Tuclea, Claudia-Elena; V anceanu, Diana-Ma ia; Tigu, Gab iela; Diaconescu, Mi ela;
Cu eanu, Oana-Diana
A icle
The in luence o mass media on ou is beha io o people
li ing in a coun y bo de ing wa
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Tuclea, Claudia-Elena; V anceanu, Diana-Ma ia; Tigu, Gab iela; Diaconescu,
Mi ela; Cu eanu, Oana-Diana (2024) : The in luence o mass media on ou is beha io o people
li ing in a coun y bo de ing wa , Am i ea u Economic, ISSN 2247-9104, The Bucha es Uni e si y
o Economic S udies, Bucha es , Vol. 26, Iss. Special Issue No. 18, pp. 1193-1207,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/S18/1193
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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New T ends in Sus ainable Business and Consump ion
AE
Vol. 26 • Special Issue No 18 • No embe 2024 1193
THE INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA ON TOURIST BEHAVIOR
OF PEOPLE LIVING IN A COUNTRY BORDERING WAR
Claudia-Elena Țuclea1
*
, Diana-Ma ia V ânceanu2 , Gab iela Țigu3,
Mi ela Diaconescu4 and Oana-Diana Cu eanu5
1)2)3)4)5) Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies, Romania
Please ci e his a icle as:
Țuclea, C.E., V ânceanu, D.M., Țigu, G., Diaconescu, M
and Cu eanu, O.D, 2024. The In luence O Mass Media
On Tou is Beha io O People Li ing In A Coun y
Bo de ing Wa . Am i ea u Economic, 26(Special Issue
No. 18), pp. 1193-1207.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/S18/1193
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 13 Augus 2024
Re ised: 18 Sep embe 2024
Accep ed: 12 Oc obe 2024
Abs ac
The a icle examines he impac o wa and wa news in he mass media on he beha iou
o ou is s, based on a su ey conduc ed in mid-2022 among a sample o 1036 esponden s,
ci izens o a coun y close o he con lic in Uk aine. The ou ism sec o has su e ed
nume ous c ises igge ed by a ious e en s ha a e essen ially incompa ible wi h he
de elopmen o a el. Wa is a ac o wi h a pa icula impac , bu he academic li e a u e
ega ding he impac on ou is beha iou du ing a con lic is insu icien . The s udy aims o
in es iga e he mechanisms by which p oximi y o wa in luences ou is s’ decisions o
ou is s in Romania, one o he neighbou ing coun ies o he a med con lic be ween
Russia and Uk aine, in e ms o a el in en ion and des ina ion choice. The esul s show
ha people do no gi e up ou ism, bu hey a e in luenced by he news abou he wa in he
media, and he possible panic caused by he news abou he wa in luences hei choice o
des ina ions. Thus, an in ui i e beha iou o a oid a eas ha a e conside ed a isk due o
he wa is shown, bu a panic con ol abili y is also de eloped, which in luences ou is
beha iou bo h di ec ly and as a media o be ween he panic igge ed by he mass media
and he ou is beha iou o a oid con lic a eas.
Keywo ds: mass media, ou is beha iou , wa , panic
JEL Classi ica ion: Z30, L82
*
Co esponding au ho , Claudia-Elena Țuclea – e-mail: claudia. [email protected]. o
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any
medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2024 The Au ho (s).
AE
The In luence o Mass Media on Tou is Beha io
o People Li ing in a Coun y Bo de ing Wa
1194 Am i ea u Economic
In oduc ion
The ou ism sec o has gone h ough - and con inues o go h ough - many c ises ha
o igina ed in o he sec o s: e o is a acks, epidemics, pandemics, na u al disas e s
(ea hquakes, loods, i es, e c.) and e en wa s. Each o hese si ua ions has had a
empo a y o long- e m impac on a el in gene al and on a el o ou ism pu poses in
pa icula (Bu na u e al., 2018), which illus a es he ulne abili y o he ou ism indus y
o c ises (Dog u-Das an and Tü üncü, 2024). Expe ience shows ha he nega i e e ec s o
a wa on he ou ism indus y a e es ima ed o be el o e a pe iod o a leas h ee yea s
(Kozlowski, 2023).
A e each c isis si ua ion, nume ous analyses ha e measu ed he impac in e ms o a
dec ease in he numbe o ou is s and, consequen ly, in e enues om ou ism ac i i ies.
These analyses gene ally ook place a e he c ises had ended.
Rega ding he impac o wa on ou ism, he li e a u e is spa se and gene ally examines he
e olu ion o he numbe o ou is s a e he end o he con lic , ei he om he pe spec i e
o he esump ion o ou is ac i i ies o p ecisely wi h he aim o isi ing a ba le ield o
his o ical in e es o o ecall he memo y o he he oes (Young, 2021). Some a eas e e o
pas wa s o econs uc an image o a his o ical place (Sewell, 2024). Bu aspec s o
ou ism in wa ime ha e been oo li le s udied, and e en less so ou ism in he icini y o
wa (Tkalec and Žilić, 2021).
S a is ics on he impac o wa in Uk aine on ou ism indica o s ha e been de eloped by
specialised o ganisa ions (e.g., IMF, 2022; UNWTO, 2022; The Wa saw Ins i u e Re iew,
2022) and a e con inuously upda ed, bu he e a e ew s udies on he impac ha he
p oximi y o wa has on he beha iou o ou is s in coun ies bo de ing he con lic . In
2020, Osiichuka and Shepo ylo ecommended inc easing esea ch on he impac o a med
con lic on ci ilians ou side o wa zones. This s udy seeks o ill his gap and p oposes he
ollowing esea ch ques ions: Wha a e he possible mechanisms by which he p oximi y o
wa a ec s he beha iou o ou is s inhabi ing a coun y adjacen o wa ? How does he
news abou he wa in he media in luence he beha iou o hese ou is s?
Wi h hese ques ions in mind, his s udy examines he ou is beha iou o inhabi an s o a
coun y on he b ink o wa in ela ion o he ex en o which hey con ol hei panic caused
by he wa and he news ela ed o he wa o he mass media. As a as he au ho s a e
awa e, his is he i s pape o examine he eac ions o ou is s om coun ies bo de ing
he wa in Uk aine. The esul s ob ained once again ques ion people's need o ou ism,
e en in a si ua ion whe e a elling means aking mo e isks han would be no mal o a
"pleasu e" ac i i y (Țuclea, 2020).
Consequen ly, he pape con inues wi h a li e a u e e iew o ou is beha iou du ing a
mili a y c isis and he de elopmen o hypo heses. This is ollowed by a sec ion on he
me hodology used o da a collec ion and analysis and a desc ip ion o he esul s we
ob ained. Finally, a sec ion wi h a gene al discussion and conclusions ollows.
1. Li e a u e e iew and hypo hesis de elopmen
As a as he au ho s a e awa e, he e a e ew s udies in he li e a u e on he impac o an
ongoing wa on ou ism in a coun y close o he con lic . P e ious esea ch has looked a
New T ends in Sus ainable Business and Consump ion
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Vol. 26 • Special Issue No 18 • No embe 2024 1195
he impac o e o ism on he ou ism indus y, including he impac o mass media
ampli ica ion o ac s o e o ism on a el (Ko ajlić and Keše o ić, 2011). The way in
which a e o is a ack is po ayed in he media shapes po en ial ou is s' pe cep ion o
ce ain des ina ions, coun ies, and en i e egions, wi h he media hus exe ing a s ong
in luence on ou is s' pe cep ion o isk. Risk is unde s ood as he p obabili y o he
occu ence o nega i e consequences o an undesi able e en ha lead o changes in
consume beha iou (Li e al., 2020). Fu he mo e, isk c ea es a need o sa e y (engel e
al., 2022), which hus becoming an impo an componen o he in en ions o isi a
des ina ion (Bei man, 2003; Dog u-Das an and Tü üncü, 2024). Fu he mo e, ollowing he
ecen heal h c isis ha humani y expe ienced in 2020, media-induced isk pe cep ion has
been in es iga ed in e ms o indi idual ea s and adop ion o p e en i e beha iou s
(Mesch and Liu, 2023; Penning on-G ay and Lee, 2024), as well as he ole o social media
in assessing he heal h sa e y o a des ina ion, wi h ou is s a oiding a eas conside ed
unsa e om a heal h pe spec i e (Țuclea e al., 2020). In he same con ex , he endency o
ou is s o a el o a eas close o home (s ayca ion) has been obse ed, a o m o ou ism
conside ed sui able in imes o c isis (Dă ăbanț and Diaconescu, 2020). In he same line,
wa is a ac o wi h a nega i e impac on ou ism, as well as e o ism o pandemics (Liu e
al., 2024). The mass media play a c ucial ole in s imula ing o educing public panic (Yu e
al., 2017), wi h nega i e news leading o a dec ease in people's posi i e emo ions and
esilience and posi i e news leading o a dec ease in nega i e emo ions and an inc ease in
esilience (Gi i and Mau ya, 2021). I he mass media ampli y he impac o hese ac o s
on ou ism by changing he ou is s' pe cep ion o he a ec ed des ina ions, hen we can
o mula e he ollowing hypo hesis:
H1. The e is a di ec posi i e ela ionship be ween media-induced panic and ou is
a oidance beha iou in con lic a eas.
The mass media ha e he powe o ampli y and quickly dissemina e in o ma ion abou
e en s ha can cause panic among he popula ion (Sun e al., 2024). Thus, cons an
exposu e o nega i e and ala ming news can inc ease indi iduals' anxie y and s ess le els
(Mız ak, 2024) and ul ima ely lead o panic symp oms (Alasousi e al., 2023). Howe e ,
people de elop o e and sub le emo ion egula ion beha iou s (including hose ela ed o
panic), such as e-e alua ing he si ua ion, shi ing a en ion o o he si ua ions, a oidance,
o escape (Cisle e al., 2010). The abili y o con ol he panic esponse is impo an o
p e en i om becoming o e whelming and nega i ely impac ing he indi idual's well-
being (Meine e al., 2021). The e o e, exposu e o panic in o ma ion in he mass media can
lead indi iduals o de elop g ea e esilience and coping skills o panic s a es and lea n o
manage c isis si ua ions mo e e ec i ely (Howell e al., 2023). The e o e, i is possible ha
indi iduals exposed o high le els o media-induced panic simul aneously de elop sel -
con ol and s ess coping skills, ein o cing he posi i e ela ionship be ween he wo
a iables (Ce ino e al., 2022). Based on his e idence, we can o mula e he ollowing
hypo hesis:
H2. The e is a di ec posi i e ela ionship be ween media-induced panic and he abili y o
con ol panic.
P e ious s udies ha e shown ha ou is s a elling o a eas ma ked by con lic a e o en
e en a ac ed by he no el y o he si ua ion (Bay amo , 2022). One such example is he
bo de egions, which a e o en associa ed wi h geopoli ical dispu es. Many ou is s a e
a ac ed o isi a poli ically dispu ed a ea. Many bo de s a e in eg al o geopoli ical
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The In luence o Mass Media on Tou is Beha io
o People Li ing in a Coun y Bo de ing Wa
1196 Am i ea u Economic
ensions and con lic s, and he na u e o ou is a ac ions links hem o da k ou ism, wa
and ba le ield ou ism, ou ism in dange ous a eas, o poli ical ou ism (Gelbman, 2022;
D esle , 2024). Tou is s a ac ed o con lic a eas seem o ha e in common ha hey do no
eel panic. Al a ez e al. (2020) show ha hey a e consequen ly less conce ned abou isks
and he e o e ha e a highe in en ion o isi des ina ions wi h in e nal con lic s. Highe
le els o pe cei ed beha iou al con ol inc ease he in en ion o isi high-con lic
des ina ions (Bay amo , 2022), and he lowe he le el o anxie y, he g ea e he in e es in
a el (Mauliza e al., 2022). Based on hese esul s, we o mula e he ollowing hypo hesis:
H3. The e is an in e se ela ionship be ween he abili y o con ol he s a e o panic and he
in ou is a oidance beha iou o con lic a eas.
Based on hypo heses H1-H3, we wan o es whe he he de elopmen o panic con ol
mechanisms ac s as a media o be ween media-induced panic and ou is a oidance
beha iou o wa -a ec ed a eas. Thus, i mass media-induced panic leads o an
in ensi ica ion o ou is a oidance beha iou in con lic a eas, bu also de e mines he
de elopmen o panic con ol mechanisms and he abili y o con ol panic has an in e se
in luence on a oidance beha iou (in he sense o an inc easing desi e o isi con lic
a eas), hen we o mula e he ollowing media ion hypo hesis:
H4. The abili y o con ol he s a e o panic media es he ela ionship be ween media-
induced panic and ou is a oidance beha iou in con lic zones.
The concep ual model can be o ganised as shown in Figu e 1.
Figu e no. 1. The concep ual model
Cap ion: Solid line - di ec e ec ; do ed line - media ing e ec
2. Resea ch me hodology
An online su ey was conduc ed in Romania o collec da a on he in luence o wa news in
he mass media on he ou is beha iou o he inhabi an s o a coun y close o wa . The
selec ion o esponden s om his coun y is ele an o he iden i ica ion o some models
o ou is beha iou o people li ing nea he con lic a eas a he ime o he ou b eak o
wa . Da a we e collec ed in he mon hs o May o June 2022, h ee o ou mon hs a e he
H2
H1
H3
Mass media-
induced panic
Panic con ol
abili y
Tou is
a oidance
beha iou
H4
New T ends in Sus ainable Business and Consump ion
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Vol. 26 • Special Issue No 18 • No embe 2024 1197
ou b eak o he con lic , om people o e he age o 18. Such an app oach o he s udy
pe iod is simila o ha o Tomej e al. (2023), who examined he esilience o ou ism
businesses in he i s h ee mon hs a e he s a o he mili a y con lic om he
pe spec i e o o ganisa ions om Uk aine ope a ing in his indus y.
To es he concep ual model, se e al la en a iables we e de ined, conside ing he
li e a u e: mass media-induced panic, he abili y o con ol panic, and ou is beha iou o
a oid con lic a eas. A la en a iable is cons uc ed when he phenomenon unde
in es iga ion is complex, abs ac , and unobse able (Hai e al., 2017). To measu e he
i ems ha de ine hese la en a iables, a Like scale was used, anging om 1 s ongly
disag ee o 5 - s ongly ag eeing. All la en a iables we e ope a ionalised as e lec i e
cons uc s and de eloped wi h e e ence o a ious s udies. Thus, he a iable 'mass media-
induced panic' was de ined based on ce ain s udies (Li e al., 2021; Naeem, 2021; Coleman
e al., 2022), using i ems such as: "Mass media p omo es a beha iou based on panic",
"Mass media p omo es a s a e o anxie y ela ed o he lack o p oduc s o se ices in he
ma ke as a esul o wa ". The a iable 'abili y o con ol panic' was o med based on
ce ain esea ch (Li e al., 2021; Tan e al., 2022) by he i ems: "I can con ol he s a e o
panic ha may a ise due o he wa ", " I ha e o al con ol o e my beha iou e en unde
he in luence o wa - ela ed panic". The a iable ' ou is beha iou o a oid con lic a eas'
was based on i ems such as: "I ha e gi en up isi ing a eas in con lic coun ies" and "I
ha e u ned o ou is des ina ions ha a e as a away om he wa zone as possible",
building on s udies such as hose by Tkalec and Žilić (2021) and Upadhayaya e al. (2011).
The sample consis s o 1036 esponden s, 53.3% women and 46.7% men, 14.1% bo n in
1965 o be o e, 33.6% be ween 1966-1979, 31.7% be ween 1980-1995, and 20.7% a e
1995. The esponden s we e selec ed using he snowball me hod. This is a nonp obabili y
sampling me hod ha allows he o iginal pa icipan s o ecommend o he people who ha e
he desi ed cha ac e is ics o he a ge popula ion o pa icipa e in he esea ch (Nunan e
al., 2020).
Pa ial leas squa es s uc u al equa ion modelling (PLS-SEM) wi h Sma -PLS 4.0 (Ringle
e al., 2022) was applied o es he concep ual model. This echnique is used o assess he
cause-e ec ela ionship be ween he la en a iables and is a combina ion o mul iple
eg ession and ac o analysis (Hai e al., 2017). The choice o his me hod o es ing he
concep ual model is jus i ied by he ac ha i aims o maximise he explained a iance o
he dependen la en cons uc s (Hai e al., 2011) and hus has an impo an explana o y
and p edic i e alue a he le el o he phenomena unde in es iga ion. A s uc u al
equa ion model consis s o wo componen s: he measu emen model, which assesses he
ela ionships be ween each la en cons uc and i s associa ed indica o s, and he s uc u al
model, which assesses he ela ionships be ween he la en cons uc s (Hai e al., 2011).
Fo models wi h i e o ewe cons uc s, some o which a e de ined by ewe han h ee
indica o s, Nunan e al. (2020) ecommend a sample o a leas 300 subjec s. In he case o
he p esen s udy, he sample size is well abo e he ecommended alue.
To assess he sui abili y o measu emen , he eliabili y and alidi y o he cons uc s mus
be demons a ed. Fo he cons uc s o be eliable, C onbach's alpha, he composi e
eliabili y ( ho_c), and he eliabili y coe icien ( ho_a) should be highe han he alue 0.7
(Hai e al., 2021). Table 1 shows ha his c i e ion is me o all la en a iables.
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The In luence o Mass Media on Tou is Beha io
o People Li ing in a Coun y Bo de ing Wa
1198 Am i ea u Economic
Table no. 1. Cons uc eliabili y and alidi y
La en a iable
C onbach's
Alpha
Reliabili y
coe icien
( ho_a)
Composi e
eliabili y
( ho_c)
A e age
a iance
ex ac ed (AVE)
Mass media-induced panic
0.827
0.827
0.920
0.852
Panic con ol abili y
0.776
0.795
0.898
0.816
Tou is a oidance beha iou
0.741
0.747
0.885
0.794
Con e gen alidi y is demons a ed by assessing he ex ac ed a e age a iance (AVE),
which mus exceed he h eshold alue o 0.5 (Nunan e al., 2020). Thus, he cons uc
explains a leas 50% o he a iance o he indica o s ha de ine i (Hai e al., 2014). As
shown in Table 1, his condi ion is me . Ano he measu e o con e gen alidi y is he ou e
loadings, which should be s a is ically signi ican and exceed he alue o 0.5, ideally
g ea e han 0.7 (Nunan e al., 2020). In he p esen s udy, all ou e loadings a e g ea e han
0.7, so his condi ion o con e gen alidi y is me .
Each la en a iable mus di e om he o he la en a iables o p o e he disc iminan
alidi y o he cons uc (Malho a e al., 2017). One measu e o his is he Fo nell-La cke
c i e ion (Fo nell-La cke , 1981), in which he squa e oo o he a e age a iance ex ac ed
o each la en a iable is g ea e han all co ela ions be ween i and he o he la en
a iables (Table 2).
Table no. 2. Fo nell-La cke c i e ion
La en a iable
Mass media-
induced panic
Panic con ol
abili y
Tou ism a oidance
beha iou
Mass media-induced panic
0.923
Panic con ol abili y
0.323
0.903
Tou is a oidance beha iou
0.146
0.111
0.891
Ano he measu e o disc iminan alidi y is he he e o ai –mono ai a io (HTMT) ma ix.
The esul s in Table 3 show ha all alues a e below he h eshold alue o 0.85 (Hai e al.,
2017), demons a ing ha disc iminan alidi y is achie ed.
Table no. 3. The he e o ai –mono ai a io (HTMT) ma ix
Mass media induced
panic
Panic con ol
abili y
Tou ism a oidance
beha iou
Mass media induced panic
Panic con ol abili y
0.400
Tou is a oidance beha iou
0.186
0.144
The model is no a ec ed by collinea i y issues, as all alues o he a iance in la ion ac o
(VIF) a e below he cu -o poin o 5 (Hai e al., 2017).
3. Resea ch indings and discussion
To es he esea ch hypo heses, he ela ionships be ween he la en a iables we e
assessed. The s eng h o he ela ionships is es ima ed by he pa h coe icien s, and hei
s a is ical signi icance was de e mined by pe o ming a boo s apping p ocedu e. The
esul s o he hypo heses es ed a e shown in Table 4.
New T ends in Sus ainable Business and Consump ion
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Vol. 26 • Special Issue No 18 • No embe 2024 1199
Table no. 4. Tes ed hypo heses
Rela ionship
Pa h coe icien
(β)
es
P
alue
Resul
H1: Mass media-induced panic ->
Tou is a oidance beha iou
0.124
3.658
0.000
Suppo ed
H2: Mass media-induced panic ->
Panic con ol abili y
0.323
10.339
0.000
Suppo ed
H3: Panic con ol abili y -> Tou is
a oidance beha iou
0.071
2.006
0.045
No suppo ed
Based on hese indings, he esul ing model is shown in Figu e 2.
Figu e no. 2. The esul ing model
Cap ion: Black line – accep ed hypo hesis; ed line – hypo hesis no accep ed;
CI con idence in e al
Rega ding he ela ionship be ween mass media-induced panic and ou is a oidance
beha iou , his ela ionship is s a is ically signi ican (β=0.124, p<0.01). The panic
igge ed by he media has a posi i e in luence on he beha iou o a oidance o ou is s,
which means ha hypo hesis H1 is accep ed. The mo e in ense he panic induced by he
mass media, he mo e people a oid isi ing he neighbou ing con lic a eas o ou ism
pu poses.
The panic caused by he mass media in luences he abili y o con ol wa - ela ed panic. The
mo e in ense he panic induced by he mass media, he g ea e he abili y o deal wi h his
challenge, as people a e be e p epa ed o con ol he panic. The s eng h o his
ela ionship is a he mode a e (β=0.323, p<0.01), so hypo hesis H2 is accep ed.
The abili y o con ol panic caused by mili a y con lic has no in e se e ec (β=0.071, p<0.05)
on ou is a oidance beha iou , bu a di ec one, o low s eng h. The e o e, e en i people a e
be e p epa ed o con ol wa - ela ed panic, hey end o a oid con lic a eas o ou ism
pu poses and a el a om hese a eas. Consequen ly, Hypo hesis H3 is no suppo ed.
Media ion analysis
To es he media ion ole o he a iable ’panic con ol abili y’ be ween he a iables ’mass
media-induced panic’ and ’ ou is a oidance beha iou ’, di ec and indi ec e ec s we e
de e mined by a bias-co ec ed boo s apping p ocedu e on 5000 subsamples, whe eby his
β=0.323
p<0.05
β=0.124
p<0.05
β= 0.071
p<0.05
Mass media-
induced panic
Panic con ol
abili y
Tou is
a oidance
beha iou
Indi ec e ec β=0.023 p<0.1
95% CI: [0.001; 0.047]
AE
The In luence o Mass Media on Tou is Beha io
o People Li ing in a Coun y Bo de ing Wa
1200 Am i ea u Economic
esampling app oach leads o mo e p ecise con idence limi s (MacKinnon e al., 2004).
(Table 5).
Table no. 5. Media ion analysis
No e: *p < 0.1; *** p < 0.01
The abili y o con ol panic ac s as a media o be ween mass media-induced panic and
ou is a oidance beha iou , conside ing ha he di ec e ec is signi ican (β=0.124,
p<0.01) and he indi ec e ec is ma ginally signi ican (β=0.047, p=0.054). Since he 95%
con idence in e al o he indi ec e ec does no include he alue 0, his e ec is
conside ed signi ican (Zhao e al., 2010), and he e is a pa ial media ion (Ni zl e al.,
2016). The e o e, he abili y o con ol wa - ela ed panic educes he impac o nega i e
media news on he ou is a oidance beha iou .
The esul s show ha he panic caused by news abou he wa in he mass media impac s
he ou ism beha iou o ci izens, who a oid a eas close o he con lic and choose
des ina ions ha a e u he away and, he e o e, conside ed sa e . As in he case o he
heal h c isis, ou is s seek sa e y (Ca ballo e al., 2022), while he media end o emphasise
isks and unce ain ies du ing a c isis, c ea ing a s a e o ea and panic (Kilgo e al., 2019).
The media can c ea e panic h ough wa news, which usually has nega i e conno a ions.
Tan and Cheng (2024) show ha mo e han 50% o main s eam media a icles linking
ou ism o he Russia-Uk aine wa con ained a nega i e emo ional ame. The endency o
a oid des ina ions in wa zones due o exposu e o panic-inducing news is also consis en
wi h Scha be e al. (2024), who ound ha a e he s a o he con lic be ween Russia
and Uk aine, ci izens o 17 Eu opean coun ies ou side he con lic a ea expe ienced a
dec ease in well-being as in o ma ion abou he wa was mo e salien in social media.
Howe e , a posi i e aspec is ha as he panic c ea ed by he mass media in ensi ies, people
de elop s a egies and mechanisms o con ol he s a e o panic (Meine e al., 2021). We
had expec ed ha due o he inc eased abili y o con ol panic, ou is s would educe hei
in en ion o choose des ina ions u he away om he con lic zone (Mauliza e al., 2022),
bu he esul s showed he opposi e. This esul seems o be consis en wi h he indings o
Dog u-Das an and Tü üncü (2024), who showed ha ou is s conside a des ina ion sa e
again i e o is a acks a e no epea ed a sho in e als and i su icien ime passes
wi hou o he e en s. As wa is an ongoing p ocess, ou is s eel he need o a el o a eas
u he away om he si e o a med con lic .
Consequen ly, hypo hesis H3 was ejec ed, sugges ing ha al hough people de elop he
abili y o con ol panic, his does no cause hem o a oid a eas conside ed isky due o wa .
On he con a y, ou is s con inue o a oid hese a eas e en when hey con ol hei media-
induced panic. This ac could indica e ha his panic con ol wo ks mo e psychologically,
as people s i e o a s a e o well-being, bu his ac does no lead hem o make decisions
ha hey conside isky. De eloping panic con ol mechanisms allows people o adhe e o
Pa h
Di ec
e ec
Indi ec
e ec
95% con idence in e al
o indi ec e ec
Resul
Lowe
Uppe
H4: Mass media-induced
panic -> Panic con ol abili y -
> Tou is a oidance beha iou
0.124***
0.023*
0.001
0.047
Suppo ed
New T ends in Sus ainable Business and Consump ion
AE
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