rate (%) IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 17 Quantum computing is poised to revolutionize the banking industry by providing enhanced cybersecurity measures and improved financial forecasting capabilities. With its unparalleled speed in processing complex calculations, quantum computing can effectively detect fraudulent activities, strengthen encryption techniques, and perform rigorous stress tests on financial assets. The utilization of quantum algorithms enables the identification of subtle patterns and risks that traditional computing methods may overlook, thereby offering a deeper understanding of market trends and customer behaviors. As quantum computing progresses, it holds the potential to reshape the banking sector, offering more secure and streamlined approaches to handling financial information and predicting future market trends. Evolution of customer experience. The banking industry is currently experiencing a significant change towards hyper-personalization, propelled by advancements in data analytics and artificial intelligence. This strategy surpasses conventional personalized services by providing banking experiences customized specifically to the preferences, behaviors, and financial background of every client. By combining extensive data sets with complex algorithms, banks can predict customer requirements, deliver personalized financial guidance, and customize products and services to suit individual situations. Open banking is a revolutionary movement within the financial services industry, driven by both regulatory requirements and technological advancements. This movement mandates banks to share financial data with third-party providers (TPPs) only with the consent of their customers. As a result, it fosters a more competitive and innovative banking environment. By enabling the creation of new financial products and services, open banking empowers customers to have greater control over their finances, enjoy enhanced convenience, and receive better value. Moreover, it facilitates the seamless integration of banking services into everyday life, allowing for real-time financial management across multiple accounts, personalized financial advice, and innovative payment solutions. The impact of open banking on customer service innovation is significant, as it encourages collaboration across the financial ecosystem to deliver exceptional customer experiences. Regulatory environment and compliance. The banking sector's regulatory framework is continuously changing to tackle emerging risks and maintain financial stability. Banks must adjust to these changes by establishing strong compliance measures. This adaptation involves enhancing risk management procedures, increasing transparency, and utilizing technologies that aid in compliance. Embracing new regulatory frameworks not only assists banks in reducing legal and reputational risks but also enables them to capitalize on fresh opportunities, building trust with customers and regulators. Sustainability and banking. The banking sector is progressively acknowledging the significance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles in influencing sustainable business strategies. The integration of ESG standards requires the assessment of investments, loans, and financial products according to their environmental footprint, social accountability, and governance practices. This transition is a response to the increasing consumer preference for ethical banking and the need to address potential long-term financial risks linked to climate change, social instability, and governance deficiencies. Risk management. Within the current turbulent landscape, banks are encountering a broad spectrum of risks, ranging from financial market fluctuations to emerging threats such as climate change and geopolitical instability. To effectively manage these novel risks, financial institutions must embrace advanced risk management strategies. This entails harnessing the power of big data analysis and artificial intelligence to forecast and evaluate risks, diversifying portfolios to mitigate exposure, and formulating contingency plans for unforeseen events. With the rise of digital banking, cybersecurity has become a major focus. The increased digitization of banking operations has opened up new avenues for cyber threats, ranging from data breaches to complex cyberattacks targeting financial systems. To ensure the security of their systems and customer information, banks are making significant investments in cybersecurity tools such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, and real-time monitoring. Moreover, they are promoting a culture of cybersecurity awareness among both employees and customers. Working closely with regulatory agencies and engaging in information-sharing initiatives are also key strategies in bolstering the industry's defenses against cyber threats. Strategic banking planning in times of economic uncertainty. In the face of economic uncertainty, banks are required to exhibit agility, foresight and resilience in their strategic planning. This entails not only diversifying their sources of income, optimizing their cost structures, and enhancing their risk management frameworks, but also prioritizing the development of sustainable practices and investing in digital infrastructure to ensure preparedness for future operations. Global economic challenges and banking. Financial institutions are increasingly integrating agile operational models, expanding their investment portfolios, and harnessing technology to mitigate risks associated IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 18 with economic fluctuations. The primary focus is on constructing a sturdy framework that can not only withstand economic downturns but also capitalize on the opportunities they bring. Strategic partnerships, digital transformation, and innovative product offerings are highlighted as essential pillars supporting this resilience. Inflation continues to be a crucial issue for the banking sector, exerting influence over lending rates and investment strategies. As central banks globally make adjustments to their monetary policies to combat inflation, banks face the challenge of managing increased operational costs while simultaneously providing competitive interest rates to their customers. This situation calls for a meticulous approach to pricing strategies, asset allocation, and cost management. Moreover, banks are driven to invest in AI and automation to enhance operational efficiency and improve customer experiences in the face of mounting inflation. Figura 3. Bank Profitability and Inflation in Moldova (2022–2024) Source: elaborated by the author based on [8]. Run-up (2022 → early-2023): Inflation accelerates steeply, while bank profitability rises with a lag— ROE climbs more visibly than ROA, consistent with asset yields repricing and strong interest income. Q1-2023 spike: The highlighted peak in ROE coincides with peak inflation. This reflects repricing asymmetry—asset yields adjust quickly while funding costs (deposits) and risk charges catch up later—temporarily boosting profitability. Normalization (mid-2023 → 2024): As disinflation sets in, ROE and ROA trend down. Net interest margins compress as deposit costs adjust and loan demand cools; profitability converges toward a lower, steadier level. Late-2024: Stabilization at moderate ROE/ROA suggests a more predictable rate environment, with margins no longer driven by extreme price dynamics. Bank profitability in Moldova moves with the inflation cycle but with a clear lag. ROE peaks in Q12023 during the inflation apex, then normalizes as disinflation compresses net interest margins and funding costs re-align In conclusion, the financial institutions that possess the ability to efficiently handle risks, consistently innovate and promptly address customer demands will flourish in this ever-changing landscape. The prospects for financial institutions are promising for those who are prepared to convert obstacles into possibilities, guaranteeing their significance and triumph in the upcoming decade. The process of reimagining banking has already begun and it requires strategic vision and flexibility to unlock future expansion and durability. To conclude, we highlights that in recent years, particularly following the Global Financial Crisis, there has been a significant transformation in the financial system's structure worldwide. Fintech advancements have a profound impact on the global operations of financial institutions. These advancements have the capacity to revolutionize the financial system by introducing innovative products and services, implementing contemporary business models and fostering heightened competition among established players, particularly banks and insurance companies. While this transformation holds the potential to enhance the efficiency of the financial system, it also raises pertinent questions about its stability and resilience [9]. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 inflation rate ROA/ROE ROA ROE inflation rate IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 19 Fintech start-ups, as new entrants in the financial market, are offering financial products and services more efficiently than established financial institutions like banks and insurance companies. These fintech companies are able to operate without having to comply with the regulatory requirements that traditional intermediaries are bound by. Despite the varied nature of fintech innovations, the term is used to describe advancements in financial services and products driven by emerging information and communication technologies, such as IT and mobile connectivity, which are transforming the financial landscape worldwide. While the proportion of new players in the financial system remains relatively small compared to traditional institutions, fintech innovations like crowdfunding, marketplace lending, cryptocurrencies and robo-advice are continuously progressing and gaining market share. This chapter presents an overview of the financial metamorphoses fintech market and its impact on the financial system's architecture, drawing on a comprehensive review of both theoretical and empirical literature [10]. Conclusion Viewing finance as a complex, interconnected system, we traced the channels through which worldwide shocks and innovations shape outcomes in Moldova. - Monetary policy pass-through in Moldova is clear but asymmetric: deposit rates adjust faster and with larger amplitude than loan rates, compressing NIM during tightening and normalizing only gradually during easing. - Profitability follows the price cycle with a lag—peaking near the inflation apex and then converging to steadier levels as disinflation and higher funding costs bite. - Banks that actively manage repricing gaps, diversify funding, and strengthen liquidity buffers are better positioned to preserve margins across cycles. - Technology—AI and cloud—improves efficiency, risk scoring and time-to-market, while also enabling new customer experiences and business models; this is a competitive necessity, not a luxury. - Emerging technologies (including quantum) and open-banking regimes will further intensify competition and data-driven personalization, raising both opportunities and supervisory demands. - ESG integration is advancing as investors and supervisors price climate and governance risks; alignment of incentives and disclosure standards will shape capital allocation. - Cyber risk remains a first-order concern in a digitalizing system, requiring layered controls, real-time monitoring and sector-level information sharing. - Strategically, Moldovan institutions that pair prudent risk management with disciplined innovation will be best placed to convert volatility into durable growth. Pe scurt, alinierea prudenței cu progresul este cea mai sigură cale pentru ca sectorul financiar din Moldova să rămână relevant, rezistent și orientat spre creștere. References 1. Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688–726. 2. Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1998). Financial dependence and growth. American Economic Review, 88(3), 559–586. 3. Haldane, A. G., & May, R. M. (2011). Systemic risk in banking ecosystems. Nature, 469(7330), 351–355. 4. BIS. (2023). Annual Economic Report 2023. Basel: Bank for International Settlements. 5. IMF. (2024). Global Financial Stability Report. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. 6. World Bank. (2020). Global Financial Development Report 2019/2020: Bank Regulation and Supervision a Decade after the Global Financial Crisis. Washington, DC. 7. World Bank. (2022). Global Financial Development Report 2021/2022: Financial Inclusion. Washington, DC. 8. National Bank of Moldova. (2024). Annual Report. Chișinău: NBM. 9. Arner, D. W., Barberis, J., & Buckley, R. P. (2016). The evolution of Fintech: A new post-crisis paradigm? Georgetown Journal of International Law, 47(4), 1271–1319. 10. Brunnermeier, M. K., & Oehmke, M. (2013). The maturity rat race. Journal of Finance, 68(2), 483–521. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 20 FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES OF ENTERPRISES IN AZERBAIJAN IN MODERN CONDITIONS Nushaba Aslan gizi Hajiyeva Azerbaijan University of Technology Sevinc Sattar gizi Babayeva Azerbaijan University of Technology – master's student MÜASİR ŞƏRAİTDƏ AZƏRBAYCANDA MÜƏSSİSƏLƏRİN GƏLİR VƏ XƏRCLƏRİNİN STRUKTURUNUN XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ Nüşabə Aslan qızı Hacıyeva Azərbaycan Texnologiya Universiteti Sevinc Sattar qızı Babayeva Azərbaycan Texnologiya Universiteti – magistrant Yerli müəssisələr ilə iqtisadiyyatın rəqabətə davamlılığının artırılmağı məqsədi ilə respublikamızın istehsal və innovasiya texnologiyalarının tətbiqi sahəsində digər aparıcı dövlətlərdən geriliyini ən aşağı endirmək əsas hədəflərdən biri olaraq qarşıya qoyulmuşdur. Bununla bağlı olaraq innovasiya fəaliyyətinin inkişafının stimullaşdırılmağına yönəldilmiş ayrı-ayrı tədbirlər gterçəkləşdirilir.Ölkəmizdə sənayedə texnoloji innovasiyalara çəkilmiş xərclər 2022-ci il üzrə 22540,4 mln. manat olubdur 2024-cü ildə ölkəmizdə sənayedə texnoloji innovasiyalara çəkilən xərclər ümumilikdə 53 273,0 min manat (yəni təxminən 53.27 milyon AZN) olmuşdur. Müqayisə üçün: 2022-ci ildə bu göstərici 22 540,4 min manat olmuşdu — yəni 2024-də xərclər 2022yə nisbətən əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə artıb. 2020–2024-cü illərdə sənayedə texnoloji innovasiyalara çəkilmiş xərclər Bu qrafik 2020–2024-cü illər ərzində ölkəmizdə sənaye sahəsində texnoloji innovasiyalara çəkilmiş xərclərin dinamikasını göstərir. Göründüyü kimi, 2024-cü ildə xərclər əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə artaraq 53 273,0 min manata çatmışdır. Mənbə: Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi və açıq iqtisadi hesabatlar. Respublikamızda innovativ və müasir texnologiyalar nəzdində rəqabət xüsusiyyətli sənaye istehsalının fəaliyyəti üzrə münbit şərait yaratmaq, həmin sahədə sahibkarlığa dəstək vermək, qeyri-neft sahəsinin davamlı inkişafını təmin etmək, vətəndaşların istehsal sahəsində məşğulluğunu çoxaltmaq üçün respublikamızda sənaye və müasir texnologiyalar parkları yaradılmaqdadır. İqtisadiyyatın tənzimlənməyində ən təsiredici ünsürlərdən biri hesab edilən vergitutma mexanizminin indiki inkişaf səviyyəsi firmaların innovasiya işinin dəstəklənməyi üzrə təsirli güzəştləri vermək iqtidarına malikdir. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 21 “Azərbaycan dövlətinin Vergi Məcəlləsində dəyişikliklər olunması haqda” Respublikamızın 21 dekabr 2012-ci il tarixli Qanunu ilə həmin qanunun tətbiqi haqda ölkə prezidentimizin 29 dekabr 2012-ci il tarixli sərəncamı respublikamızın vergi sisteminin modernləşməyi istiqamətində önəmli addımlardan atılmışdır. Sözügedən Qanunla sənaye ilə texnologiyalar parkında fəaliyyət üzrə əsaslı vergi güzəştləri nəzərdə tutulubdur. Odur ki, sənaye ilə texnologiyalar parkında infrastrukturun, istehsal sektorlarının yaradılmağı və tikintisi, həmçinin elmi-tədqiqat ilə təcrübəkonstruktor çalışmalarının görülməyi üçün sənaye ilə texnologiyalar parkının əsas təşkilatı (operatoru) ilə rezidentləri vasitəsilə lazımi icra hakimiyyəti orqanının təsdiqedən sənədi nəzdində texnikanın, texnoloji avadanlıqlar ilə texnikaların idxalı ƏDV-dən xaric olunmuşdur. Eyni zamanda, sənaye və texnologiyalar parkının yaradılmağı və həmin parkda fəaliyyətin təmin olunması üçün tələb edilən əsas vəsaitlərin alınmağının ƏDV-dən azad olunması innovativ fəaliyyətin maliyyə tutumunu azaldaraq investisiyaların maliyyə ilə inflyasiya risklərinin çox yumşaldılması və nəticədə sahibkarların bu yöndə motivasiyasının əhəmiyyətli şəkildə dəstəklənməyi üzrə geniş imkanlar açmaqdadır. Hazırda Azərbaycan dövlətində elmi araşdırmalar adətən AMEA-nın elmitədqiqat təşkilatlarında, nazirlik, hökümət komitələri, səhmdar topluluqlar ilə şirkətlərin əsasındakı sahə elmi tədqiqat təşkilatlarında və ali təhsil ocaqlarında kafedra, laboratoriya ilə ayrı-ayrı elmi tədqiqat qurumlarında aparılır.Gəlir müəssisələrin və digər təsərrüfat subyektlərinin maliyyə və təsərrüfat fəaliyyətini əks etdirən əsas iqtisadi kateqoriyalardan biridir. Bazar münasibətlərinin önəmli kateqoriyası kimi mənfəət müəyyən funksiyaları yerinə yetirməkdədir. Mənfəətin iqtisadi məzmunu onun funksiyaları nəzdində izah olunur. Mənfəət, öncə, müəssisə ilə təsərrüfat təşkilatlarının faydalı fəaliyyətinin nəticəsi və mühüm göstəricisidir. Bir sözlə, müəssisənin mənfəəti olmağı onun işinin əhməiyyətli olmasını əks etdirir. Ancaq mənfəətlilik dərəcəsi müəssisə üzrə mühüm əhəmiyyət kəsb etmiş iqtisadi göstərici sayılır. Müəssisə və təsərrüfat təşkilatlarının mənfəət qazanması onun təsisçilərinin və ya mülkiyyətçilərinin başlıca məqsədidir. Mənfəətin kəmiyyəti bir çox amildən asılıdır. Onlardan bəzisi müəssisədən asılıdır, başqaları isə müəssisədən asılı sayılmır. Mənfəət müəssisənin xüsusi kapitalının çoxaldılmasının mənbəidir. Bazar münasibətləri mühitində müəssisənin sərəncamında olan mənfəət hesabına menecerlər investisiya ilə divident siyasətini, müəssisənin inkişaf imkanlarını aşkar edirlər. Müəssisələrin davamlı fəaliyyətinin əsasında dayanan ən əsas amil gəlirin həcminin artırılması ilə əlaqədardır. Azərbaycanda fəaliyyət göstərən müəssisələrin böyük əksəriyyətinin gəliri satışdan əldə olunan maliyyə resursları ilə xarakterizə olunur. Müəssisələrdə gəlirin artmasına təsir edən bir çox amillər vardır. Həmin amillər aşağıdakı tərkibdə verilmişdir: ✓ müqavilə şərtlərinin müvafiq olan məhsul istehsalının həcminin çoxaldılması; ✓ maya dəyərinin aşağı salınmağı; ✓ məhsulun keyfiyyətinin yüksəldilməyi; ✓ çeşidin yaxşılaşdırılmağı; ✓ istehsal fondlarından istifadənin yaxşılaşdırılmağı; ✓ əmək məhsuldarlığının artırılmağı. Bu yuxarıda qeyd olunan amillər əsasən müəssisədən asılıdır. Müəssisədən asılı olmayan amillər isə sonrakılardan təşkil olunmuşdur: təbii, coğrafi, nəqliyyat şəraiti; məhsul istehsalı və satışının texniki şərtləri və s. Azərbaycanda fəaliyyət göstərən sənaye müəssisələrinin gəlirləri aşağıdakı mənbələr hesabına təmin edilir: ✓ əmtəəlik məhsul satışından mənfəət; ✓ başqa məhsul və xidmətlərdən mənfəət; ✓ əsas fondların satışından mənfəət; ✓ satışdan kənar gəlirlər ilə xərclər. İlk növbədə ümumi mənfəətin daxilində ümumi məhsul (iş, xidmət və s.) satışından əldə olunan mənfəəti qeyd etmək zəruridir. Ona görə ki, bu mənfəət müəsisənin başlıca iş fəaliyyətindən əldə olunan mənfəətdir. Əmtəəlik məhsul satışından əldə olunan mənfəəti hesablamaq üçün məhsul satışından əldə olunan gəlir ƏDV, aksizləri ilə məhsulun maya dəyərinə daxil olmuş istehsal və satış xərcləri daxildir.Nəticədə, məhsulun IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 22 satışından mənfəət ümumi mənfəətin önəmli hissəsini, yəni 80-90 faizini təşkil etməkdədir. Buna görə də ümumi mənfəətin həmin hissəsinə xüsusi diqqət etmək lazımdır. Birinci olaraq bunu qeyd edək ki, əmtəəlik məhsulun satışından əldə olunan mənfəətlə satılmayan malın qalıqlarının dəyişməsi təsir edir. Müəssisədə qalan bu cür qalıqların həcmi nə qədər yüksək olarsa, bir o qədər də müəssisə az mənfəət qazanacaqdır. Müəssisədə satılmayan malların həcmi kommersiya fəaliyyəti ilə satışın şərtləri və s. səbəblərdən asılıdır. Odur ki, müəsisənin çox məhsul istehsal etməsi mümkündür, ancaq az sata bilər. Bundan əlavə satılmayan məhsul qalıqlarında lap rentabelli məmulatların xüsusi çəkisi çoxala bilər. Beləliklə bu qalıqların məbləği çoxala bilər. Müəssisə öz mənfəətin həcmini çoxaltmaq üçün satılmayan qalıqların məbləğ, həmçinin də miqdar baxımından həcminin azalmağı üçün bəzi tədbirlər qəbul etməlidir. Məhsul satışından əldə olunan mənfəətin həcminə təsir edən ən önəmli amil məhsul istehsalı ilə satışın həcminin dəyişməyi göstəricisidir. Odur ki, satışın həcmi nə qədər iri olarsa, müəssisə bir o qədər çox mənfəət qazanacaqdır və əksinə. Mənfəət həmin amildən bir başa asılıdır. İndiki dövrdə istehsalın həcminin aşağı enməsi (bəzi əks təsir göstərən amilləri hesaba almayaraq, məs., qiymətlərin artmağı) mənfəətin həcminin azalmağına gətirib çıxarır. Bu cür bir vəziyyət istehsalın əhəmiyyətliliyinin artırılmağı və texniki baxımdan təzələnməyi hesabına istehsalın həcminin artırılmağı üçün təxirə salınmaz tədbirlərin qəbul olunması zəruriliyi sayəsində ortaya çıxır. Öz-özlüyündə müəssisələr arasında hesablaşma - ödəmə intizamının təkmilləşdirilməyi özü də satış şərtlərinin yaxşılaşdırılmağına və bu isə özözlüyündə mənfəətin həcminin çoxalmasına səbəb olacaq. Məhsul maya dəyərinin səviyyəsinin düşməyi özü də əmtəəlik məhsulun satışından mənfəətin səviyyəsinə təsir edən amillərdən biridir. Beləki , satışın həcmi mənfəətə bir başa təsir edirsə, mənfəətlə maya dəyəri arasında tərs bağlılıq var. Yəni, məhsulun maya dəfəri aşağı endikdə mənfəət çoxalır və əksinə. Ancaq maya dəyəri amili müəyyən səbəblərin təsiri altında qalır. Buna görə də maya dəyərinin səviyyəsinin dəyişməyi təhlil olunan vaxt mütləq onun aşağı düşməyinə və ya artmağına səbəb olan amilləri müəyyən etmək lazımdır. Məqsəd istehsal ilə satış xərclərinin aşağı düşməyi və bunun sayəsində mənfəətin artması üçün tədbirlər işləyib hazırlayır. Müəssisədə mənfəətin formalaşmasına təsir edən bir başa amillərdən biri də tətbiq edilən qiymətlərdir. Bazar əlaqələrinə keçid mühitində müəssisələr özləri sərbəst qiymətləri aşkar edirlər. Sərbəst qiymətləri aşkar edən vaxt müəssisələr bu məhsulun rəqabət qabiliyyəti, tələb ilə təklifi və s. birinci götürürlər. Deməli, malllara müəyyən olunan sərbəst qiymətlər müəyyən şəkildə müəssisədən asılı olan amillərə daxil olunur. Ancaq müəsisədən asılı olmayan amil olaraq öləknin nizamlaşdırıcı qiymətləri çıxış etmnəkdədir. Bu cür qiymətlər inhisarçı müəssisələrin məhsullarına müəyyən olunur. Aydındır ki, qiymətlər istehsal edilmiş məhsulların keyfiyyətindən asılı olmaqla müəyyən olunur. Məhsulun keyfiyyəti isə məhsulun texniki təkmilləşdirilməyindən və s. asılıdır. Yuxarıda qeyd olunan amillərlə bərabər məhsulun quruluşunda həyata keçirilən dəyişiklik özü də mənfəətin səviyyəsinə təsir edir. Odur ki, istehsal edilmiş məhsulun quruluşunda rentebelli malların xüsusi çəkisi çoxaldıqda müəssisənin satışdan mənfəətin həcmi də çoxalacaqdır. Ancaq məhsulun quruluşunda aşağı rentabelli malların həcminin artmağı mənfəətin həcminin azalmağına səbəb olacaqdır. Nəticədə, əmtəəlik məhsulun satışından əldə olunan mənfəətin həcminə təsir edən amillər (mənfəətin azalmağına və ya artmağına səbəb olan amillər) mütləq dəqiq təhlil edilməlidir. Müəssisədə ümumi mənfəətin formalaşmağında əmtəəlik məhsul satışından əldə edilolunan mənfəətlə bərabər, qeyri-mal xarakterli mal (iş, xidmət) satışından əldə olunan mənfəət də daxil olunur. Ümumi mənfəətin həcmində bu cür mənfəət bir neçə faiz təşkil etməkdədir. Sair satışın nəticələri müsbət və neqativ ola bilər. Sair satışa daxil olunur: ✓ nəqliyyat təsərrüfatından daxil olmuş gəlirlər; ✓ köməkçi kənd təsərrüfatından daxil olmuş vəsaitlər; ✓ ticarət təsərrüfatından daxil olmuş vəsaitlər. Nəticədə, müəssisələr başqa satışdan həm mənfəət, həm də zərər qazana bilərlər. Mal-material qiymətləri ilə bərabər, müəssisələrdə əsas fondların da artıqlığı əmələ gələ bilər və bu əsas fondların satışından əldə olunan mənfəət də ümumi mənfəətin tərkibinə daxil olunur. Çox və lazımsız əsas fondların satışından əldə olunan mənfəət onların satış qiyməti iləbirinci ilk dəyəri (və ya qalıq) arasındakı fərq olaraq hesablanılır. Ancaq burada inflyasiyanın artış tempindən asılı olaraq qanunla aşkar olunmuş indeks əsasında ilk dəyərin artırılmağı mütləq nəzərə alınmalıdır. Təsərrüfat subyektlərində satışdan qıraq nəticələrdə aşağıdakı gəlirlər (xərclər) nəzərə alınmaqdadır: ✓ digər müəssisələrin fəaliyyətində pay iştirakından gəlir; ✓ əmlakın icraəyə verilməyindən gəlir; ✓ müəssisəyə aid səhm, istiqraz və s. gəlir; IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 23 ✓ qiymətli kağızların satışından gəlir; ✓ sanksiyalara əsasən (cərimə, penya və s.) alınan və ödənilən məbləğlər. Əgər sanksiyalara əsasən məbləğ büdcəyə daxil olunarsa, o vaxt bu məbləğlər satışdan qıraq əməliyyatlar üzrə xərclərə daxil olunmuş və həmin məbləğ müəssisənin sərəncamında qalmış mənfəət hesabına ödənilməkdədir. Müəssisələrdə satışdan qıraq gəlirlərdə (xərclər) məhsul istehsalı və satışı ilə bağlı olmayan digər vəsaitlər də ola bilər: 1991-ci ilə qədər satışdan qəraq gəlirlərin (xərclər) tərkibində, yalnız cərimə, peniya və və s. belə vəsaitlər nəzərdə tutulurdu. Ancaq bazar münasibətləri mühitində satışdan kənar gəlirlərə yeni elementlər də daxil olunur. Həmin elementlər müəssisənin sahibkarlıq fəaliyyəti ilə bağlıdır. Məsələn: ✓ başqa müəssisələrin fəaliyyətində pay iştirakından gəlir; ✓ əmlakın icarəyə verilməyindən gəlir; ✓ müəssisəyə aid səhm və istiqrazlara əsasən dividentlər ilə faizlər. İstehsal xərcləri əsas iqtisadi kateqoriyaların formalaşmasında əhəmiyyətli rol oynayan anlayışdır. İstehsal xərcləri müəssisələrin normal və dayanıqlı fəaliyyət göstərməsinin əsasında durur. İstehsal xərclərinin azaldılması, sözsüz ki, xalis mənfəəti artıracaqdır. Bu baxımdan da istehsal xərclərinin struktunun əhatəli təhlili müəssisənin qarşısında dayanan ən əhəmiyyətli məsələdir. Maliyyənin də düzgün idarə edilməsinin başında istehsal xərclərinin azaldılması və düzgün təhlili dayanır. İstehsal xərci dedikdə, hər hansı bir məhsulun ilk andan son ana kimi istehsalına çəkilmiş bütün xərcləri əhatə edir. Belə ki, materialın qiyməti, istehsalına çəkilmiş xərclər, işçilərin əmək haqqı, daşınma xərcləri və digər təyinatlı xərclər istehsal xərclərinin əsas tərkib hissələrini təşkil edir. İstehsal prosesi özü-özlüyündə uzunmüddətli və qısamüddətli olmaqla iki dövrü əhatə edir. İstehsal prosesinin uzunmüddətli və qısamüddətli olması istehsal xərclərinin də belə kateqoriyalara bölünməsinə şərait yaradır. Qısamüddətli dövr xərclərin heç olmazsa birinin sabit olduğu, digərinin isə dəyişilə biləcəyi dövr kəsiyini əhatə edir. Məhz bu səbəbdən də yuxarıda qeyd olunan sabit xərclər məhz qısamüddətli dövrdə özünü göstərir. Çünki sabit xərclərin əsasında daşınmaz əmlak, istehsal avadanlıqları və digər bu qəbildən olan xərclər təşkil edir . İşçi qüvvəsi və xammal isə dəyişən xərclərin əsasını təşkil edir. Qısa müddət ərzində isə müəssisə, idarə və təşkilatların bina və ya avadanlıq, istehsal vasitələri alması o qədər də asan deyil, bununla yanaşı əhalinin və ya qeyri-əhali qruplarının artan tələbatının ödənilməsi məqsədilə istehsalın həcmini artırmaq və istehsalı sürətləndirmək məqsədilə yeni işçiləri qəbul edilməsi, istehsala daha çox xammalların daxil edilməsi potensial imkanlardır və dəyişən xərclərin əsasında dayanır. Uzunmüddətli dövr isə müəssisə, idarə və təşkilatların yuxarıda qeyd Etdiyimiz və ümumilikdə bütün istehsal amillərinin həcminin dəyişdiyi vaxt kəsiyidir. Müəssisə, idarə və təşkilatlarda maliyyə menecmentinin təşkili xərclərin düzgün proqnozlaşdırılması, onların idarə olunması və müəssisə, idarə və təşkilatın son nəticədə rentabelli fəaliyyət göstərməsi və uzunmüddətli dövrdə rəqabətə tab gətirə bilməsi zərurətindən meydana gəlir. Maliyyə menecmenti dedikdə, adından göründüyü kimi müəssisənin maliyyə resurslarının idarə edilməsi sistemi başa düşülür. Qeyd olunan məsələ kənardan nə qədər sadə və bəsit görsənsə də, əslində müəssisənin davamlı fəaliyyətinin özəyini təşkil etdiyindən kifayət qədər dərin və kompleks yanaşmanı tələb edən anlayışdır. Müəssisənin maliyyə resurslarının əsasında isə maliyyə siyasətini, metodlarını və maliyyə vasitələrini, həmçinin də maliyyə stabilliyini və artımının təmin edilməsi sahəsində qarşıya qoyulmuş məqsədə çatmaq üçün düzgün idarəetmə qərarlarını seçib hazırlayan insanları əlaqələndiirən resurslar dayanır. Maliyyə menecmentinin qarşısında duran əsas məqsəd də məhz həmin maliyyə resurslarının düzgün idarəedilməsi və son nəticədə müəssisə, idarə və təşkilatların həm qısamüddətli dövrdə, həm də uzunmüddətli dövrdə müvazinətinin saxlanmasını təmin edir. Maliyyə menecmenti maliyyə sisteminin bütün həlqələrinə təsir etməklə mürəkkəb bazar konyukturası şəraitində idarəetmə strukturunun ən zəruri tərkib hissəsi kimi fəaliyyət göstərir. Maliyyə menecmenti elə maliyyə siyasətidir ki, qısamüddətli və uzunmüddətli dövrlərdə müəssisənin resurslarından səmərəli istifadə olunmasına və maliyyə xidmətlərinin fəaliyyət istiqamətlərinin müəyyənləşdirilməsinə xidmət edir. Maliyyə menecmenti sahəsində siyasətin işlənib ərsəyə gəlməsi gəlməsi üçün maliyyə mənbəyinin əsasında dövlət maliyyə orqanlarının rəsmi hesabatları, institutsional bazar strukturlarının informasiyası, statistik məlumatlar, sahələrarası və dövlətlərarası məlumatların müqayisə olunması, şirkətlərin kənar istifadəsi üçün nəzərdə tutulmuş maliyyə-mühasibat sənədləri dayanır. Burada institutsional bazar strukturları dedikdə, banklar, əmtəə, fond ilə valyuta birjaları, eləcə də investisiya şirkətləri nəzərdə tutulur. Mühasibatlıq uçotunda şirkətin maliyyə-təsərrüfat fəaliyyətlərinin uçotunda hesabları və başqa normativ sənədləri əsas götürülür. Bununla belə istehsalda xərclərin uçotunun həyata keçirilməsi və materialların maya IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 24 qiymətinin təyin edilməsi forması istehsalın prinsiplərindən, buraxılan məhsulun başqa növlərinin texnologiyasından, istehsalın təşkilindən və bir neçə amillərdən, eləcə də müəssisədə istehsal xərclərin uçotunun qurulması prinsiplərindən asılıdır. Müəssisələrin əksəriyyətində, istehsal məsrəflərinin uçotunun ənənəvi variantından, yəni yuxarıda göstərilənin birinci variantından istifadə edirlər. Belə ki, bu variant əsasında istehsal məsrəflərinin uçotunun aparılmasını nəzərdən keçirək. Xərclərin təsnifatında qeyd edilmişdir ki, materialın maya qiymətinə məxsus edilmə tərzinə əsasən məsrəflər müstəqim və müstəqim olmayan məsrəflərə bölünürlər. Müstəqim xərclərə müstəqim material məsrəfləri və əmək xərcləri, sosial tələbatlara olan ayırmalarla birgə əmək haqqının xərcləri, texnoloji məqsədlərə görə istifadə olunan yanacaq və enerjinin qiyməti daxildir. Müəssisələrdə istehsalata buraxılan və silinmiş məhsulların gerçək maya dəyəri ölkənin uçot praktikası üçün ənənəvi olan orta maya qiyməti üsulu vasitəsilə təyin olunur. Burada hesabat ayında istehsala buraxılan məhsul təminatları uçot qiymətlərilə silinir. Ayın sonunda kənarlaşmalar hesablanır və sərf edilmiş materialla material qalığı arasında bölüşdürülür, sərf edilmiş materiala düşən hissə istehsal xərclərinə silinir. Lakin vurğulamaq lazımdır ki, materialların istehsalata buraxılması onların heç də faktiki sərf edilməsi demək deyil. Bu materialların xərclərə daxil edilməsi müvafiq sənəd, yaxud da ayın sonuna sərf olunmamış materialların inventarizasiyasının məlumatları əsasında reallaşdırılır. Materialların dəyəri xərclərə müvafiq ilkin sənədlər (limit-zabor vərəqləri, tələbnamələr) əsasında daxil edilir. İlkin sənədlərdə xərclər müəssisənin istehsal bölmələri, məmulat növləri və materialların qrupları üzrə kodlaşdırılır. Nəticədə bu emal məsrəflərinin, ilk növbədə material məsrəflərinin müxtəlif informasiyalar arasında bölüşdürülməsini asanlaşdırmış olur. Köməkçi materiallar məmulatların maya dəyərində yuxarı xüsusi çəkiyə sahib olmadıqları üçün onlar ayrıca kalkulyasiya maddəsində uçota alınmır və ya əsas materiallar kimi məhsulların maya qiymətinə birbaşa şamil edilir. Müstəqim olan enerji və yanacaq (əsasən, qaz) xərcləri də ayrıca kalkulyasiya maddəsində yox, mühüm və yardımçı olan xammallarla və materiallarla bir maddədə uçota salınır. Sözügedən məsrəflər başqa məmulatlar arasında onların hər vahidi üçün nəzərə alınan normativ (smeta) stavkalara mütənasib olaraq bölüşdürülür. İnformasiyanın hazır edilməsi üçün materialın buraxılması hələ heç dəhəmin materialdan faktiki istifadə olunması deyildir. Bu səbəblə də istehsal prosesi zamanı materialların sərfi üzərində daxili nəzarətin reallaşdırılması mühüm rol oynayır. Həmin nəzarət müəssisədə müəyyən edilmiş normativ məsrəflərlə faktiki məsrəflərin müqayisə olunması və uzaqlaşmaların aşkara çıxarılması usulu ilə reallaşdırılır. Praktikada belə nəzarətin, istehsalın texnologiyasından və başqa faktorlardan asılı şəkildə, müxtəlif üsulları mövcuddur ki, bunlar sənədləşdirmə, dəst-biçim və inventarizasiya üsullarıdır. Müəssisədə materialların ehtiyatlarının qiymətlərinin dəyişilməsi nəticəsində (bu dəyişiklik çox dinamikdir) məhsulların dəyəri dəyişir. Bu amilin material məsrəflərinin dəyər ifadəsində normaların dəyişilməsinə (nəqliyyat-tədarükət xərclərinin artması, vergilərin stavkalarının dəyişilməsi və s.) təsiri mütləq öyrənilməli və deməli yaranan uzaqlaşmaların uçotu aparılmalı, səbəbləri və günahkarları aşkar edilməlidir. Sosial və iqtisadi tələbatlarla birgə əməyin verilməsinə əsasən məsrəflər məhsulların maya dəyərlərini təşkil edən mühüm maddələrdən biridir. Bunun üçün də qeyd edilən xərclərin uçotunun dəqiq olaraq təşkili və kalkulyasiyası arasında düzgün bölüşdürülməsi maya dəyərinin doğru hesablanması üçün əsas şərtdir. İstehsalda işləyən işçilərin əmək haqları müstəqim olmayan xərclərin müxtəlif məhsullar arasında paylaşdırılması üçün də əhəmiyyətlidir. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 31 yak skladova marketynhu. Osnovni poniattia [Distance learning course "Marketing and fundraising in libraries". Lesson 6. Fundraising as a component of marketing. Basic concepts]. (n/d). Retrieved from http://www.library.donetsk.ua/~olena/zan/zan06.html [in Ukrainian]. 9. Kharchenko, Yu. (2023). Instytutsionalne zabezpechennia stanovlennia znannievoi ekonomiky v Ukraini [Institutional ensuring the establishment of the knowledge economy in Ukraine]. Problemy i perspektyvy ekonomiky ta upravlinnia - Problems and Prospects of Economics and Management, (4 (32), 65–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25140/2411-5215-2022-4(32)-65-78 IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 32 Historical sciences THE VOICE OF THE CASPIAN: THE REALITY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND WAYS OUT Ellada Khayrullah Zargarova Rahil Maharram Jafarov Faculty of History and Geography Sumgayit State University, Sumgayit city, Azerbaijan ORCİD - 0009-0007-0172-8350 ORCİD - 0009-0006-1437-2253 Abstract The Caspian Sea, as the world’s largest enclosed body of water, holds both natural and strategic significance. In recent decades, the sea has faced a serious ecological crisis: water levels are declining, biodiversity is being lost, and anthropogenic impacts are increasing. Key contributing factors include climate change, oil and gas extraction, industrial and domestic waste, maritime activity, and regulatory and legal gaps. These processes have adverse effects on fisheries, tourism, transportation, and the livelihoods of coastal populations. The Caspian littoral states are taking measures to protect ecological balance and ensure sustainable use through regional cooperation frameworks such as the Framework Convention and international initiatives like COP29. Restoring the Caspian’s ecological stability requires strengthened scientific research, interregional coordination, and urgent intervention measures—actions that are significant both locally and globally. Keywords: Caspian Sea, Ecological crisis, Biodiversity, Anthropogenic impacts, Oil and gas extraction, Climate change, Regional cooperation, Framework Convention, COP29, Ecological stability, Sustainable development, Caspian seal, Sturgeon, Global climate policy, Legal and regulatory framework. İntroduction The Physical-Geographical Position of the Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea, isolated from the world ocean, contains approximately 45% of the Earth's lake waters and lies 27.67 meters below sea level (as of 2017). The sea stretches 1,200 km in length and varies in width from 204 to 466 km, covering an area of 392,000 km². Its total water volume is 79,000 cubic kilometers, with an average depth of 207 meters and a maximum depth of 1,025 meters in the Lankaran depression. The Volga River plays a primary role in feeding the Caspian, accounting for 80% of the total annual inflow. Other rivers contribute as follows: the Kura River – 6%, the Ural River – 5%, and the Terek, Sulak, and Samur rivers together – 4.5%. From Iranian territory, the Sefidrud, Shirrud, and Gorgan rivers account for about 4–4.5%. Of the wastewaters entering the sea, 60% are linked to the Volga River, while a significant portion comes via the Kura and Ural Rivers. Major sources of industrial and domestic pollution include large cities such as Baku, Sumgayit, Makhachkala, Astrakhan, Turkmenbashi, Rasht, and Anzali. [1, p. 1] The Importance of the Caspian Sea and the Relevance of the Ecological Crisis As the world's largest enclosed water body, the Caspian Sea holds exceptional natural and strategic importance. Its vast area and energy resources play a crucial role in the economies of regional states. However, in recent decades, the Caspian has faced a severe ecological crisis. According to scientists, the sea level has been consistently declining since 1995. Between 2006 and 2024, the level has dropped by approximately 2 meters. Currently, the Caspian Sea lies 29 meters below sea level—its lowest recorded point. Projections suggest that by the end of the 21st century, the sea level may decrease by another 9–18 meters, potentially shrinking the sea’s total area by nearly one-fourth. The most serious threat concerns the northeastern part of the sea, especially along Kazakhstan’s shores, where the waters are shallow and oil and gas production, as well as shipping activities, are highly intensive. The primary cause of the crisis is considered to be climate change. Decreasing precipitation and rising temperatures have accelerated evaporation. Between 1979 and 2015, the average annual air temperature over the Caspian increased by 1°C, which intensified water loss. At the same time, anthropogenic impacts— particularly oil and gas extraction and maritime activity—have further increased the ecological burden. The Caspian Sea is home to an estimated 48 billion barrels of oil and 292 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. While exploitation of these resources generates considerable revenue, it also causes significant IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 33 environmental damage. As a result, the sea is experiencing both a decrease in water levels and increasing pollution. This crisis poses a direct threat to the economies, energy security, and ecological balance of the region’s countries. Thus, the ecological developments in the Caspian have become an issue of both regional and global concern. [2] Crisis Impact in the North and Local Perspectives Over the past 20 years, the Caspian Sea’s level has dramatically declined, especially in its northern parts near the borders of Kazakhstan and Russia. This reduction threatens biodiversity and negatively affects the fishing industry, transportation, tourism, and the oil sector. A 70-year-old resident of Kazakhstan’s Atyrau region, Amanjay Ibatulo, is a living witness to these changes. His home used to be just 2 kilometers from the sea, but today the coastline has retreated more than 20 kilometers. The receding water has turned the former shoreline into dry, windy plains. Ibatulo recalls the Soviet era, highlighting the sea’s abundance and the lack of unemployment at the time. From 1980 to 2000, even a simple volleyball net was enough for fishing, and it was easy to catch two or three sturgeons within half an hour. The shallow depth and increasing ecological pollution make the northern coast particularly vulnerable. The climate is harsh, with low rainfall, constant winds, and frequent droughts. The retreat of the sea not only affects the economy but also severely impacts the daily lives of local communities. Traditional fishing practices are disappearing, tourism is declining, and transportation routes are changing. In the long term, this process threatens both the natural ecosystem and the region’s energy and economic resources. Therefore, the ecological changes occurring along the Caspian’s northern shores represent a critical issue with both local and global implications. [3] Political Awareness and Urgency of the Crisis The rapid drop in the Caspian Sea’s level has become a serious concern for Azerbaijan and other regional countries. President Ilham Aliyev raised this issue in a discussion with Russian President Vladimir Putin, calling the situation “catastrophic.” During the meeting, he noted that rocks previously submerged under water have now risen over one meter above the surface. Nazim Mahmudov, head of the National Hydrometeorological Service under Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Ecology, attributed the declining sea level to increased evaporation due to climate change and the diversion of Volga River waters for agricultural purposes. According to him, these changes are negatively affecting not only the ecological system but also oil and gas operations and other economic sectors. While Aliyev and Putin agreed to jointly analyze the situation, international efforts to combat climate change are also being emphasized. In this context, the upcoming UN COP conference to be held in Baku this November carries particular importance. [4] Causes of the Ecological Crisis In recent decades, the rapid decline in the water level of the Caspian Sea has raised serious environmental concerns. According to scientists’ forecasts, the sea level may drop by approximately four meters within the next decade. In the Kazakh sector, over the past 15 years, the water volume has decreased by 7.1%, and the surface area has shrunk from 113.8 km² in 2008 to 105.7 km² in 2023. This decrease has negatively affected the sea’s biological system and unique ecosystem. One of the main reasons is pollution linked to intensified oil and gas extraction following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Industrial waste, chemicals, and domestic sewage entering the sea via rivers have further deteriorated the Caspian’s ecological balance. The highest levels of pollution are observed through the Volga (84.5%), Kura (6.1%), and Ural (3.1%) rivers. Cities located along these rivers—such as Baku, Sumgayit, Makhachkala, and Astrakhan—are considered major sources of pollution. Endemic species of the Caspian, particularly sturgeon species and the Caspian seal, have seen drastic population declines. While in the early 20th century the Caspian seal population was estimated at around 1 million, today it fluctuates between 111,000 and 360,000. This situation affects not only biodiversity but also sectors such as fishing and tourism. Despite regional cooperation, issues remain in the implementation of the 2006 Framework Convention. Weak enforcement of environmental legislation and lack of interstate coordination contribute to the deepening of the crisis. In addition, climate change, decreasing precipitation, and increased evaporation accelerate the drop in water levels. As a result, the Caspian Sea is under threat both biologically and economically. Without urgent measures, the complete destruction of the flora and fauna is a likely outcome. [5] The deepening ecological crisis is driven by intensified anthropogenic impacts, an unclear legalregulatory framework, and conflicting national interests among the coastal states. The main causes of this crisis can be classified into several groups: 1. Discharge of domestic and industrial waste into the Caspian Sea is a major source of pollution. According to the UN definition, pollution refers to substances introduced into the marine environment by IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 34 human activities, either directly or indirectly, which cause harm to living resources, pose threats to human health, hinder marine activities, and reduce water quality (United Nations, 1982). In the Caspian region, waste from industrial facilities and the agricultural sector has led to an imbalance in the ecosystem. 2. Pollution caused by maritime transport and shipping activities. Oil and chemical leaks from vessels and the direct discharge of wastewater into the sea have a negative impact on ecological balance. Moreover, the lack of a fully established international legal regime in the Caspian basin makes it difficult to implement collective response measures against ship-related pollution. 3. Oil and gas extraction activities. Exploration and production on the seabed, along with drilling operations, pose some of the most serious pollution risks due to leaks and accidents. For example, technological accidents on oil rigs can lead to widespread ecological disasters in a short time. These events affect not only the marine environment but also the socio-economic life of the coastal populations. 4. Potential discharge of radioactive and other hazardous waste from the use of nuclear energy. This issue also raises concern at the international level, as the Caspian—being a closed water body—has limited capacity to absorb and recover from such pollution, making its consequences more prolonged and destructive. 5. The use of the sea for military purposes is also considered a risk factor for ecological balance. During the Cold War, military tests and weapons transport conducted in the Caspian Sea left behind residual impacts that continue to affect the marine environment today. From a historical perspective, the treaties signed between Iran and the USSR in 1921 and 1940 addressed only the exploitation of marine resources but did not include the legal regulation of seabed resources and environmental protection. This gap is one of the main reasons for modern-day cooperation problems among the Caspian littoral states. After World War II, the expansion of oil production and discovery of new fields in Azerbaijan brought about the intensified exploitation of the Caspian’s natural resources. Thus, the causes of the ecological crisis in the Caspian Sea are multifaceted and are linked to economic, legal, and political factors. Overcoming this crisis is only possible through regional cooperation, the creation of a unified legal regime, and the implementation of policies that comply with international environmental standards. [6, p. 968] The disruption of ecological balance poses dangerous consequences for both the regional population and the global climate cycle. The tragic environmental disaster that occurred in the Aral Sea serves as a warning for the Caspian as well. Due to the Caspian’s lack of connection to oceans or open seas, its self-purification capacity is extremely limited. Therefore, the sea lacks sustainable mechanisms to neutralize the impact of pollutants. The flow of biological, industrial, and agricultural waste causes serious damage to the ecosystem. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the increase in the number of coastal states led to uncoordinated usage of the Caspian. The lack of clearly defined ecological responsibility for each state deepened the crisis. The main sources of pollution include oil and gas production and the discharge of industrial waste into the sea. Estimates suggest that the largest volume of waste entering the Caspian comes from Russia (50%), followed by Azerbaijan (16%) and Iran (11%). Due to the expansion of the oil industry, Azerbaijan is noted as one of the leading polluters of the Caspian Sea. [6, p. 969] Conclusion Emphasizing the Importance of the Caspian's Environmental Security Legal cooperation concerning the Caspian Sea has primarily focused on ensuring environmental security and protection. The Framework Convention signed in Tehran in 2003 and ratified by Azerbaijan in 2006 was the first significant document in this direction. The “Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation in Combating Oil Pollution Incidents,” adopted in the city of Aktau in 2011, entered into force in 2016 after accession by all Caspian littoral states. Another protocol signed in Moscow in 2012 focused on preventing land-based sources of pollution. The agreement signed in Moscow in 2018 further expanded the foundation for regional cooperation by regulating issues related to the assessment of transboundary impacts. [1, pp. 10– 11] Today, the Caspian Sea faces a triple environmental crisis: climate change, loss of biodiversity, and pollution. By the end of the century, a potential 18-meter drop in water levels could severely impact ecosystems, fisheries, agriculture, and regional food security. This is not only an ecological but also a socioeconomic crisis. To mitigate the crisis, three key directions are essential: strengthening scientific research, expanding regional cooperation among countries, and implementing urgent measures. The Caspian Sea has the potential to serve as a global model for solving such environmental problems. Joint decisions adopted within the framework of COP29 will represent a crucial step toward restoring the ecological balance of the sea. [7] Impact and Key Outcomes of COP29 on the Caspian Region IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 35 Discussions held during COP29 have ushered in a new phase of regional and international cooperation aimed at addressing the environmental crisis in the Caspian Sea. Agreements reached among the Caspian littoral states focused on the complex resolution of issues such as the decline in water levels, loss of biodiversity, and increased anthropogenic impacts. The joint declaration and agreed action plan adopted as a result of the negotiations are not only essential for stabilizing the ecological situation but also hold strategic importance in ensuring sustainable development across the region. With the support of international organizations, particularly the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), these initiatives foresee the creation of coordinated monitoring mechanisms to protect the Caspian ecosystem, the implementation of joint scientific research to mitigate the effects of climate change, and the application of innovative approaches in water resource management. These measures also include the treatment of wastewater, reduction of industrial pollution sources, and the development of new regulatory frameworks to ensure the environmental sustainability of coastal infrastructure. The most significant contribution of COP29 to the Caspian region is that the resolution of environmental problems will no longer be limited to national efforts but will instead be addressed through regional coordination supported by legal and institutional mechanisms. This process lays a fundamental foundation for the future prevention of ecological risks, the preservation of ecosystem services in the Caspian Sea, and the enhancement of the socio-economic welfare of coastal communities. Meetings and documents adopted during COP29 with the participation of Caspian basin countries have been of major importance in terms of regional climate and water resource management. The “Declaration on Cooperation in Combating the Decline of the Caspian Sea Water Level” officially confirmed the joint approach of the five littoral states to climate change and water level issues, while also reinforcing mutual responsibility for the protection of regional ecosystems. This initiative was complemented by the “Strategic Partnership Agreement,” which supports the development of renewable energy and sustainable economic growth in the Caspian basin. [8] The summit also highlighted global issues of climate finance and technical cooperation. The launch of the “Loss and Damage Fund,” finalization of the Paris Agreement carbon market rules, and strengthening of technical support mechanisms under National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) were among the main achievements of COP29. However, the fact that only $300 billion of the $1.3 trillion annually required for developing countries has been secured revealed a significant financial gap and underscored the need to increase global financial commitments. Additionally, disagreements among countries regarding the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources during COP29 negotiations prevented a full endorsement of this transition. This has been noted as a critical issue to be addressed in future climate policy discussions at upcoming COP events. The summit also showcased the strategic importance of the Caspian basin to the global audience and expanded the potential for joint action among regional countries. The “Caspian Sea Basin Tipping Points” research presented by the Caspian Policy Center and regional experts revealed that climate change, land use, and other environmental factors have brought the Caspian basin to a critical transformation threshold. These findings provide a scientific foundation for decision-making and reinforce the need for strengthened transboundary cooperation among the region’s countries. [8] Priority Measures for Ecological Stability in the Caspian Sea The sustainable use of the Caspian Sea and the protection of the rights of future generations should be a priority for all littoral states. To achieve this, concrete measures must be identified to ensure ecological stability. The following points outline specific proposals for protecting the Caspian Sea and ensuring environmental sustainability: 1. It is essential to improve both national and regional legislation concerning the use of living and nonliving marine resources, which requires cooperation among all littoral states. 2. In agriculture, it is vital to avoid monoculture practices, enhance sowing and irrigation techniques, and combat land degradation. 3. Support should be provided for the prompt organization of a regional convention focused on the environmental protection of the Caspian Sea. 4. Compliance with safety protocols in the transportation of oil and the use of appropriate methods for offshore extraction and coastal transport is crucial. 5. Pre-treatment of municipal waste and the establishment of local and household biogas systems will contribute to improving water quality. 6. Infrastructure should be developed in ports and terminals to receive excess oil materials, and the transportation and discharge of oil should be conducted in accordance with regional regulations. 7. Environmental insurance systems must be implemented for ships and other maritime operations to ensure compensation for ecological damage. [6, p. 974] IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 36 The measures outlined above will ensure the sustainable use of the Caspian Sea’s living and non-living resources. Reducing waste, protecting land and water, and ensuring the safe transport of oil and other resources will minimize ecological risks. Regional cooperation and support for conventions are among the key factors in protecting the sea. The identification of sensitive coastal areas and the establishment of protected zones will ensure the conservation of biodiversity. As a result, these actions, carried out through joint commitments by Caspian basin countries, will guarantee ecological stability in the sea and ensure sustainable resource use for future generations. References 1. Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin İşlər İdarəsinin PREZİDENT KİTABXANASI – Azərbaycan Ekologiyası – Xəzər dənizi – S. 1, S. 10-11 2. Amangeldina, A. (2025) - “Aral Sea Syndrome: Why Is the Caspian Sea Shrinking?” - https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2025/03/caspian-environment-crisis?lang=en 3. Clément Girardot. (2024) – “Kazakhstan's Caspian Sea is drying up, with disastrous consequences” - https://www.lemonde.fr/en/m-le-mag/article/2024/10/22/kazakhstan-s-caspian-sea-is-drying-up-withdisastrous-consequences_6730160_117.html 4. Reuters. (2024) – “Azerbaijan raises alarm over Caspian Sea's 'catastrophic' shrinking” - https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-raises-alarm-over-caspian-seas-catastrophic-shrinking-2024-0819/ 5. Aiman Nakispekova. (2023) – “The Astana Times” Bringing Kazakhstan to the world” – “Shrinking Caspian Sea and Pollution Lead to Unwanted Consequences” - https://astanatimes.com/2023/08/shrinkingcaspian-sea-and-pollution-lead-to-unwanted-consequences/ 6. Tomaj Arian Kia, Dr. Midatala Rani. (2015) – “The environment of Caspian Sea: Consequences and Solutions” - Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – S. 968-969, S. 974 7. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/working-together-resilience-caspian-sea 8. David Moran. (2024) – “COP 29: The Caspian COP” – CASPİAN POLİCY CENTER - https://caspianpolicy.org/research/environment/cop-29-the-caspian-cop?utm IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 37 Jurisprudence THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND HEIR INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL-LEGAL THOUGHT Behbudov Qahraman Novruz oglu PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Nakhchivan State University https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9934-9435 Abstract The research examines the development of political movements and labor organizations in Azerbaijan during the early 20th century, particularly between 1905 and 1907. The period witnessed the emergence of numerous political parties, including “Hümmət,” “Difai,” “Qeyrət,” “İttifaq,” and “Əş-Şəms,” as a response to social, economic, and ideological changes brought about by the expansion of capitalism and industrial production, especially in Baku’s oil industry. Initially, many organizations were small and unstructured. For instance, “İttifaq” evolved from a loosely organized group into a more coordinated entity under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionary (ESER) party. Similarly, “Əş-Şəms” and “Hümmət” operated under the guidance of the RSDFP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) Baku Committee, often producing revolutionary pamphlets and publications to mobilize workers and spread socialist ideas. Labor organization became a significant aspect of the revolutionary movement. In 1906, workers began forming trade unions under the new labor law, with differences emerging between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks over organizational principles. Bolsheviks advocated for united unions across trades and ethnicities, while Mensheviks preferred separate unions based on profession. Despite internal disagreements, Bolsheviks successfully established the Oil Workers’ Union in Baku, which soon included 300 members with an executive committee. Political engagement also extended to electoral campaigns and public demonstrations. The First State Duma elections highlighted divisions between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks regarding participation. While Bolsheviks boycotted the elections, Mensheviks and other socialist parties actively engaged, though neither achieved significant electoral success. Revolutionary activity persisted despite repression by the Tsarist authorities, including strikes, demonstrations, and the formation of armed worker detachments for protection and revolutionary action. The research concludes that these political parties and labor organizations played a crucial role in fostering political awareness, legal consciousness, and civic responsibility among Azerbaijanis. Their activities contributed to the establishment of democratic and legal principles, the promotion of national identity, and the struggle against Tsarist oppression. Moreover, they laid the ideological groundwork that ultimately facilitated the creation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Baku, Early 20th Century, Political Parties, Socialist Movements, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Trade Unions, Labor Organization, “Hümmət” Party,“İttifaq”,“Əş-Şəms”, “Difai”, Workers’ Strikes, State Duma Elections Introduction Political parties are among the main institutions that play a crucial role in the governance of modern society, the regulation of state–citizen relations, and the formation of the political will of the people. They are organizations that express the interests of various social strata, classes, and groups within society and seek to realize these interests by influencing political power. The emergence and development of political parties are closely linked to the long-term social, economic, and ideological evolution of human society. As capitalism developed, industrialization expanded, and social stratification deepened, political parties became an integral part of public life in European countries by the end of the 19th century. This process later extended to the Russian Empire and its territories, including Azerbaijan. The formation of political parties in Azerbaijani society since the late 19th century was accompanied by the rise of the working class, the increasing activity of the intelligentsia, and the strengthening of national liberation ideas. Particularly in Baku, the acceleration of industrialization, the expansion of workers’ IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 38 movements, and the growth of social discontent led to the emergence of political consciousness and the creation of organizations and parties of various orientations. Parties and public associations such as “Hümmət,” “Difai,” “İttifaq,” “Qeyrət,” and “Əş-Şəms” played a significant role in the national awakening of the people, in spreading ideas of freedom and equality, and in the development of legal thought. As a result of their activities, concepts such as constitutional freedoms, freedom of the press and expression, the right to vote, equality, and social justice entered the political agenda of society. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the history of the emergence and development of political parties provides not only insight into the political processes of the past but also valuable scientific and practical experience for the formation of a modern democratic society. The roots of today’s multi-party system are directly connected to the socio-political movements of that period. The aim of this research is to analyze scientifically the process of formation of political parties in Azerbaijan during the 19th–20th centuries, their ideological and organizational foundations, their role in sociopolitical life, and their influence on the development of legal thought. The main objectives of the research are as follows: 1. To determine the socio-economic and ideological factors that influenced the emergence of political parties; 2. To study the stages of formation of the first political organizations in Azerbaijan; 3. To analyze the ideological and political directions of the main parties that operated in the 19th–20th centuries; 4. To identify the role of political parties in the development of national consciousness and legal thought; 5. To evaluate the influence of these processes on the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The object of the research is the process of political organization and party formation in Azerbaijani society during the 19th–20th centuries. The subject of the research is the socio-political activities of these parties and the outcomes of these activities in the history of legal thought. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the history of the formation of political parties provides an opportunity to understand the ideological roots of Azerbaijan’s modern political system and to evaluate the stages of development of national statehood consciousness. The study of this topic is relevant and multifaceted in terms of political science, law, and history. Thus, the process of formation of political parties was not only an important event in the socio-political life of Azerbaijan but also a decisive stage in the development of legal thought and democratic values. The Mass Political Strike of May 1, 1903 The newspaper Iskra wrote about the May 1, 1903 mass political strike: “A magnificent strike took place. In the entire city, in the Black City and the White City, in Bayil and Bibiheybat, in Balakhani, the overwhelming majority of workers went on strike...” According to historical accounts, after the May strike, Azerbaijani workers at Mirzabekyants’ tobacco factory “voluntarily began to join the workers’ circles and requested the distribution of proclamations.” About sixty of them established their own circles where propaganda was conducted in their native language. They also recruited workers from other labor sectors into these circles. On July 1, the strike that began in the mechanical workshops of the Baku Machine-Building Company and Mantashev’s Bibiheybat Oil Company spread into a general strike upon the call of the Baku Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). A telegram dated July 5, 1903, sent to the office of the Caucasian Viceroy, stated: “Today, in Balakhani, three large oil fields are on strike. No demands have been submitted; the workers have quietly dispersed to their homes. Tram drivers in the city have also gone on strike...” Another telegram reported that the strike which began in the Baku Machine-Building Plant on July 2 had spread to other mechanical workshops. The main demand of the workers was a wage increase. Taking advantage of the chaotic situation in Baku, the leaders of the strike tried to convince the masses that the movement served the interests of the workers. However, most of the main agitators were Armenians and Jews who were, in fact, defending their own national interests. During a gathering of 4,000 workers at the “Wolf’s Gate,” inflammatory speeches were delivered in Armenian, and leaflets calling for revenge for the Kishinev pogroms were distributed by Jewish activists. Thus, the July strike, which had begun with economic demands, was transformed under the leadership of the Baku Committee into a general political movement— IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 39 and even into a national movement of Armenians and Jews. The strike was only suppressed after the arrival of the 262nd Salyan Infantry Reserve Regiment in Baku. The first armed clash occurred in the White City when the striking crowd threw stones at the Cossacks and even opened fire. On the evening of July 7, when the city’s power station ceased operation, Baku was plunged into darkness. No newspapers were published. Only by the evening of July 8 did the city’s electric station resume work. Industrial activity in the Black City was restored on July 10, in Bibiheybat between July 12–15, in the White City between July 11–14, and in Balakhani between July 13–17. However, Soviet historiography falsely claimed that the strike lasted until July 22. Archival materials reveal that during the strike, 92 oil wells were set on fire. Several factors indicate that the strike had a political rather than an economic character. The workers and employees of enterprises such as the Nobel Brothers Association, Shibaev & Co., and the Caspian–Black Sea Company, who participated in the strike, were not suffering economically. These companies had already opened schools, libraries, and organized plays and readings for their workers. Therefore, their participation was an act of solidarity, demanding that poorer workers also be raised to such a social level. After the arrest of 120 active strike leaders, life in Baku returned to normal. In Iskra issue no. 45, it was written: “The magnificent uprising of the southern workers is an event of great significance for the entire future freedom movement.” Issue no. 53 of the same newspaper was entirely devoted to this event. In the article titled ‘What Do the July Days Tell Us?’, it was stated: “In the south of Russia, events of immense importance have taken place... Nowhere in Russia, and perhaps nowhere in the world, has there been such a massive movement. Regardless of nationality or profession, everyone went on strike. Even in the half-century history of the socialist movement in Western Europe, no political strike has ever reached such a scale.” S. M. Afandiyev later wrote about this: “The 1903 Baku strike had not only All-Russian but also international significance. The leader of the German Social Democratic Party, August Bebel, mentioned this in the Reichstag, saying that the workers’ movement had achieved two great victories that year: one was the Baku strike, and the other was the success of German Social Democracy in the elections.” As in previous historical periods, in 1903 Armenians again sought to use the socialist movement for their own national interests. During the July general strike in Baku, the Balakhani movement took on such a character, and even the Baku Strike Committee could not influence them. This was not only the case in Baku and Tiflis but also in all regions of the Caucasus where Armenians were numerous. If the Armenian proletariat showed such an attitude toward the Russian revolutionary movement, what could be expected from their peasants, bourgeoisie, and intellectuals? The number of Armenian Social Democrats was very small, as most intellectuals had joined the Armenian national movement. Social Democrats were branded as “traitors to their nation.” The resolution adopted by the strikers expressed support for the October 17 Manifesto and the hope that the promised political freedoms would soon be granted. A temporary organizational bureau consisting of ten Azerbaijani workers was established to present essential demands. This resolution contradicted the RSDLP Baku Committee’s own decision, which condemned the Manifesto. According to I. Bagirova in her book Political Parties and Organizations in Azerbaijan at the Beginning of the 20th Century, the resolution was closer in spirit to that of the Cadets than to the Social Democrats. It should be noted that, apart from the Bolsheviks, almost all political parties, social organizations, and even the clergy welcomed the October 17 Manifesto. This was natural, since for nations that had long suffered under absolutism—and for those in the colonies under additional oppression—such constitutional rights were indeed one of the greatest achievements of the First Russian Revolution. At the end of 1905, a revolutionary movement also emerged among students of Baku’s secondary schools. In November–December, Azerbaijani students created an organization called Ukhüvvət (“Brotherhood”). Members of the Hümmət party such as M. Azizbeyov and M. F. Akhundov carried out Social Democratic propaganda within this organization, which already indicated an internal division within the Hümmət movement. Hümmət established branches in Ganja, Shusha, Nakhchivan, Julfa, and Tiflis. The last one, being the largest, was under the influence of Georgian Mensheviks. According to archival documents, in 1905, Ashraf Yuzbeyov, together with A. Bayramov, G. A. Taghizade, G. Shabanov, and A. Abdullayev, decided to create a separate circle in Tbilisi independent of the Baku Hümmət branch. Referring to the memoirs of G. A. Taghizade, I. Bagirova notes that Ashraf Yuzbeyov, who had worked with the Georgian Social Democrat Jason Chkhenadze since 1901, along with G. A. Taghizade and I. Vazirov, under the leadership of Nariman Narimanov, established Hümmət circles in Tbilisi, Nakhchivan, and Julfa in 1904. However, the claim that IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 40 Narimanov, who officially joined the Baku Hümmət branch in 1905, founded a Hümmət circle in Tbilisi in 1904 raises questions. According to the Police Department’s materials, by the end of 1905 the Hümmət circle had more than 100 members. The distribution of Azerbaijani-language Social Democratic leaflets in Tbilisi was directly connected with Hümmət’s activities. These leaflets expressed solidarity with the peasant uprisings in Russia and the strike of Ganja railway workers, calling for a joint struggle against absolutism. The proclamations were printed at the Qeyrət printing house by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh and F. Nemanzadeh. Like the Bolshevik Hümmət in Baku, the Menshevik Hümmət in Tbilisi also had local branches in Batumi, Petrovsk, Vladikavkaz, Kars, Yerevan, and Nakhchivan. According to a report from the acting head of the Tbilisi Gendarmerie dated February 15, 1908: “On November 12, 1907, a receipt bearing the name of the Hümmət Party was found on Heydar Karbalayi Ali oglu Mammadov, a resident of Nakhchivan, in the Erivan Governorate...” The receipt bore the seal “Tiflis Branch of Hümmət” and confirmed the payment of a 50-kopeck membership fee, granting the right to participate in all organizational meetings. Mammadov stated that he had received the receipt by mail from Haji Mir Bagir Mir Heydarzadeh in Tbilisi. On January 6, 1908, the Tbilisi governor received a petition from the city post office concerning the “Tiflis Muslim Society.” The petition reported that the well-known socialist revolutionary Seyid Mir Bagir Mir Heydarzadeh, a member of the mosque property administration, had come to Tbilisi and was leading one of the combat detachments. During a search, Mir Heydarzadeh claimed that he was neither a member of the Hümmət nor the Socialist Revolutionary Party, though many sources identify him as a member of the Hümmət Tbilisi branch. One of the organization’s activists, Gasim Jalalbeyov, recalled in his memoirs that Mir Heydarzadeh had been a member of a Marxist circle in Nakhchivan in 1905. After escaping prison and reaching Tbilisi, Mir Heydarzadeh reported to the Hümmət Tbilisi branch about the situation in Nakhchivan. By the decision of the Organizational Bureau, A. I. Yuzbeyov and A. Bayramov were sent to Nakhchivan, where they established a local bureau consisting of Mir Heydarzadeh, I. A. Sultanov, I. Sheikhov, and H. Mammadov, with H. Mammadov elected as secretary. Archival materials indicate that toward the end of 1905, a nucleus of the RSDLP (Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party) was established in Nakhchivan by tax inspector Semechko. The first members of this circle were Gasim Jalalbeyov, Mir-Bagir Mir-Heydarzadeh, Heydar Mammadov, Najafgulu Najafov, the silk instructor Kutateladze, and Boguslavsky. A similar nucleus was also founded in Julfa in 1906, where Najafgulu and Rzagulu Najafov and Nasrulla Sheikhov were among the main activists. The same archival material notes that the Nakhchivan organization had more than fifty members. The organization not only carried out socialist propaganda among peasants, the urban poor, and soldiers but also closely cooperated with Iranian revolutionaries. The brothers Karbalayi Mammad and Karbalayi Abdulla Taghiyev were Iranian revolutionaries who operated in Nakhchivan. Since branches of the Iranian Social Democratic Party had been established in Baku and Tiflis, the corresponding Hümmət branches under the same name cooperated with them and took an active part in the Iranian Revolution. While the Baku branch of Hümmət followed the program and statute of the Bolshevik Party, the Tiflis branch prepared its own program and regulations. A brochure titled “The Tiflis Society of Anjuman Ümmət”, discovered in December 1909 from Mammad-Ali Karbalayi-Islam oglu, a resident of Iravan, included the program of the Hümmət Party. The program stated that the party was created to defend the interests and improve the condition of the poor and working classes. Six of its thirteen articles were devoted to the freedoms of speech, assembly, association, thought, belief, the press, and the right to strike. The remaining articles demanded: an eight-hour workday; general, direct, and secret suffrage; equal treatment of rich and poor in courts; universal and compulsory education; the introduction of a progressive tax system; and the transfer of state, noble, and landlord lands to peasants. The statute of the Hümmət Party’s Tiflis branch defined its organizational structure and membership rules. Persons above the age of fifteen could join the party and were issued stamped membership cards. Each member had to pay a monthly fee of fifty kopecks to the party treasury. The party’s supreme authority was its assembly, which was organized in three forms: a) Special and secret meetings; b) meetings of twelve members; and b) c) general meetings of all members. The statute also envisaged the establishment of a special tribunal to punish those who betrayed party affairs. No member could leave the party ranks without the permission of the assembly. Similar to the RSDLP, the principle of democratic centralism was implemented in a distinctive form: meetings of twelve members were subordinate to the secret meetings, and the general meetings of all members were bound by the decisions of the twelve-member sessions. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 47 Under the influence of the RSDLP Baku Committee, the “Hümmət” organization did not initially have its own program, operating instead under the guidance of the central committee. Through its press, the committee produced leaflets and proclamations, such as Naşi Din and Ko Vsem, disseminating revolutionary ideas. By May 26, 1906, “Hümmət” co-published the newspaper Dəvət-qoç in Azerbaijani and Armenian with the Armenian section of the Baku Committee, while its organ Bakı Raboçi clandestinely published the RSDLP program in Azerbaijani, facilitating the spread of Bolshevik ideas among Azerbaijani workers. Despite the suppression of the 1905–1906 uprisings, revolutionary activity persisted. General strikes occurred in early 1906, with over 60,000 participants across Azerbaijan, and workers’ militias (“druzhinas”) were formed to protect strikers and party members. “Hümmət” also maintained its own fighting unit, reflecting its active participation in revolutionary mobilization. The organization engaged in publishing newspapers such as Təkamül (Evolution) and Yoldaş (Comrade), which featured articles by prominent Azerbaijani intellectuals including M. A. Rasulzade, C. M. Efendiyev, and N. Narimanov. Through these activities, “Hümmət” contributed significantly to the development of political consciousness among Azerbaijani workers, strengthening national awareness and social solidarity. Its publications and organizational work helped instill values of social justice, equality, and civic responsibility, laying the groundwork for future political mobilization and the eventual establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. References 1. Raevski, A. Bolshevism and Menshevism in Baku, 1904–1905. Baku, 1930, p. 11. 2. Svyatoxovski, T. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. “Xəzər,” No. 1, 1990, p. 92. 3. Lenin, V. I. Collected Works, Vol. 3, Baku, 1980. 4. Bertenson, L. Baku Oil Fields and Factories from a Sanitary-Medical Perspective. Saint Petersburg, 1897. 5. Report on the Audit of Baku City and the Baku Governorate by Senator Kuzminski, 1906, p. 108. 6. Kaspi, December 12, 1899, No. 268. 7. Köyüşov, Z. Views of Azerbaijani Educators (Second Half of the 19th Century). Baku, 1960, p. 19. 8. Kaspi, August 6, 1899, No. 157. 9. Marx, K., and Engels, F. The Communist Manifesto. Baku, 1961, pp. 6, 36. 10. Məmmədzadə, M. B. The Azerbaijani National Movement. Baku, 1992, p. 19. 11. Sketches of the History of Pedagogical Thought among USSR Peoples: 18th Century – First Half of the 19th Century. Moscow, 1973, p. 527. 12. Anthology of Azerbaijani Pedagogical Thought. Moscow, 1989, p. 23. 13. Afghani, J. Response of Al-Afghani to Renan, “Journal-ed-Deu, Refutation of Materialists,” p. 177, Paris, 1942. 14. Journal of the Islamic World, 1913, Part II, Vol. VIII, pp. 568–569. 15. History of the Muslims. Philosophy, Vol. II, Wiesbaden, 1966, p. 1487. 16. Said Ahmad Khan. Taqzib al-Akhlaq (Civilization), Lahore, 1913, Vol. 2, p. 18. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 48 Medical sciences THE FREQUENCY OF OSTEOPATİA İN PREMATURE BABİES Gunel Sultanova Fatima Velieva Duyghu Sultanli Department of Pathological Physiology of Azerbaijan Medical University Relevance: Metabolic bone disease of premature babies osteopatia is one of the most common problems in neonatal units. The most important risk factors are premature birth, low birth weight, immobilization, chronic diseases and some medications. This necessitates early diagnosis and treatment of infants at risk. Aim: Osteopatia is an important morbidity of very low birth weight infants. In this study we aimed to appreciate the frequancy of osteopenia, the ethiological factors and the clinical and laboratory findings of osteopatia in our clinic. Material and Method: The records of preterm infants who were admitted from January 2018 to December 2022 with the diagnosis of osteopatia were reviewed. Clinical data and information about these infants were assessed according to the data base of our clinic and the files of cases. The gestational age, sexuality, birth weight, clinical findings and laboratory findings of our cases were recorded. This was a retrospective medical chart review. Results: Out of a total of 345 cases, 110 were diagnosed as osteopatia. The incidence was 3.1%. 94 cases (83%) were preterms with <32 gestational age and 91 of them had <1250 gr birth weights. Respiratory dystress (39% mild and 47% severe) was the most common initial complaint of these preterm infants and among these cases 73% had been supported by ventilation. 42 cases received steroid treatment because of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 50% of the cases were diagnosed at the age of 1530 days postnatally. The cases who were symptomatic comprised 50% of the total number and thorax deformities were the major manifestations. Also, in 4 cases femur fracture was identified. As the evidence of bone undermineralisation, increased ALP and decreased P levels were the mostly determined laboratory findings. Conclusions: The incidence of osteopatia of prematurity in our clinic was determined as 3.1% wich was lower than that reported in the literature. The incidences of osteopatia among infants born before 28 week of gestational age and with <1000 gr. birth weight were, respectively, 22.5% and 18.4%. The pathogenesis of disease is multifactorial. Respiratory dystress syndrome, ventilation support, steroid treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, total parenteral nutrition, prolonged hospitalization were confirmed as common ethiological factors. (Turk Arch Ped 2009; 44: 18-22) Keywords: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory dystress syndrome (RDS), steroid treatment, very low birth weight preterm antioxidative indicators. Lıst of publıshed scıentıfıc works 1. Aliyev M.Kh., Sultanova G.M., Aliyev O.S., Aliyev E.M., Hajiyeva S.I., Aliyeva C.T., Safaraliyeva L.Kh. Diabetic osteopatia as a manifestation of delayed complications of diabetes // Azerbaijan Medical Journal, Baku: 2021, No. 4, p. 190-196, ISSN 0005-2523 2. Mammadzade A.Y., Aghamaliyeva U.C., Panahi M. A., Sultanova G. M., Ahmadzade U. I. The role of endothelial dysfunction in intravascular coagulation of blood and lymph and disruption of tissue lymphatic drainage during diabetes // Honored Scientist Professor T. A. Based on the Materials of the International Scientific-Practical Congress dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Aliyev's birth, "Actual Problems of Medicine 2021", October 6-8, Azerbaijan, Baku, 2021, p. 322-323. 3. Sultanova G.M., Gasimova A.S., Ahmadzadeh U. I. , Gasimova N.N. Bone Metabolism Disorders During Diabetes Mellitus // Nature and Science international scientific journal, Baku, 2022, volume 4, issue 10, volume 4, Issue 10, pages 55-56, ISSN 27071146 e-ISSN 2709-4189 impact factor 1.642 DOI: 10.36719/2707-1146/25/12-16. 4. Sultanova G. Şəkərli diabet zamanı sümük metabolizm pozulmaları // VII İnternational Scientific and Practical Conference, Questions hypotheses answers science XXI century, Toronto Canada, March 26-27 2024 , UDC 001.1, BBC 1, pages 54-57, ISBN 978-91-5423-61-9, https//doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10899717 IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 49 5. Wang L, Li T, Liu J, Wu X, Wang H, Li X, et al. Association between glycosylated hemoglobin Alc and bone biochemical markers in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2019, IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 50 POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING THE SEVERITY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS Stoikevych M.V. PhD, Head of the Department of intestinal diseases, SI “Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Dnipro. Titova M.V. PhD, Senior Researcher of the Department of miniinvasive endoscopic interventions and instrumental diagnostics, ultrasound doctor of the SI “Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine. Tarasova T.S. PhD, Senior Researcher of the Department of intestinal diseases, State Institution “Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine Simonova O.V. PhD, Senior Researcher of the Department of miniinvasive endoscopic interventions and instrumental diagnostics, ultrasound doctor of the SI “Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine Relevance. Endoscopic and histological examinations play a crucial role in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC), which allow to confirm the diagnosis, determine the degree of activity of the inflammatory process, and the extent of intestinal damage [1, 2]. The combination of endoscopy and ultrasound has led to the use of intraluminal sonographic imaging in many diseases, including UC [3]. Transrectal ultrasound, as a type of endo-ultrasound (TRUS), is a minimally invasive procedure that allows to assess both intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of the disease and, along with colonoscopy, can provide doctors with more information [4, 5, 6]. Keywords: transrectal ultrasound, ulcerative colitis. Objective. To determine the relationship between the clinical, endoscopic picture of the disease and ultrasonographic changes in the intestinal wall in patients with UC using TRUSD. Materials and methods. Patients were divided into groups depending on the severity of the disease according to the Mayo Scoring System: 47 moderate patients and 26 severe patients. The examination was performed on an expert-class ultrasound scanner SonoScape S60 using a low-frequency convex sensor of 3.5 MHz and a recto-vaginal convex sensor of 6 MHz. The rectal transducer is inserted to a depth of 10-15 cm and the wall thickness, stratification into layers and structure of each layer are assessed. Compression elastography is performed at a depth of 5-8 cm from the anus. The blood flow density in the intestinal wall is assessed by Doppler scanning by calculating the colour Doppler signal (CDS) per 1 cm2. Results. Thickening of the rectal wall of ˃5 mm was typical for 100% of patients. The thickness of the wall and submucosa depended on the severity of UC. Thus, the wall thickness (6.7 (5.4; 7.72) mm vs. 8.9 (7.88; 9.27) mm, p=0.002) and submucosal layer thickness (3.66 (2.3; 5.6) mm vs. 5.67 (5; 6.27) mm, p=0.015) significantly differed between moderate and severe UC. The analysis of TRUSD parameters revealed a tendency to increase the thickness of the mucosal layer with an increase in endoscopic activity. The degree of vascularisation differed significantly between moderate and severe UC activity. The regression analysis revealed a relationship between the intestinal wall thickness (r=0.44; p=0.0121) and the submucosal layer thickness (r=0.86; p=0.006) with the Mayo index. The correlation of colon wall thickness with stool frequency (r=0.37; p=0.018), leukocytosis (r=0.38; p=0.016) and ESR (r=0.35; p=0.027) was established. The majority of patients with severe UC (86.7%) had grade 3 blood flow density in the rectal wall. The number of CDS correlated with the severity of hyperaemia of the colon mucosa (r=0.302; p=0.016), ulceration (r=0.314; p=0.012), the degree of bleeding of the UC (0.356; p=0.004) and, in general, with the index of endoscopic activity of UC (0.335; p=0.007). And the degree of CO blood flow density correlated with the degree of mucosal bleeding (r=0.312; p=0.013). The thickness of the muscle layer correlated with the degree of CO bleeding (r=0.420; p=0.001). The ROC analysis revealed the possibility of using the degree of blood flow density to determine the endoscopic activity of UC. The threshold value of the number of loci per 1 cm2 indicating pronounced endoscopic activity was 8, the sensitivity was 58.8% and the specificity was 76.2%. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 51 Conclusions. Endoscopic examination in patients with UC should be complemented by TEE. The established correlations between clinical, endoscopic and ultrasound parameters can be used to determine disease activity. References 1. Li L, Cheng R, Wu Y, Lin H, Gan H, Zhang H. Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease. J Evid Based Med. 2024 Jun;17(2):409-433. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12626. Epub 2024 Jun 27. PMID: 38934234. 2. Fábián A., Bor R., Szepes Z. The use of ultrasound in colonic and perianal diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2023. №39(1). P. 50-56. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000891. 3. EFSUMB Recommendations and Clinical Guidelines for Intestinal Ultrasound (GIUS) in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. EFSUMB-Empfehlungen und klinische Leitlinien für den gastrointestinalen Ultraschall (GIUS) chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) / G. Maconi et al. Ultraschall Med. 2018. №39(3). P. 304-317. doi:10.1055/s-0043-125329 4. Predictive value of Milan ultrasound criteria in ulcerative colitis: A prospective observational cohort study / M. Allocca et al. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022. №10(2). P. 190-197. doi:10.1002/ueg2.12206. 5. Rana S.S., Kante B., Shah J., Nada R., Kalra N., Gupta R. Role of EUS in idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Endosc. Ultrasound. 2021;10:313–314. doi: 10.4103/EUS-D-20-00224. 6. Jin R.F., Chen Y.M., Chen R.P., Ye H.J. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of condition and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. World J. Clin. Cases. 2022;10:4818–4826. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i15.4818 IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 52 Pedagogical sciences OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS Rena Abdullayeva senior teacher of Baku Slavic University Not only in solving scientific problems but also in everyday life, artificial intelligence (AI) has found its way into many spheres of human activity. The trend to use AI has also influenced the educational process. Platforms such as Grammarly, ChatGPT, Write & Improve, and others enable students not only to learn writing successfully but also to check their completed assignments, receiving instant and individualized feedback. In turn, teaching staff in educational institutions recognize the necessity of adapting the learning process to modern realities [1, p.123]. Writing skills in a foreign language are particularly relevant in today’s world, where globalization, academic mobility, and intercultural communication set their own rules and conditions. For example, in order to gain a respectable place in the academic world, it is important for degree seekers to publish the results of their research in international scientific journals. This means that they must master the internationally accepted standards of academic writing. In the modern world, along with traditional forms of education, contemporary online platforms that develop writing and editing skills come to their aid. By applying innovative technologies, students have the opportunity to study various models of written works, thereby learning to adapt their style to the task, structure different types of written texts, and work autonomously. AI technologies also increase students’ motivation [2]. However, many researchers, such as J. Cooley [3], A. Bermus [4], N. Tikhonova [5], and others, are concerned that students’ use of AI for writing various kinds of texts brings not only advantages but also a number of problems. The easy accessibility of such programs encourages their use for dishonest purposes. By generating essays, articles, research papers, and other similar texts, students make their tasks easier but fail to develop their own critical and creative thinking skills or engage deeply with the material, which causes irreparable harm to their intellectual growth. Moreover, the excessive use of AI in completing writing assignments leads to violations of academic integrity. Another drawback is that platforms such as ChatGPT and others can sometimes produce text that appears plausible but is in fact false or inaccurate, and users must therefore verify the reliability of the information. In addition, constant reliance on AI for text generation often depersonalizes writing, depriving authors of their unique style and standardizing the written product. Furthermore, the use of chatbots deprives students of the opportunity to develop essential research skills such as searching for, processing, and analyzing information. How can these side effects of digital technologies be avoided? Several possible solutions can be proposed to address the above-mentioned problems: • When selecting tasks, emphasis should be placed on specific assignments based on students’ personal experiences and worldviews. For instance, students can be asked to write about their personal impressions or opinions concerning a phrase spoken by a character in a book or film, or a particular action, etc. • Assign a task that involves describing a jointly attended event, museum visit, or excursion. • Organize in-class writing assignments while restricting access to digital devices. • Motivate learners to complete their work independently, without the use of AI. • Require students to submit a step-by-step plan for collecting and using materials in their essays or research papers. Each year, AI continues to develop and improve, and a thoughtful, well-informed approach by educators can inspire students to use technological opportunities productively rather than resort to academic dishonesty or breaches of academic ethics. Bibliography 1. Pichueva A.V. Teaching Foreign Language Writing in a Blended Learning Format in the Context of Artificial Intelligence Technology Development // World of Science, Culture, and Education, No. 4, 2024, p. 123. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 53 2. Khalybova M. Features of Blended Foreign Language Learning in a Non-Linguistic University // Azimuth of Scientific Research: Pedagogy and Psychology, 2021, No. 2 (35), pp. 311–313. 3. Kooli, C. (2023) Chatbots in Education and Research: A Critical Examination of Ethical Implications and Solutions. Sustainability, 15, Article 5614. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075614 4. Bermus A.G. Academic Fraud and Imitations in Higher Education as an Ontological Challenge to Education in the 21st Century // Lifelong Education: The 21st Century, 2023, Issue 1 (41). DOI: 10.15393/j5.art.2023.8244. 5. Tikhonova N.V., Ilduganova G.M. “I’m Frightened by the Speed at Which Artificial Intelligence Is Developing”: Students’ Perception of Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Language Learning // Higher Education in Russia, 2024, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 63–83. DOI: 10.31992/0869-3617-2024-33-4-63-83. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 54 FACTORS THAT INCREASE STUDENTS MOTIVATION TO LEARN Khudieva Feride Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University Abstract It should be noted that motivation is not innate, it is an acquired quality. The teacher's professionalism and mastery are the main tools that develop motivation. Achieving high motivation in the learning process is important for success in training and in future life. Motivation may not always be high, it may depend on the student's state (feelings), circumstances, the specific subject being studied, and the teacher's personality. A student's desire to learn does not depend on just one motive, it consists of a system of interconnected, complementary motives. Learning motivation is one of the important problems that characterize the child's mental development. A student who is eager to learn will certainly have learning successes. An important aspect of the dynamics of learning motivation is characterized by its manifestation in practically all aspects of the student's activity and behavior. The lack of internal interest in learning activities leads to getting used to the loss of values, and is more directed towards the provision of social interests. Many experts identify three types of needs: achievement, affiliation, and power (power). All of these relate to high-level needs that are achieved. Achievement is not a result, but a gateway to success. Affiliation is the ability to cooperate and feel a sense of belonging, social interaction, and power (power) is the most priority area of a person's need. Power is derived from the knowledge and life experience a person has acquired in a particular field of activity. Keywords: success, communication, motivation, training, quality Many experts distinguish three types of needs: achievement, affiliation, and power (authority). All of these are associated with high demands that have been placed on individuals. Achievement is not a result, but a path to success. Bonding is a sense of mutual cooperation and belonging, the opportunity for social interaction, and authority is the most important area of human needs. Power comes from the knowledge a person has acquired and their life experience in a particular field of activity. Requirements are characterized by strength and a keen desire. The motive for learning activities is precisely these acquired needs. Students first and foremost try to satisfy their most pressing needs. The fulfillment of all these requirements in the learning process will be the target areas of motivation. The motivation for learning activities is the monitoring and assessment of students' academic achievements with the aim of improving the effectiveness of the educational process and further increasing their interest in learning. The “quality indicators for teachers in the general education system” are mainly as follows: "possession of scientific and theoretical knowledge in line with current requirements for the specialty, ability to communicate and work sensitively with children, moral and spiritual qualities, pedagogical ethics and culture, skills in cooperation, research work, self-education, and management; the ability to present their activities and benefit from advanced pedagogical practices; qualities of fairness, responsibility, and accountability, respect and authority among the public at the school where they work; the ability to participate in projects, competitions, and educational programs that require creativity and healthy competition."[9] A teacher possessing these qualities is capable of properly organizing students' motivation to learn, which will lead to a deepening and broadening of their knowledge of the subjects studied, an improvement in their worldview, and the refinement of their communication, cognitive, social, and other life skills. Some experts call communication the main driving force behind the development of a student's personality in the learning process. If the teacher is able to create the necessary conditions for communication, the student will develop social motivation. Social motivation is linked to the desire to be useful to others. At this time, the student acquires the skills of teamwork, cooperation, and building sincere relationships with friends. Let us highlight the most important needs for motivating learning activities and link them to the learning motives taken from “Competencies developed in students at the general education level.” "Thinking skills – creativity, critical thinking, problem solving, decision making, independent learning; action skills – communication, cooperation, digital literacy, information literacy, medical literacy; values – understanding of national identity and position on the formation of a sense of national pride, personal and social responsibility, respect for democracy and human rights, respect for cultural diversity"[9]. As wise men have noted, a student's mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a torch to be lit, and those who know how to light a torch burn themselves. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 55 Contemporary social situations affect children's development in different ways: - children's information literacy has increased dramatically; - modern children read significantly less classical literature; - they have poor expressive speech skills, as they find it difficult to communicate with their peers, etc. Therefore, every teacher currently faces a very difficult task in the teaching process. “How to learn in new conditions?” Every teacher tries to offer their own unique model for solving the problem. One of the most important questions facing the education system today, perhaps the most important one, is what methods and approaches should be used in the teaching process so that students become more interested in learning, acquire knowledge independently, gather the necessary information themselves, put forward hypotheses, generalize, and draw conclusions. This means that modern students need to be taught universal learning skills so that they can engage in independent learning activities. No activity is possible without motivation. Motivation, or a student's desire to learn, is one of the key factors in successful learning. That is why the topic we have chosen is relevant. The main task of schoolchildren is teaching. Educational work is associated with very high demands on the overall mental development of the child. The intellectual development of a student is directly related to the acquisition of new knowledge. The events and developmental processes that take place at school shape the future personal development of the student. It is important for a person to be interested in school life and learning. In this respect, the topic we have chosen is also relevant. During our research, we also tracked and summarized the opinions of Russian scientists on this issue. Among them, A.K. Markov, speaking about the motive for educational activity, refers to various aspects of a student's educational activity. That is, pay attention to the needs, goals, attitudes, etc. of the student in learning. E.P. Ilyin characterizes motives as needs, goals, intentions, motivations, and personality traits that determine human behavior. In his opinion, the beginning of any action arises from a need and demand, which then turn into a motive. CONTRARY. Magun's need is a feeling of lack of something physiological or psychological, a lack of something or someone. He describes this as a belief in truth. A group of scientists defines need and demand as the need for knowledge that a person wishes to acquire. A.N. Leontiev shows that motives give learning activities personal meaning. Thus, motivation for learning activities is a set of motives that form attitudes toward a specific set of actions aimed at achieving a result. Research shows that there are several types of motivation: cognitive, social, and achievement motivation. Under the influence of achievement motivation, students strive for success and high academic results. A.N. Leontiev links students' motivation to achieve success with their competition with themselves, their desire to be competent and skilled. P.Yu. Galperin considers creativity to be the highest motivation, one of the stages of human development. According to M.A. Stepanova, social motivation leads to the emergence of responsibility, which exists only in society. X. Heckhausen characterizes motivation as a positive phenomenon in overcoming failures and struggling with difficulties in the learning process. References 1. Gordeeva, T.O., Sychev O.A. Internal sources of perseverance and its role in successful learning // Psychology of Learning. – 2012. No. 1. pp. 33-4854. 2. Ilyin, E.P. Motivation and motives / E.P. Ilyin. – St. Petersburg. Piter, – 2000. – pp. 65, 68, 253 3. Markova, A.K. Formation of motivation to learn. / A.K. Markova, T.A. Matis, A.B. Orlov. – Moscow: Prosveshchenie, – 2003. – 192 p. 4. Remizova, T.N. Formation of positive motivation for learning in students // Scientific research in education. – 2010. No. 1. p. 27 5. Talyzina, N. F. Educational Psychology: A Textbook for Students of Secondary Pedagogical Educational Institutions / N.F. Talyzina. – Moscow: Akademiya, – 1998. – 288 p. 6. Ulyanich, E.V., Activating the cognitive activity of students with low motivation to learn in mathematics lessons // Large conference hall additional education, vectors of development. – 2019. No. 1 (3). pp. 79-82. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 56 PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES Khudieva Gulrukhsar Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Edication and Sports Abstract In the process of physical education and sports training, motor activity is improved. This includes 2 complexes: the development of motor qualities and the formation of motor qualities. The formation of motor qualities is very important in all types of sports. If motor qualities are not developed to the necessary extent, it is impossible to achieve high results in sports. In sports physiology, the main motor qualities are the following. Muscle strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility. Physiological mechanisms of the manifestation of force and its development. Force is the ability to overcome external resistance due to muscle contraction. This is a very important motor quality. Thus, the performance of any unnecessary movement is not necessary. However, there are a large number of movements whose performance is necessary. In dynamic movements, force, as is known, is the product of mass and the speed transmitted to this mass. At the same time, it is important to remember that the maximum force of both impacts cannot be maximum. Because there is a feedback and dependence between them. In order for the force to change the maximum mass and the distance from this mass to change its position, a sufficiently certain acceleration is required. Thus, the mass that changes position will be a quantity. The speed will remain constant, and the force will be real and relative. Real force is the ratio of this maximum force to the physiological cross-section of the muscle. However, relative force is the ratio of this muscle force to its anatomical cross-section. The relative force of the muscles is necessary for the successful movement of the body. Keywords: muscle, health, sports movements, physiological criteria The development of muscle strength is associated with certain changes that occur in the body under the influence of strength movements. These include morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes. Based on morphological changes, this manifests itself as an increase in muscle cross-sectional area or as internal hypertrophy. Muscle strength, especially in isometric conditions, depends on muscle thickness, or the number of muscle fibers that determine its cross-sectional area. Since the number of muscle fibers increases until a certain age, muscle hypertrophy is determined not by the number of fibers, but by their thickness. Coordination factors include the following. Mechanisms of intramuscular and intermuscular control. Muscles are related to internal coordination mechanisms: active motor activity, fine regulation, namely the motor neurons of these muscles. Regulation of motor neuron firing frequency. Activation of motor units The more motor units involved in muscle contraction, the greater the force developed. At this time, larger motor units with a higher contraction threshold are mobilized. The frequency of motor neuron impulses determines muscle tension. If muscle tension is low, muscle contraction involves small motor units, and they demonstrate a single contraction mode, which is high. This provides a weak but less tiring muscle contraction. As the intensity of the stimulating effects increases, not only are new, larger motor neurons mobilized, but the frequency of impulses in small motor neurons also increases. Smaller caps work in a more powerful tetanic mode. Their effect puts most movements into a tetanic mode of excessive contraction, and if the motor units do not contract simultaneously, the resulting tension will be greater. At this time, the steepness of the increasing force increases and the jumping force develops. It determines athletic performance in weightlifting and track and field in fast movements. This manifests itself in increased activity of the muscles that support the functions of adjacent joints. The maximum voluntary force of a particular muscle group depends on its maximum strength. The difference between the two is called the power deficit. The more perfect the central control of the muscular apparatus of a muscle or muscle group, the smaller the deficit of the muscle or muscle group. The power deficit also depends on the mental state of athletes: in some emotional situations, a person exhibits strength that significantly exceeds their maximum strength capabilities. The strength deficit indicator depends on the number of muscle groups involved simultaneously: the more muscle groups involved, the higher the indicator will be. This is because it is easier to coordinate the contractile activity of a small number of muscles than of many muscles, especially during dynamic strength exercises. Therefore, the measured strength values in repeated measurements fluctuate much more than the static strength values. Dynamic strength decreases during concentric muscle contraction, but not during static strength. However, in eccentric contraction mode, greater static strength occurs, and since the speed of IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 63 Philological sciences OUR LANGUAGE IN THE ERA OF INDEPENDENCE Curbanova M.A. Baku State University Department Abstract Undoubtedly, for every nation, language is a reflection of the culture and history to which it belongs, which is why language occupies a special place in the life of any society. The 20th century was a period of development and prosperity for our native language. It was a most valuable period of time when our language was comprehensively cared for. The 20th century saw the beginning of the struggle to declare Azerbaijani the official language. Keywords: independence, university, J. Jabbarli, U. Hajibeyov, M. E. Rasulzade, national leader For centuries, the Azerbaijani people have dreamed of freedom and have always fought for national independence. When we talk about independence, we remember the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), established on May 28, 1918, and the socio-political and literary environment of that period. Although it did not last long, we as a people were able to taste independence and were recognized by many countries around the world. Every Azerbaijani should know and remember this date. Azerbaijan is a country and Azerbaijanis are a people who have twice had the honor of independence. Thus, our people have twice had the opportunity to have an independent state. Unfortunately, our first independence lasted only 23 months. But when M. E. Rasulzade was asked what he had achieved in such a short period of time, he replied: “Although it was only a little, we were able to give the people a taste of freedom.” The reforms carried out during this short period have left an indelible mark on the history of our people. Regardless of nationality, political and religious affiliation, granting equal rights to all, establishing state borders, adopting the attributes of Azerbaijani statehood, and declaring Azerbaijani the state language created a strong foundation for Azerbaijan's future independence" (7.3.). During the existence of the ADR, reforms were carried out in the fields of education, finance, the military, the oil industry, and others. Twenty-three general education schools (six for men and four for women), five technical schools, three teacher training colleges, three St. Nina schools for women, a polytechnic school, commercial schools, boarding schools, and others were opened in Azerbaijan. In order to establish Baku State University, the Azerbaijani authorities adopted a resolution (3.52) in early May 1919. Naturally, libraries, reading rooms, and theaters were opened during those years, and rehabilitation work was also carried out. In its short existence, the ADR carried out reforms equivalent to a century's worth. Among other things, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic created all the necessary conditions in the fields of science and education to attract women to the education system. The first rector of the university, Vasily Ivanovich Razumovsky, called Baku State University a new torch on the border between “Europe and Asia.” In its early years, the university had two faculties: medicine and history and philology. To strengthen the university's material and technical base, many leading specialists were invited, valuable books were purchased from Russia and Turkey, and, in short, 15 million rubles were allocated from the state budget for the 1919-1920 academic year. M.E. Rasulzade, N. Yusifbeyli, Khabib Bek Shakhtahtinsky, and others made a huge contribution to the foundation of the university. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic also revitalized the literary and cultural scene, adding to the springtime mood. People at that time were proud of their national statehood, and any events and innovations were received with great enthusiasm. During this period, a large group of intellectuals emerged in Azerbaijan. Many of them had received higher education in Russia, Germany, France, and a number of other European cities, so they were very familiar with European culture and, in general, with world culture. These people were able to unite and create the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to their intellectual potential, love, and care for their people. Therefore, the younger generation should always be reminded of their outstanding culture, art, and the achievements of cultural figures and those in the socio-political sphere of that period. Alibek Huseynzade, Ahmed Bek Agayev, Jalil Mammadkulizade, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Jafar Jabbarli, and many IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 64 others contributed to the beginning and development of the national awakening of the people through their works (3.10). The youngest among these intellectuals, Jafar Jabbarli, studied in Baku at the Rushiya Usuli School, where he was taught by such renowned educators and patriots as M. Mahmudbekov and Panah Kasumov. With the aim of awakening national consciousness and a sense of patriotism in their students, these teachers instilled a love for the past, traditions, moral values, the beauty of language, and the sanctity of the homeland. It is likely that the young Jafar Jabbarly, influenced by the interesting lectures of his teacher M. Mahmudbekov and after reading his book “Our Dictation,” made notes in his pocket notebook, which is kept in the archives of the M. Fizuli Institute of Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, noting: “The crudest and most ignorant word in our language is more valuable than beautiful foreign words” (4.8). Arif Rustamly in his book “Jafar Jabbarly and the National Liberation Movement,” as well as in his published article dedicated to the untimely death of Jafar Jabbarli's closest friend, Mirza Bala Mammadzade, “Jafar Jabbarli (Life, Work, and Untimely Death),” wrote: “In December 1919, at the second congress of Musavat, Jafar and I were at the forefront of land reforms in favor of the peasants.” Jafar Jabbarli, together with his close friends and associates, stood at the origins of the creation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and took an active part in the second congress of Musavat, which played an exceptional role in the implementation of the national liberation movement. I still remember Jafar's speech: “In a free homeland, we must be free and happy. Idealists who pursue a great national idea will need peasants wearing bast shoes” (4.8). At the beginning of the 20th century and during the creation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the composer of the Azerbaijani national anthem, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, was active as both a writer and a publicist. His work belongs to a period when the importance of language was constantly being discussed. From the first days of independence, he joined the progressive literary movement, as he considered it an honor to defend the language from any attacks in the name of the future and cultural development of the people. Therefore, the main theme of his journalism and comedies is the extensive struggle against pseudo-nationalist sentiments and the defense of the language. Uzeir Hajibeyov was an artist who devoted his entire creative life to the powerful Azerbaijani language, its national and historical color, and its stylistic diversity. For this reason, the main factor underlying Uzeyir Hajibeyov's journalism was his diligent use and defense of the vernacular (5.303). In one of his articles, he emphasized that his main mission was to study the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language. Uzeir Hajibeyov explained the importance of language in the cultural development of a people in an accessible way. In his works, he emphasized that knowledge of all the secrets of language is the victory of an artist. “If it is possible to express a thought in our language, there is no need to use Arabic and Persian words” (5.277). "I think I am not mistaken in saying that language is the most important value of humanity. All human development and the spread of everything in the world, the life and activities of our ancestors, even approximate assumptions about future generations and their lives are connected with the strong influence of language" (Ü.Hacıbəyov. Əsərləri, II c., səh.324). In some of his journalistic works, Uzeyir Hajibeyov substantiated certain ideas with events, situations, and complete images. When I speak of “the independent significance of each work, I mean the people.” As we can see, neither Jafar Jabbarly nor Uzeyir Hajibeyov were philologists, but each of them openly demonstrated their position on language and expressed valuable thoughts about it. During the ADR, all meetings were held in Azerbaijani. Even representatives who did not speak their native language well enough were forced to speak Azerbaijani. M. E. Rasulzade was the most vocal in calling on all members of parliament to speak Azerbaijani (Turkic). Y. Seidov's textbook Language, School, and Teaching Problems during the Period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic published parliamentary meetings and speeches. On page 23 of the textbook, it is noted: “M. E. Rasulzade (from his seat) – I propose that from now on, all telegrams received by parliament be translated into Turkic and, if necessary, read in Russian. This is Azerbaijan – our state language is Turkic!” (7. 23,25). On page 25 – only in Turkic, no need for Russian. Paying attention to these words and remarks, we can see how much M. E. Rasulzade tried to use our native language and demanded this from others. Despite the fact that Jafar Jabbarli, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, and M. E. Rasulzade were educated in Russian-Tatar schools (Jafar Jabbarli attended the 7th Muslim and Russian School, Uzeyir Hajibeyov in Shusha, then in Gori, etc.), they always gave preference to their native language and wrote their works only in Azerbaijani. Looking back on the centuries-long history of our native language, it becomes clear that the 20th century was a period of its development and prosperity. This was the most valuable period of time when our language IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 65 was comprehensively cared for. The 20th century saw the beginning of the struggle to elevate the Azerbaijani language to the highest level and proclaim it the state language. In order to replace the Arabic alphabet with a more sophisticated one, an alphabet committee was established in 1921. A rich literary tradition, a victorious political history, and talented citizens contributed to the intensive development of our language. It is important to note the indispensable role of people who have written their names in gold letters in the history of our nation, in the development and perpetuation of our native language. Every nation is famous for its composers, masters of words and art. The speakers of the language are its main guardians, but it is the people who come from the nation who bring it international recognition. In this article, we will not write about classical writers, only about people who lived and worked in the 20th century. A. Khagverdiev, N. Vezirov, S. S. Akhundov, A. Shaig, J. Mammadkulizade, M. A. Sabir, M. Mushvig, D. Jabbarli, and others played an exceptional role in the development of the language. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Enlightenment movement had not yet developed a specific stylistic approach or position on language. The literary language of the 20th century used a mixture of established elements from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Russian. The period between Azerbaijan's first and second independence lasted 70 years (1920-1990), during which Azerbaijan was part of the USSR. At that time, styles characteristic of that period were created and new Russian and European words associated with the ideas of socialism and communism were introduced. The Russian language had two different functions and tasks in the development of the lexical composition of the Azerbaijani language: a) enriching the Azerbaijani language with Russian words; b) serving as an intermediary in the borrowing of European words. Therefore, Russian became the “source language” for the Azerbaijani language (2.223). Masters of the word who lived and worked in the 20th century, such as Abdullah Shaig, J. Mammadkulizade, M.S. Ordubadi, and others, noted the positive role of Russian in enriching our language. The degree of usage of new words in a language is not always the same, so they do not all contribute equally to the enrichment of the language. While some words serve to develop and enrich the language, others (which are not similar to the grammar of that language) hinder its development. Along with this, many borrowed words have gradually lost their level of use in the Azerbaijani language. For example, rubari, dar-ul-fonun, culture, revolutionary, etc. If we look at the centuries-long history of the Azerbaijani language, we can see that the 20th century was a period of development and prosperity for our language. This period was generally the most successful time in terms of the appreciation and attention given to the Azerbaijani language. The 20th century saw the beginning of the struggle to declare Azerbaijani the official language. In 1921, an alphabet committee was established to improve the writing system. The First Turkological Congress was attended by specialists engaged in the study of the culture, language, and history of Turkicspeaking peoples. Along with many other issues, the congress widely discussed the role and significance of the alphabet, which is important for cultural development. Repeated changes in writing systems over the course of a century (Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic) were a reactionary policy aimed at separating the people from their roots. This hostile policy was applied to the Azerbaijani people. The constitution adopted in 1973 did not contain an article on the state language. However, the 1956 constitution contained an article stating that “the state language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani.” In the 1978 constitution, Azerbaijani was declared the state language. We gained our second independence after the collapse of the USSR. The fall of Soviet power led to intensive reconstruction in all areas, including language development. The constitution of November 12, 1995, stated that the official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani, which restored the rights of 50 million Azerbaijanis and raised our national pride to new heights. The builder of the new independent Republic of Azerbaijan, national leader Heydar Aliyev, emphasized: "We already speak our language freely and are able to express every difficult thought. This is a huge success. We, as a people, have our own language, and it is so rich that we can describe any event in the world in our own language" (6). After the restoration of state independence, innovations appeared in the socio-political life of the people for the second time, which influenced literature and language, as well as the vocabulary of the language. The 20th century was marked by major changes in the socio-political life of all countries of the world. The division of the world into socialist and capitalist camps, followed by a return to a single path of development, the surge in information technology, and the adoption and transmission of information had a particular impact on language. These influences did not bypass the Azerbaijani language; on the contrary, as with other languages, they had a strong impact on our language. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 66 Each period of time has its own distinctive language and literary style. In accordance with these requirements, literary works of various styles appear. In this sense, our literature has always been subject to change depending on the socio-economic environment. After the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of independence, against the backdrop of the weakening of Azerbaijani-Russian linguistic ties, Azerbaijani-Turkic and Azerbaijani-English ties expanded. uring the period of independence, there were both reasonable and unreasonable attempts to purge the language of borrowed words. Independence brought the issue of creating a new economic and political foundation to the forefront. The transition to a market economy, changes in the social sphere, and the modern economy influenced the vocabulary of the language, leading to the emergence of new words in the language's lexicon. The Cyrillic alphabet, which we had used for approximately 60 years, was replaced by the Latin alphabet. National leader Heydar Aliyev set our language on the path to development and prosperity. 1. The Constitution of November 12, 1995, which stated that Azerbaijani is the state language (Article 21) 2. On June 18, 2001, a decree was issued on “Improving the Use of the State Language.” 3. On August 9, 2001, a decree was issued on “Azerbaijani Alphabet and Language Day.” 4. On September 30, 2002, a law on the “State Language” was issued, consisting of 3 sections and 20 articles. 5. On January 2, 2003, a decree on the “State Language of Azerbaijan” was signed. The provisions on improving the use of the state language stated: 1. Protection of the Azerbaijani language as the state language 2. Development of the Azerbaijani language as the state language. Naturally, no state can protect its language without actively developing it. The issuance of such decrees led to the revitalization of all state structures of the Republic of Azerbaijan, to their re-creation in accordance with the political and ideological requirements of the nation state. The Azerbaijani language is not only a means of communication for all Azerbaijanis around the world, but also serves as the language of culture, science, and politics for the entire Azerbaijani people. Addressing young people, national leader Heydar Aliyev said: "We have a very beautiful, rich, and attractive language. Every citizen of Azerbaijan, every Azerbaijani, must know their native language perfectly. I advise young people who have shortcomings in this area to correct them. When studying abroad, learning the language of that country, and at the same time learning other languages, never forget your own, and do not replace your native language with any other. There can be nothing more precious to a people, to a person, than their own language." Thus, Heydar Aliyev once again emphasized the sanctity of love for one's native language. One of the main priorities of the half-century leadership of Heydar Aliyev, the Glorious Son of Azerbaijan, was to raise the intellectual level of the people. Some of Heydar Aliyev's statements about language have become aphorisms: 1. People who do not know their native language are cripples. 2. Language is the main factor in preserving and developing the national and moral values of any people. 3. Language is a vast world. 4. Ignorance of one's native language, underestimation of one's native language, is undoubtedly a great mistake before the people. A worthy representative of the National Leader, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, with the aim of increasing care for the language, as well as for the fundamental improvement of linguistics, signed on May 23, 2012, the “State Program for the Use of the Azerbaijani Language in the Context of Globalization in Accordance with New Requirements and the Development of State Linguistics in the Country.” The decree and the program proposed the comprehensive development, use, and teaching of the state language and outlined the directions for this work. According to this decree, starting from the 2014-2015 academic year, in addition to in-depth study of their specialties, all universities and faculties introduced a subject called “Azerbaijani Language and Communication Culture.” The measures taken by national leader Heydar Aliyev to develop foreign and domestic policy, the fundamental projects implemented, and the successful continuation of this course by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev day after day have determined the development and prosperity of our native language. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 67 References 1. N. Khudiev. Azerbaijani literary language in the Soviet period. Maarif Publishing House, Baku, 1989 2. Azerbaijani language with explanations. Publishing House of the Azerbaijan SSR-EA, Baku, 1964 3. M. Abdullayeva, E. Mammadov. Language, School, and Education Issues in the Period of the Azerbaijan People's Republic. Elm ve Tehsil Publishing House, Baku, 2018 4. A. Rustamli. Jefar Jabbarli and the National Liberation Movement. Baku, 2018 5. A. Abbasov. Writer Uzeyir Bey Hajibeyov. Elm ve Tehsil Publishing House, Baku, 2013. 6. Y. Seidov. “The Azerbaijani movement for the alphabet.” Azerbaijani Teacher, November 23, 1990. 7. Ya. Seidov, S. Abbasova. Problems of Language, School, and Education during the Existence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Baku, 2010. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 68 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WORD ORDER IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: FROM OLD HIGH GERMAN TO MODERN SYNTAX Khadija Mirzayeva Nakhchivan State University Faculty of Foreign Languages https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4034-1181 Abstract This article examines the historical development of word order in the German language, from Old High German (Althochdeutsch) to Modern High German (Neuhochdeutsch). The study aims to analyze how the position of verbs and overall sentence structure evolved over time, taking into account morphological, syntactic, and semantic factors. Early German exhibited relatively free word order, but over the centuries, the system became more rigid, leading to the establishment of V2 (verb-second) and V-final structures. The paper highlights the functional consequences of these syntactic changes and their role in modern German sentence construction. Keywords: word order, V2 rule, V-final, syntax, historical linguistics, Old High German, Middle High German, Modern High German 1.Introduction The German language has undergone significant phonetic, morphological, and syntactic changes throughout its history. Among these, word order is one of the most crucial structural features, reflecting both grammatical and communicative developments. According to scholars (Braune, 2004; Paul, 2007; Eroms, 2000), the evolution of word order in German is not merely a grammatical phenomenon but also a reflection of information structuring and sentence pragmatics. In Old High German, morphological richness allowed relatively free word order, as case markings indicated syntactic roles. Over time, as inflectional endings weakened, word order became the primary indicator of grammatical relationships (Behaghel, 1928). 1. Old High German: the stage of syntactic flexibility Old High German (ca. 750–1050) is mainly represented in written texts, including religious texts, translations, and poetry. Sentence structure was strongly influenced by Latin, as translation texts often adhered to Latin syntactic patterns (König, 1994). This flexibility was largely due to morphological case endings, which clearly indicated grammatical roles regardless of word order (Braune, 2004). Scholars also suggest that variations in word order reflected thematic and rhematic focus (Petrova, 2010). 2. Middle High German: transition towards systematization The Middle High German period (1050–1350) marks the gradual stabilization of word order. During this period, the verb-second (V2) tendency began to emerge, laying the foundation for modern German syntax (Paul, 2007). Sentence structure began to rely less on morphology and more on syntactic positioning. For example: der Mann sieht das Mädchen (subject + verb + object) heute sieht der Mann das Mädchen (adverb + verb + subject + object) At the same time, subordinate clauses maintained a verb-final structure: ich weiß, dass der Mann das Mädchen sieht – “I know that the man sees girl” These changes were driven by both morphological simplification and the influence of spoken language on written forms (Behaghel, 1928). 3. Early New High German: formation of V2 and V-final The Early New High German period (1350–1650) represents the foundation of modern German syntactic patterns. During this time, the V2 rule became standard. In main clauses, the verb appears in the second position, while in subordinate clauses, the verb remains at the end: Main clause: Heute geht der Mann nach Hause. Subordinate clause: ..., weil der Mann nach Hause geht. In interrogatives and imperatives, the verb appears first (V1 structure): Geht der Mann nach Hause? Komm bitte her! IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 69 This “dual syntactic stability” (Eroms, 2000) shows the distinction between main (V2) and subordinate (V-final) clauses. The spread of written texts, particularly Martin Luther’s Bible translation (1522), accelerated the normalization of verb placement and syntactic regularity (Zifonun, 1997). 4. Modern German: normative stability and information structure Modern German (1650–present) exhibits a stable syntactic system. Its word order follows three main models: 1. V2 – main clauses: Ich lese das Buch. 2. V-final – subordinate clauses: Ich weiß, dass du das Buch liest. 3. V1 – questions and imperatives: Liest du das Buch? / Komm bitte! This system also conveys information structure clearly, distinguishing topic (Thema) from comment (Rhema) (Frey, 2004). For instance: Heute liest Peter das Buch. – emphasis on “today” Peter liest heute das Buch. – emphasis on “Peter” Word order thus functions not only grammatically but also semantically, structuring new versus known information. 5. Causes and consequences of word order change The historical changes in German word order can be attributed to several factors: 1. Morphological simplification: Loss of inflectional endings made word position syntactically crucial. 2. Phonetic stress shifts: Movement of stress to sentence-initial positions supported V2 stabilization. 3. Written language proliferation: Printing and literature encouraged consistent syntactic patterns (Eroms, 2000). 4. Influence of other languages: Latin, French, and English models of fixed word order shaped German syntax (König, 1994). As a result, Modern German achieves both grammatical stability and communicative clarity. Conclusion The evolution of word order in German illustrates a shift from morphologically free structures to a rigid syntactic system. Old High German relied heavily on case endings for syntactic relationships, allowing flexible word order. Over time, simplification of inflections led to the establishment of V2 and V-final structures during Middle and Early New High German periods. Modern German syntax balances grammatical regularity with semantic and information-structuring functions, demonstrating that historical linguistic development enhances both clarity and expressiveness in the language. References 1. Behaghel, O. (1928). Deutsche Syntax: Eine geschichtliche Darstellung. Heidelberg: Winter Verlag. 2. Braune, W. (2004). Althochdeutsche Grammatik. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. 3. Duden Grammatik. (2016). Duden – Die Grammatik der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Mannheim: Dudenverlag. 4. Eroms, H.-W. (2000). Syntax der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter. 5. Frey, W. (2004). Information Structure and Word Order in German. Berlin: ZAS Papers in Linguistics. 6. König, E. (1994). Historische Syntax des Deutschen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 7. Paul, H. (2007). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag. 8. Petrova, S. (2010). Verb Placement in the History of German. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 9. Tomaselli, A. (1995). Cases of V2 Variation in Early Germanic Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10. Zifonun, G. (1997). Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 70 FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBS OF MOTION Irada Shamsizadeh Baku State University Department Abstract The article systematizes and analyzes verbs of motion in languages of different systems: Azerbaijani, English and Russian. A general description of the verbs of motion that form the lexical-semantic group is given; the semantic core and units of the group's environment are identified; the semantic structure of verbs of motion is analyzed taking into account such important factors as context, paradigmatic, syntagmatic connections, polysemy, synonymy, and grammatical features of a particular language. Keywords: verbs of motion, the Azerbaijani language, the English language, the Russian language, lexical-semantic group, core, meanings. There are various connections between words that are part of a language's vocabulary. These connections are one of the main factors determining the systematic nature of vocabulary. In general, the systematic nature of vocabulary is related to both extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors. “The presence of substantive and formal commonalities between words reflects various patterns of mastering extralinguistic reality through signs” (1, 3). The units of a language's lexical system are in various semantic relationships. Based on these semantic relationships, lexical units are formed into lexical-semantic groups (LSGs). The vocabulary of a language is characterized by instability and constant change. Along with the emergence of new words, other words become archaic. Various changes are observed in the semantics of words: words are split into lexical-semantic variants. Over time, changes in the language affect the vocabulary. The number of lexical-semantic variants of a word changes, i.e., it increases or decreases. The frequency of use of words and their lexical-semantic variants in speech also varies. One word is used more or less than another. This feature is also characteristic of the lexicalsemantic variants of a word. In this case, the problems of classifying vocabulary into lexical-semantic groups and studying these groups separately are relevant. Although various scientific works have expressed their views on the problem of defining lexical-semantic groups in the Azerbaijani language, no fundamental research has been conducted in this area. G. Jafarov's study touches upon various lexical-semantic groups. In this work, verbs are highlighted as one of the most interesting categories of words from a lexical-semantic and grammatical point of view, and three problems of their semantic study are noted: 1) thematic groups of verbs; 2) semantic types of verbs; 3) semantic relationships between verbs and other parts of speech. G. Jafarov singles out verbs of motion as a separate group and notes that they denote phenomena associated with movement in space and changes in natural state. Highlighting this feature of verbs, G. Jafarov divides them into three classes: 1. Indicating a change in natural position; 2. Indicating horizontal movement; 3. Indicating vertical movement (1, 85, 86, 100). Since the semantic field of verbs of motion in different languages has not been studied, no description of the semantic-component system of such verbs has been provided. The problems of the speech functionality of verbs of motion in the Azerbaijani language have not yet been the subject of separate research. In all languages, verbs of motion constitute a specific lexical-semantic group (hereinafter referred to as LSG – I.Sh.). In order to determine which verbs belong to the LSG of verbs of motion, it is first necessary to define the concept of “motion.” Movement is a form of existence of matter. In its most general form, movement is any interaction between material objects. There is no matter without movement and no movement without matter in the world. The movement of matter is absolute. Rest is relative; it is a manifestation of a certain moment of movement (3, 210). As can be seen, movement is a complex philosophical concept. It is difficult to select verbs of movement from the vocabulary of a language based on this definition and combine them into a lexical group. In its simplest form, movement can be understood as the displacement of a subject and an object. A list of verbs expressing the movement of a subject and object in the process of motion can be compiled based on various lexicographic sources and dictionaries. However, even in this case, it is difficult to speak of the completeness of the LSG of verbs of motion. The inclusion of some verbs in this LSG based on the accepted criteria is controversial, for example: in Azerbaijani: əzmək “to crush,” “to grind, to pulverize,” parçalamaq “to tear, to chop, to break, to crush, to tear apart, to split,” doğramaq “to chop, to crumble, cut,” yastılamaq ‘to flatten, press, crumple,’ bölmək ‘to divide, IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 71 separate, distribute (into parts),’ döymək ‘to beat, pound, grind,’ etc. These verbs contain the concept of movement, but here it is not the movement of an object or thing, but a change in form. This article examines a specific group of verbs of motion in the Azerbaijani language: getmək “to go, to walk, to leave, to drive, to depart,” qaçmaq “to run,” aparmaq “to carry, to lead, to transport, to take away,” daşımaq “to transport, to carry, to drag,” sürümək “to drag, to pull, to haul” qovmaq “to chase, drive away, expel, chase away”, gəzmək “to walk, stroll, ride around”, veyllənmək “to loiter, wander around, be idle”, çıxmaq “to go out, climb out, get out”, dırmaşmaq ” climb, scramble, clamber”, uçmaq ‘to fly’, üzmək ‘to float, swim’, sürünmək ‘to crawl, drag oneself, trudge’, iməkləmək ‘to crawl’, yuvarlanmaq ‘to roll, tumble’, sürüşmək ‘to slide’, qalxmaq ” to rise, to climb,” enmək ‘to descend, to go down, to climb down, to lower, to decrease,’ etc. Each lexical-semantic field has central elements. These elements are called the core of the LSF. Other words function as units surrounding the LSF. At the center of the semantic field of verbs of motion are the verbs getmək “to go, to leave” and gəlmək “to come.” These verbs express departure from a certain point and return to it. Such a point is called a deictic point, a point of reference. The core of verbs of motion also contains another verb: hərəkət etmək “to move.” In English, the verb move is used in this case. For the verb move, the direction is indefinite. This feature is characteristic of Azerbaijani and other languages, i.e., the verb hərəkət etmək “to move” does not provide information about the direction of movement. When determining the central elements of a semantic field, the frequency of a word and semantic field criteria are used. Of course, frequency is not always a decisive factor. Depending on the functional style, the frequency of use of a particular verb may change. Statistical calculations are required to determine the frequency of use of nuclear elements of verbs of motion in multisystem languages. Such calculations were carried out in Russian, English, and French. Based on materials from these languages, statistical indicators were determined for samples of 5,400 verbs go, come, and move. In these samples, the verbs go – идти – aller were used 3,400 times, which is 63% of the total sample. The verbs come – приходить – veniz were used 1,800 times (33%) in this sample, and the verbs move –movoir were used 200 times (4% in total). It should be noted that E.V. Yarema's statistical study was based on translations of works by the same author into different languages (3, 28). In various frequency dictionaries of the Azerbaijani language, one can compare the statistical indicators of the verbs getmək “to go, to leave” and gəlmək “to come, to arrive,” and hərəkət etmək “to move.” For example, in the poetic works of M. Fizuli, 27 word forms of the verb with the root “get” are used. Their frequency is recorded as follows: getdi “went away” -22, getmə “don't go away” -6, getmiş “gone away” -6, get “go” -4, getmək “to go, to leave” -4, getməz “will not go away” -4, getsə “if he/she goes away” -4, getdiyidir “his/her departure” -3, getmən “your departure” -3, getməsin “let him/her not leave” -3, getməsinlər “let them not leave” -3, getməyin “do not leave” -2, getmişdi “was leaving” -2, getdin “you left” -2, gedikcə, getdikdə “leaving,” getdilər “they left,” getdisə “if he/she left,” getdiyim “what I am leaving for,” getdiyindən “because of leaving,” getmədim “I did not leave,” getməli ” should leave”, getməmək ‘not to leave’, getməzəm ‘I will not leave’, getməzsə ‘if he/she does not leave’, getsəm ‘if I leave’, getsin ‘let him/her leave’ (4, 90-91). The total number of occurrences of the verb “get” is 79. In comparison, the verb “gəl” is used 249 times, which is three times more than the verb “get.” In Fizuli's language, the following word forms with the root gəl “to come, to arrive” are noted: gəl-47, gəldi-49, gəldigin-2, gəldikcə-15, gəldikdə, gəlgəldilər-2, gəldim-6, gəldin, gəldiyi, gəldiyim, gəldiyimdə, gəldiyimi, gəldiyin -3, gəldiyincə, gələ-4, gələgör, gələn-10, gələndə, gələni, gələr-5, gəlgəc, gəlib-12, gəlibdir, gəlim, gəlin-4, gəlincə-2, gəlir-20, gəlirdi-2, gəlirkən, gəlirmi, gəlirsən-3, gəlmə, gəlmədən, gəlmədi-2, gəlmək-2, gəlməmiş-2, gəlməyə, gəlməz-8, gəlmiş-8, gəlmişdi, gəlmişdir, gəlmişəm, gəlmişiz, gəlmişlər, gəlsə-7, gəlsin, gəlü, gəlür (4,91-92). In a study conducted on the basis of Azerbaijani newspapers, the frequency of use of the verb “gəlmək” is 111, while the frequency of the verb “getmək” is 69 (5, 63-64). A comparative analysis shows that the conclusions drawn by E.V. Yarema regarding the Azerbaijani language are somewhat different, i.e., a higher frequency of the verb “gəlmək” is revealed here. However, it should be noted that in E.V. Yarema's study, the calculations were based on the works of the same author. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 72 Undoubtedly, this feature influenced the overall picture of frequency. It follows that the features of the use of elements at the center of the LSG of verbs of motion in dissimilar languages are similar. Almost the same conclusions can be drawn when clarifying the meanings of the central elements of the LSG. An analysis based on the Oxford Dictionary shows that the verb “go” in English has 18 basic meanings. In addition, when locative and temporal prepositions are added to this verb, many new meanings are formed, for example: go about “to walk back and forth, to stroll,” go after “to search for,” go ahead “to move forward,” etc. The English-Azerbaijani dictionary provides 21 different translations for the verb “to go,” some of which include synonymous verbs. The translation options for the verb “to go” are as follows: 1) to walk, to move; 2) to set off; 3) to work, to move; 4) to stretch, to pass; 5) to disappear, to get lost, to pass; 6) to spread, to stretch out, to spread out; 7) to take responsibility, to decide on something; 8) settle, collapse; 9) arrange, observe a certain rule; 10) settle, arrange, enter, pass; 11) be on equal terms; 12) address (to); 13) to say, to express; 14) to ring; 15) to strike (a clock); 16) to weaken; to lose; to dry up; 17) to die, to perish; 18) to pass; to be accepted; 19) to participate; 20) to keep; to remain (6, 660-661). The verb getmək is translated in three ways in the Azerbaijani-English dictionary: 1) to go; 2) to visit, to call on; 3) to leave, to set off (7, 226). Explanatory dictionaries define and explain the meanings of words. The main verb must have at least one seme that performs a unifying function for a series of synonymous verbs of motion. Defining the forms of verb meanings includes defining their lexical-semantic variants. Distinct meanings are accepted as lexicalsemantic variants. Specific examples play an important role in explaining meanings. The meanings of the verb getmək in the Azerbaijani language are given in the explanatory dictionary with the following definitions getmək: verb 1. to go; to move, to walk. To walk slowly. To walk quickly. To walk on foot. To walk along the road. To walk side by side// To move from one place to another. Şah Səlimə xatuna işarə etdi ki, hərəm¬xanaya getsin. (-“The Shah signaled to Salmakhatun to go to the harem” - I.Sh.). 2. To move to another place, to change one's place of residence. To move to summer pastures. 3. To pass, to overtake, to outrun. 4. Choose a craft or profession. Müəllimliyə getmək (“literally, to become a teacher” - I.Sh.). 5. Be on the way, in motion (about something sent or dispatched). Məktub buradan Moskvaya iki günə gedir - (“A letter from here to Moscow takes two days” - I.Sh.). 6. To take place, to happen, to continue. Sinifdə dərs gedir- (“There is a lesson in the classroom” - I.Sh.). 7. To approach. 8. To end, to finish, to pass - Ömür getdi - (“Life has passed” - I.Sh.). 9. To be necessary, to be enough. Xalata 5 metr parça gedir – (“It will take 5 meters of fabric for a robe” - I.Sh.). 10. To be performed, to be staged (about a play, performance, etc.). Operada nə gedir – (“What is playing at the opera?” - I.Sh.). 11. figuratively, to die, to leave this world. Mən gedərsəmsə məramım genə dünyada durar – (“Even if I leave this world, my desire will remain in it” – I.Sh.). 12. To take away. 13. To get married (Ərə getmək “to get married” – I.Sh.). 14. To be sent, delivered to a specific address. 15. figuratively. to be sold. 16. To flow, to originate. 17. When attached to a series of nouns, it forms various expressions and complex verbs, for example: fikrə getmək “to think – I.Sh.”, əldən getmək “to miss, to lose something – I.Sh.) (8, 145). 1) go – to walk, to go – getmək; 2) to go for a walk – to walk, to go for a walk – gəzməyə getmək; 3) the train goes to London – the train goes to London; – Qatar Londona gedir; – to go – getmək; 4) to go by train – to travel by train – qatarla getmək; 5) to be, to be in (a certain position, state) – hansısa halda, vəziyyətdə olmaq; 6) to go hungry – to be, to always be hungry – ас olmaq (gəzmək, yerimək, getməк; 7) six months gone with child - she is six months pregnant - hamilə olmaq; 8) to be in circulation, to be in use (about a coin) - dövriyyədə olmaq; 9) to pass from mouth to mouth - dildən dilə keçmək; 10) as the story goes - as they say - necə deyərlər; 11) to put, to place in a certain place müəуyən уеrə qoymaq; 11) where is this carpet to go? - where should this carpet be laid? -Where should I put this carpet?; 12) to go (about a clock) - to work, to go; 13) to beat (about the heart) - to beat; 14) to be in action, to work (about a machine) - to work; 15) to sound, to ring (about a bell, etc.) – səsləmnək; 16) to strike (about a clock) – işləmək; 17) to go bang – to snap – çırpmaq; to explode – partlamaq; to shoot (about a gun) – atəş açmaq və s. The examples above show that despite the numerous meanings of words that form the core of the group of verbs of motion in different languages, there are also significant differences when they coincide. The verb getmək in Azerbaijani, when combined with various words, forms many new meanings and lexical-semantic variants, for example: özündən getmək “to lose consciousness, to faint,” əldən getmək “1. to love someone deeply; 2. to lose something”; könüllü getmək ‘to go, to go voluntarily’; zəhləsi getmək ‘to dislike, to not tolerate, to not accept someone’; yola getmək ‘to get along with someone’; güzəştə getmək ‘to make concessions to someone,’ etc. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 79 Technical sciences FEATURES AND MODES OF D2D INTERACTIONS IN NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS Davronbekov Dilmurod Abdujalilovich Professor of Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, DSc Khamidov Khasan Abdumutalovich Head of ECAS UNICON.UZ LLC, PhD Abstract This article examines the principles, architecture, and operating modes of Device-to-Device (D2D) technology in the context of the evolution of wireless networks from 5G to 6G. The characteristics of in-band and out-of-band communications, their advantages and limitations in terms of spectral efficiency, reliability, and autonomy are analyzed. It is shown that hybrid D2D mechanisms capable of dynamically switching between modes provide an optimal balance between speed, robustness, and power consumption, forming the basis for next-generation self-organizing communication systems. Keywords: D2D communication, in-band, out-of-band, architecture, 5G, 6G, IoT, base station, core, radio resource Modern wireless networks are undergoing a profound transformation: they are gradually moving from rigidly centralized structures to more flexible, decentralized, and self-organizing systems. One of the key areas of this evolution has become Device-to-Device (D2D) technology — the ability for devices to directly interact with each other without the necessary involvement of a base station or network core. Initially, D2D was seen as a way to increase spectral efficiency in LTE networks, but with the advent of 5G and preparations for 6G, it has become a strategic element of hybrid and distributed communications architectures. Data transmission delays, reduced operator network load, and increased channel resilience in congestion or emergency situations. Furthermore, D2D creates the foundation for application scenarios such as V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle communication), IoT (Internet of Things) and Public Safety Communications, where it is critical to ensure reliable and fast transmission of information without the involvement of central nodes. As we move towards sixth generation technologies, there is a growing trend towards integrating D2D with artificial intelligence systems, distributed computing (Edge/Fog Computing) and cognitive radio resource management. All this brings us closer to creating fully adaptive networks in which devices independently select the optimal communication mode, allocate resources, and maintain the required quality of service (QoS and QoE). Thus, the study of D2D interactions in the context of nextgeneration networks is becoming not just a technical task, but an important step towards building smarter, more resilient and human-centric telecommunications systems of the future [1-3]. The D2D communications architecture is a superstructure over the traditional cellular network structure and can operate both under operator control (network - assisted) and in standalone (Ad - hoc) mode. Its essence lies in the direct exchange of data between user devices (UE1 and UE2) without routing through the base station (gNB/eNB) and core (5G). Depending on the scenario, connection management and radio resource allocation may remain with the network or be transferred to the devices themselves. The architecture includes several layers, each of which is responsible for its own part of the transmission process: 1) Physical layer (PHY) is the radio interface responsible for modulation, coding, and signal transmission. In D2D, it uses NR subcarriers (uplink 5G NR) or dedicated frequency bands. 2) The data link layer (MAC) allocates resources, prevents collisions, and manages retransmissions (HARQ). 5G uses an improved Sidelink. MAC is a scheduler that provides coordination in time and frequency. 3) Network layer (RRC, PDCP) – responsible for establishing and maintaining connections, as well as packet routing. D2D implements two modes: controlled (network - controlled) and autonomous. 4) Application layer – implements specific services: from streaming video and content sharing to telemetry in IoT devices. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 80 D2D communication modes differ in the degree of infrastructure involvement, the type of spectrum used, and the methods of connection management. Mode 1 - In - band D2D (network-managed). Data exchange occurs in the operator's licensed spectrum, with centralized control via gNB. This option ensures high reliability, synchronization, and security, but increases the risk of interference with other users. Mode 2 - Out-of-band D2D (autonomous). Communication occurs outside the main range, for example via Wi - Fi Direct, mmWave or Bluetooth. This approach is carrier-independent, but less stable and vulnerable to data security [4-6]. 5G and 6G networks, both modes are used, creating a balance between controllability, speed and autonomy (Table 1). Table 1 Comparison of in-band and out-of-band operating modes No. Parameter In-band D2D Out-of-band D2D 1 Frequency range Coincides with cellular network frequencies Uses alternative spectrum (Wi - Fi, mmWave ) 2 Interference Possible with cell phone subscribers Minimal, but less manageable 3 Connection management Via eNB/gNB Standalone or P2P 4 Bandwidth High at short range Depends on the channel technology 5 Energy consumption Moderate, optimized by the network Above, requires device coordination 6 Safety Operator controlled Requires local protection mechanisms An analysis of Table 1 shows that in - band mode is more effective in scenarios with multiple devices operating in the network and stringent quality of service requirements, for example, in V2X, eMBB, or URLLC systems. In such environments, the base station manages the allocation of radio resources, reducing interference and ensuring stable network operation. However, this approach requires constant operator involvement and may create additional load on the infrastructure. Out-of-band mode, on the other hand, gives devices more freedom. It's autonomous and flexible, making it particularly useful in IoT environments or for emergency communications when a base station is unavailable. This mode reduces network dependency but requires smarter coordination algorithms between devices to avoid conflicts when sharing radio channels. When considering spectral efficiency, the in-band approach has an advantage due to centralized frequency planning and operator control. Out-of-band communications, on the other hand, are more focused on stability and availability, where the priority is not maximum transmission speed, but maintaining a reliable channel under all conditions [1-4]. In the future of 6G networks, hybrid solutions are receiving particular attention. Devices are expected to be able to dynamically switch between in-band and out-of-band modes, adapting to the current environment, load level, and quality of service requirements. This adaptability will bring D2D networks closer to the ideal of self-organizing and cognitively controlled systems capable of independently maintaining an optimal balance between speed, reliability, and power consumption. References 1. Davronbekov D.A., Khamidov Kh.A. The Role of Antennas in Ensuring D2D Scenario in Satellite Mobile Communications // International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology (IJ1RCST), Volume-13, lssue-4, 2025. – p.109-115 2. Логинов, В. И. Спутниковые телекоммуникационные технологии: учебное пособие / В. И. Логинов. — Нижний Новгород: ВГУВТ, 2014. — 72 с. 3. Pisetsky Yu.V., Nazarov A.M., Pulatov Sh.U., Madaminov H.Kh., Votinov K.A. Satellite communications / Tutorial. - Tashkent: " METODIST NASHRIYOTI ", 2024. - 200 p. 4. Louis J. Ippolito, Jr. Satellite Communications Systems Engineering. Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance/A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication. - 2008.-396 p. 5. G.Maral, M.Bousquet, Zh.Sun. Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology (6th Edition) / Wiley, 2020. – 800 p. 6. Pisetsky Yu.V., Votinov K.A., Dadamukhamedova D.D. Study of the influence of equivalent isotropically radiated power on the quality of communication in various satellite communication systems // “Muhammad al - Khorazmiy avlodlari” ilmiy - amaliy va axborot - tahliliy jurnali №4(30)/2024. -p.145-148. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 81 ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY AND STABILITY OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES OF CADASTRAL DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES Makhmudov Makhsum Mubashirovich Director UNICON.UZ LLC, PhD Abstract This article examines the reliability and stability of network topologies used to transmit cadastral data for telecommunications facilities. A comparative analysis of structural schemes - star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid - is conducted in terms of their fault tolerance, redundancy, and recovery time. An approach to selecting the optimal topology is proposed, taking into account the specifics of cadastral system information flows. It is shown that a hybrid architecture provides the best balance between reliability, cost effectiveness, and operational stability for national communications cadastres. Keywords: reliability, data transmission network, sustainability, topology, star, tree, ring, hybrid topology, cadastral system, telecommunications infrastructure, mesh network, structural connectivity, fault tolerance Modern telecommunications networks are multilayered distributed systems comprising thousands of nodes, channels, and subsystems, between which large volumes of data continuously circulate. One of the key areas of their digital development is the creation and improvement of cadastral systems for communications facilities -specialized information and analytical platforms designed for the accounting, monitoring, and management of communications infrastructure. These systems accumulate information on the technical condition of transmission lines, base stations, fiber-optic lines, antenna-feeder devices, and other elements, creating a unified digital space for the telecommunications industry. With the implementation of the “Digital Uzbekistan-2030” program and the transition to smart cities, the importance of cadastral systems is growing significantly [1]. They are no longer simply registers of objects but are becoming active elements of the digital ecosystem, facilitating interaction between government agencies, telecom operators, and infrastructure companies. The reliability and sustainability of these systems are becoming critical factors determining the validity of management decisions, the efficient use of resources, and the stability of telecommunications services. Network infrastructure, which facilitates data exchange between territorial nodes, storage servers, and external departmental systems, plays a central role in the functioning of cadastral systems. Even a brief failure of a single element can lead to data loss, disruption of synchronization, or temporary service interruption. Therefore, analyzing the reliability and stability of network topologies used to transmit cadastral data is one of the most important scientific and practical tasks in the modern information and communications industry [2]. When designing such networks, special attention is paid to the choice of topological structure—star, ring, tree, mesh or hybrid. This choice determines connectivity, redundancy, and system recovery time after failures. Although these topologies have long been studied in classical telecommunications networks, their application in the context of cadastral systems requires special consideration. Here, the information flows are different in nature - they include accounting data packets, database updates, requests and equipment telemetry, which places special demands on the network architecture and routing algorithms [3, 4]. In recent years, there has been growing interest in modeling the reliability of telecommunications structures using graph theory and probabilistic processes. However, most existing models are focused on transport or user networks, while cadastral data systems have a number of specific features: periodic information updates, territorial stratification, dependence on channels of various levels (including satellite and VPN connections), and strict requirements for the integrity and currency of transmitted data. When designing cadastral data transmission networks, it's important not only to select the topology but also to ensure an optimal balance between reliability, data throughput, and infrastructure cost-effectiveness. Unlike conventional telecommunications systems, where dynamic user flows predominate, cadastral networks transmit structured data with regular updates, making it critical to minimize latency and prevent data inconsistencies. Table 1 compares the reliability and resilience of network topologies for cadastral data transmission systems [5-8]. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 82 Table 1 Comparative assessment of the reliability and stability of network topologies of cadastral data transmission systems № Network topology The nature of connectivity Fault tolerance Channel redundancy Average recovery time Benefits for cadastral systems 1 Star Centralized, 1 node – core Low: Center failure blocks the network Minimum High (depending on the center) Ease of administration, clear hierarchy, ease of accounting 2 Ring Closed, sequential Medium: Single Fault Tolerance Low Average (recovery by a detour route) Single channel failover capability, load balancing 3 Tree Hierarchical Average: depends on the main branches Average Average Convenient for the administrative structure of the cadastral register (district-region-center) 4 Mesh Fully connected, multiple routes High: Routing bypasses faulty nodes High Low (high selforganization) Maximum fault tolerance, automatic connection recovery 5 Hybrid (Tree + Mesh) Combined: hierarchy + backup connections High, with moderate excess Medium-high Low-medium Optimal balance of reliability, speed, and cost; suitable for national cadastres One of the simplest and most common configurations remains the star topology, in which all peripheral nodes - regional cadastral centers or departmental servers - connect to a central node that performs data coordination and storage functions. The advantages include ease of administration, low latency, and clear delineation of functions between the center and branches. The main disadvantage is the dependence of the entire network on the central node: its failure leads to a complete halt in data exchange and loss of synchronization [2-5]. Ring topologies are used where communication continuity and the ability to bypass a single failure are essential. Nodes are connected in a closed loop, allowing data to circulate along alternative routes. Such solutions are effective for territorial cadastral networks, where data exchange between adjacent regions must be ensured even if a single link fails. However, with dual or cascading failures, the ring structure becomes unstable, requiring the implementation of redundancy mechanisms. A tree-like (hierarchical) topology is most typical for state cadastral systems, where data exchange is organized by level - from district nodes to regional nodes and then to the central database. This structure is natural in terms of administrative subordination and logical data distribution. Its weakness is its dependence on trunk branches: the failure of a single intermediate node can lead to the loss of communication with an entire group of subordinate centers. To mitigate these risks, redundant connections between nodes of the same level are necessary. A mesh network is characterized by multiple interconnections between nodes, ensuring maximum fault tolerance. If any element fails, data is automatically rerouted along other routes. In cadastral systems, this architecture is particularly effective for mission-critical segments - between national data centers, backup cloud sites, and analytics platforms. The main drawback of mesh networks is the complexity of setup and the high cost of maintaining redundant connections. The most balanced solution for large cadastral systems is a hybrid topology, combining the advantages of several approaches. For example, central nodes can be meshed to enhance the stability of the backbone, while regional and local centers are connected to them using a tree-like structure. This organization ensures reliable operation at a moderate cost, while maintaining the necessary flexibility and scalability. The analysis shows that the resilience of cadastral data transmission networks is determined not only by the selected topology, but also by the level of redundancy, routing mechanisms, and backup structure. For national and industry systems, hybrid architectures, which combine reliable backbone segments with hierarchically organized peripheral nodes, are considered optimal. This approach ensures the continuity of cadastral services even during partial channel failures and promotes increased trust in the data that underpins the management of the country's telecommunications infrastructure [6-8]. References 1. "On approval of the Strategy “Digital Uzbekistan-2030” and measures for its effective implementation". Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, dated October 5, 2020, №DP-6079. URL: https://lex.uz/docs/5031048 2. Isaev R.I. Multimedia communication networks: a tutorial. – T. “Aloqachi”. - 2017. – 320 p. 3. Mukhitdinov M.M., Makhmudov M.M. Innovative Development of the Field of Communications, Informatization and Telecommunication Technologies (monograph). Tashkent: Zamin Nashr, 2021. - 768 p. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 83 4. Joksić Dušan, Bajat Branislav. Elements of spatial data quality as information technology support for sustainable development planning // Spatium. – 2004, Issue 11.- p.77-83 https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT0411077J 5. M.Mukhitdinov, M.Makhmudov, R.Saifulin. Automated system for collecting and processing cadastral information (monograph) – “Yangi Nashr Nashriyoti” LLC - 2019 - 260 p. 6. Velichko V.V., Subbotin E.A., Shuvalov V.P., Yaroslavtsev A.F. Telecommunication systems and networks. Volume 3: Multiservice networks. Moscow: Goryachaya Liniya-Telecom, 2015.- 592 p. 7. M. M. Makhmudov. Analysis of Methods for Forming Cadastral Information of Telecommunication Facilities // “DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING FIELDS AND ECONOMIC SECTORS IN THE PROCESS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS”. Conference proceedings. Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 2025. – p. 388-390. 8. M. M. Makhmudov. Analysis of Network Topologies Applied to the Transmission of Cadastral Information on Telecommunication Infrastructure // Challenges and problems of modern science. Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. London, United Kingdom. 2025. – p. 41-44. IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 84 MODERN METHODS OF PROTECTING OILFIELD EQUIPMENT FRO CORROSION Shamil Samedzade Azerbaijan State Oil İndustry University Abstract Corrosion in the oil and gas industry is one of the main problems that seriously affects the safety and service life of equipment. High pressure, temperature, and aggressive chemical environments cause rapid wear of metals. Modern protection methods – cathodic protection, anti-corrosion coatings, chemical inhibitors, and smart sensor systems – serve to minimize corrosion risks. Innovative materials, especially nanocomposites and self-healing technologies, represent future directions of development. The application of these methods reduces accidents in the industry and increases economic efficiency. A comprehensive approach to corrosion protection is the key to sustainable oil production. Keywords: Corrosion protection, cathodic protection, anti-corrosion coatings, chemical inhibitors. The oil and gas industry is one of the main pillars of the global economy. The reliability, safety, and longevity of equipment used in this industry directly depend on corrosion control measures. Corrosion – the degradation of metals through chemical and electrochemical processes – poses aserious threat, especially for oilfield equipment operating under high pressure, high temperature, and aggressive environments. This article extensively analyzes modern corrosion protection methods, technologies, and their practical applications. Fiq. 1 Corrosion Problems in Oilfield Equipment: Pipelines, pump-compressor systems, separators, reservoirs, gas-lift systems, and other equipment used in oil production and transportation can be quickly damaged, especially when exposed to saline water and acidic components. Cracks and micro-perforations caused by corrosion can lead to accidents, gas and oil leaks, and even explosions. Moreover, corrosion has a major economic impact, costing millions of dollars annually.Modern Corrosion Protection Methods: Modern industry uses an integrated approach to combat corrosion, including physical, chemical, and digital technologies. Cathodic and Anodic Protection Systems: Cathodic protection is the most widely used electrochemical protection method in the oil industry. This method minimizes corrosion by altering the potential of the metal surface. There are two main types: - Galvanic anode systems – usemetals such as zinc, magnesium, and aluminum; - Impressed current systems (ICCP) – protection ensured by an external source of direct current. These systems are mainly applied in pipelines, offshore platforms, and underground tanks. Anti-Corrosion Coatings and Nanotechnology: Modern coatings not only create a physical barrier but also provide chemical resistance. Epoxy, polyurethane, fluoropolymer, and nanocomposite-based coatings differ in corrosion resistance. The application of nanoparticles enhances resistance to microcracking and, in some cases, enables self-healing mechanisms. Chemical Inhibitors and their Application: Corrosion inhibitors are added to flow fluids during oil and gas production to form a protective layer on metal surfaces. They are divided into the following categories: - IV international scientific conference. Seoul. South Korea. 23-24.10.2025 85 Anodic inhibitors – slow down oxidation; - Cathodic inhibitors – weaken reduction reactions; - Film-forming inhibitors – cover the metal surface and limit diffusion. The selection of inhibitors depends on the chemical composition of the environment, temperature, and pressure of the system. Smart Monitoring and Sensor Technologies: In modern industry, real-time monitoring systems are used to detect corrosion early. Fiber-optic sensors, electrochemical corrosion coupons, and acoustic emission technologies allow the corrosion rate in pipelines and deep wells to be tracked. IoT-based systems transmit data to central servers, providing an early warning mechanism. Material Selection and Innovative Design: The durability of materials used in the oil industry is a key factor in corrosion control. The following materials are preferred: - Stainless steels (AISI 304, 316); Duplex and superduplex steels; - Titanium and nickel-based alloys; - Composite materials and FRP pipes. Material selection is evaluated based on both physical properties and economic efficiency. Practical Applications and Industrial Experience: For example, on offshore platforms in the Caspian Sea, cathodic protection systems combined with epoxy coatings have increased pipeline service life by 15–20 years. In countries like the USA and Norway, AI-based analytic platforms are used to predict corrosion behavior. Economic Impacts and Risk Reduction: Economic losses caused by corrosion amount to billions of dollars annually. Preventive measures play a key role in avoiding accidents. A proactive approach implementing preventive protection systems instead of repairs – ensures 30–40% cost savings in the long term.Future Development Prospects: Nanoparticle-reinforced coatings; Self-healing materials; - AI and Big Data-driven risk analysis; - Robot-based maintenance systems. Conclusion: 1.The application of modern protection technologies increases equipment longevity, prevents production interruptions, and ensures industrial safety. 2. The conducted research demonstrates that the corrosion protection of oilfield equipment plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability, durability, and economic efficiency of production processes. 3. The intensity of corrosion phenomena directly depends on operating conditions, the chemical composition of the environment, temperature and pressure parameters, as well as the physicochemical properties of the materials used. Therefore, it is considered appropriate to implement corrosion protection measures in a complex manner — through the integrated application of technological, chemical, and electrochemical methods. 4. The implementation of advanced corrosion monitoring systems and inhibitor technologies significantly extends the service life of equipment, preventing accidents and reducing economic losses. Literature 1. Donham, J.E. (1987). Corrosion in petroleum production operations. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 13: Corrosion, 9e (eds. L.J. Korb and D.L. Olson), 1232–1261. ASM International. 2. Hughes, B. (2013). Total Systems Approach Handbook for Production Chemicals, 2e (eds. N. Atzmiller and R. Fisher). Baker Hughes Incorporated Liquid-dominated Systems (pp. 22–46) & Gas-dominated Systems (pp. 50–70). 3. Kane, R.D. (2006). Corrosion in petroleum production operations. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 13C: Corrosion: Environments and Industries (eds.S.D. Cramer and B.S. Covino Jr,), 925. ASM International. 4. Stone, P.J. (1987). Corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 13: Corrosion, 9e (eds. L.J. Korb and D.L. Olson), 478–484. ASM International. 5. NACE SP0775-2018-SG (2018) Preparation, installation, analysis, and interpretation of corrosion coupons in oilfield operations. Houston, TX: NACE International. 6. NACE MR0176-2012 (2012) Metallic materials for sucker-rod pumps for corrosive oilfield environments. Houston, TX: NACE International. 7. CSA Z662-15 (2015). Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, 7e. Canadian Standards Association. 8. CAPP Technical Document (2018). Best management practice for mitigation of internal corrosion in carbon steel oil effluent pipeline systems,July 2018-0027, The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP),Calgary, Alberta, Canada.