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Assessmen o Diazinon Toxici y on Amino Acid Dynamics in he Gills and
In es ine o Channa punc a us
D Ragini Ahi wa
PG College, Ghazipu , (U.P.) India.
e-mail: [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
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Pape ID: IJRES-
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Recei ed: 2025-10-23
Published: 2025-11-22
DOI:
h ps://dx.doi.o g/1
0.5281/zenodo.176805
62
Page No: 77-83
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Enginee ing & Science
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The widesp ead and indisc imina e use o ag icul u al pes icides, such as Diazinon,
con ibu es o en i onmen al pollu ion, wi h esidues accumula ing in aqua ic
ecosys ems and dis up ing ood chains. This s udy examines he impac o Diazinon
on he essen ial amino acids a ginine and yp ophan in he gills and in es ine o
Channa punc a us. Fish we e exposed o 3.1 mg/L Diazinon o one mon h, wi h a
con ol g oup main ained in ap wa e . His ochemical analyses, using he Sakaguchi
eac ion o a ginine and he DMAB-ni i e me hod o yp ophan, we e conduc ed
on gills and in es ine issues. In con ol ish, s ong posi i e eac ions o a ginine
and yp ophan we e obse ed in gill ake s, adduc o and abduc o muscles, and
in es inal mucosa, submucosa, and muscula is, wi h mode a e ac i i y in o he issue
laye s. Following Diazinon exposu e, a signi ican educ ion o absence o
his ochemical eac ions was obse ed ac oss all issues, indica ing a deple ion o
hese amino acids. This educ ion is likely a ibu ed o al e ed memb ane
pe meabili y due o Diazinon oxici y. The indings unde sco e he de imen al
ecological and physiological e ec s o Diazinon on aqua ic o ganisms, highligh ing
he need o ca e ul pes icide managemen o minimize en i onmen al and ood chain
impac s.
Key wo ds: In es ine, Gills, Essen ial Amino Acid, A ginine and yp ophan.
Ci e This Pape : D Ragini Ahi wa (2025). "Assessmen o Diazinon Toxici y on Amino
Acid Dynamics in he Gills and In es ine o Channa punc a us". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IJRES), ol. 9, no. 6, 2025, pp. 77-83. DOI:
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17680562
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch in Enginee ing & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838
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INTRODUCTION
The wide use o ag icul u al pes icides in disc imina ely has de eloped an ecological
c isis due o en i onmen al pollu ion. These pes icides esidue a e washed away by ain wa e in o
i e s. Mos o he pes icides used ha e app ecia ely long li e pe iod and also qui e s able.
Howe e , some o hem unde go biodeg ada ion on soil, wa e o in animals and plan bodies.
Pes icides a e highly oxic o he o ganism and poo ly e ec ed o o ganisms.
Du ing he Second Wo ld Wa II in oduc ion o DDT, a syn he ic o ganic insec icide
ga e en i ely a new concep in pes con ol. Now a day, a e y la ge numbe o such insec icides
belonging o di e en g oup like chlo ina ed hyd oca bon, o gano-phospho us compounds e c. a e
used. These pes icides a e commonly used because o hei b oad-spec um insec icidal e iciency
and ela i e low cos . These pes icides p o ide a use ul ool o ag icul u alis and hygienis o
c op p o ec ion and disease con ol. This chemical, i esis an in na u e, p o e o be s ill mo e
haza dous bo h o plan s and animals, especially in aqua ic en i onmen . The pes icide and hei
esidue which a e used in a ming con inuously discha ge in o en i onmen , esul ing o he
imbalance o na u al equilib ium and a ec ood chain. Because a e pa o ood chain, keeping
his in iew he p esen in es iga ion was unde aken o e alua e he impac o used pes icide on
he amino acid o gills and in es ine o Channa punc a us.
Ve y li le wo k has done on e ec o pes icide on amino acid in di e en issues o
ish body. The p esen s udy has been designed o unde s and he changes in a ginine and
yp ophan con en (essen ial amino acid) in he gills and in es ine o Channa punc a us when
ea ed wi h Diazinon.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Li e specimens o Channa punc a us we e ob ained om local supplie s and
acclima ed o labo a o y condi ions o a pe iod o se en days p io o expe imen a ion. A e
acclima iza ion, he ish we e andomly di ided in o wo g oups, each consis ing o 20 indi iduals.
The i s g oup was exposed o Diazinon a a concen a ion o 3.1 mg/L, whe eas he
second g oup se ed as he con ol and was main ained in dechlo ina ed ap wa e unde iden ical
labo a o y condi ions. The exposu e pe iod o bo h g oups was one mon h.
A he end o he ea men pe iod, he ish we e eu hanized by decapi a ion, and he
a ge issues—gills and in es ine—we e ca e ully dissec ed ou . The issues we e immedia ely
ixed in 10% neu al bu e ed o malin. S anda d pa a in-embedding p ocedu es we e ollowed
o p epa e issue sec ions o his ochemical analysis.
The ollowing his ochemical echniques we e employed o assess amino acid ac i i y:
1. Sakaguchi eac ion o he de ec ion o a ginine (Bake ’s modi ica ion, 1947).
2. DMAB-ni i e me hod o he es ima ion o yp ophan (Adams, 1957).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A ginine
Gills
In he con ol g oup, a s ong posi i e his ochemical esponse o a ginine was obse ed
in he gill ake s, adduc o muscles, and abduc o muscles, while he emaining gill issues showed
mode a e ac i i y. Following exposu e o Diazinon, hese egions exhibi ed a ma ked educ ion in
a ginine ac i i y, wi h he gill ake s and associa ed muscles showing only ain s aining. De ailed
alues a e p o ided in Table 1.
In es ine
Con ol ish displayed an in ense and uni o m dis ibu ion o a ginine h oughou all
in es inal issue laye s. In con as , Diazinon- ea ed ish demons a ed weak o e y ain a ginine
ac i i y ac oss he in es ine, indica ing a signi ican decline in amino acid p esence (Table 2).
T yp ophan
Gills
In un ea ed ish, yp ophan ac i i y was s ongly exp essed in he gill ake s, adduc o
muscles, and abduc o muscles, wi h mode a e eac i i y no ed in he p ima y and seconda y gill
lamellae. Exposu e o Diazinon esul ed in a comple e absence o de ec able yp ophan in he gill
ake s, abduc o muscles, and bo h lamella egions. Only a dull esponse pe sis ed in he adduc o
muscles (Table 3).
In es ine
A obus posi i e eac ion o yp ophan was eco ded h oughou all in es inal
laye s—mucosa, submucosa, and muscula is—in he con ol g oup. Diazinon exposu e d as ically
educed yp ophan eac i i y, wi h only a ain esponse limi ed o he mucosal laye , while he
emaining laye s showed no de ec able ac i i y (Table 4).
Amino acids se e as undamen al building blocks o p o eins and a e i al o cellula
s uc u e and me abolic p ocesses. Essen ial amino acids such as a ginine and yp ophan mus be
supplied ex e nally, and hei p esence wi hin issues is indica i e o no mal physiological
unc ioning. In he p esen in es iga ion, hese wo essen ial amino acids we e assessed
his ochemically.
The Sakaguchi eac ion con i med he localiza ion o a ginine, whe eas he DMAB–
ni i e me hod e ealed yp ophan dis ibu ion. In bo h gill and in es inal issues, Diazinon
exposu e caused a subs an ial decline in he his ochemical eac i i y o hese amino acids. This
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deple ion sugges s impai ed p o ein syn hesis o enhanced deg ada ion p ocesses igge ed by he
oxican .
The obse ed educ ion may be a ibu ed o al e ed cell memb ane pe meabili y,
dis up ed me abolic pa hways, o di ec biochemical in e e ence by Diazinon. P e ious s udies
ha e shown ha o ganophospha e pes icides can cause physiological s ess, abno mal beha io ,
and s uc u al damage in ish. Simila indings o Diazinon-induced oxici y ac oss a ious issues
and species ha e been documen ed, suppo ing he p esen obse a ions.
CONCLUSION
The s udy demons a es ha Diazinon exe s a p onounced ad e se e ec on he amino
acid composi ion o Channa punc a us, pa icula ly educing he le els o a ginine and yp ophan
in bo h gills and in es ine. The sha p decline in hese essen ial amino acids indica es comp omised
p o ein me abolism and cellula unc ion. Such changes highligh he ulne abili y o aqua ic
o ganisms o o ganophospha e pes icides and emphasize he po en ial ecological isks posed by
Diazinon con amina ion in eshwa e sys ems. These esul s con ibu e aluable in o ma ion
owa d unde s anding biochemical ma ke s o pes icide oxici y and may assis in e alua ing
en i onmen al sa e y and egula o y p ac ices conce ning pes icide use.
Table 1. Dis ibu ion o a ginine in he Gills o Channa punc a us a e he ea men o Diazinon.
+++, Ve y S ong Ac i i y, ++, S ong ac i i y, +, Mode a e Ac i i y, , Dull Ac i i y and Nil
Ac i i y.
T ea men
Gill ake
Adduc o
muscle
Abduc o
muscle
P ima y gill
lamellae
Seconda y gill
lamellae
Con ol
++
++
+
+
+
Diazinon
_
_
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Table 2. Dis ibu ion o a ginine in he In es ine o Channa punc a us a e he ea men o
Diazinon.
+++, Ve y S ong Ac i i y, ++, S ong ac i i y, +, Mode a e Ac i i y, , Dull Ac i i y and Nil
Ac i i y.
Table 3. Dis ibu ion o yp ophan in he Gills o Channa punc a us a e he ea men o
Diazinon.
+++, Ve y S ong Ac i i y, ++, S ong ac i i y, +, Mode a e Ac i i y, , Dull Ac i i y and Nil
Ac i i y.
T ea men
Mucosa
Sub mucosa
Muscula is
Se osa
Ci cula
muscle
Longi udinal
muscle
Con ol
++
++
+
+
+
Diazinon
_
T ea men
Gill ake
Adduc o
muscle
Abduc o
muscle
Seconda y
gill lamellae
P ima y gill
lamellae
Con ol
++
++
++
+
+
Diazinon
_
_
_
_
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Table 4. Dis ibu ion o yp ophan in he In es ine o Channa punc a us a e he ea men o
Diazinon.
+++, Ve y S ong Ac i i y, ++, S ong ac i i y, +, Mode a e Ac i i y, , Dull Ac i i y and Nil
Ac i i y.
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