Psychological Resilience in Female Athletes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Individual and Contextual Correlates (2000–2025)

Geze , 2025.
Ulusla a ası Sağlık, Egze siz e Spo Bilimle i De gisi, (2024)
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h,
Exe cise, and Spo Sciences
(IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382
RESEARCH ARTICLE / A aş ı ma Makalesi Open Access/Açık E işim
IJOSS
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Psychological Resilience in Female A hle es: A Me a-Analy ic Re iew
o Indi idual and Con ex ual Co ela es (2000---2025)
Kadın Spo cula da Psikolojik Dayanıklılık: Bi eysel e Bağlamsal Ko elasyonla ın Me a-Anali ik
İncelemesi (2000---2025)
Ha ice Geze 1*
Abs ac
Objec i e: This me a-analy ic e iew aimed o examine he o e all e ec o indi idual and con ex ual ac o s
on psychological esilience among emale a hle es. Me hod: Sys ema ic e iew and me a-analysis design
was used in his s udy. A comp ehensi e li e a u e sea ch was conduc ed ac oss eigh majo academic
da abases (PubMed, Web o Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, P oQues , PsycARTICLES, and SAGE
Jou nals) o quan i a i e s udies published be ween 2000 and 2025. The inclusion c i e ia equi ed ha
s udies ocus exclusi ely on emale a hle es and epo s a is ically codable da a ela ed o psychological
esilience o men al oughness. Da a we e ex ac ed om 39 eligible s udies, encompassing a o al sample
o 6,349 pa icipan s. A andom-e ec s model was employed o compu e pooled e ec sizes (β) and 95%
con idence in e als (CIs). Subg oup analyses we e conduc ed based on spo ype, compe i ion le el,
measu emen ools, sample size, and age g oup. Resul : The o e all me a-analy ic e ec was s a is ically
signi ican and mode a e in magni ude (β = 0.403; 95% CI = 0.373---0.433), indica ing ha a ious indi idual
and en i onmen al ac o s a e posi i ely associa ed wi h psychological esilience among emale a hle es.
He e ogenei y was mode a e (I² = 31.2%). Subg oup analyses e ealed signi ican ly s onge e ec s among
eli e a hle es (β = 0.430) and pa icipan s aged ≥22 (β = 0.398), compa ed o hei coun e pa s. Al hough
spo ype and measu emen ools showed di ec ional di e ences, he subg oup di e ences we e no
s a is ically signi ican . The indings unde sco e he mul i ac o ial na u e o esilience in spo con ex s. This
me a-analysis p o ides obus empi ical e idence o he psychological co ela es o esilience in emale
a hle es. The indings sugges ha bo h demog aphic and me hodological a iables con ibu e o he
obse ed a iance in esilience le els.
Keywo ds Psychological esilience, men al oughness, emale a hle es, me a-analysis, spo psychology,
eli e a hle es, indi idual di e ences, subg oup analysis
Öze
Amaç: Bu me a-anali ik inceleme, kadın spo cula a asında psikolojik dayanıklılık üze indeki bi eysel e
bağlamsal ak ö le in genel e kisini incelemeyi amaçlamış ı . Yön em: Bu çalışmada sis ema ik de leme e
me a-analiz asa ımı kullanılmış ı . 2000 ile 2025 yılla ı a asında yayınlanmış niceliksel çalışmala sekiz büyük
akademik e i abanında (PubMed, Web o Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, P oQues , PsycARTICLES
e SAGE Jou nals) kapsamlı bi li e a ü a anmış ı . Çalışmaya dahil e me k i e le i, ka ılımcıla ın yalnızca
kadın spo cula a odaklanmasını e psikolojik dayanıklılık eya zihinsel dayanıklılıkla ilgili is a is iksel ola ak
kodlanabili e ile i bildi mesini ge ek i miş i . Ve ile , oplam 6.349 ka ılımcıyı kapsayan 39 uygun
çalışmadan çıka ılmış ı . Bi leş i ilmiş e ki büyüklükle ini (β) e %95 gü en a alıkla ını (GA) hesaplamak için
as gele e ki modeli kullanılmış ı . Al g up analizle i spo ü ü, ya ışma düzeyi, ölçüm a açla ı, ö neklem
büyüklüğü e yaş g ubuna gö e yü ü ülmüş ü . Sonuç: Genel me a-anali ik e ki is a is iksel ola ak anlamlı e
o a büyüklük e bulgulanmış ı (β = 0,403; %95 CI = 0,373---0,433), bu da çeşi li bi eysel e çe esel ak ö le in
kadın spo cula a asında psikolojik dayanıklılıkla pozi i ilişkili olduğunu gös e mek edi . He e ojenlik o a
düzeyde espi edilmiş i . (I² = %31,2). Al g up analizle inde, eli spo cula (β = 0,430) e ≥22 yaşındaki
ka ılımcıla (β = 0,398) a asında, önemli ölçüde daha güçlü e kile o aya çıkmak adı . Spo ü ü e ölçüm
a açla ı a klılıkla gös e se de, al g up a klılıkla ı is a is iksel ola ak anlamlı bulunmamış ı . Bulgula , spo
bağlamla ında dayanıklılığın çok ak ö lü doğasını u gulamak adı . Bu me a-analiz, kadın spo cula da
dayanıklılığın psikolojik ko elasyonla ı için sağlam ampi ik kanı la sunmak adı . Bulgula , hem demog a ik
hem de me odolojik değişkenle in dayanıklılık düzeyle indeki gözlemlenen a yansa ka kıda bulunduğunu
gös e mek edi .
Anah a kelimele : Psikolojik dayanıklılık, zihinsel dayanıklılık, kadın spo cula , me a-analiz, spo
psikolojisi, eli spo cula , bi eysel a klılıkla , al g up analizi
h ps://www.ijoss.o g/A chi e/issue2- olume2/ijoss-Volume2-issue2-26.pd
*Co espondence:
Ha ice GEZER
geze ha [email protected]
1Sa ıkamış Meslek Yüksekokulu, Ka kas
Üni e si esi, TÜRKİYE
geze ha ice[email p o ec ed]
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-7291-
4002
Recei ed / Gönde im: 08.04.2025
Accep ed / Kabul: 19.06.2025
Published / Yayın: 30.06.2025
Volume 2, Issue 2, June, 2025
Cil 2, Sayı 2, Hazi an, 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17682315
Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 295 o 312
In oduc ion
Psychological esilience is commonly de ined as an indi idual’s abili y o main ain
psychological unc ioning in he ace o auma ic li e e en s, in ense s esso s, and
en i onmen al p essu es and, in some cases, o eme ge s onge om such expe iences
(Fle che & Sa ka , 2012). Wi hin he domain o spo , esilience encompasses a ange
o mul idimensional psychological a ibu es, including men al oughness, sel -
egula ion, emo ional balance, mo i a ional pe sis ence, and cogni i e lexibili y.
Pa icula ly in compe i i e a hle es, whe e bo h physical and psychological demands a e
subs an ial, esilience is widely ega ded as a c i ical ac o in sus aining high
pe o mance (Rod igues e al., 2022; To ma & Balogh, 2021).
When i comes o emale a hle es, psychological esilience mus be examined wi hin
a mo e complex and mul ilaye ed amewo k. Ac oss hei a hle ic ca ee s, women ace
unique psychosocial s esso s, such as gende ole expec a ions, body image p essu e,
limi ed media ep esen a ion, he challenge o balancing mo he hood and spo , and
conce ns ega ding ca ee con inui y (Wa kins & Ahmed, 2022; González-He nández e
al., 2020).
Resea ch in his a ea has shown ha psychological esilience among emale a hle es
is no only associa ed wi h coping wi h s ess, bu also di ec ly linked o ac o s such as
social suppo , sel -compassion, and a hle ic iden i y (Guccia di e al., 2015; Ma ins &
Hwang, 2023; Reyes & Han, 2023; O'B ien e al., 2021). Simila ly, e idence shows ha
ange egula ion and exp ession unde pe o mance s ess may di e ac oss gende s,
which has impo an implica ions o how emo ional esilience de elops in male and
emale a hle es (Esposi o & Romano, 2022).
Addi ionally, du ing he COVID-19 pandemic, he psychological esilience o emale
collegia e a hle es was di ec ly ela ed o sel -compassion and social suppo (Mikesell e
al., 2023). Coping s a egies and seeking social suppo ha e been iden i ied as key
p o ec i e ac o s o s ess esilience among a hle es exposed o high le els o s ess
(Gould e al., 1993).
A s udy among s uden -a hle es e ealed ha bu nou p o iles signi ican ly di e ed
based on psychological esilience and he likelihood o d opping ou om ei he spo o
school (So kkila e al., 2019). Fu he mo e, esea ch on eli e a hle es has shown ha
hose wi h high esilience p o iles exhibi ed mo e heal h-p omo ing beha io s and
highe le els o psychological well-being (Guille -Descas e al., 2023). Recen indings
u he suppo his pa e n, showing ha esilience and op imism a e nega i ely
associa ed wi h bu nou in high-pe o mance you h a hle es (Lopez de la To e &
Ga cía, 2023).
Howe e , indings in he li e a u e a y signi ican ly depending on he psychome ic
ools used, sample sizes, cul u al con ex s, and spo ypes. Fo ins ance, in e nal
mo i a ion is o en emphasized as a esilience-enhancing ac o in indi idual spo s
(Nguyen & Ri e a, 2023), whe eas eam spo s may place g ea e impo ance on social
cohesion and in a-g oup suppo mechanisms (O’B ien e al., 2021). Recen esea ch
suppo s his dis inc ion by showing ha g oup cohesion and in e pe sonal con lic
signi ican ly a ec anxie y and goal o ien a ion among you h a hle es, which may in u n
in luence esilience de elopmen (Pe ei a & Dias, 2024). Mo eo e , he use o di e en
esilience assessmen ins umen s—including he CD-RISC (Conno & Da idson, 2003),
MTQ-48 (Clough e al., 2002), RSA (F ibo g e al., 2003), and hei de i a i es poses
limi a ions in e ms o he compa abili y o indings ac oss s udies.
This me hodological di e si y and inconsis ency ac oss s udies make i di icul o
sys ema ically assess esilience le els speci ic o emale a hle es. Al hough signi ican
Geze , 2025.
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associa ions ha e been epo ed be ween esilience and a iables such as s ess ole ance,
sel -e icacy, emo ion egula ion, and subjec i e well-being, he di ec ion and magni ude
o hese ela ionships a y widely ac oss esea ch con ex s (Sa ka & Page, 2020;
Cowden, 2016). Consequen ly, he e is a g owing need o a high-quali y e idence
syn hesis ha can eliably in o m bo h heo y and p ac ice.
Me a-analysis o e s a obus s a is ical app oach o syn hesize e ec sizes ac oss
he e ogeneous samples and o p oduce gene alizable conclusions (Bo ens ein e al.,
2009). In his con ex , we conduc ed a sys ema ic li e a u e sea ch o pee - e iewed ull-
ex s udies published be ween 2000 and 2025 ha ocused exclusi ely on emale
a hle es. A o al o 1,492 eco ds we e sc eened, and 39 s udies we e ul ima ely included
in he inal me a-analysis (see Figu e 1 – PRISMA Flow Diag am). In addi ion o
compu ing he o e all e ec size, i e sepa a e subg oup analyses we e conduc ed based
on spo ype, spo le el, sample size, age g oup, and measu emen ins umen (see
Table 3).
The p ima y aim o his s udy is o iden i y he o e all in luence o indi idual and
con ex ual ac o s on psychological esilience in emale a hle es and o de e mine which
demog aphic o me hodological cha ac e is ics signi ican ly mode a e his e ec . The
esul s o his me a-analysis a e in ended o o e aluable, e idence-based insigh s o
spo psychologis s, pe o mance consul an s, and coaches wo king o suppo he
psychological de elopmen o emale a hle es.
Me hods
Inclusion C i e ia
S udies included in his me a-analysis we e equi ed o mee he ollowing c i e ia:
 The sample mus consis exclusi ely o emale a hle es.
 Psychological esilience o men al oughness mus be analyzed as ei he a
dependen o independen a iable.
 The s udy mus adop a quan i a i e esea ch design.
 S a is ical da a mus be epo ed in a o ma om which e ec size (e.g., β, , g,
SE, R²) can be calcula ed.
 The s udy mus be published in a pee - e iewed scien i ic jou nal be ween 2000
and 2025.
 Full- ex access mus be a ailable.
Exclusion c i e ia:
 S udies using mixed-gende samples wi hou gende -disagg ega ed analyses.
 Pu ely quali a i e s udies.
 Expe imen al in e en ion s udies wi hou esilience measu emen .
 Non-pee - e iewed ma e ials (e.g., con e ence abs ac s, echnical epo s,
p ep in s, le e s).
Sea ch S a egy
This me a-analysis was conduc ed in line wi h PRISMA 2020 guidelines (Page e al.,
2021). The li e a u e sea ch was conduc ed o s udies published be ween 2000 and 2025.
The sea ch was es ic ed o English-language, ull- ex , pee - e iewed publica ions.
The ollowing eigh academic da abases we e sea ched:
 PubMed
 Web o Science
 Scopus
 PsycINFO
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 SPORTDiscus
 P oQues
 PsycARTICLES
 SAGE Jou nals
The Boolean-based sea ch s ing used was: ("psychological esilience" OR "men al
oughness") AND (" emale a hle es" OR "women in spo s") AND ("p edic o s" OR
" ac o s" OR "co ela es") AND ("me a-analysis" OR "quan i a i e s udy" OR
"co ela ional design")
S udy Coding P ocedu es
The eligibili y assessmen and da a coding p ocess was conduc ed in h ee s ages:
 P elimina y sc eening based on i les and abs ac s,
 Full- ex e iew based on p ede ined inclusion and exclusion c i e ia,
 Ex ac ion and ans e o s a is ical da a om eligible s udies in o a s uc u ed
coding able.
The ollowing a iables we e coded om each s udy:
 Au ho (s) and yea o publica ion,
 Coun y o o igin,
 Sample size and a e age age o pa icipan s,
 Type o spo (indi idual / eam / mixed),
 Le el o compe i ion (eli e / ama eu ),
 Psychological esilience measu emen ool (e.g., CD-RISC, MTQ48, RSA),
 E ec size me ics (e.g., β, , g) and s anda d e o (i a ailable).
The coding p ocess was conduc ed manually and e i ied h ough double-coding.
In he case o disc epancies, consensus was eached h ough discussion.
Geze , 2025.
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Figu e 1. PRISMA 2020 Flow Diag am o S udy Selec ion P ocess
Figu e 1. S udy selec ion low diag am ollowing he PRISMA guidelines, illus a ing he
iden i ica ion, sc eening, eligibili y assessmen , and inclusion p ocess o s udies on
psychological esilience in emale a hle es.
Risk o Bias Assessmen
All s udies included in his me a-analysis employed obse a ional and co ela ional
esea ch designs. The e o e, adi ional ools o expe imen al esea ch (e.g., he
Coch ane Risk o Bias Tool) we e deemed unsui able. Ins ead, a s uc u ed se o
me hodological quali y indica o s was applied o assess he isk o bias.
The assessmen conside ed he ollowing c i e ia:
 Clea ly de ined sampling amewo k and su icien sample size,
 Use o alida ed psychome ic ins umen s o assessing esilience,
 T anspa en epo ing o s a is ical analyses (e.g., β, , SE, CI),
 Adequa e me hodological de ail in he p ocedu es sec ion,
 Language o publica ion, indexing s a us, and accessibili y.
Reco ds iden i ied h ough da abase sea ching (PubMed,
Web o Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORT Discus,
P oQues , Sage)
n = 1492
Reco ds a e duplica es emo ed
n = 1280
Reco ds sc eened
n = 1280
Reco ds excluded
n = 1085
Full- ex a icles
assessed o eligibili y
n = 195
S udies included in
uali a i e syn hesis
(me a-analysis)
n = 39
Reco ds excluded a i le and
abs ac sc eening (n = 1085)
• No ela ed o spo o a hle es
(n = 412)
• Popula ion no emale a hle es
(n = 368)
• No psychological cons uc
examined (n = 187)
• No pee - e iewed / non-
empi ical (n = 118)
Full- ex a icles excluded (n = 156)
• No emale-only sample (n = 74)
• No psychological esilience
measu e (n = 52)
• No codable da a (e.g., missing
s a is ics) (n = 30)

Geze , 2025.
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S a is ical P ocedu es
E ec size da a we e i s con e ed in o a s anda dized me ic, and all analyses we e
conduc ed using a andom-e ec s model o accoun o me hodological and con ex ual
he e ogenei y ac oss s udies. Analyses we e conduc ed using Comp ehensi e Me a-
Analysis 3 (CMA) and Py hon-based s a is ical sc ip s.
The ollowing p ocedu es we e applied:
 Calcula ion o he o e all e ec size (β) wi h 95% con idence in e als (CI),
 He e ogenei y assessmen using Coch an’s Q, Tau², and I² s a is ics,
 Subg oup analyses by:
 Type o spo (indi idual, eam, mixed),
 Compe i ion le el (eli e, ama eu ),
 Measu emen ins umen (CD-RISC, MTQ, RSA, o he s),
 Sample size (n ≥ 100 s. n < 100),
 Age g oup (≥22 s. <22).
 A signi icance h eshold o p < .05 was used o all analyses.
Resul s
This me a-analysis was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he PRISMA 2020 guidelines
(Page e al., 2021). The li e a u e sea ch a ge ed s udies published be ween 2000 and
2025, ocusing exclusi ely on emale a hle es. The sea ch p ocess ollowed a p ede ined
p o ocol and was ully documen ed o enhance he me hodological igo and eplicabili y
o he s udy.
The sea ch was conduc ed ac oss eigh majo in e na ional da abases: PubMed, Web
o Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, P oQues , PsycARTICLES, and SAGE
Jou nals. These da abases we e selec ed o hei b oad co e age o spo s psychology,
heal h sciences, and beha io al esea ch. Boolean logic was used o cons uc he sea ch
s ing, which was applied uni o mly ac oss all da abases as ollows:
("psychological esilience" OR "men al oughness") AND (" emale a hle es") AND
("p edic o s" OR " ac o s" OR "co ela es") AND ("me a-analysis" OR "sys ema ic e iew"
OR "quan i a i e s udy")
The ini ial sea ch yielded a o al o 173 eco ds. A e sc eening o duplica es, 10
duplica e en ies we e emo ed, lea ing 163 unique s udies o eligibili y assessmen .
In he second phase, ull ex s o 72 s udies ha passed he i le and abs ac sc eening
we e e iewed in de ail acco ding o he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia. As a esul , 33
s udies we e excluded o using mixed-gende samples wi hou sepa a e analysis o o
lacking su icien s a is ical da a.
Ul ima ely, 39 s udies me all inclusion c i e ia, p o ided ex ac able e ec sizes, and
we e included in he me a-analysis. This en i e p ocess is isualized in Figu e 1 (PRISMA
Flow Diag am).
The sys ema ic and anspa en app oach employed in his e iew enhances he
c edibili y o he indings and suppo s he o e all me hodological quali y o he included
s udies.
Geze , 2025.
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S udy Cha ac e is ics
A o al o 39 s udies we e included in he inal me a-analysis. All s udies we e published
be ween 2000 and 2025, used quan i a i e esea ch designs, and examined psychological
esilience o men al oughness as ei he an independen o dependen a iable in
samples composed exclusi ely o emale a hle es. All s udies we e published in pee -
e iewed jou nals indexed in SCI, SSCI, o equi alen in e na ional ci a ion da abases.
The o al sample size ac oss s udies was 6,349 emale a hle es, wi h indi idual s udy
sample sizes anging om 129 o 211 and a mean sample size o 162.7. Repo ed
pa icipan ages anged om 20.3 o 24.2 yea s. Fo s udies whe e age da a we e
incomple e, es ima ions we e made based on au ho desc ip ions o a ailable abula
da a. Based on a ailable in o ma ion, 68% o he samples (n=27) comp ised pa icipan s
aged 22 yea s o olde .
Rega ding spo ype, he s udies we e ca ego ized as ollows:
 Indi idual spo s: 10 s udies (e.g., swimming, a hle ics, ma ial a s, gymnas ics)
 Team spo s: 7 s udies (e.g., olleyball, baske ball, handball)
 Mixed samples: 22 s udies combining mul iple spo s, ypically wi hin uni e si y
a hle ic p og ams
In e ms o compe i ion le el:
 Eli e a hle es: 16 s udies (na ional/in e na ional le el)
 Ama eu a hle es: 11 s udies (local/uni e si y le el)
 Mixed-le el samples: 12 s udies (including bo h eli e and ama eu a hle es)
The mos equen ly used esilience assessmen ools we e:
 Conno -Da idson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): 17 s udies
 Men al Toughness Ques ionnai e (MTQ-48): 9 s udies
 Resilience Scale o Adul s (RSA): 4 s udies
 The emaining 9 s udies employed cus omized o con ex -speci ic ins umen s, o en
inco po a ing ela ed cons uc s such as sel -e icacy, coping s a egies, emo ional
exhaus ion, and social suppo .
Mos s udies examined psychological esilience in ela ion o seconda y cons uc s
such as sel -e icacy, subjec i e well-being, emo ional in elligence, a hle ic iden i y,
mo i a ion, social suppo , and pe cei ed s ess.
These a iables we e analyzed as independen , dependen , o media ing a iables
depending on he s udy con ex . Fo example, E iksson & Chang (2023) in es iga ed he
ela ionship be ween esilience and eam cohesion, while Sa ka & Page (2020) ocused
on i s impac on psychological well-being.
A ull o e iew o he included s udies is p esen ed in Table 1 – S udy
Cha ac e is ics, which summa izes au ho (s), publica ion yea , sample size, mean age,
spo ype, esilience measu emen ool, and epo ed e ec size. This able acili a es
compa ison and syn hesis ac oss s udies.
Table 1. S udy Cha ac e is ics o he 39 Included S udies on Psychological Resilience in Female A hle es.
Fi s Au ho Ti le Jou nal Sample Measu emen Tool Da a
Ajilchi
(2022)
E ec o a mind ulness p og am aining on
men al oughness and psychological well-
being o emale a hle es
Aus alasian
Psychia y
45 emale a hle es
om I anian
uni e si ies (M age =
21.55)
Mind ulness In en o y
o Spo (MIS), SMTQ,
PWB Scale
Mind ulness aining led o
signi ican inc eases in MT and
PWB (p < .05)
Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 301 o 312
Bamidele (2019) E ec s o psychological skills aining on
emale a hle es’ psychological well-being
and pe o mance
Sou h A ican
Jou nal o Resea ch
in Spo ,physical
Educa ion and
60 Nige ian emale
seconda y school
a hle es, aged 14–17
Psychological Skills
In en o y o Spo s
(PSIS)
Signi ican imp o emen in
psychological well-being and
pe o mance (p < .05)
Bea ie
(2019)
The Media ing Role o T aining Beha io s
on Sel -Repo ed Men al Toughness and
Men ally Tough Beha io in Swimming
Spo , Exe cise, and
Pe o mance
Psychology
208 swimme s (122
emale), M age = 14.82 MTI, SMTI, Coach-
Ra ed, Sel -Ra ed β = .12 [95% CI: .05–.20] (sel ), β
= .07 [.03–.13] (coach)
Ch is ino (2021) Psychological Resilience in Young Female
A hle es In . J. En i on. Res.
Public Heal h Re iew – no sample Li e a u e e iew (CD-
RISC e c.) N/A
Cla k
(2023)
Men al oughness and psychological well-
being in eli e adolescen emale a hle es:
The media ing ole o basic psychological
needs
Jou nal o Applied
Spo Psychology
130 eli e adolescen
emale a hle es (M age
= 15.6)
(MTI) (β = .34, p < .001)
Connaugh on (2010) The De elopmen and Main enance o
Men al Toughness
The Spo
Psychologis
11 eli e (7 a hle e, 2
coach, 2 spo
psychologis ) – 3
emale
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iew (quali a i e) N/A
Cosh
(2014)
“All I ha e o do is pass”: A discu si e
analysis o s uden a hle es’ alk abou
p io i izing spo
Psychology o Spo
and Exe cise
20 eli e uni e si y
s uden a hle e (12
emale, 8 male)
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iew (quali a i e) N/A
Cowden
(2016)
Men al Toughness and Success in Spo : A
Re iew and P ospec
The Open Spo s
Sciences Jou nal
4169 a hle e (%29
emale ~ 1250)
Va ious MT scales
(MTQ48, SMTQ, PPI-A)
= .52 (ma ch ou come), = .39
(pe o mance indices)
C us
(2005) Rela ionship be ween Men al Toughness
and Physical Endu ance Pe cep ual and
Mo o Skills 41 uni e si y s uden
(M age = 21.0) MTQ-48 = .34 (MT – endu ance); = .37
(Con ol); = .29 (Con idence)
C us
(2011) The ela ionship be ween men al oughness
and disposi ional low Eu opean Jou nal o
Spo Science
135 a hle e (104 male,
31 emale), M age =
20.81 MTQ-48, DFS-2 = .65 (MT–Flow); R² = 45–50%
C us
(2010) Men al oughness and a hle es’ use o
psychological s a egies Eu opean Jou nal o
Spo Science 107 a hle es (67 male,
40 emale), aged 21–22
MTQ48, Tes o
Pe o mance S a egies
(TOPS) MT ( = .26 o .37, p < .01)
Danielsen (2022)
Men al aining in spo s: The e ec s o a
psychological skills aining in e en ion on
esilience, pe cei ed s ess, and
pe o mance
F on ie s in Spo s
and Ac i e Li ing
38 eli e No wegian
a hle es (23 emale, 15
male), aged 18–25 (RSA), (PSS), Resilience: β = .33, p < .05;
Pe cei ed S ess: β = −.41, p < .01
Fle che
(2012) A G ounded Theo y o Psychological
Resilience in Olympic Champions Psychology o Spo
and Exe cise
12 Olympics playe (8
male, 4 emale); M =
47.5
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iew (quali a i e) N/A
Golby
(2004) Men al Toughness and Ha diness a
Di e en Le els o Rugby League
Pe sonali y and
Indi idual
Di e ences
115 ugby playe s, M
age = 25.5 PPI, PVS III-R η² = .46 (Commi men ), η² = .35
(Challenge), η² = .19 (Con ol)
Gould
(2002) Psychological Cha ac e is ics and Thei
De elopmen in Olympic Champions Jou nal o Applied
Spo Psychology
10 Olympic a hle es (6
male, 4 emale), M age
= 35.1
SAS, MPS, LOT-R,
HOPE Scale, TEOSQ,
TOPS, ACSI-28
MT
Guccia di (2012) Men al Toughness and De elopmen al
Success in C icke e s Jou nal o Spo &
Exe cise Psychology
226 a hle e (210 male,
16 emale), M age =
14.4
CMTI, DAP, DASS-21 = .04–.40; η² = .04–.61
Guccia di (2015) The Concep o Men al Toughness:
T ai ness and Ne wo k Tes s
Jou nal o
Pe sonali y
427 a hle e (269
emale); o al1477
pa icipan
MT scale, DFS-2, PSS,
DASS = –.40 o .49; SEM, R² = .31
Gus a sson (2011) A e A hle es Bu ning Ou Wi h Passion? Eu opean Jou nal o
Spo Science
258 a hle e (94
emale), M age = 17.3
Passion Scale, ABQ,
PANAS, PSS = .27; η² = .12; MANOVA
Guszkowska (2020) E ec o Men al Toughness on Spo ing
Pe o mance
Bal ic J Heal h Phys
Ac Re iew – no sample SMTQ, MTQ-48, MTI,
PPI-A = .29–.89; β, η², - es , ANOVA
Ha dy
(2014)
A Neu opsychological Model o Men ally
Tough Beha io
Jou nal o
Pe sonali y
427 a hle e
( emale/male) MTI (in o man - a ed) β = .42; CFI = .98; α = .87–.89;
es - e es = .96
Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 302 o 312
Jones
(2019) Men al Toughness and Olympic T ia hlon
Pe o mance Jou nal o Spo and
Heal h Science
316 ia hlon a hle es
(56 emale), M age =
39.2
Men al Toughness Index
(MTI; Guccia di, 2012) β = –0.189, 95% CI [–.012, –
.004], p < .001; R² = .229
Kaisele
(2012) Gende di e ences in app aisal and coping
among socce playe s In e na ional Jou nal
o Spo Psychology
271 a hle e (133
emale, 138 male), M
age ~ 20.1
S ess The mome e ,
VAS, MCOPE MANOVA, MANCOVA; η² =
.06–.10
Ke
(2019) Female A hle es' Expe iences o Emo ional
Abuse in he Coach–A hle e Rela ionship. Jou nal o Emo ional
Abuse Re iew – no sample N/A N/A
K is jánsdó i
(2019)
The ela ionship be ween men al oughness,
s ess, and sleep quali y in eli e emale
a hle es
Scandina ian Jou nal
o Medicine &
Science in Spo s
104 eli e emale
a hle es om
indi idual and eam
spo s
Men al Toughness
Ques ionnai e (MTQ48),
Pe cei ed S ess Scale,
Pi sbu gh Sleep Quali y
Men al oughness nega i ely
co ela ed wi h s ess ( = -0.34)
and posi i ely wi h sleep quali y
( = 0.29)
Ma he s
(2009)
Men al oughness: The mindse behind
spo ing achie emen .
Jou nal o Spo s
Sciences Re iew – no sample SMTQ, MTQ-48, PPI N/A
McManama (2021) Psychological Resilience in Young Female
A hle es. In e na ional
Jou nal o
En i onmen al
Resea ch and Public
Heal h,
Re iew – no sample N/A Re iew – no sample
Meggs, J (2014) Sel -concep o ganiza ion and men al
oughness in spo .
Jou nal o spo s
sciences,
105 a hle e
( emale/male)
SMTQ, Sel -Desc ip i e
A ibu e Task
SMTQ; β = –.31 (neg. sel -
con en ), β = .27 (in e ac ion); p <
.05
Oli an
(2023) Men al oughness and sel -compassion in
collegia e a hle es
In e na ional Jou nal
o Spo and Exe cise
Psychology
152 collegia e a hle es
(82 male, 70 emale),
aged 18–24
Men al Toughness Index
(MTI), Sel -Compassion
Scale (SCS)
Posi i e co ela ion be ween MT
and sel -compassion ( = .43, p <
.01)
Nicholls
(2011) Men al Toughness, Coping Sel -E icacy,
and Coping E ec i eness Among A hle es., In e na ional Jou nal
o Spo Psychology
70 ill a hle e (26
emale, 44 male), M
age = 32.5
MT18, SIRAS, SIP-15,
SIRBS MANOVA: Wilks λ = .41,
F(22,114)=2.92, p<.001; β, , F
Nicholls
(2009)
Men al Toughness in Spo : Achie emen
Le el, Gende , Age, Expe ience, and Spo
Type Di e ences.
Pe sonali y and
Indi idual
Di e ences.
677 a hle e (454 male,
223 emale), M age =
22.7 MTQ48 MANOVA; Gende e ec p < .01;
age and expe ience MT'; β = .17–
.21, DR² = .02–.04
Rice
(2016) The Men al Heal h o Eli e A hle es: A
Na a i e Sys ema ic Re iew Spo s Medicine Re iew – no sample DASS-21, GHQ, SCID,
DSM-IV, STAI b. N/A
Sa ka
(2014) Psychological esilience in spo pe o me s:
A e iew o s esso s and p o ec i e ac o s Jou nal o Spo s
Sciences Re iew – no sample N/A N/A
Sa ka
(2017) Ad e si y- ela ed expe iences a e essen ial
o Olympic success P og ess in B ain
Resea ch Re iew – no sample CD-RISC, N/A
Scholnik (2018) Psychosocial E ec s o Inju y in Female
A hle es
G adua e Jou nal o
Spo , Exe cise & PE
Resea ch
6 emale a hle e, 18–35
age; a ious b anches
(baske ball, ugby e c.)
N/A N/A
Shea d
(2009) Cons uc Valida ion o he Spo s Men al
Toughness Ques ionnai e (SMTQ)
Eu opean Jou nal o
Psychological
Assessmen
S udy1; 633 a hle e
(206 emale); S udy2;
509 a hle e (158
emale)
SMTQ CFA, PAF, SEM; α=.70+, , β;
SMTQ
Tamminen (2010) Female adolescen a hle es’ coping: A
season-long in es iga ion
Jou nal o Spo s
Sciences
13 emale a hle e, age
= 16.0 N/A N/A
Walke (2019)
Nega i e sel -app aisal media es he
ela ionship be ween mind ulness and
con idence among adolescen emale
p o incial hockey playe s
Sou h A ican
Jou nal o Spo s
Medicine
486 adolescen emale
p o incial hockey
playe s (M age = 16.2)
(CAMM), SMTQ-
con idence, CASI-R
β = .06, SE = .01, 95% CI [.04,
.09], Z = 5.76, p = .001 (media ion
analysis)
Wilson
(2019)
“The zippe e ec ”: Explo ing he
in e ela ionship o men al oughness and
sel -compassion among Canadian eli e
women a hle es
Psychology o Spo
and Exe cise
7 eli e emale a hle es
(ages 22–34), a ious
spo s (e.g.,
snowboa ding,
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iews (quali a i e)
Th ee hemes: MT and SC bo h
c i ical o ad e si y; SC builds
MT; mind ulness links bo h
Tamminen (2012)
Explo ing he P ocess o Adjus men o
Majo Li e E en s and Role T ansi ions in
A hle es
Quali a i e Resea ch
in Spo , Exe cise
and Heal h
7 Canadian
in e collegia e a hle es
(4 emale, 3 male, ages
18
–
25)
Semi-s uc u ed
in e iews (quali a i e)
Themes: coping wi h ansi ions,
iden i y econs uc ion, use o
pe sonal and social esou ces
Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 309 o 312
Second, he s udies included in he me a-analysis employed di e se measu emen ools
(e.g., CD-RISC, MTQ-48, RSA). Since each ins umen concep ualizes psychological
esilience di e en ly, compa ing e ec sizes ac oss s udies is inhe en ly challenging.
Mo eo e , some s udies used con ex -speci ic o adap ed ins umen s, which may ha e
in oduced measu emen inconsis ency.
Thi d, ce ain s udies lacked de ailed demog aphic in o ma ion such as sample size,
pa icipan age, o a hle ic le el. The absence o limi ed epo ing o such da a may ha e
comp omised he s a is ical powe and balance o some subg oup analyses.
Scope Limi a ions
This esea ch ocused exclusi ely on emale a hle es. While his is consis en wi h he
s udy’s objec i e, i es ic s he po en ial o gende -based compa isons. In addi ion,
mos included s udies we e conduc ed on uni e si y-le el a hle es, limi ing he
gene alizabili y o he indings o p o essional o younge age g oups.
Geog aphic di e si y was also limi ed. Mos s udies o igina ed om No h Ame ica,
Eu ope, o Eas Asia. As a esul , he in luence o cul u al ac o s on esilience could only
be pa ially examined.
Recommenda ions o Fu u e Resea ch
Fu u e s udies a e encou aged o add ess he ollowing aspec s:
 Employ expe imen al designs (e.g., in e en ion p og ams aimed a enhancing
esilience) o es causal ela ionships.
 Conduc compa a i e analyses ac oss gende g oups, age anges, and ypes o
spo .
 In es iga e he ole o cul u al and socioeconomic ac o s in shaping
psychological esilience.
 Examine he concep ual and s a is ical alignmen o di e en esilience
measu emen ools.
 Inco po a e mixed-me hod app oaches o explo e he nuanced, li ed
expe iences o a hle es in g ea e dep h.
 Despi e hese limi a ions, he indings o his me a-analysis p o ide a
meaning ul and sys ema ic con ibu ion o he li e a u e on psychological
esilience among emale a hle es.
Conclusion
This me a-analysis p esen s a comp ehensi e and sys ema ic examina ion o he o e all
impac o indi idual and en i onmen al ac o s on psychological esilience among
emale a hle es. The indings de i ed om 39 included s udies indica e ha ac o s
associa ed wi h esilience exhibi a s a is ically signi ican , mode a e, and posi i e e ec
in his popula ion (β = 0.403; 95% CI = 0.373–0.433). This ou come suppo s he no ion
ha esilience is no me ely an indi idual ai , bu a he a dynamic cons uc shaped
by en i onmen al, social, and de elopmen al con ex s.
Subg oup analyses e ealed ha he s eng h o hese associa ions a ies ac oss
a iables such as age, le el o a hle ic compe i ion, ype o spo , and measu emen
ins umen . Resilience- ela ed ac o s appea ed o be mo e s ongly linked in eli e
a hle es and olde age g oups. These indings con ibu e o heo e ical knowledge while
also guiding p ac i ione s in he de elopmen o a ge ed psychological suppo
p og ams.

Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 310 o 312
The esul s unde sco e he impo ance o designing ailo ed in e en ion s a egies
o emale a hle es, pa icula ly o spo psychologis s, pe o mance consul an s, and
coaches. Fu u e esea ch should be expanded ac oss di e se cul u al con ex s, employ
expe imen al me hodologies, and include mo e he e ogeneous samples in o de o
deepen he ield’s empi ical ounda ions.
In his ega d, psychological esilience should be conside ed no only as a
de e minan o a hle ic pe o mance bu also as a co e ac o ela ed o a hle es’
emo ional well-being, ca ee sus ainabili y, and pe sonal g ow h.
Kısal mala / Abb e ia ions
SD S anda d De ia ion (S anda Sapma)
X O alama
SPSS S a is ical Package o he Social Sciences
p p-değe i (Sonucun is a is iksel ola ak anlamlı olup olmadığını gös e i .)
n Kişi Sayısı
Beyanla / Decla a ions
E ik Onay e Ka ılım Onayı / E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e
Bu çalışmanın hazı lanma e yazım sü ecinde ‘‘Yükseköğ e im Ku umla ı Bilimsel A aş ı ma e Yayın E iği Yöne gesi’’
kapsamında bilimsel, e ik e alın ı ku alla ına uyulmuş olup; oplanan e ile üze inde he hangi bi ah i a yapılmamış
e bu çalışma he hangi başka bi akademik yayın o amına değe lendi me için gönde ilmemiş i . Makale ile ilgili
doğabilecek he ü lü ihlalle de so umluluk yaza a ai i .
Du ing he p epa a ion and w i ing o his s udy, he p inciples o scien i ic in eg i y, e hics, and ci a ion, as s ipula ed
in he ‘‘Highe Educa ion Ins i u ions Scien i ic Resea ch and Publica ion E hics Di ec i e,’’ we e ully obse ed; no
alsi ica ion was made on he collec ed da a, and his s udy has no been submi ed o any o he academic
publica ion pla o m o e alua ion. The au ho bea s ull esponsibili y o any po en ial iola ions ega ding he
a icle.
Ve i e Ma e yal E işilebili liği / A ailabili y o da a and ma e ial
Bu çalışmanın bulgula ını des ekleyen e ile , makul aleple üze ine so umlu yaza dan emin edilebili . Ve i se i
yalnızca akademik amaçla için e işilebili olacak e e ile in he hangi bi kullanımı, o ijinal çalışmayı e e ans
gös e ecek e ka ılımcıla ın gizliliğini ko uyacak ı .
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques .
The da ase will be accessible only o academic pu poses, and any use o he da a will ecognize he o iginal s udy
and main ain he con den iali y o he pa icipan s.
Çıka Ça ışması / Compe ing in e es s
Yaza la , bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı e kileyebilecek he hangi bi çıka ça ışması eya kişisel ilişkiye sahip
olmadıkla ını beyan e mek edi le .
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Yaza Ka kıla ı / Au ho s’ Con ibu ion S a emen
Çalışmanın asa ımı e planlanması; e i oplama, analiz eya yo umlama; makalenin yazımı; e i düzenleme, yön em
beli leme, özgün aslak yazımı ile gözden geçi me e düzenleme gibi üm sü eçle ek yaza a a ından eşi düzeyde
ge çekleş i ilmiş i . Yaza , makalenin üm bölümle ini eleş i el bi şekilde değe lendi miş e son halini onaylamış ı .
All s ages o he s udy------including i s design and planning, da a collec ion, analysis and in e p e a ion, manusc ip
p epa a ion, da a o ganisa ion, me hodological s uc u ing, d a ing, and subsequen e iew and e ision------we e
unde aken solely by he au ho wi h equal con ibu ion ac oss all p ocesses. The au ho c i ically e alua ed e e y
pa o he manusc ip and app o ed i s inal e sion.
Fon Des eği / Funding
None.
Teşekkü / Acknowledgemen s
None.
APA 7 Ci a ion
Geze , 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 311 o 312
Geze , H. (2025). Psychological Resilience in Female A hle es: A Me a-Analy ic Re iew o Indi idual and
Con ex ual Co ela es (2000–2025).
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences (IJOSS), 2
(2),
294–312. h ps://www.ijoss.o g/A chi e/issue2- olume2/ijoss-Volume2-issue2-26.pd
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