Assessment of Diazinon Toxicity on Amino Acid Dynamics in the Gills and Intestine of Channa punctatus

International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 77 Assessment of Diazinon Toxicity on Amino Acid Dynamics in the Gills and Intestine of Channa punctatus Dr Ragini Ahirwar PG College, Ghazipur, (U.P.) India. e-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ©2025 RS Publication Paper ID: IJRES6920112A698D0 Received: 2025-10-23 Published: 2025-11-22 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/1 0.5281/zenodo.176805 62 Page No: 77-83 International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 The widespread and indiscriminate use of agricultural pesticides, such as Diazinon, contributes to environmental pollution, with residues accumulating in aquatic ecosystems and disrupting food chains. This study examines the impact of Diazinon on the essential amino acids arginine and tryptophan in the gills and intestine of Channa punctatus. Fish were exposed to 3.1 mg/L Diazinon for one month, with a control group maintained in tap water. Histochemical analyses, using the Sakaguchi reaction for arginine and the DMAB-nitrite method for tryptophan, were conducted on gills and intestine tissues. In control fish, strong positive reactions for arginine and tryptophan were observed in gill rakers, adductor and abductor muscles, and intestinal mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis, with moderate activity in other tissue layers. Following Diazinon exposure, a significant reduction or absence of histochemical reactions was observed across all tissues, indicating a depletion of these amino acids. This reduction is likely attributed to altered membrane permeability due to Diazinon toxicity. The findings underscore the detrimental ecological and physiological effects of Diazinon on aquatic organisms, highlighting the need for careful pesticide management to minimize environmental and food chain impacts. Key words: Intestine, Gills, Essential Amino Acid, Arginine and tryptophan. Cite This Paper: Dr Ragini Ahirwar (2025). "Assessment of Diazinon Toxicity on Amino Acid Dynamics in the Gills and Intestine of Channa punctatus". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IJRES), vol. 9, no. 6, 2025, pp. 77-83. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17680562 International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 78 INTRODUCTION The wide use of agricultural pesticides in discriminately has developed an ecological crisis due to environmental pollution. These pesticides residue are washed away by rain water into rivers. Most of the pesticides used have appreciately long life period and also quite stable. However, some of them undergo biodegradation on soil, water or in animals and plant bodies. Pesticides are highly toxic to the organism and poorly effected of organisms. During the Second World War II introduction of DDT, a synthetic organic insecticide gave entirely a new concept in pest control. Now a day, a very large number of such insecticides belonging to different group like chlorinated hydrocarbon, organo-phosphorus compounds etc. are used. These pesticides are commonly used because of their broad-spectrum insecticidal efficiency and relative low cost. These pesticides provide a useful tool for agriculturalist and hygienist for crop protection and disease control. This chemical, if resistant in nature, prove to be still more hazardous both to plants and animals, especially in aquatic environment. The pesticide and their residue which are used in farming continuously discharge into environment, resulting to the imbalance of natural equilibrium and affect food chain. Because are part of food chain, keeping this in view the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the impact of used pesticide on the amino acid of gills and intestine of Channa punctatus. Very little work has done on effect of pesticide on amino acid in different tissues of fish body. The present study has been designed to understand the changes in arginine and tryptophan content (essential amino acid) in the gills and intestine of Channa punctatus when treated with Diazinon. MATERIAL AND METHODS Live specimens of Channa punctatus were obtained from local suppliers and acclimated to laboratory conditions for a period of seven days prior to experimentation. After acclimatization, the fish were randomly divided into two groups, each consisting of 20 individuals. The first group was exposed to Diazinon at a concentration of 3.1 mg/L, whereas the second group served as the control and was maintained in dechlorinated tap water under identical laboratory conditions. The exposure period for both groups was one month. At the end of the treatment period, the fish were euthanized by decapitation, and the target tissues—gills and intestine—were carefully dissected out. The tissues were immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Standard paraffin-embedding procedures were followed to prepare tissue sections for histochemical analysis. The following histochemical techniques were employed to assess amino acid activity: 1. Sakaguchi reaction for the detection of arginine (Baker’s modification, 1947). 2. DMAB-nitrite method for the estimation of tryptophan (Adams, 1957). International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 79 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Arginine Gills In the control group, a strong positive histochemical response for arginine was observed in the gill rakers, adductor muscles, and abductor muscles, while the remaining gill tissues showed moderate activity. Following exposure to Diazinon, these regions exhibited a marked reduction in arginine activity, with the gill rakers and associated muscles showing only faint staining. Detailed values are provided in Table 1. Intestine Control fish displayed an intense and uniform distribution of arginine throughout all intestinal tissue layers. In contrast, Diazinon-treated fish demonstrated weak to very faint arginine activity across the intestine, indicating a significant decline in amino acid presence (Table 2). Tryptophan Gills In untreated fish, tryptophan activity was strongly expressed in the gill rakers, adductor muscles, and abductor muscles, with moderate reactivity noted in the primary and secondary gill lamellae. Exposure to Diazinon resulted in a complete absence of detectable tryptophan in the gill rakers, abductor muscles, and both lamellar regions. Only a dull response persisted in the adductor muscles (Table 3). Intestine A robust positive reaction for tryptophan was recorded throughout all intestinal layers—mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis—in the control group. Diazinon exposure drastically reduced tryptophan reactivity, with only a faint response limited to the mucosal layer, while the remaining layers showed no detectable activity (Table 4). Amino acids serve as fundamental building blocks of proteins and are vital for cellular structure and metabolic processes. Essential amino acids such as arginine and tryptophan must be supplied externally, and their presence within tissues is indicative of normal physiological functioning. In the present investigation, these two essential amino acids were assessed histochemically. The Sakaguchi reaction confirmed the localization of arginine, whereas the DMAB– nitrite method revealed tryptophan distribution. In both gill and intestinal tissues, Diazinon exposure caused a substantial decline in the histochemical reactivity of these amino acids. This International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 80 depletion suggests impaired protein synthesis or enhanced degradation processes triggered by the toxicant. The observed reduction may be attributed to altered cell membrane permeability, disrupted metabolic pathways, or direct biochemical interference by Diazinon. Previous studies have shown that organophosphate pesticides can cause physiological stress, abnormal behavior, and structural damage in fish. Similar findings of Diazinon-induced toxicity across various tissues and species have been documented, supporting the present observations. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that Diazinon exerts a pronounced adverse effect on the amino acid composition of Channa punctatus, particularly reducing the levels of arginine and tryptophan in both gills and intestine. The sharp decline in these essential amino acids indicates compromised protein metabolism and cellular function. Such changes highlight the vulnerability of aquatic organisms to organophosphate pesticides and emphasize the potential ecological risks posed by Diazinon contamination in freshwater systems. These results contribute valuable information toward understanding biochemical markers of pesticide toxicity and may assist in evaluating environmental safety and regulatory practices concerning pesticide use. Table 1. Distribution of arginine in the Gills of Channa punctatus after the treatment of Diazinon. +++, Very Strong Activity, ++, Strong activity, +, Moderate Activity, , Dull Activity and  Nil Activity. Treatment Gill raker Adductor muscle Abductor muscle Primary gill lamellae Secondary gill lamellae Control ++ ++ + + + Diazinon    _ _ International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 81 Table 2. Distribution of arginine in the Intestine of Channa punctatus after the treatment of Diazinon. +++, Very Strong Activity, ++, Strong activity, +, Moderate Activity, , Dull Activity and  Nil Activity. Table 3. Distribution of tryptophan in the Gills of Channa punctatus after the treatment of Diazinon. +++, Very Strong Activity, ++, Strong activity, +, Moderate Activity, , Dull Activity and  Nil Activity. Treatment Mucosa Sub mucosa Muscularis Serosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Control ++ ++ + + + Diazinon     _ Treatment Gill raker Adductor muscle Abductor muscle Secondary gill lamellae Primary gill lamellae Control ++ ++ ++ + + Diazinon _  _ _ _ International Journal of Research in Engineering & Science ISSN:(P) 2572-4274 (O) 2572-4304 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRES/IJRE.html volume 9 Number 6, 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17623838 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, rspublic[email protected] 82 Table 4. Distribution of tryptophan in the Intestine of Channa punctatus after the treatment of Diazinon. +++, Very Strong Activity, ++, Strong activity, +, Moderate Activity, , Dull Activity and  Nil Activity. REFERENCES 1. Al-Arabi, S. A. M. (1992). Toxicity of Diazinon to three species of Indian major carps. Bangladesh Journal of Training and Development, 5(1), 79. 2. Alam, M. G. M. (1995). 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