Be am, Dominik; Chilla, Tobias; P is e , Ma c
A icle
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns: The
cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
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p ojec s in company owns: The cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is), Raum o schung
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FORSCHUNGSBEITRAG RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns. The
cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
Dominik Be am , Tobias Chilla , Ma c P is e
Recei ed: 16 Augus 2024 Accep ed: 7 Ap il 2025 Published online: 3 July 2025
Abs ac
The li e a u e on la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s o -
en p ima ily add esses d as ic ailu es and hei unde lying
causes. Recen ly, howe e , success ac o s ha e also ecei ed
inc easing a en ion. F om bo h pe spec i es, managemen
app oaches, pa icipa ion logics and poli ical s a egies a e
p ominen opicsin hiscon ex .Howe e , hesymbolicdimen-
sion o la ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s is a ely conside ed.
This is somewha su p ising, as symbolic meaning is consid-
e ed key o u ban de elopmen in many con ex s. We explo e
his dimension wi h wo cases o u ban en ep eneu ial de el-
opmen p ojec s, he No a is Campus in Basel (Swi ze land)
and he Siemens Campus in E langen (Ge many). Ou empi i-
cal s udy elies on hema ic p ess analyses. We e lec on he
pos ula e ha a “ i ” be ween u ban symbolism and socie al
expec a ions is a c ucial de e minan o smoo h implemen-
a ion in la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company
owns. In bo h case s udies, u ban in eg a ion, a chi ec u e
and design a e o g ea ele ance. These “so ” ac o s in
Dominik Be am, Ins i u ü Geog aphie, F ied ich-Alexan-
de -Uni e si ä E langen-Nü nbe g, We e k euz 15, 91058 E lan-
gen, Ge many
dominik.db.be am@ au.de
P o . D . Tobias Chilla, Ins i u ü Geog aphie, F ied ich-Alexan-
de -Uni e si ä E langen-Nü nbe g, We e k euz 15, 91058 E lan-
gen, Ge many
[email p o ec ed]
Ma c P is e , Bau- und Ve keh sdepa emen , Kan on Basel-S ad ,
Müns e pla z 1, 4001 Basel, Swi ze land
ma c.p is e [email protected]
© 2025 by he au ho (s); licensee oekom. This Open
Access a icle is published unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
4.0 In e na ional Licence (CC BY).
planning and implemen a ion sugges ha he ou comes a e
no solely dependen on echnical p o essionalism. Ins ead,
he app op ia e symbolism wi hin he u ban con ex and he
associa ed p ojec in es men eme ge as c i ical ac o s.
Keywo ds: La ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s Public
space U ban campus Newspape analysis E langen Basel
G oßp ojek e in “Company owns”. Die
Fallbeispiele E langen (Siemens) und Basel
(No a is)
Zusammen assung
In de wissenscha lichen Deba e zu G oßp ojek en wi d ein
Schwe punk au die Analyse on Misse olgen geleg , wobei
die U sachen hie ü iel äl ig sind. In jünge en Jah en we den
zunehmend auch E olgs ak o en in den Blick genommen. Fü
beide Pe spek i en spielen neben Managemen ak o en und
Pa izipa ionslogiken poli ische S a egien eine wich igeRolle.
Die symbolische Dimension g oße S ad en wicklungsp ojek e
inde dabei bislang wenig Be ücksich igung. Dies is e s aun-
lich, da die symbolische Dimension o als en scheidende
Fak o ü die S ad en wicklung angesehen wi d. Wi un e -
suchen zwei G oßp ojek e de un e nehme ischen S ad en -
wicklung, des No a is Campus in Basel (Schweiz) sowie des
Siemens Campus in E langen (Deu schland). Die empi ische
Un e suchung basie au hemenbezogenen P esseanalysen.
Die E gebnisse de Un e suchung legen nahe, dass die „Pas-
sung“ zwischen s äd ische Symbolik und gesellscha lichen
E wa ungen eine en scheidende De e minan e ü die ei-
bungslose Umse zung on G oßp ojek en in „Company owns“
is . In beiden Fallbeispielen sind die Aspek e de s äd ebau-
lichen In eg a ion sowie des a chi ek onischen Designs on
bedeu same Rele anz. Diese ehe ,weichen‘ A gumen e ü
die Planung und Umse zung on G oßp ojek en demons ie-
en, dass die ausschlaggebenden Pa ame e nich allein on
350 Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns. The cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
de echnischenP o essionali ä abhängen. Vielmeh e weisen
sich eine angemessene Symbolik des s äd ischen Kon ex es
und de In es i ion als wesen liche G ößen.
Schlüsselwö e : S äd ebauliche G oßp ojek e
Ö en liche Raum S äd ische Campus P esseanalyse
E langen Basel
1In oduc ion
The g owing li e a u e on la ge-scale u ban de elopmen
and megap ojec s ocuses pa icula ly on o en spec acu-
la ailu e – iming, budge and media co e age, among
o he s, a e sensi i e issues du ing he implemen a ion
p ocess (Dziomba/Ma uschewski 2007; Gualini/Majoo
2007; Ansa /Fly bje g/Budzie e al. 2017). This finding
is almos independen o he geog aphical con ex s wo ld-
wide (Balke/Reube /Wood 2018; Denicol/Da ies/K ys allis
2020; Jua ez Co nelio/Saina i/Loca elli 2021: 779) and he
sec o al na u e o he p ojec (Dziomba 2009).
In ecen yea s, howe e , a numbe o ac o s o he
“no ailing” o la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s ha e
come in o play. A g owing body o li e a u e add esses se -
e al echnical and o ganisa ional deba es (Sale 2008;Ni-
nan/Clegg/Mahalingam 2019; Wang/Xu/He e al. 2023). A
se ies o s udies explo es he defini ion o success and he
po en ial o a p ocess-o ien ed amewo k ha akes in o ac-
coun he con ingen and dynamic na u e o megap ojec s
(Abdallah/El-Bouk i/Flo icel e al. 2022). We con ibu e o
his discou se wi h wo case s udies ha combine (a) he
pa icula spa ial amewo k o company owns and (b) he
s ong ele ance o symbolic ac o s – in addi ion o eco-
nomic and social ones (Sande son 2012). Company owns
a e a highly ele an spa ial con ex o a leas wo ea-
sons. Fi s , hei ele ance o u ban de elopmen is pa ic-
ula ly g ea , gi en he high le el o dependency (Gibson
1991). Second, and om a mo e empi ical pe spec i e, he
somewha compac s uc u e o ac o ne wo ks and ma e-
ial pa e ns allow o a he clea and plausible insigh s –
e en i he unde lying p ocesses emain mul i ace ed and
inc emen al (Ag awal/Cockbu n/Rosell 2010: 88).
The symbolic dimension o la ge u ban (mega) p ojec s
is mainly conside ed, i a all, om he pe spec i e o
ailu e. In se e al cases, o e sized and iconic design is
a key objec i e, se ing he epu a ion o he ini ia o s a he
han he p ac ical use o he p ojec . The Sydney Ope a
House and he Pen agon complex a e de as a ing examples
o megap ojec implemen a ion (Gaim/Clegg/Pina e Cunha
2022). Howe e , decades a e hei cons uc ion, hey a e
now pe cei ed as impo an symbols o he na ional cul-
u e and poli ics. Ne e heless, design and symbolism a e
sensi i e issues.
In ou pape , we examine his symbolic dimension as
a decisi e implemen a ion ac o . Ou esea ch esponds o
he ollowing ques ion: To wha ex en a e symbolic ac o s
ele an o he implemen a ion o la ge u ban de elopmen
p ojec s in company owns? Ou ope a ionalisa ion elies
on a e ospec i e hema ic newspape analysis. Using wo
la ge-scale en ep eneu ial p ojec s o u ban de elopmen ,
we eflec on he a gumen ha a “fi ” be ween he symbolic
dimension and socie al expec a ions is key o implemen a-
ion. Ou examples show ha aes he ics in a b oade sense
and open public access play an impo an ole in p ojec de-
elopmen and implemen a ion. Mo e specifically, we show
ha a chi ec u e can se e as an “appeasemen ” a gumen ,
and we illus a e ha he deg ee o accessibili y o open
spaces is amongs he mos sensi i e opics influencing pub-
lic accep ance.
This a gumen does no ques ion o he p ominen find-
ings, such as he ele ance o modula isa ion in planning
and he a ious “biases” in ea ly planning s ages. I does,
howe e , add a “so e ” dimension o he discou se on he
planning and implemen a ion p ocesses o la ge-scale u -
ban de elopmen p ojec s. We eflec on he pos ula e ha
a “fi ” be ween u ban symbolism and socie al expec a ions
is an impo an key o smoo h implemen a ion o u ban
p ojec s in company owns and beyond.
2 Concep ual amewo k
2.1 La ge-scale u ban de elopmen in small
company owns: size as a p oblem?
The li e a u e on la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s
consis en ly demons a es a co ela ion be ween p ojec size
and he incidence o a ious complica ions. Specifically,
la ge p ojec s a e mo e ulne able o issues such as bud-
ge o e uns, planning conflic s and iming challenges. This
phenomenon has led o he cha ac e isa ion o p ojec size
as p oblema ic, highligh ed in he chap e i le “Big is ag-
ile” by Ansa /Fly bje g/Budzie e al. (2017). The spec um
o la ge p ojec ypes is ex ensi e, anging om he de elop-
men o new ci y dis ic s o he o ganisa ion o majo e en s
and he cons uc ion o mo o way unnels. Dziomba (2009)
delinea es ou es ablished ca ego ies o la ge-scale u ban
p ojec s: majo e en s, flagship image p ojec s, la ge-scale
in as uc u e p ojec s and u ban ans o ma ion ini ia i es.
Howe e , clea ca ego isa ion may no always be easible,
as hyb id o ms o en eme ge (Huning/Pe e s 2003).
Some u ban de elopmen p ojec s a e la ge in a ma e-
ial, physical sense, as exemplified by ail in as uc u e.
Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365 351
D. Be am e al.
O he s, such as majo es i alisa ion p ojec s, a e less angi-
ble. Despi e he inhe en diffe ences in he na u e o hese
la ge (u ban) p ojec s, hey o en exhibi simila challenges,
including conflic s, o e spending and budge ing, esul ing
om planning issues.
The easons o hese p oblems a e mani old. In many
cases, he ac o s a e o e s e ched and s uggle o cope wi h
he complexi y and scale o hei asks. These challenges can
s em om echnical ac o s, such as he no el y o he asks
a hand, bu also om o ganisa ional issues and “excep ional
u banism”, as Hesse (2013: 25) illus a es o he G and
Duchy o Luxembou g. F equen ly, ini ia o s o la ge-scale
u ban de elopmen p ojec s delibe a ely unde es ima e he
necessa y budge s and p ojec complexi ies o gain poli ical
suppo , a phenomenon known as s a egic bias (Fly bje g/
Holm/Buhl 2002, Fly bje g 2021a).
The specific go e nance s uc u es associa ed wi h la ge
p ojec s can inhe en ly es ic he capabili ies o local au-
ho i ies, he eby hinde ing hei abili y o p o ec he pub-
lic good in public-p i a e nego ia ions and p e en ing hem
om ulfilling hei essen ial pu pose (Adam/Fuchs 2012:
570; Leick/Hesse/Becke 2020: 262). Howe e , he legi imi-
sa ion o such p ojec s o en occu s e ospec i ely, con in-
gen upon hei success (Dziomba 2009:2).
Fu he mo e, he p i a isa ion o public space and he
lack o pa icipa ion in planning p ocedu es ha e been sub-
jec s o c i ical discou se. The issue o public spaces is pa-
icula ly p ominen (Bodna 2015; Fleu y/Gomes 2024).
Recen academic discussions also emphasise posi i e and
p agma ic aspec s o p i a e engagemen in public spaces,
sugges ing ha such in ol emen may enhance he quali y
o hese a eas as well as he balance be ween economic
g ow h and en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Bau iedl 2007;
Ca mona 2015; Lee/Schol en 2022).
A g owing body o li e a u e examines he success ac-
o s associa ed wi h la ge p ojec s (e.g. no majo delays,
no budge o e uns, public accep ance). This li e a u e sug-
ges s ha making p ojec s “mo e modula ” could enhance
hei effec i eness (Fly bje g 2021b). Addi ionally, an in-
c easing numbe o s udies ocus on a ious echnical and
o ganisa ional aspec s o p ojec managemen (Wang/Xu/He
e al. 2023). O he esea ch adop s a quali a i e app oach,
explo ing he defini ion o success and how a p ocess-o i-
en ed go e nance amewo k ha akes in o accoun he
con ingen and dynamic na u e o la ge u ban p ojec s can
be applied (Abdallah/El-Bouk i/Flo icel e al. 2022), o ex-
ample as a “ci y wi hin he ci y” (Leick/Hesse/Becke 2020:
249).
Ou pape con ibu es o his discou se by in es iga ing
he ole o he symbolic dimension in la ge-scale u ban de-
elopmen p ojec s wi hin small company owns, a opic
ha has no ye been sys ema ically add essed. When la ge
companies a e es ablished in ela i ely small owns o ci ies,
he unc ional se ings and go e nance s uc u es end o
be qui e specific. The deba e on company owns pa ic-
ula ly highligh s economic ulne abili y du ing pe iods o
c isis and ans o ma ion (Commande 2018). Con e sely,
he high le els o compensa ion and gene ally a ou able
se ice p o ision a e o en no ed as ad an ages. Addi ion-
ally, om an en ep eneu ial pe spec i e, high employee
loyal y and a s ong local iden i y a e equen ly ci ed as
a significan asse in company owns (Moonesi us /B own
2021). His o ically, company owns ha e been associa ed
wi h sec o s such as mining and p oduc ion. Al hough he
p oduc ion sec o emains dominan oday, i s ele ance has
expanded o encompass a conside able ocus on esea ch
and de elopmen (R&D) and inno a ion. No able examples
o his end can be seen in he au omo i e and chemical sec-
o s, pa icula ly in ci ies like Wol sbu g and Ludwigsha en
(Be lemann/Jahn 2016,Kiese2016).
The cases examined in his s udy, he Siemens Campus in
E langen and he No a is Campus in Basel, a e examples
o la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s si ua ed in ela-
i ely small company owns. Bo h cases a e oo ed in he
p oduc ion sec o – pha maceu ical p oduc s in Basel, elec-
ic sys ems and indus ial au oma ion in E langen. How-
e e , bo h in es men s p io i ise esea ch and de elopmen
acili ies o e p oduc ion in as uc u e.
The loca ion o esea ch and de elopmen ac i i ies is
seen as a p ima y d i e o u ban de elopmen (Ed a ds-
son/Yigi canla /Pancholi 2016). This is influenced by local
agglome a ion effec s, he specific labou ma ke and epu-
a ional ac o s associa ed wi h hese loca ions. Basel hos s,
alongside Roche, he No a is headqua e s, whe eas E lan-
gen has he la ges Siemens acili y, despi e he company’s
headqua e s being loca ed in Munich. In e es ingly, hese
cases inco po a e he e m “campus”. T adi ionally, uni e -
si y and college campuses ha e been iewed as essen ial
componen s o knowledge p oduc ion and he de elopmen
o knowledge ci ies. In ecen yea s, he concep o a cam-
pus has ex ended in o en ep eneu ial con ex s, o en in-
e sec ing wi h academic ins i u ions (Romme 2017). This
no ion is inc easingly ecognised as a ele an elemen o
en ep eneu ial ecosys ems (Zolle /Bou ellie 2013).
2.2 The symbolic dimension o u ban
de elopmen p ojec s
La ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s possess a symbolic
and discu si e dimension. They ha e he po en ial o unda-
men ally al e he iden i y and epu a ion o a place, while
also holding symbolic ele ance o a b oade spa ial con-
ex (Rego/Reis I iga ay/Cha es 2017: 18). Flo icel/B une
(2023: 9) desc ibe symbolism in ela ion o he emo ions,
352 Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns. The cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
meanings and ep esen a ions associa ed wi h a p ojec .
Thei wo k illus a es how la ge (mega) p ojec s can es-
ona e deeply wi hin na ions o egions, a phenomenon hey
e m “iconic agi a ion symbolism”, o e oke emo ions such
as aes he ic pleasu e, which hey e e o as “spec acula
appeal symbolism”. Mo eo e , la ge u ban de elopmen
p ojec s a e equen ly ega ded as “flagship” p ojec s and
a e discussed in e ms o hei ca aly ic unc ion o de el-
opmen a he na ional o egional le el (Zeko ić/Ma ičić
2022: 529). Adam/Fuchs (2012: 565) iden i y “o ches a-
ion” as a cen al ea u e o con empo a y u ban p ojec s,
such as he Elbe Philha monic Hall as he flagship o
Hambu g’s Ha enCi y, o Po sdame Pla z in Be lin wi h
a numbe o p es igious a chi ec u al ea u es.
The in e play o a chi ec u al aes he ics and planning
cul u e plays a c ucial ole in shaping specific ci y b and-
ing and he implemen a ion p ocess (Aydoghmish/Rafieian
2022). Balke/Reube /Wood (2018: 1009) in es iga ed he
Hambu g Elbe Philha monic Hall case and showed “how
iconic a chi ec u al models and highly aes he icised dis-
cou ses on a chi ec u al pa icula isa ion helped o enable
a consensual ( a he han conflic i e) s yle o poli ical de-
cision-making”. This p ocess encompasses a ious scales,
anging om local building blocks and ci y- egional unc-
ioning o he global embeddedness o ansna ional co po-
a e (TNC) in es o s. The alloca ion o alue cap u e e-
sul ing om la ge (mega) p ojec in es men s can a y sig-
nifican ly ac oss mul i-le el sys ems (Zukin 2011; anMa -
ewijk 2017: 57). La ge u ban p ojec s a e mee ing poin s o
mul i-scala ac o s, discou ses and ela ionships. Thei sym-
bolism may e e o local a chi ec u al s yles o o b oade
in e na ional p es ige. In his p ocess o de eloping a com-
mon unde s anding and iden i y elemen s, he inco po a ion
o “play ul” and a is ic componen s holds significan po en-
ial (Buchmulle /Kelle /Koch e al. 2000: 59). Fo example,
access o la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s can be e-
s ic ed o p i ileged g oups associa ed wi h a global com-
pany, o i can be en i ely open o all u ban dwelle s.
Th ough wo empi ical case s udies, ou pape con-
ibu es o a deepe unde s anding o he symbolic dimen-
sion as a c i ical ac o in he implemen a ion p ocesses o
la ge en ep eneu ial p ojec s. We ocus on an essen ial suc-
cess ac o o la ge-scale u ban de elopmen p ojec s: he
p emise ha a “fi ” be ween u ban symbolism and socie al
expec a ions is key o ensu ing smoo h implemen a ion.
3Me hodology
3.1 Posi ioning he case s udies: small
company owns
Ou pape adop s a wo-case s udy app oach. The basis o
his app oach is o selec wo cases ha a e highly com-
pa able, allowing me hodological compa ison. By applying
his compa a i e amewo k, i is possible o iden i y plau-
sible pa e ns and a ia ions ha may be applicable ac oss
mul iple ins ances o simila phenomena (Ba le /Va us
2017).
In E langen, Ge many, a new, open u ban dis ic is cu -
en ly being de eloped on he o me Siemens p oduc ion
si e, sou h o he ci y cen e. This campus p ojec includes
office in as uc u e, g een and open spaces, es au an s,
shops and a ious se ice acili ies. Simila ly, he No a is
Campus in Basel, Swi ze land, se es as he global head-
qua e s o No a is and as a cen e o esea ch, de elop-
men and managemen . This si e also includes office and
labo a o y acili ies, accompanied by g een spaces, es au-
an s and e ail se ices. Bo h case s udies hos and ep e-
sen significan global playe s wi h poli ical and economic
ele ance in he con ex o local u ban de elopmen .
Table 1p o ides a compa a i e o e iew o he wo cam-
pus p ojec s. While bo h implemen a ion p ocesses a e on-
going, he Basel case began ea lie , and i s cons uc ion
phase has al eady la gely been comple ed in line wi h cu -
en equi emen s. In bo h he Siemens/E langen and No a -
is/Basel cases, he e ha e been no budge o e uns, delays
o p o es campaigning (so a ). Consequen ly, he new u -
ban dis ic s ha e been de eloped la gely as planned and
ha e now become in eg al pa s o he u ban landscape
ollowing ela i ely smoo h implemen a ion p ocesses. The
absence o cos o e uns and planning conflic s con as s
wi h ypical findings in he li e a u e on la ge-scale u ban
de elopmen p ojec s.
The Siemens Campus is app oxima ely wice he size o
Table 1 Compa a i e o e iew o bo h case s udies
U ban
p ojec Siemens Campus No a is Campus
Ci y Po-
pula ion E langen: 116,562 (2023) Basel: 196,786 (2023)
P ojec
iming s a in 2014, comple ion
o eseen 2030 s a in 2002, comple ion
2023
A ea 54 hec a es 20 hec a es
In es -
men app oxima ely one billion
eu os app oxima ely wo billion
Swiss ancs
Wo k
places app oxima ely 20,000 app oxima ely 10,000
Sou ce: he au ho s; da a om Eu os a and homepages o
Siemens and No a is
Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365 353
D. Be am e al.
he No a is Campus and is expec ed o offe a ound wice
as many jobs upon comple ion. In con as , he No a is
Campus ep esen s a significan ly la ge financial in es -
men , pa icula ly due o i s ambi ious a chi ec u al goals.
Bo h campus p ojec s a e easily accessible by public ans-
po om he main ain s a ions in E langen and Basel, and
bo h p o ide di ec access o he nea es majo oads.
The significance o hese la ge companies as employe s
and sou ces o p ospe i y a e c ucial cha ac e is ics o bo h
p ojec s. The Siemens Campus is no able no only o i s
size bu also o he ans o ma ion o a p e iously closed
company si e in o a new u ban dis ic wi h a dis inc u ban
cha ac e , which is likely o os e new unc ional connec-
ions and pa e ns (Chilla/Heugel/Sielke e al. 2020: 65). In
Basel, he Swiss pha maceu ical company No a is is ans-
o ming i s Basel S . Johann si e om an indus ial a ea
in o a campus designed o p omo e knowledge exchange
and inno a ion. This ans o ma ion in ol es he new con-
s uc ion o se e al buildings by some o he wo ld’s leading
a chi ec s and fi ms, including Vi o io Lampugnani (mas-
e plan), F ank Geh y, Tadao Ando, Rahul Meh o a and
Diene & Diene . Concu en ly, ou doo spaces a e being
c ea ed o p o ide a eas o walking and social in e ac-
ion (Dick/Degenha d /Schulze e al. 2015: 107). In bo h
cases, hese companies ha e significan ly influenced he
men ali ies and go e nance s uc u es wi hin hei espec-
i e ci ies ( o E langen: Bü ne 2009: 135, o Basel: Haab/
Lu e bach/Heimann 2013: 262). The long-s anding epu a-
ion o hese la ge companies is also an impo an condi ion
o he smoo h implemen a ion o la ge-scale u ban de elop-
men p ojec s, as i ends o os e a high le el o us and
openness among s akeholde s (Moonesi us /B own 2021).
His o ically, bo h si es we e impo an p oduc ion si es o
hei companies, bu ha e since unde gone comple e es uc-
u ing o se e esea ch and de elopmen ac i i ies, as well
as managemen and adminis a i e unc ions. Addi ionally,
bo h campuses, p e iously closed o he public, a e now o
some ex en publicly accessible. The a chi ec u al designs
a e u he enhanced by he inco po a ion o a is ic ele-
men s h oughou he campuses.
F om a me hodological pe spec i e, assessing he con-
s uc ion phase o he Siemens Campus E langen is chal-
lenging, as i is no ye ully comple ed. The e o e, he as-
se ion ha bo h p ojec s ha e unde gone smoo h implemen-
a ion p ocesses has o be ega ded wi h cau ion. None he-
less, bo h campuses a e ully ope a ional and, e en in E -
langen, he majo i y o cons uc ion modules ha e al eady
been comple ed.
3.2 Da a collec ion
We ope a ionalise ou esea ch objec i e by means o a e -
ospec i e media-analysis. This me hodological app oach
allows he cases o be conside ed compa a i ely despi e
he diffe en spa ial and empo al p ocesses in E langen
and Basel. Mo eo e , media co e age eflec s in pa icu-
la conflic s o b oade in e es , as is made clea in dispu ed
cases like S u ga 21 o o he s (Nagel/Sa oh 2019). The
media co pus ob iously comes along wi h limi a ions. In
pa icula , he go e nance o la ge p ojec s is cha ac e ised
by a endency owa ds confiden iali y, wi h small g oups
making impo an decisions ha a e no epo ed in he
media. The speake s and hei oles in he u ban p ojec s
should be examined c i ically, as he p ess ypically e e -
ences “sc ip ed” s a emen s issued by ac o s in poli ics, ci y
managemen o a company le el. Ne e heless, as soon as
con o e sies lead o changes in undamen al planning ideas
and implemen a ion plans, he media ends o co e his, in-
cluding he public deba es su ounding hem.
In echnical e ms, he analysis is based on he ex ac-
ion o newspape a icles ela ed o la ge-scale u ban de-
elopmen p ojec s. The da a ex ac ion p ocess u ilises he
WISO li e a u e da abase,1which is a comp ehensi e on-
line esou ce con aining app oxima ely 260 million a icles
om a ious daily and weekly publica ions. Mo eo e , an
addi ional newspape a chi e, Süddeu sche Zei ung, was in-
co po a ed o ensu e co e age o he mos ele an sou ces
in he s udied egions.
The fi s objec i e o his da a collec ion p ocess is o de-
e mine he quan i y o a icles and explo e he spa io- em-
po al dis ibu ion o p ess co e age ocusing he Siemens
Campus in E langen and he No a is Campus in Basel. The
ex ac ion p ocess included a sys ema ic keywo d sea ch
wi hin he WISO da abase, execu ed h ough Elas icsea ch.
This ad anced sea ch mechanism employs composi e de-
composi ion and s emming echniques o iden i y simila
documen s wi hou al e ing he use ’s que y. The ope a o
o link sea ch e ms is “AND”, ensu ing ha he esul ing
documen s con ain bo h specified sea ch e ms. Two main
sea ches a e conduc ed: “No a is Campus AND Basel” and
“Siemens Campus AND E langen”. The obse a ion pe iod
o No a is spans om 2001 o 2022, while Siemens is
co e ed om 2013 o 2022, cap u ing he main campus im-
plemen a ion pe iods. The s a ing poin o each p ojec
is de e mined by iden i ying he fi s ele an publica ion.
The da a e ie al encompasses p ess a icles om a i-
ous geog aphical loca ions, including Swi ze land, Aus ia,
1h ps://wiso-ne .de/ (05.04.2025).
354 Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns. The cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
Ge many and in e na ional sou ces. Howe e , a icles om
news agencies a e excluded o p e en duplica ion.
An impo an s ep o he da a collec ion p ocess is he
manual e iew and o ganisa ion o all sea ch esul s. This
p ocess includes he emo al o duplica e a icles, pa ic-
ula ly in cases whe e an a icle has been published in bo h
p in and online o ma s. Such an app oach is essen ial o
accu a ely mapping he loca ions whe e epo ing has been
conduc ed.
3.3 Da a p ocessing and analysis
We employ a wo-s ep app oach o da a p ocessing and
analysis. Fi s , we u ilise a ca ego isa ion p ocess o o -
ganise he newspape a icles. This app oach allows a spa-
io- empo al analysis o p ess co e age conce ning he wo
Campus p ojec s. The ca ego isa ion in ol es sys ema ically
so ing a icles based on se e al key c i e ia. This p ocess
eco ds he newspape name, publica ion yea and publica-
ion loca ion assigned o a NUTS 3 egional code and ca -
ego ises newspape dis ibu ion as ei he “sup a- egional”
o “ egional”. Subsequen ly, hese de ails a e compiled in o
p ess a icle imelines o each campus p ojec . These ime-
lines se e as dynamic isual ep esen a ions illus a ing
essen ial de elopmen al miles ones h oughou he a ious
cons uc ion phases, alongside a quan i a i e e alua ion o
egional and sup a- egional p ess co e age.
Figu e 1p o ides u he de ails ega ding he co pus o
he s udy. A o al o 530 a icles ela ed o he Siemens Cam-
pus we e colla ed and analysed o he pe iod om 2013 o
2022. O hese, 478 appea ed in egional newspape s, while
52 we e published in sup a- egional ou le s. In con as ,
he Basel case exhibi s a much la ge olume o p ess e-
po ing, comp ising 3046 a icles wi hin he da abase. This
Figu e 1 O e all numbe o p ess a icles o egional and sup a- egional newspape s e e ing o he Siemens and No a is Campuses
Siemens Campus ime ame: 2013-2022; No a is Campus ime ame: 2001-2022
disc epancy is pa ly a ibu able o he ex ended epo ing
pe iod o he No a is Campus p ojec (2001-2022), which
includes 2770 a icles om egional newspape s and 276
om sup a- egional newspape s.
This spa ial da a p ocessing also in ol es impo ing he
ca ego ised newspape a icles in o a Geog aphic In o ma-
ion Sys em. The esul an da ase eflec s he o al numbe
o published a icles pe yea and pe egion (NUTS 3).
This spa io- empo al analysis gene a es a comp ehensi e
o e iew o p ess co e age ends, enabling a nuanced un-
de s anding o how media isibili y e ol es o e ime and
ac oss diffe en egions. The spa ial pe spec i e is a signi -
ican dimension in esea ch on discou ses (Bau iedl 2009:
228). Ou hypo hesis pos ula es ha conflic s in u ban de-
elopmen p ojec s co ela e wi h he each o p ess a icles,
specifically, he mo e egional he discou se, he less con-
flic ual he su ounding deba e ends o be.
The second s ep o da a p ocessing in ol es a e ospec-
i e newspape analysis aimed a examining diffe ences and
simila i ies in he hema ic epo ing o he wo case s udies.
In his phase, all ele an a icles a e agg ega ed in o wo
comp ehensi e ex co po a (Siemens Campus and No a is
Campus). Subsequen ly, an induc i e-deduc i e hyb id he-
ma ic analysis is employed o iden i y pe inen opics and
con en wi hin he newspape co e age (P oud oo 2023).
This mixed me hods app oach offe s a sys ema ic o e iew
o he ex co pus by using a quali a i e amewo k combin-
ing bo h induc i e and deduc i e easoning (Tjo a 2018).
This p ocess applies a mul i-pe son p inciple, whe eby
h ee expe s independen ly conduc ed sea ches o ensu e
in e - a e eliabili y (Boya zis 1998). The ini ial phase em-
ploys an induc i e (bo om-up) hema ic analysis ollowing
he me hodology es ablished by B aun/Cla ke (2006). This
en ails amilia isa ion wi h he da a, gene a ion o ini ial
Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365 355
D. Be am e al.
codes, sea ching o hemes, e iewing hemes and defining
hemes. In his con ex , an open hema ic coding app oach
is u ilised (Ma issek/P affenbach/Reube 2013: 201). A e
defining he hemes, a deduc i e ( op-down) hema ic anal-
ysis is implemen ed o gain a deepe unde s anding o he
hemes iden ified in he induc i e phase.
Based on his induc i e-deduc i e amewo k, he sys em-
a ic sea ch esul ed in opics conside ed o be explana o y
ac o s o he a he smoo h implemen a ion. While hese
componen s a e de i ed om a deduc i e pe spec i e, ou
ope a ionalisa ion p ima ily e ained an induc i e cha ac e
o a oid bias in he esul s o he s udy:
The in ol emen o specific ac o s in he media deba e on
la ge u ban p ojec s is o g ea in e es o unde s anding he
ole o public and p i a e ac o s in he p ojec go e nance.
Ou e iew o newspape a icles iden ifies he complex ne -
wo k o ac o s in ol ed, eflec ing on hei p ess s a emen s.
We conduc ed an explici sea ch o p ominen figu es, in-
cluding he names o influen ial egional and sup a- egional
figu es in E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is).
The conflic aspec , cha ac e ised by dispu es o e financ-
ing, iming and public accep ance, is equen ly add essed
in he li e a u e on la ge u ban p ojec s. Ou esea ch iden-
ifies conflic s wi hin he campus p ojec s in E langen and
Basel, using ope a o s such as “expensi e”, “ eloca ion”,
“co ona”, “conflic ”, “p o es ” and “job cu s”.
Figu e 2 Timeline o p ess a icles on he No a is Campus in Basel
The smoo h implemen a ion o a la ge u ban p ojec co -
ela es wi h i s in eg a ion in o he u ban con ex . As bo h
p ojec s we e ini ially p oduc ion si es wi h es ic ed ac-
cess, we in es iga e he ele ance o “openness” in e ms o
public accessibili y. The analysis o u ban in eg a ion is dis-
cussed in a diffe en ia ed way, as newspape a icles do no
di ec ly assess he ac ual public accessibili y o he p ojec s
bu a he he discou se su ounding i . Ou sea ch ope a-
o s included e ms such as “accessible”, “ ence”, “ enced”,
“closed”, “open” and “public”.
A chi ec u e plays a p ominen ole in bo h p ojec s. We
conduc ed an explici sea ch o a chi ec u al desc ip ions in
he p ess co po a using sea ch ope a o s such as “a chi ec-
u e”, “buildings” and “cons uc ion”. This p ocess enabled
us o ex ac adjec i es ha desc ibe he a chi ec u al ea-
u es o he campuses.
4Resul s
4.1 Timelines o p ess a icles
Figu e 2illus a es he numbe o newspape a icles pub-
lished on he No a is Campus om 2001 o 2022. The da k
blue ba s ep esen a icles om egional newspape s, while
he ligh blue ba s deno e sup a- egional publica ions. The
356 Raum o schung und Raumo dnung | Spa ial Resea ch and Planning (2025) 83/5: 350–365
La ge u ban de elopmen p ojec s in company owns. The cases o E langen (Siemens) and Basel (No a is)
Figu e 3 P ess a icles imeline o he Siemens Campus in E langen
olume o media co e age can be linked o key implemen-
a ion ac i i ies, which can be ca ego ised in o ou phases:
(1) in 2005, he fi s building on he campus was opened;
(2) in 2011, he expansion o he campus and a public p om-
enade we e announced; (3) in 2016, he Rhine p omenade
officially opened, and (4) in 2021, he cons uc ion o he
No a is Pa illon began and i was announced ha he cam-
pus would be made mo e accessible o he public. Since
Oc obe 2022, he ou doo a ea and ce ain p emises, such
as es au an s, ca és and ba s, a e accessible du ing business
hou s (Pa illon also a he weekend).
Figu e 2shows a significan inc ease in public in e es
ollowing he opening o he fi s building in 2005. Howe e ,
epo ing was mainly es ic ed o egional newspape s. The
olume o newspape a icles published emained high un il
2011, when i peaked wi hin he ime se ies. Following he
announcemen o he Rhine p omenade, which is accessible
o he public, media in e es in he campus p ojec inc eased
again. Subsequen ly, he numbe o newspape a icles de-
c eased con inuously un il 2015, wi h a b ie inc ease a e
he opening o he Rhine p omenade.
The Rhine p omenade, loca ed on he si e o he o -
me dockya d, se es as a cen al ou e o Basel, linking
he ci y wi h Huningue (F ance) and, ia he D eilände -
b ücke, wi h he Ge man ci y o Weil and i s shopping
cen e. This p ojec , which includes a cycle pa h o com-
mu e s and a public es au an on he No a is si e, was
pa o he In e na ional Building Exhibi ion Basel (2010-
2020). In 2019, media a en ion owa ds he No a is Cam-
pus inc eased significan ly again due o he announcemen
o he a chi ec u ally p es igious No a is Pa illon, which
was also co e ed by na ional and in e na ional newspape s.
This heigh ened le el o media a en ion con inued un il
comple ion o he No a is Campus.
Figu e 3illus a es he p ess epo ing on he Siemens
Campus in E langen. The mos significan de elopmen
phases o his p ojec include he cons uc ion ag eemen
be ween he ci y o E langen and Siemens in 2014, he
amewo k ag eemen o uni e si y buildings on he cam-
pus in 2018 and he eloca ion o he fi s Siemens employ-
ees o he campus in 2020. In compa ison o he co e age
o he No a is Campus, he g aph indica es a ela i ely
low numbe o newspape a icles ega ding he Siemens
Campus. While he No a is Campus consis en ly gene a ed
o e 100 a icles e e y yea ollowing he opening o i s fi s
building, he Siemens Campus did no each his numbe
in i s fi s en yea s. The peak olume o newspape a i-
cles ela ed o he Siemens Campus occu ed immedia ely
a e he cons uc ion ag eemen . A e his peak, media
a en ion emained a a a he low le el, p edomina ely in
egional newspape s. In con as o he epo ing on he No-
a is Campus, he imeline o he Siemens Campus shows
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