Mohammed, Asaah Sumaila; G aham, Emmanuel; Fuseini, Moses Naiim; Tomo,
Be na d Kwame
A icle
Communi y expec a ions e sus co po a e social
esponsibili y p ac ices in Ghana’s oil and gas sec o
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mohammed, Asaah Sumaila; G aham, Emmanuel; Fuseini, Moses Naiim; Tomo,
Be na d Kwame (2024) : Communi y expec a ions e sus co po a e social esponsibili y p ac ices
in Ghana’s oil and gas sec o , Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis,
Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-19,
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Communi y expec a ions e sus co po a e social
esponsibili y p ac ices in Ghana’s oil and gas
sec o
Asaah Sumaila Mohammed, Emmanuel G aham, Moses Naiim Fuseini &
Be na dKwame Tomo
To ci e his a icle: Asaah Sumaila Mohammed, Emmanuel G aham, Moses Naiim Fuseini &
Be na dKwame Tomo (2024) Communi y expec a ions e sus co po a e social esponsibili y
p ac ices in Ghana’s oil and gas sec o , Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2390684, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2390684
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eseA ch A icle
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2390684
Communi y expec a ions e sus co po a e social esponsibili y
p ac ices in Ghana’s oil and gas sec o
Asaah sumaila Mohammeda, emmanuel g ahamb, Moses naiim Fuseinic,d and
Be na d Kwame omoe
aDepa men o en i onmen al science, CK edam uni e si y o echnology and applied sciences, na ongo, ghana;
bDepa men o Poli ics, Yo k uni e si y, o on o, Canada; cDepa men o Public Policy and Managemen , simon Diedong
Dombo uni e si y o Business and in eg a ed De elopmen s udies, Wa, ghana; dgambia na ional single Window, Kani ing,
gambia; eschool o applied social s udies, Robe go don uni e si y, abe deen, uK
ABSTRACT
he disco e y o oil in ghana ini ially aised hopes o de elopmen in oil and gas
communi ies, d i en by ansna ional companies’ ( ncs) co po a e social esponsibili y
(cs ) ini ia i es. Al hough p e ious esea ch on cs in he oil and gas sec o has
examined he communi y’s expec a ion o cs , i has p oduced inconclusi e esul s. As
such, his s udy in ends o con ibu e o his ongoing deba e. in his ques , a mul iple
case s udy design was deployed o guide his s udy using a sample size o 94
pa icipan s who we e selec ed using a pu posi e sampling echnique. he s udy
deployed in e iews and obse a ion o collec da a while he da a we e analysed
using hema ic analysis. his s udy’s indings showed conside able op imism among
communi ies ega ding he ans o ma i e po en ial o cs ini ia i es, wi h ncs ac i ely
con ibu ing o in as uc u e de elopmen and li elihood oppo uni ies. howe e , he
esul s showed ha some bene icia ies we e discon en wi h he cs in e en ions as
hey did no e lec hei el needs because o hei limi ed pa icipa ion. he policy
ecommenda ion is ha he e is a need o ac i e s akeholde s’ engagemen in cs
decision-making o ensu e ha el needs a e me and o p omo e ncs accep ance.
1. In oduc ion
he discou se su ounding oil and de elopmen e ol es a ound he esou ce cu se deba e, which posi s
ha esou ce- ich coun ies, including hose wi h abundan oil, gas and mine al esou ces, may no nec-
essa ily bene i om hese iches (And ews, 2013; A ah & Amoah, 2023; Bishoge & M ile, 2020; Du agup a
e al., 2021; Kinnaman, 2023). o add ess his challenge, Akpo iaye (2023) a gues ha oil and gas compa-
nies now pu sue co po a e social esponsibili y (cs ) o mee communi y expec a ions. cs encompasses
he e hical and socially esponsible s a egies co po a ions employ o conduc hei business (galb ea h,
2006). While some na ions like no way, canada, Finland, Aus alia and Bo swana ha e e ec i ely managed
hei ci izens’ expec a ions, o he s, such as ussia, enezuela, ecuado and B azil, ha e s uggled o do so,
con ibu ing o he pe cep ion ha oil can be a cu se a he han a blessing (Kaldo , 2007; Jackson &
Beswick, 2014; Yang e al., 2021). his challenge ex ends o many A ican coun ies, including Angola, he
o me epublic o sudan, Zambia, gabon and nige ia, whe e inadequa e managemen o oil e enues
has led o he so-called oil cu se phenomenon (Bishoge & M ile, 2020; obi, 2014; pan o d, 2017).
esea ch indica es ha one o he mos signi ican challenges ansna ional companies ( ncs) ace in
A ica is company-communi y ela ions (Ackah & Mohammed, 2020; idemudia & i e, 2006; okpanachi &
And ews, 2012). osei- u u (2012) has highligh ed g ie ances om local inhabi an s, including inc eased
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Moses naiim Fuseini moses. [email protected] Depa men o Public Policy and Managemen , simon Diedong Dombo
uni e si y o Business and in eg a ed De elopmen s udies, Wa, ghana.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2390684
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 17 Janua y 2024
e ised 20 June 2024
Accep ed 5 Augus 2024
KEYWORDS
oil and gas sec o ;
communi y expec a ions;
co po a e social
esponsibili y; esou ce
cu se; in as uc u e;
ghana
SUBJECTS
Business, Managemen
and Accoun ing; indus y
& indus ial s udies;
en i onmen al economics
2 A. s. MohAMMeD e Al.
unemploymen , loss o a mlands and es ic ed access o deep-sea ishing due o he cons uc ion o oil
igs and ela ed de elopmen s. exis ing li e a u e has some imes o e looked he ole o socio-cul u al
con ex s in unde s anding he causes and e ec s o he esou ce cu se phenomenon, which could be
add essed h ough e ec i e cs ini ia i es by ncs (o adia e al., 2020).
i is wo h no ing ha ghana’s oil sec o has been he subjec o ex ensi e esea ch since i s disco e y
in 2007 (Ackah & Mohammed, 2020). howe e , p e ious s udies (Ablo & o e å, 2015; Ackah & Mohammed,
2020; i. Ackah e al., 2020; Ayelazuno, 2014; edu ul & hoope , 2015; Mohammed, 2019; obeng-odoom,
2014; okpanachi & And ews, 2012; o adia e al., 2020; pan o d, 2017) ha e p ima ily ocused on opics
such as local con en laws, pe oleum e enue managemen , impac assessmen s, nego ia ion s a egies
o bene i s, poli ical dynamics and he challenges associa ed wi h he oil sec o . he p io s udies ha
ha e speci ically ocused on communi y expec a ions o cs o oil and gas companies ha e p oduced
con adic o y esul s. Whe eas And ews (2013), oppong (2016), celik e al. (2019), Masum e al. (2020)
and Mohammed e al. (2022) epo ed ha cs in e en ions ha e a signi ican posi i e e ec on he
communi ies on he con a y, au ho s like F ynas (2005), Dauda (2019), hilson e al. (2019), o adia e al.
(2020) hold a con a y pe spec i e. Fo ins ance, edu ul and hoope (2015) a gue ha oil p oduc ion has
led o gen i ica ion in he win ci y o sekondi- ako adi, while Ayelazuno (2014) con ends ha he oil
and gas sec o poses a esou ce cu se o ghana due o elen less exploi a ion by global capi alis o ces.
his s udy in ends o con ibu e o his ongoing deba e. he pape aims o explo e cs ini ia i es and
communi y expec a ions wi hin he oil-a ec ed communi ies in he Ahan a Wes Municipali y. speci ically,
he pape examines he p ima y expec a ions o coas al communi ies a ec ed by oil and gas p oduc ion,
he implemen a ion o cs in e en ions by ncs and he communi y’s and ncs’ iews on cs in e -
en ions wi hin hese communi ies. he pape is designed as ollows: a e his in oduc ion, he nex
sec ion p esen s he heo e ical amewo k cen ed on cs and communi y de elopmen . he subse-
quen sec ion ou lines he esea ch ma e ials and me hods. i hen del es in o he esul s and engages
in an in-dep h discussion. Finally, he las sec ion p esen s ou conclusions and highligh s policy impli-
ca ions de i ed om ou esea ch.
2. Li e a u e e iew
2.1. Theo e ical and concep ual pe spec i es
his s udy is guided by h ee main heo e ical amewo ks: co po a e ci izenship heo y, legi imacy he-
o y and A ns ein’s ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion heo y. on he o he hand, he undamen al concep s
unde pinning his s udy comp ise cs , communi y de elopmen and he esou ce cu se. As elucida ed
by hayes and Kha i (2022), co po a e ci izenship heo y emphasises a company’s b oade esponsibili-
ies owa ds socie y, encompassing i s local communi y and he global en i onmen . i encompasses
social, e hical and economic obliga ions, emphasising he impo ance o businesses con ibu ing o soci-
e al well-being, en i onmen al p ese a ion and p o i gene a ion. his pe spec i e aligns wi h e ol ing
expec a ions om in es o s and egula o s, emphasising obus en i onmen al, social and go e nance
p ac ices. his o ically, co po a e ci izenship was associa ed wi h philan h opy and communi y engage-
men , bu i s de ini ion has expanded o emphasise pa ne ship and mu ual bene i s be ween businesses
and socie y (si niko , 2013). While he de ini ion o co po a e ci izenship may a y among indi iduals
and o ganisa ions, i s cen al p emise is ha businesses ha e a socie al esponsibili y beyond p o i gen-
e a ion (ogola & Mà ia, 2020).
Wi h legi imacy heo y, i e ol es a ound a social con ac be ween o ganisa ions and hei commu-
ni ies, highligh ing he need o o ganisa ions, pa icula ly co po a ions, o main ain pe cei ed social
legi imacy o su i al and success. his heo y sugges s ha o ganisa ions align hei ac ions wi h soci-
e al no ms and expec a ions o gain and uphold public accep ance. cs ini ia i es a e in luenced by he
ela ionship be ween socie al expec a ions and he company (s a ling, 2007). companies seek legi imacy
om he communi y, o en achie ed h ough disclosing hei social esponsibili ies (Dewiyan i, 2021;
ochaya un & Kholi ah, 2021). While legi imacy heo y unde sco es he signi icance o cs e o s and
anspa en communica ion in p ese ing o ganisa ional legi imacy, i has aced c i icism o o e simpli-
ying o ganisa ional mo i es and assuming uni o m socie al expec a ions (schiopoiu & popa, 2013).
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 3
ega ding A ns ein’s ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion heo y, i ca ego ises ci izen engagemen in o a -
ious le els, dis inguishing be ween deg ees o pa icipa ion and associa ed powe . i anges om passi e
o pseudo-pa icipa ion a lowe ungs o ac i e o genuine engagemen a highe ungs, whe e ci izens
ac i ely pa icipa e in policymaking. While his ladde has helped assess s akeholde pa icipa ion, c i ics
a gue ha i may o e look ba ie s o meaning ul pa icipa ion and no accoun o di e se socie al pe -
spec i es (collins & ison, 2006; laskey & nicholls, 2019). he co po a e ci izenship heo y, legi imacy he-
o y and A ns ein’s ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion collec i ely o m a heo e ical amewo k ha sheds
ligh on di e en cs p ac ices among oil and gas companies such as ullow ghana limi ed, he en
pa ne s and Kosmos ene gy. co po a e ci izenship heo y sugges s ha hese companies in eg a e cs
in o hei business s a egies as a co e aspec o hei esponsibili y o socie y. in con as , legi imacy
heo y p oposes ha hei cs e o s aim p ima ily o ga ne public accep ance. Meanwhile, A ns ein’s
ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion o e s insigh s in o he deg ee o engagemen hese companies ha e wi h
he communi ies a ec ed by hei ope a ions, speci ically in ol ing hem in decisions abou cs ac i i-
ies. oge he , hese heo ies p o ide a mul i-dimensional unde s anding o how and why oil and gas
companies unde ake cs ini ia i es.
in addi ion o hese heo e ical amewo ks, he s udy e ol es a ound key concep s such as cs ,
communi y de elopmen and he esou ce cu se. cs in ol es a company’s esponsibili y o i s impac
on socie y and he en i onmen , ex ending beyond legal compliance (Blow ield & F ynas, 2005). i is a
collabo a i e app oach be ween socie y and business, emphasising a company’s ole in managing i s
ela ionship wi h b oade socie y (o o i & hinson, 2007). cs is no based on egula o y compliance in
ghana and i s p ac ices ex end beyond compliance. As such, co po a e ci izenship and cs a e synony-
mous concep s, which can be used in e changeably in ghana. he co po a e ci izenship heo y p o ides
an adequa e basis o elucida e cs policies and p ac ices. hus, he signi icance o cs concep canno
be o e s a ed, as i es ablishes he ounda ional unde s anding o he obliga ions ha companies such
as ullow ghana limi ed, he en pa ne s and Kosmos ene gy hold owa ds he communi ies wi hin
hei a eas o ope a ion. his unde s anding is c ucial o os e ing a esponsible and sus ainable in e ac-
ion be ween hese co po a ions and he local popula ions a ec ed by hei ac i i ies. communi y de el-
opmen aims o enhance he well-being o esiden s in low- o mode a e-income neighbou hoods
h ough asse building (Fe guson & Dickens, 1999). he success o communi y de elopmen e o s is
in luenced by whe he ex e nal esou ces a e pe cei ed as a cu se ( idal & Kea ing, 2004). Wi hin he
con ex o communi y de elopmen , he insigh s gleaned om his concep a e ins umen al in delinea -
ing how he ope a ions o oil and gas companies a e pe cei ed by he communi ies hey impac , pa ic-
ula ly in e ms o enhancing li ing condi ions. his pe spec i e illumina es he di ec e ec s o co po a e
ac i i ies on local de elopmen and unde sco es he impo ance o aligning co po a e s a egies wi h he
genuine needs and aspi a ions o he a ec ed popula ions. he esou ce cu se desc ibes he challenges
esou ce- ich coun ies ace in ha nessing hei na u al weal h o he bene i o hei ci izens, leading o
slowe economic g ow h and educed de elopmen ou comes (Fe nando, 2022). his pe spec i e is pa -
icula ly ele an o his s udy’s con ex . his s udy le e ages he concep o he esou ce cu se o assess
how much oil and gas explo a ion ac i i ies a e ad an aging he communi ies si ua ed in he explo a-
ion zones.
2.2. Communi y expec a ions o CSR
se e al p io s udies collec i ely examined a ious ace s o cs and i s in luence on communi y de el-
opmen . some o he s udies ha e indica ed ha cs has a posi i e e ec on communi y de elopmen .
oppong (2016), o ins ance, esea ched cs in ghana, emphasising he p e alence o cs ini ia i es in
sec o s like elecommunica ions, banking and ex ac i e indus ies, wi h a signi ican ole played by
o eign-owned i ms. hese ini ia i es p ima ily a ge ed educa ion, heal hca e, en i onmen al conse a-
ion, social en ep eneu ship and spo s de elopmen . cs e o s we e isible in educa ion, mining com-
muni ies, spo s and coas al egions nea o sho e oil and gas acili ies. Mohammed e al. (2022) also
ound ha cs in e en ions had posi i ely impac ed he li ing condi ions o coas al communi ies in
ghana, gene a ing app ecia ion om he hos communi ies. celik e al. (2019) conduc ed a li e a u e
e iew ocusing on he con ibu ion o cs ini ia i es o communi y de elopmen . he e iew e ealed
4 A. s. MohAMMeD e Al.
ha sampled companies engaged in a ious cs ac i i ies, encompassing educa ion, heal hca e and
empowe men , posi i ely con ibu ing o communi y de elopmen . e ec i e s akeholde engagemen
was highligh ed as a c i ical aspec o success ul cs implemen a ion. A ela ed s udy by Ansu-Mensah
e al. (2021) in es iga ed he cs p ocesses o an ex ac i e company in ghana. i emphasised he impo -
ance o s akeholde in ol emen in designing and implemen ing ele an cs p og ammes. hey high-
ligh ed he consis en cs e o s o newmon Aha o Mines in ghana. Fo Masum e al. (2020), hey
adop ed an in eg a ed li e a u e e iew app oach o explo e he e ec o cs on communi y de elop-
men . hey obse ed a ansi ion om a p o i -cen ic business app oach o cs , encompassing eco-
nomic, en i onmen al and social dimensions. in ghana, And ews (2013) and Mohammed e al. (2022)
conduc ed esea ch highligh ing he high expec a ions o oil-p oducing communi ies in he Wes e n
egion ollowing he disco e y o oil in 2007. hese expec a ions included access o job oppo uni ies,
heal hca e imp o emen s, clean wa e , be e in as uc u e, eliable elec ici y supply and enhanced edu-
ca ional acili ies ha appea ed no o ha e been me . he impac o cs on communi y de elopmen
was e iden in a ious aspec s, including en i onmen al p o ec ion. oppong (2016), celik e al. (2019)
and Masum e al. (2020) appea ed o sugges ha cs con ibu es o communi y de elopmen .
howe e , some o he s udies illus a e ha c s may ha e li le o no posi i e impac on he communi y
de elopmen o oils and gas encla es. Fo example, Dauda (2019) in es iga ed communi y de elopmen
dynamics ela ed o mining p ojec s in ghana, employing cs p ac ices. he indings indica ed ha mining
companies o en ailed o communica e hei cs s a egies e ec i ely o hos communi ies. While hey
showcased commi men s o social and en i onmen al s anda ds, hey s uggled o g asp he local
socio-cul u al, economic and poli ical dynamics, limi ing he impac o hei cs p og ammes. o adia e al.
(2020) conduc ed a longi udinal s udy assessing he impac s o oil and gas p oduc ion in ghana. hei
esea ch ound ha cs p ojec s o en did no align wi h local de elopmen p io i ies, esul ing in com-
muni y dissa is ac ion, social issues and land dispu es. he high expec a ions and pe cei ed g ie ances
among communi ies inc eased he isk o con lic and hinde ed o e all de elopmen . F ynas (2005) e ealed
di e gen pe spec i es on cs wi hin he oil indus y, wi h some inside s iewing i as a supe icial a emp
o manage pe cep ions a he han d i e meaning ul de elopmen . hilson e al. (2019) a gued ha mul i-
na ional co po a ions (Mncs) in he oil and gas sec o had made limi ed con ibu ions o communi y
de elopmen in nige ia, and he encla e na u e o mining ope a ions in sub-saha an A ica hinde ed he
e ec i eness o bo om-up cs ini ia i es. idemudia and i e (2006) iden i ied ac o s con ibu ing o he
sho comings o cs in he nige Del a, including a ailu e o conside communi y pe cep ions, an imbal-
ance be ween a i ma i e and nega i e du ies, and an unsuppo i e en i onmen . he e iew o exis ing
li e a u e e eals a dynamic deba e ega ding he e ec i eness o cs in os e ing communi y de elop-
men , especially in he con ex o mul ina ional oil and gas co po a ions. While some communi ies acknowl-
edge and app ecia e hese co po a ions’ cs ac i i ies, o he s adop a scep ical s ance owa ds he bene i s
and mo i a ions o such ini ia i es. his s udy seeks o del e in o his deba e, en iching he discou se wi h
empi ical e idence and a deepe analysis o cs ’s impac on communi y de elopmen .
3. Ma e ials and me hods
3.1. S udy a ea
Ahan a Wes Municipali y, si ua ed a he sou he nmos poin o ghana, has i s capi al in Agona nkwan a,
also known as Agona Ahan a. se e al bounda ies geog aphically de ine his dis ic : i is bo de ed on he
eas by he sekondi – ako adi Me opoli an Assembly, on he Wes by he nzema eas Municipal
Assembly and o he no h by he Mpoho Wassa eas Dis ic and a kwa - nsuaem Municipal Assemblies.
o he sou h, i ex ends o he gul o guinea, emb acing he coas line (ghana s a is ical se ice (gss),
2021). co e ing a land a ea o 591 squa e kilome es, he dis ic was home o a o al popula ion o
153,140 people as o 2021, wi h emales o ming he majo i y a 77,921 indi iduals (gss, 2021). he
demog aphics e eal ha a signi ican p opo ion o he popula ion, 82,278 esiden s, eside in u al
a eas. he dis ic is no ably cha ac e ised by i s p edominan ly you h ul popula ion, signi ying a po en-
ial high demand o u u e social ameni ies and in as uc u e de elopmen . he p ima y economic
ac i i ies in his egion e ol e a ound wo key sec o s: sea ishing and c op a ming. he you h
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 5
p edominan ly engage in hese ac i i ies, which se e as hei p ima y sou ce o employmen . on he
o he hand, women play a c ucial ole in p ocessing he ha es ed ish and p epa ing i o local con-
sump ion and ex e nal ma ke s. Fu he mo e, he a ea a ac s se e al ade s who jou ney o hese com-
muni ies o pu chase ish in subs an ial quan i ies, sou cing i om a ious pa s o ghana. he s udy
conduc ed i s esea ch ac oss 12 communi ies wi hin he dis ic , encompassing lowe and uppe
Dixco e, cape h ee poin s, Busua, p inces own, Bu e, Achowa, Ka ako , Funko, Asemkow, new Aman ul,
pumpkin, egyamb a and Akwidaa. he selec ion o hese communi ies was s a egic, p ima ily due o
hei hea y in ol emen in ishing ac i i ies and he po en ial impac o oil disco e y and p oduc ion on
hei li elihoods. Fo e e ence, Figu e 1 on he map depic s he loca ions o hese communi ies wi hin
he Ahan a Wes Municipali y.
3.2. Resea ch design
employing a quali a i e esea ch me hod o his s udy was in o med by i s sui abili y o add essing he
‘how’ and/o ‘why’ ques ions in esea ch, as Yin (2018) emphasised. in he con ex o his s udy, which
aimed o in es iga e communi y expec a ions a ising om oil p oduc ion, he quali a i e app oach was
deemed app op ia e o comp ehending how hese communi ies pe cei e cs esul ing om oil p oduc-
ion. Quali a i e esea ch me hods excel a unco e ing a phenomenon’s meaning h ough he pa ici-
pan s’ pe spec i es and expe iences ( homas, 2006). A case s udy design was adop ed o s uc u e his
inqui y. case s udies a e empi ical in es iga ions ha del e in o a speci ic, eal-li e inciden wi hin i s
na u al se ing, mainly when he bounda ies be ween he phenomenon and i s con ex a e in ica e and
mul iple sou ces o e idence a e necessa y (Yin, 2014, 2018). case s udies ypically ely on quali a i e
da a collec ion me hods o p o ide an in-dep h unde s anding o he opics unde sc u iny (sa an akos,
2005). in his ins ance, a mul iple-case s udy design was chosen, which in ol es examining mo e han
one case simul aneously whe e esea che s con as indi idual cases (heale & wyc oss, 2018). employing
a mul iple-case s udy design acili a es a nuanced comp ehension o each case’s collec i e and indi idual
cha ac e is ics. i enables esea che s o del e deepe by compa ing and con as ing he simila i ies and
di e ences ac oss cases wi hin a speci ic g oup o phenomenon (heale & wyc oss, 2018). hunzike and
Blankenagel (2024) highligh he p incipal bene i o employing a mul iple-case s udy me hodology as
i s capaci y o conduc ing c oss-case compa isons. his app oach expands he scope o he in es iga ion
beyond a singula ins ance, enabling an analysis ha unco e s bo h he sha ed and dis inc elemen s
ac oss di e en cases (hunzike & Blankenagel, 2024). he cases selec ed o his s udy comp ised ullow
Figu e 1. Map o ahan a Wes Municipali y.
Sou ce: ahan a Wes Municipali y assembly (2022).
6 A. s. MohAMMeD e Al.
ghana limi ed, he en pa ne s and Kosmos ene gy. hese en i ies we e chosen due o hei p omi-
nence as leading ncs ope a ing wi hin he speci ic encla e o in e es in he oil and gas sec o .
3.3. Sample size and sampling p ocedu e
he s udy popula ion encompassed wo p ima y g oups: esiden s esiding in ghana’s oil and gas encla e
and p ominen oil and gas companies ope a ing wi hin he egion, speci ically ullow ghana limi ed, he
en pa ne s and Kosmos ene gy. he s udy included 94 pa icipan s, wi h he sample size de e mined
h ough a conside ed judgemen p ocess. in quali a i e esea ch, he sample size should be su icien ly
la ge o e eal a nuanced and de ailed unde s anding o he s udied phenomenon (sandelowski, 1995).
ne e heless, i mus emain small enough o pe mi in-dep h, ocused, case-by-case analysis. his balance
is guided by he concep o sa u a ion—when addi ional da a no longe o e s new insigh s—and p ac i-
cal limi a ions, acco ding o asileiou e al. (2018). in each o he 13 communi ies examined, which we e
Dixco e, cape h ee poin s, Busua, p inces own, Bu e, Achowa, Ka ako , Funko, Asemkow, new Aman ul,
pumpkin, egyamb a and Akwidaa, a minimum o se en key in o man s we e in e iewed ( able 1). hese
key in o man s we e selec ed based on hei p o ound knowledge o he cs ac i i ies ca ied ou by he
ncs ope a ing in hei espec i e locali ies. Fu he mo e, one key in o man was chosen om he h ee
majo companies in ol ed— ullow ghana limi ed, en pa ne s and Kosmos ene gy ( able 1). hese
selec ions we e also based on pu posi e sampling, conside ing hei ex ensi e knowledge o hei espec-
i e o ganisa ions’ cs endea ou s (Kuma , 2019).
3.4. Da a collec ion ins umen s, da a collec ion and e hical issues
Da a collec ion in his s udy employed a mul i ace ed app oach in ol ing in e iews and obse a ions o
ensu e comp ehensi e and nuanced insigh s in o he esea ch objec i es. Fo he in e iew componen ,
wo dis inc in e iew guides we e designed. his app oach o e s conside able lexibili y, allowing o
modi ying ques ions du ing he p ocess and collec ing mo e de ailed and ex ensi e in o ma ion (Ko ha i,
Table 1. sample dis ibu ion o key in o man s.
Loca ion o pa icipan Key in o man sample
Communi y Le el
Dixco e Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Cape h ee Poin s Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , imam
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Busua Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
P inces own Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Bu e Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , imam
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
achowa Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Ka ako Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Funko Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
asemkow Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
new aman ul Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
Pumpkin Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
egyamb a Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
akwidaa Leade o ishe olks, leade o a me associa ions, communi y you h leade , women’s leade , pas o
( eligious leade ), chie , and assembly membe
7
ins i u ional le el
Kosmos ene gy Communi y Liason o ice 1
ullow ghana Limi ed Co po a e a ai s o ice 1
en Pa ne s Co po a e a ai s o ice 1
o al 94
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 7
2014). one was ailo ed o he esiden s o he 13 s udy communi ies, while he o he was aimed a
ep esen a i es om he ncs ope a ing in he oil and gas sec o s. in e iews we e conduc ed wi h
di e se communi y leade s, including leade s o ishe olks, a me associa ions, you h leade s, women
leade s, eligious leade s, local chie s, local assembly membe s, ade s in he ishing alue chain and
a isans. he ques ions del ed in o a ious aspec s, such as he communi y’s p ima y expec a ions om
oil p oduc ion, he impac o oil p oduc ion on li elihoods and eme ging con en ions wi h he ncs.
pa icipan s we e also encou aged o p o ide speci ic de ails abou he ncs’ in e en ions, including
hei selec ion, implemen a ion, cu en s a us and conce ns. he in e iews wi h key in o man s om he
ncs sough o e eal hei pe spec i es on p ojec selec ion and implemen a ion me hods and he
challenges hey aced while wo king wi h he communi ies in hei ope a ional a eas. each in e iew
las ed app oxima ely 40 minu es. he in e iews we e eco ded a e e bal pe mission was sough and
g an ed. he da a collec ion p ocess spanned wo weeks in July 2023.
Addi ionally, an obse a ion guide was u ilised o documen he physical in e en ions ini ia ed by he
ncs as pa o hei cs ini ia i es. in cases whe e isual documen a ion was necessa y, a came a was used
o cap u e images o selec ed in e en ions. he obse a ion me hod was u ilised based on Kuma ’s (2019)
ecommenda ion ha i is pa icula ly sui ed o si ua ions whe e ques ioning alone may no yield comp e-
hensi e o su icien in o ma ion. As i s me hodology, his esea ch inco po a ed ins umen iangula ion,
including in e iews and obse a ion guide. iangula ion, as desc ibed by ca e e al. (2014), is a s a egy
in quali a i e esea ch ha enhances alidi y by co obo a ing in o ma ion ga he ed om a ious sou ces.
he pa icipan s o he key in o man in e iews we e selec ed and ec ui ed a e ob aining hei
e bal in o med consen , ensu ing hey we e ully awa e o he s udy’s objec i es and hei olun a y
in ol emen in he esea ch p ocess. in addi ion, e hical clea ance was ob ained om he simon Diedong
Dombo uni e si y o Business and in eg a ed De elopmen s udies esea ch e hics e iew Boa d o
ensu e e hical conduc h oughou he esea ch p ocess. his igo ous e iew p ocess es ablished a solid
e hical ounda ion o he esea ch. subsequen ly, in o med consen le e s we e p o ided o all esea ch
pa icipan s, a i ming he commi men o p o ec ing hei anonymi y, main aining he con iden iali y o
hei esponses, and mi iga ing po en ial ha m.
3.5. Da a analysis
Da a p ocessing and analysis in his s udy adhe ed o a s anda d quali a i e app oach. ini ially, he
in e iews unde wen ansc ip ion, ollowed by a manual hema ic analysis. his induc i e app oach,
in eg al o he hema ic analysis me hodology, in ol es sys ema ically iden i ying, analysing and
epo ing disce nible pa e ns, e e ed o as hemes, p esen wi hin he da a (B aun & cla ke, 2006).
h ough disco e ing, e ining and ca ego ising codes, hemes na u ally eme ged, p o iding a comp e-
hensi e amewo k o in e p e ing he da a (Yukhymenko e al., 2014). he in ica e phases and p o-
cesses cons i u ing he da a analysis jou ney a e summa ised in able 2 o encapsula e he analy ical
p ocess. he esul o his ho ough analysis was he p esen a ion o indings h ough ex ual ep e-
sen a ion, encapsula ing he ich na a i es de i ed om he collec ed da a. Da a collec ion in ol ed
di e se s akeholde s o encou age pa icipan iangula ion. Fu he mo e, membe checks we e con-
duc ed wi h some key pa icipan s o ensu e he alidi y o he esul s. ega ding e lexi i y, i was
Table 2. Phases o hema ic analysis.
Phase Desc ip ion o he p ocess
1. Familia ising you sel wi h you da a ansc ibing da a (i necessa y), eading and e- eading he da a, no ing down ini ial ideas.
2. gene a ing ini ial codes Coding in e es ing da a ea u es in a sys ema ic ashion ac oss he en i e da a se , colla ing da a
ele an o each code.
3. sea ching o hemes Colla ing codes in o po en ial hemes, ga he ing all da a ele an o each po en ial heme.
4. Re iewing hemes Checking i he hemes wo k in ela ion o he coded ex ac s (Le el 1) and he en i e da a se
(Le el 2), gene a ing a hema ic ‘map’ o he analysis.
5. De ining and naming hemes ongoing analysis o e ine he speci ics o each heme and he o e all s o y he analysis ells,
gene a ing clea de ini ions and names o each heme.
6. P oducing he epo he inal oppo uni y o analysis. selec ion o i id, compelling ex ac examples, he inal analysis
o selec ed ex ac s, ela ing o he analysis o he esea ch ques ion and li e a u e, p oducing a
schola ly analysis epo .
Sou ce: adop ed om B aun & Cla ke, [2006, p. 87].
14 A. s. MohAMMeD e Al.
ene gy in Agona). Ano he key in o man no ed ‘some imes we consul ou pa ne s in he Jubilee Field
o discuss he app op ia e in e en ions o he communi ies, and when we ag ee on some hing bene i-
cial o he communi ies, we go ahead and p o ide’ (in e iew wi h ullow co po a e A ai s o ice a
ako adi). hese quo a ions sugges ha , o some ex en , he ncs engage he communi ies. As such,
ncs main ain ha accusa ions agains hem a e unwa an ed and s ess hei dedica ion o os e ing
posi i e ela ionships wi h bene icia ies by in ol ing hem ex ensi ely in p ojec decision-making and
execu ion. A key in o man om Kosmos ene gy epo ed, ‘as a company, we ha e made conscious
e o s o engage communi y leade s in de e mining sui able p ojec s o hei a eas, bu hey, a imes,
do no show up when in i ed o such occasions’. he quo e sugges s ha while ncs endea ou o
engage wi h communi ies in hei ope a ions, he e a e ins ances whe e communi y pa icipa ion alls
sho , o en because communi y membe s do no make hemsel es a ailable o he engagemen p o-
cess. his si ua ion poin s o a gap in e ec i e communica ion and in ol emen be ween ncs and he
communi ies hey aim o se e.
ega ding he employmen o esiden s, ncs ei e a ed hei conce ns abou he limi ed quali ica-
ions o many job applican s om he communi ies. ullow ghana, in pa icula , ci ed ins ances whe e
hey hi ed locals o less skilled posi ions like secu i y and d i ing, only o encoun e issues such as he
and absen eeism among some local employees. ncs emphasised ha hey ha e in es ed subs an ially
in local skill de elopmen and schola ship oppo uni ies. howe e , hey exp essed disappoin men wi h
he ou comes, no ing ha many local bene icia ies o hese p og ammes o en abandon hem wi hou
p o iding compelling easons.
5. Discussion
he esul s sugges ha mos pa icipan s ha e high expec a ions om he oil companies. he indings
unde sco e he conside able expec a ions held by he pa icipan s conce ning he con ibu ions o ncs
o communi y de elopmen . hese expec a ions encompassed a ious ace s o communi y well-being,
including educa ion, heal hca e, ag icul u e, wa e and sani a ion, anspo a ion, employmen , business
oppo uni ies, economic g ow h and communi y capaci y building. While some pa icipan s exp essed
op imism abou po en ial employmen oppo uni ies in he oil companies, hei p edominan conce n
e ol ed a ound he po en ial dis up ion o hei p ima y li elihood sou ces, pa icula ly a ming and
ishing. he high eliance on hese sec o s was jus i ied, as a subs an ial po ion o ghana’s popula ion
is engaged in ag icul u e, cons i u ing a signi ican po ion o he coun y’s gDp (Kaleem & guohua,
2015). he inding suppo s p e ious esea ch by And ews (2013) and Mohammed e al. (2022), highligh -
ing he communi ies’ expec a ions o imp o ed heal hca e, clean d inking wa e , enhanced in as uc-
u e, eliable elec ici y and be e educa ional acili ies due o ncs in he oil encla e. should hese
expec a ions no be ul illed, an expec a ion gap may a ise, po en ially leading o eelings o esen men
and con lic . Fo oil and gas companies o be emb aced by he public, hey need o implemen cs
e o s ha align wi h communi y expec a ions, a concep suppo ed by legi imacy heo y ( ochaya un
& Kholi ah, 2021).
ega ding cs in e en ions, he s udy e ealed ha school buildings, oile acili ies and bo eholes
we e he dominan and unc ional p ojec s ini ia ed by he ncs in he communi ies. Mohammed e al.
(2022) made simila indings, indica ing ha cs ini ia i es had posi i ely impac ed he li ing condi ions
o coas al communi ies in ghana, ea ning app ecia ion om hese hos communi ies. hese in e en ions
aimed o enhance communi y de elopmen and imp o e esiden s’ quali y o li e, aligning wi h he p in-
ciples o he co po a e ci izenship heo y. his heo y posi s ha companies ha e esponsibili ies ha
ex end o socie y, including hei local communi ies (hayes & Kha i , 2022). he p o ision o hese p oj-
ec s e lec s he social con ac concep , emphasising he impo ance o managing s akeholde s’ pe cep-
ions o main ain o ganisa ional legi imacy (schiopoiu & popa, 2013). he e idence om he esul s
unde sco es he idea ha ailing o ul il hese obliga ions can jeopa dise a company’s exis ence
( ochaya un & Kholi ah, 2021). since he ncs a e ac i ely p o iding in as uc u e in hei ope a ional
a eas, his indica es ha ghana is, o some ex en , mi iga ing he e ec s o he esou ce cu se. his p o-
ac i e app oach by ncs sugges s ha he coun y’s na u al esou ce weal h is being le e aged o sup-
po communi y de elopmen and in as uc u e imp o emen s, a he han solely bene i ing a na ow
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 15
eli e o con ibu ing o economic s agna ion. he engagemen in in as uc u e de elopmen by hese
co po a ions demons a es a commi men o using esou ce e enues o os e b oade social and eco-
nomic bene i s, helping o a oid he pi alls commonly associa ed wi h he esou ce cu se.
howe e , he s udy also iden i ied conce ns among some pa icipan s ega ding he ncs’ unila e al
decision-making in selec ing cs in e en ions wi hou conside ing he communi ies’ p io i y needs. his
echoes simila indings by Dauda (2019) in he mining sec o , highligh ing a lack o e ec i e communi-
ca ion be ween mining companies and hos communi ies. simila ly, o adia e al. (2020) no ed ha cs
p ojec s in ghana’s oil and gas sec o o en did no align wi h local de elopmen p io i ies, esul ing in
communi y dissa is ac ion and dispu es. o add ess hese challenges, e ec i e cs implemen a ion
equi es he ac i e engagemen o adi ional leade s, communi y membe s, local au ho i ies and o he
s akeholde s h ough pa icipa o y app oaches. he indings subs an ia e A ns ein’s (1969) ladde o ci i-
zen pa icipa ion heo y, emphasising he impo ance o meaning ul ci izen in ol emen in decision-making
p ocesses. Building s ong ela ionships wi h communi ies necessi a es obus company-communi y com-
munica ion o p io i ise communi y expec a ions and de elopmen needs. he ncs challenged he ben-
e icia ies’ claims abou hei lack o o limi ed in ol emen as hey highligh ed hei e o s o in ol e
esiden s in in e en ion decision-making.
6. Implica ions o heo y and policy
D awing om he insigh s ga he ed, his s udy delinea es heo e ical and manage ial policy implica ions.
his s udy ex ends he bounda ies o co po a e ci izenship heo y by p o iding empi ical e idence ha
highligh s he impo ance o aligning cs ini ia i es wi h communi y expec a ions. While co po a e ci i-
zenship adi ionally ocuses on he b oade social esponsibili ies o companies, his s udy unde sco es
he c i ical ole o local con ex and speci ic communi y needs in de ining hese esponsibili ies. he
indings illus a e ha co po a e ci izenship is no a one-size- i s-all concep . he speci ic needs and
expec a ions o communi ies, such as hose in ghana’s oil and gas sec o s, mus be in eg a ed in o cs
s a egies. his nuanced app oach can lead o mo e meaning ul and app ecia ed communi y de elop-
men in e en ions, he eby ein o cing he heo y’s p ac ical applica ions.
he s udy suppo s he legi imacy heo y by showing ha companies mus mee communi y expec-
a ions o main ain hei social licence o ope a e. he signi ican expec a ions ega ding educa ion,
heal hca e and in as uc u e demons a e ha communi ies use hese c i e ia o assess he legi imacy
o ncs. he esea ch emphasises ha legi imacy is dynamic and con ingen on he ongoing ul ilmen
o communi y expec a ions. i sugges s ha legi imacy is no me ely abou ul illing basic obliga ions bu
abou ac i ely engaging wi h communi ies o unde s and and mee hei e ol ing needs. his in e ac i e
p ocess helps main ain and enhance co po a e legi imacy o e ime.
By highligh ing he impo ance o pa icipa o y app oaches in cs decision-making, he s udy expands
he ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion heo y. i emphasises he need o ncs o mo e beyond okenis ic
engagemen o mo e meaning ul and inclusi e pa icipa ion, as p oposed by A ns ein’s ladde . he ind-
ings sugges ha e ec i e cs equi es ac i e and genuine communi y in ol emen in decision-making
p ocesses. his deepens he unde s anding o he highes ungs o A ns ein’s ladde , ad oca ing o pa -
ne ship and delega ed powe as essen ial elemen s in cs s a egies o ensu e ha in e en ions a e
aligned wi h communi y p io i ies and os e long- e m posi i e ela ionships.
Manage ially, i ad ises ncs o p oac i ely communica e wi h s akeholde s abou conduc ing needs
assessmen s o cs ini ia i es. eminde s should be issued as an engagemen app oach, ensu ing com-
p ehensi e s akeholde ep esen a ion a mee ings. ncs a e ecommended o acili a e a he han dic-
a e discussions on cs in e en ion choices, emphasising a collabo a i e app oach o iden i ying and
add essing communi y needs.
7. Conclusion
his s udy aimed o in es iga e communi y expec a ions ega ding ghana’s oil and gas p oduc ion and
cs ini ia i es. o e all, he indings indica ed ha esiden s o he Ahan a Wes Municipali y held high
hopes ha oil disco e y and p oduc ion would add ess hei de elopmen al needs. Addi ionally, some
16 A. s. MohAMMeD e Al.
ncs ope a ing in ghana’s oil sec o had ini ia ed cs p ojec s such as school cons uc ion, sani a ion
acili ies and bo eholes, which we e ope a ional. hese ini ia i es sugges ed a deg ee o commi men by
he ncs o ul il hei cs obliga ions o he communi ies wi hin hei ope a ional a eas o p omo e com-
muni y de elopmen . howe e , i was no ed ha some pa icipan s el ha he ncs did no adequa ely
consul wi h he communi ies be o e implemen ing hese in e en ions, esul ing in unme expec a ions.
con e sely, ano he segmen o pa icipan s exp essed sa is ac ion wi h he implemen ed in e en-
ions and he o e all cs e o s o he ncs, a pe spec i e suppo ed by he ncs hemsel es. he
s udy’s indings p esen a complex pic u e ha does no ully side wi h ei he pe spec i e in he deba e
a ound cs . While one g oup iews cs e o s as ul illing hei equi emen s, ano he g oup disag ees,
sugges ing ha cs ini ia i es do no mee hei expec a ions. his indica es a di e se ange o expe i-
ences and pe cep ions ega ding he impac o cs ac i i ies. While ensions be ween he communi ies
and he ncs we e obse ed, hey did no escala e in o iolen con lic s ypically associa ed wi h he
esou ce cu se synd ome in o he coun ies. i sugges s ha ghana may no cu en ly be expe iencing
he ull- ledged esou ce cu se phenomenon.
8. Limi a ion and u u e esea ch
he limi a ion o his s udy was he di icul y ob aining in o ma ion om oil and gas companies despi e
e o s o es ablish communica ion. Fo ins ance, a emp s o access da a on company p o i s conce ning
hei in es men s in social de elopmen p ojec s p o ed unsuccess ul. he e o e, u u e esea ch should
explo e he co ela ion be ween nc p o i s and hei cs ini ia i es.
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
concep ion and design, AsM, eg, MnF; analysis and in e p e a ion o he da a, AsM, eg, MnF; d a ing o he pape
AsM, eg, MnF, BK ; e ising i c i ically o in ellec ual con en , AsM, eg, MnF, BK ; he inal app o al o he e sion
o be published, AsM, MnF; and all au ho s ag ee o be accoun able o all aspec s o he wo k.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Funding
no unding was ecei ed.
Abou he au ho s
Asaah Sumaila Mohammed is a de elopmen p ac i ione , consul an , esea che and senio lec u e a he cK edam
uni e si y o echnology and Applied science. he holds a BA, Mphil and phD in De elopmen s udies. he has se e al
yea s o expe ience managing mul i-dono p ojec s wi h in e na ional and local ngos in ghana. Asaah has se e al
publica ions and has a ended se e al in e na ional con e ences. his esea ch in e es s include na u al esou ce and
en i onmen al go e nance, local go e nance and economic de elopmen (leD). Aaah has ecei ed se e al esea ch
awa ds, including he gloWA esea ch p ojec om he uni e si y o Bonn, he canadian educa ion exchange
p og amme (ce A), nuFFic, D iD and DAAD.
Emmanuel G aham is a Business in elligence consul an , a na u al esou ce go e nance consul an and a phD
candida e a he Yo k uni e si y Depa men o poli ics in o on o, on a io, canada. he was a g adua e Assis an a
he poli ical science Depa men a he uni e si y o Windso in canada. he was he ex ac i e go e nance policy
Ad iso consul an a he A ica cen e o ene gy policy (Acep). he holds a Bachelo o A s (B.A) and Mas e o
philosophy (Mphil) in poli ical science om he uni e si y o ghana, whe e he was a eaching and esea ch Assis an
om 2010 o 2011 (as na ional se ice pe sonnel) and 2013 o 2014 (g adua e Assis an ). in e ms o esea ch in e -
es , g aham ocuses on he ex ac i e sec o ’s poli ical economy and ene gy poli ics in ghana and Wes A ica. his
esea ch has been on he ole o ci il socie y in escaping he esou ce cu se in ghana, as well as oil explo a ion and
p oduc ion in sub-saha an A ica. he is also in e es ed in elec o al poli ics, poli ical igilan ism, and democ a ic con-
solida ion in ghana and Wes A ica. he has some publica ions in in e na ional pee - e iewed jou nals such as
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 17
ex ac i e indus y and socie y, A ica e iew, insigh on A ica, and Jou nal o A ican elec ions. he can be eached
a [email p o ec ed] o ko ig [email p o ec ed]
Moses Naiim Fuseini has a phD in De elopmen s udies. he is a senio lec u e in he Depa men o public policy
and Managemen a he simon Diedong Dombo uni e si y o Business and in eg a ed De elopmen s udies. his
esea ch in e es s include po e y, social p o ec ion, social policy, and li elihoods.
Be na d Kwame Tomo is a dis inguished co po a e social esponsibili y (cs ) specialis and educa o wi h a ich
backg ound in de elopmen s udies, holding bachelo ’s and mas e ’s deg ees om p es igious ins i u ions in ghana
and he uK. Wi h yea s o expe ience managing communi y p ojec s in ghana, omo deeply unde s ands local de el-
opmen challenges and solu ions. he cu en ly dedica es his ime o eaching and impa ing knowledge o he nex
gene a ion o leade s. omo is also a p oli ic w i e , ha ing au ho ed nume ous communi y de elopmen and cs
pape s, con ibu ing aluable insigh s in o sus ainable p ac ices and e hical business s a egies.
ORCID
Moses naiim Fuseini h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0830-5752
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
Da a is a ailable on eques om he au ho s.
Re e ences
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